Professional Documents
Culture Documents
19.08.2015
Page 2
Trademarks
MicroStation, MDL and MicroStation stylized "M" are registered trademarks of Bentley
Systems, Incorporated. Bentley Map PowerView, MicroStation PowerDraft, and MicroStation
GeoOutlook are trademarks of Bentley Systems, Incorporated.
TerraBore, TerraGas, TerraLink, TerraMatch, TerraModeler, TerraPark, TerraPhoto, TerraPipe,
TerraScan, TerraSlave, TerraStereo, TerraStreet, and TerraSurvey are trademarks of Terrasolid
Limited.
Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Acrobat Reader is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Documentation copyright
2002-2015 Arttu Soininen, Terrasolid. All rights reserved.
Software copyright
2002-2015 Heln Rost and Arttu Soininen, Terrasolid. All rights reserved.
Page 3
Table of Contents
Getting Started
1 Documentation................................................................................................ 6
About the documentation ................................................................................ 6
Accessing the documentation online .............................................................. 6
Document conventions.................................................................................... 6
MicroStation documentation........................................................................... 6
2 Introduction to TerraMatch.......................................................................... 7
Introduction..................................................................................................... 7
General data requirements .............................................................................. 7
Terra application family.................................................................................. 8
3 Installation ...................................................................................................... 9
Hardware and software requirements ............................................................. 9
Installation media............................................................................................ 9
Installation from zip file................................................................................ 10
Installation from CD/USB-Stick................................................................... 10
4 Starting TerraMatch.................................................................................... 12
Start TerraMatch ........................................................................................... 12
Unload TerraMatch ....................................................................................... 13
Tool Reference
5 Methods of Strip Adjustment...................................................................... 15
Find match vs. Tie Lines............................................................................... 15
Tie line types................................................................................................. 16
6 Workflow Overview ..................................................................................... 19
Airborne laser data ........................................................................................ 19
Calibration workflow.......................................................................... 19
Project workflow ................................................................................ 21
Mobile laser data........................................................................................... 23
Calibration workflow.......................................................................... 23
Project workflow ................................................................................ 25
7 Working with Tie Lines ............................................................................... 26
Tie line window ............................................................................................ 26
File pulldown menu ...................................................................................... 27
File / New ........................................................................................... 28
File / Open .......................................................................................... 28
File / Save ........................................................................................... 28
File / Save as....................................................................................... 28
File / Restore observations ................................................................. 28
File / Reduce to single line ................................................................. 28
File / Import known lines.................................................................... 29
File / Import points ............................................................................. 30
File / Search tie lines .......................................................................... 32
File / Output report ............................................................................. 34
Page 4
Additional Information
9 Installation Directories ................................................................................ 95
10 Configuration Variables ............................................................................ 96
Getting Started
Page 6
1 Documentation
Documentation
Document conventions
The following conventions and symbols appear in this guide:
Data click - mouse click with the data mouse button, usually the left button on a right-hand
mouse.
Reset click - mouse click with the reset mouse button, usually the right button on a right-hand
mouse.
< > - angle brackets used for keyboard keys, for example, <Return>.
Key in - input a command in the key-in line of MicroStation and then press <Return>.
OR - alternate procedures or steps in a procedure.
C:/TERRA - paths to directories of files on a hard disk are written with capital letters.
Icons used to specify special information:
Icon:
"
Procedures
When no distinction between MicroStation versions is necessary, this document refers to the
CAD environment simply as "MicroStation".
Strip refers to a flight line (ALS data) or a drive path (MLS data) if no explicit
distinction is made.
MicroStation documentation
This document is written under the assumption that the reader knows how to use basic
MicroStation features. You should refer to the printed documentation or on-line help of
MicroStation whenever you need information about using the CAD environment.
Page 7
2 Introduction to TerraMatch
Introduction to TerraMatch
Introduction
TerraMatch fixes systematic orientation errors in airborne and mobile laser data. It measures the
differences between laser surfaces from overlapping strips or differences between laser surfaces
and known points. These observed differences are translated into correction values for the system
orientation -- easting, northing, elevation, heading, roll and/or pitch.
TerraMatch can be used as a laser scanner calibration tool or as a tool for fixing actual project data.
When used as a calibration tool, it solves the misalignment between the laser scanner and the
inertial measurement unit (IMU). The end result is correction values for heading, roll and pitch
which apply for the whole data set.
Actual project data may contain error sources which apply to the whole data set or error sources
which vary within the data set. TerraMatch can solve correction parameters for the whole data set,
for groups of strips or individual correction parameters for each strip.
TerraMatch is loosely integrated with TerraScan. In order to run TerraMatch, some pre-processing
steps with TerraScan are required but those tasks can be performed by another user at another
workstation.
Page 8
2 Introduction to TerraMatch
Page 9
3 Installation
Installation
Installation media
TerraMatch may be delivered on CD/USB-Stick or as a zip file.
A zip package only contains the actual software - it does not include the PDF Users Guide.
A Terra Installation CD/USB-Stick includes the software and the on-line documentation. When
you install from the CD/USB-Stick, the software and the documentation are copied to your hard
disk. The CD/USB-Stick may include versions for multiple environments. You should locate the
directory which corresponds to your operating system and MicroStation version.
Directory on CD/USB
\setup\eng
For MicroStation
V8 or V8i
Page 10
3 Installation
3.
4.
5.
Check the MicroStation directory. Replace the path if the correct location was not found
automatically.
Click OK to start the installation.
When the installation is finished, a message is displayed.
"
See chapters Installation Directories on page 95 and Configuration Variables on page 96 for
more information.
Page 11
3 Installation
4.
5.
Check the MicroStation directory. Replace the path if the correct location was not found
automatically.
Alternatively, you can use the Scan button to automatically search the hard disk for the
MicroStation installation or you can use the Browse button to locate the MicroStation
executable yourself.
6.
7.
Check the MicroStation version information in the Version field. Select the correct version
if it was not detected automatically.
Click OK to continue.
This opens another Terra Setup dialog:
8.
9.
"
See chapters Installation Directories on page 95 and Configuration Variables on page 96 for
more information.
Page 12
4 Starting TerraMatch
Starting TerraMatch
Start TerraMatch
TerraMatch is an MDL application that runs on top of MicroStation.
To start TerraMatch:
1.
2.
3.
1.
TerraMatch adds an Applications menu to MicroStations menu bar and opens the TerraMatch
tool box.
"
The Available Applications list shows all MDL applications that MicroStation is able to locate.
MicroStation searches for MDL applications in the directories listed in MS_MDLAPPS
configuration variable. If MicroStation can not find TMATCH.MA, you should check the value
assigned to this configuration variable. Make sure the directory path of the TMATCH.MA file is
included in the variable. To view configuration variables, select Configuration command from
the Workspace menu in MicroStation. See also Sections Installation Directories on page 95 and
Configuration Variables on page 96 for more information.
Page 13
4 Starting TerraMatch
Unload TerraMatch
TerraMatch is unloaded automatically when you exit MicroStation. Sometimes you may want to
unload the application while continuing to work with MicroStation. This frees up the memory
reserved by TerraMatch.
To unload TerraMatch:
1.
2.
3.
1.
Tool Reference
Page 15
5 Methods of Strip Adjustment
Tie Lines
Tool Find Tie Line Match
Tool Find Tie Line Fluctuations
Feature-to-feature matching
Several types of observations
Less time consuming adjustment
Old observations included for each iteration
Manual observations possible
Input data
Solvable parameters
Observations
triangulated model from each strip surface
compares overlapping laser points and ground
control points against this surface
translates observed difference and gradient to
heading, roll, pitch, elevation difference
Page 16
5 Methods of Strip Adjustment
h - heading
r - roll
p - pitch
Placement method
Possible locations
Ground point
manual
Known z point
surfaces
Ground line
Section line
flat ground
automatic search
manual
Section line
surface
Section line
vertical walls
Known line
Xy point
Elevation point
Roof intersection
line
automatic search
manual
automatic search
manual
import from text
file
automatic/manual
automatic search
building corners
poles
Added
value for
solving
hrp
xy z
hrp
xy z
surfaces
intersection of two
roof surfaces
Input data
high point
density ALS
MLS
hrp
high point
absolute
density ALS
xy z or xy MLS
signal marker
definition
GCP text file
or vector data
hrp
ALS
absolute
MLS
GCP text file
z
or vector data
h
high point
density ALS
internal
MLS
xy
internal z ALS
MLS
along paint
markings on the
ground
flat, hard surfaces
building walls,
vertical poles
point on linear paint
markings
x - easting
y - northing
z - elevation
r
z
hrp
z
hrp
xy z
h
r p (ALS)
xy z
hrp
xy z
high point
density ALS
MLS
ALS
MLS
flat ground
classification
ALS
MLS
high point
density ALS
MLS
ALS
building
classification
Examples
Known xyz or xy point
Known line
Known z point
Ground point
Ground line
Xy point
Elevation point
Page 18
5 Methods of Strip Adjustment
Page 19
6 Workflow Overview
Workflow Overview
Flight pattern
The optimal site for a calibration flight contains both flat and sloped surfaces which do not have
disturbing surface objects such as low vegetation. The most commonly used target area for
calibration is an airport as it is easily accessible and most often contains suitable surfaces, such as
the run ways and sloped building roofs.
The minimum flight pattern for calibration is four flight passes over the same area in a cross like
pattern where the slopes surfaces are located at the center of the cross, as shown in the figure
below.
You may consider some additional flight passes which may improve the quality of the calibration:
An additional flight pass for which the sloped surfaces are located at the right of left edge of
the corridor covered. This helps to differentiate pitch and heading from each other.
Additional flight passes at a higher or a lower altitude.
Processing steps
The processing of a calibration flight can be outlined with the following steps:
1.
2.
Page 20
6 Workflow Overview
3.
4.
5.
6.
Import trajectories into TerraScan and transform them to any coordinate system.
Split any trajectories which overlap themselves.
Import time-stamped laser points into TerraScan and transform them to the same coordinate
system.
Make sure that the flightline numbering of the laser points matches trajectory numbers (in
TerraScan, use Deduce using time command from Flightline pulldown menu).
Continue according to the matching method.
Surface-to-surface matching:
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
"
Search for tie lines of type Surface lines. This does not require any classification of the laser
points.
Run Find Tie Line Match and solve for heading, roll, pitch and mirror scale corrections for
the whole data set.
Add the result values to the correction values used when computing the xyz points in step 2.
The laser scanner may have operation modes which make calibration easier such as profile mode.
If such a mode is available, it should be used to solve the pitch correction value first. Then
TerraMatch should be used to solve for heading and roll correction only.
Page 21
6 Workflow Overview
Project workflow
Even though the system has been calibrated, you may still find systematic errors in project data.
TerraMatch can be used with actual project data to solve mismatches between laser data from
different flightlines or between laser data and known points.
All parallel flightlines covering a project area should have a crossing flightline at both ends. For
large project areas it is recommended to fly at least two or more crossing flightlines over sloped
open terrain in order to provide good data for the matching task. Known points (ground control
points) should be distributed close to the corners or edges of the project area.
As the project data volume can be huge, it is desirable to minimize the number of steps in the
processing workflow. You probably want to run TerraMatch only if you notice that there are
significant mismatches in the laser data.
Another difficulty with project data is that you do not know the nature of the errors beforehand.
Mismatches may be a result of mistakes made during the setup of GPS reference stations, during
computing trajectories or during operation of the airborne system. At some point within the
correction workflow you must establish what parameters need to be corrected.
Processing steps
The general project workflow can be outlined with the following steps:
1.
2.
Surface-to-surface matching:
11. Run Find Match and solve for heading, roll, pitch and mirror scale corrections for the whole
data set.
Apply the correction if it is significant.
12. Run Find Match and solve for elevation or roll + elevation correction for individual
flightlines.
Apply the correction if it is significant.
13. Run Find Fluctuations and solve for fluctuating elevation correction.
Apply the correction if it is significant.
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6 Workflow Overview
12. Run Find Tie Line Match and solve for heading, roll, pitch and mirror scale corrections for
the whole data set.
Apply the correction to the tie lines and the laser data if it is significant.
13. Check the tie lines for worse observations.
14. Run Find Tie Line Match and solve for heading, roll, pitch and elevation corrections for
flightline groups (if there are any). Depending on the system, solve for mirror scale
corrections per flightline groups as well.
Apply the correction to the tie lines and the laser data if it is significant.
15. Check the tie lines for worse observations.
16. Run Find Tie Line Match and solve for heading, roll, pitch and elevation corrections for
individual flightlines.
Apply the correction to the tie lines and the laser data if it is significant.
17. Check the tie lines for worse observations.
18. Run Find Tie Line Fluctuations and solve for fluctuating elevation corrections.
Apply the correction to the laser data if it is significant.
"
After each Apply corrections step you should check the flightlines visually in cross sections or
using distance coloring to determine if the correction step improved the data. You have to decide
if the correction was good or if you need to go back one step and try solving parameters with
different settings.
Multi-day projects
Use GPS standard time to avoid conflicts between flight sessions with identical GPS seconds-ofweek time stamps. There are tools in TerraScan for converting between GPS seconds-of-week and
GPS standard time and vice versa. The tools are applicable to trajectories and to laser data.
Apply a group number to trajectories for each flight session (day 1 = trajectory group 1, day 2 =
trajectory group 2, etc.). Optionally apply also a quality tag to trajectories of a flight session, e.g.
if flight conditions are worse on one of the days.
Reduce the amount of data for processing as much as possible. This includes thinning of
trajectories during the import, but also reducing the number of blocks for matching in a TerraScan
project. Use only blocks that are suitable for the matching task and only classes that are necessary
(e.g. ground, building classes).
For adding a new data set to an already matched data set, apply quality bad to the trajectories of
the new data set and quality normal or good to the trajectories of the old data set. Use Find
Match or Find Tie Line Match and solve for corrections for the bad flightlines only.
Page 23
6 Workflow Overview
Drive pattern
A good calibration side is an open space with hard surface ground and without disturbing objects
such as cars, trees, etc. At least on one side there should be a larger building wall or another large
vertical surface without many detailed structures. The calibration drive includes two drive paths
in opposite direction parallel to the vertical surface, two drive paths in opposite direction
perpendicular to the vertical surface and (optionally) two diagonal drive paths towards or away
from the vertical surface. Another option is to drive over an intersection of two road with at least
two buildings next to the crossing, both roads in opposite directions. The two calibration drive
pattern are illustrated below.
Only a suitable drive pattern ensures that all calibration parameters can be solved based on the
laser data. The drive pattern described here are optimized for calibrating scanner systems that
contain two scanners which are rotated horizontally by about 45 degree off from the driving
direction.
Drive pattern option 1, e.g. on a parking lot
Page 24
6 Workflow Overview
Processing steps
The processing of a calibration data set can be outlined with the following steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Page 25
6 Workflow Overview
Project workflow
For mobile scanning projects, the quality of GPS positioning and thus, the quality of the trajectory
is usually not as good and constant as for airborne projects. This is caused by GPS failures due to
large buildings, trees, rock formations, etc. along the roads or rails. The positioning accuracy of
the trajectory can vary a lot during a drive session. Thus, the dominant error source for inaccurate
data is the trajectory xyz positioning which shows up close to the scanner location.
Positional adjustment of mobile laser data in TerraMatch is based on tie line observations. These
are typically collected on flat ground and/or on high intensity features such as paint markings.
A tie line observation can utilize ground control points or it can be for internal comparison only
(multiple drive passes seeing the same location). It is recommended to measure ground control
points along the road or other survey corridor at regular distances. The distances between control
measurements can vary depending on the required accuracy level and the accuracy of the
trajectory. Internal tie line observations should be added between the control measurements
whenever the same location has been seen by multiple drive paths.
Ground control points can be located on corners of strong paint markings, at end points of thin
strong paint markings or in the center of weaker paint markings. The latter type of control points
is then used for partial xy control.
Instead of using paint markings for control measurements, signal markers of a specific pattern can
be used as ground control points. This has the advantage that the software can find a bright signal
marker on a dark surface automatically based on the intensity information of the laser points. See
Signal markers category on page 58 for more information about signal markers in TerraMatch.
More information about the different tie line types and the positional adjustment of mobile laser
scanner project data can be found in Sections Tie line types on page 16 and Fluctuating
corrections with tie lines on page 18.
Page 26
7 Working with Tie Lines
The window provides pulldown menus with commands for working with tie lines. These
commands are described on the following pages. If a tie line file is loaded, it shows for each tie
line the tie line type and the following information in columns 1-6:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
strip number
scanner number
time stamp
XY mismatch at tie line location
Z mismatch at tie line location
(for MLS data sets only) misalignment angle for which the tie line adds some valuable
correction
The Define Tie Lines tool can also arrange the views in MicroStation in a way that is suitable for
working with tie lines. The view setup includes:
Full view - all tie lines are displayed in a top view.
Entry view - one selected tie line position is displayed in a horizontal section or top view.
This view is used for viewing or placing close-to-horizontal tie lines manually.
Detail view - one selected tie line with all its positions is displayed in a horizontal section or
top view.
Wall entry view - one selected tie line position is displayed in a vertical section view. This
view is used for viewing or placing close-to-vertical tie lines manually.
Wall detail view - one selected tie line with all its positions is displayed in a vertical section
view.
The views are updated automatically depending on the selected tie line type.
Page 27
7 Working with Tie Lines
Page 28
7 Working with Tie Lines
File / New
New command empties the tie line window and thus, opens a new tie line file. It also removes the
active tie lines from the memory.
File / Open
Open command lets you open a tie line file from the hard disk. Opening a tie line file replaces any
active tie lines with tie lines stored in the file.
File / Save
Save command lets you save changes in the active tie lines to an already existing tie line file.
File / Save as
Save as command saves active tie lines to a tie line file. The tie line file gets the extension .TIL.
Collect tie lines with setting Separate scanners on. See Define Tie Lines on page 84 for
more information.
Select Reduce to single line command from the File pulldown menu.
A dialog is shown which asks for confirmation of the step.
3.
4.
Page 29
7 Working with Tie Lines
Select a vector element which defines the direction in which paint markings run if you want
to use the automatic tie line placement mode.
Select Import known lines command from the File pulldown menu.
This opens the Import known lines dialog:
Setting:
Entry mode
Line length
Angle within
3.
Effect:
Defines how tie lines for control measurements are placed:
Manual - all positions are digitized manually.
Auto line search - the software places the tie lines
automatically.
Length of a tie line that the software places automatically.
Maximum angle difference between observed tie line and
selected vector element.
4.
Page 30
7 Working with Tie Lines
Select the control points in the design file using MicroStation Selection tool if you want to
import the control points based on selected vectors.
Select From text file or From selected vectors command from the File / Import points
pulldown menu.
This opens the Import points dialog:
Setting:
Point type
Signal marker
Rotation
Min contrast
Use
Laser project
Fit radius
Effect:
Type of tie lines that are created from the control measurements.
Signal marker name defined in TerraMatch settings. Required
for importing known xyz or known xy points.
Defines the rotation for a signal marker:
Free - the signal marker can be rotated freely compared to the
travel direction.
Travel direction - the rotation of the signal marker is fixed.
The travel direction is extracted from the closest trajectory.
Intensity contrast between bright parts of a signal marker and the
dark background.
Laser points used for placing the tie lines: project points or
loaded points.
Path to a TerraScan project. This is only active if Use is set to
Project points.
Area within which points are used to calculate the tie line
location.
Page 31
7 Working with Tie Lines
Setting:
Require
Max angle
3.
Effect:
Point density required for placing the tie line.
Maximum allowed angle of the surface at a tie line location.
4.
"
After the import has finished, an information dialog is shown. It displays the number of created
known points vs. the number of control measurements found in the text file or selection set.
Page 32
7 Working with Tie Lines
The tie line settings can be changed between several tie line searches using the View / Settings
command from the View pulldown menu. When searching first for one tie line type and then for
another, the new tie lines are added to the active tie lines at the end of the tie line list.
Select Search tie lines command from the File pulldown menu.
This opens the Search tie lines dialog:
2.
Page 33
7 Working with Tie Lines
The software starts the search for tie lines. As a result, tie lines of the selected type are added
to the list of active tie lines. The amount of tie lines found is displayed in an information
dialog after the search is completed.
Setting:
Use
Ignore first/intermediate
echo locations
Laser project
Save results after each
block
Spacing
Effect:
Laser points used for placing the tie lines: project points or
loaded points.
If on, locations where there are laser points of first or
intermediate echo types are ignored.
Path to a TerraScan project. This is only active if Use is set to
Project points.
If on, the tie lines are saved automatically into a file after the
search is completed for a block of a project. This is only active if
Use is set to Project points.
Distance between two tie line locations. The value determines
the density of the tie lines.
Search for tie lines on vertical walls or structures within the Wall
classes defined in the settings.
Length - length of a tie line.
Depth - depth of a section where the software tries to fit the
tie line to the laser points.
Max angle - maximum allowed angle off from vertical for a
tie line placed on a vertical structure.
Search for tie lines on bright paint markings using a selected
vector of known points along the center of paint marking.
Search for tie lines on flat ground or horizontal surfaces within
the Ground classes defined in the settings.
Direction - direction of a tie line relative to the movement
direction: Along movement or Perpendicular.
Length - length of a tie line.
Depth - depth of a section where the software tries to fit the
tie line to the laser points.
Max angle - maximum allowed angle off from average
between the tie lines at the same location.
Search for tie lines on surfaces within the Ground classes
defined in the settings.
Direction - direction of a tie line relative to the movement
direction: Along movement, Perpendicular, or Slope
direction.
Length - length of a tie line.
Depth - depth of a section where the software tries to fit the
tie line to the laser points.
Max angle - maximum allowed angle off from average
between the tie lines at the same location.
Search for tie lines along intersections of roof planes within the
Roof classes defined in the settings.
Length - length range of a tie line.
Min width - minimum width of the roof planes on both sides
of the tie line.
Planarity - distance tolerance between point and plane
equation of the planar roof patch it belongs to.
Min slope - minimum slope off from horizontal of the roof
planes.
Require - number of observations required for accepting a tie
line location. Minimum is 2 observations (from 2 strips).
Page 34
7 Working with Tie Lines
Page 35
7 Working with Tie Lines
Page 36
7 Working with Tie Lines
Select Add ground point command from the Line pulldown menu.
This opens the Add Ground Point dialog:
Setting:
Require
Fit radius
Display circle
2.
3.
Effect:
Point density required for placing the tie point.
Area within which laser points are used to calculate the tie
points elevation.
If on, a circle of the specified diameter is displayed at the mouse
pointer location. This helps to place a ground point accurately,
for example on circular objects.
4.
"
Place the tie point in the Entry view according the the laser data for each tie point position.
If you are not able to place all tie point positions, you can skip a position by selecting the next
observation for this tie point. Then use the Line / Clean command to remove undefined positions.
Page 37
7 Working with Tie Lines
To add an xy point:
1.
Setting:
Require
2.
3.
Effect:
Point density required for placing the tie point.
4.
"
Place the tie point in the Entry view according the the laser data for each tie point position.
If you are not able to place all tie point positions, you can skip a position by selecting the next
observation for this tie point. Then use the Line / Clean command to remove undefined positions.
Select Add elevation point command from the Line pulldown menu.
This opens the Add Elevation Point dialog:
Setting:
Require
Fit radius
2.
3.
Effect:
Point density required for placing the tie point.
Area within which laser points are used to calculate the tie
points elevation.
4.
"
Place the tie point in the Entry view according the the laser data for each tie point position.
If you are not able to place all tie point positions, you can skip a position by selecting the next
observation for this tie point. Then use the Line / Clean command to remove undefined positions.
Page 38
7 Working with Tie Lines
Select Add known point command from the Line pulldown menu.
This opens the Add Known Point dialog:
Setting:
Type
Require
Fit radius
2.
3.
Effect:
Known tie point type:
Known xyz - xyz coordinates are used for the tie point.
Known xy - xy coordinates are used for the tie point.
Known z - z coordinate is used for the tie point.
Point density required for placing the tie point.
Area within which points are used to calculate the tie point
location.
Select settings that fit to the laser data and to the known points that are used.
Snap to the control point drawn in the design file in order to define the location for the tie
line in the Full view.
This updates the Entry view and Detail view and adds the tie point to the list.
4.
"
Place the tie point in the Entry view according the the laser data for each tie point position.
If you are not able to place all tie point positions, you can skip a position by selecting the next
observation for this tie point. Then use the Line / Clean command to remove undefined positions.
You may also change the type of the tie point using the Line / Edit command, for example from
known xyz to known z, if you are not able to place the tie point at the accurate xy location.
Page 39
7 Working with Tie Lines
Select Add ground line command from the Line pulldown menu.
This opens the Add Ground Line dialog:
Setting:
Entry mode
2.
3.
Effect:
Defines how the tie line is placed:
Manually - all positions are digitized manually.
Auto line search - only the first position is placed manually,
the other positions are found automatically.
4.
(Manual mode) Place the tie line in the Entry view according the the laser data for each tie
line position.
OR
5.
"
(Auto line search mode) Place the tie line in the Entry view according the the laser data for
the first tie line position. The software tries to find the other tie line positions automatically.
If you are not able to place all tie point positions, you can skip a position by selecting the next
observation for this tie point. Then use the Line / Clean command to remove undefined positions.
Page 40
7 Working with Tie Lines
Select Add section line command from the Line pulldown menu.
This opens the Add Section Line dialog:
Setting:
Section depth
2.
3.
Effect:
Depth of the section that is used for fitting the tie line to the laser
data.
4.
"
Place the tie line in the Entry view or Wall entry view according the the laser data for each
tie line position.
If you are not able to place all tie point positions, you can skip a position by selecting the next
observation for this tie point. Then use the Line / Clean command to remove undefined positions.
Page 41
7 Working with Tie Lines
Select Add known line command from the Line pulldown menu.
Setting:
Entry mode
Number
2.
3.
Effect:
Defines how the tie line is placed:
Manually - all positions are digitized manually.
Auto line search - only the first position is placed manually,
the other positions are found automatically.
Number of the known line. Counts up automatically.
4.
(Manual mode) Place the tie line in the Entry view according the the laser data for each tie
line position.
OR
5.
"
(Auto line search mode) Place the tie line in the Entry view according the the laser data for
the first tie line position. The software tries to find the other tie line positions automatically.
If you are not able to place all tie point positions, you can skip a position by selecting the next
observation for this tie point. Then use the Line / Clean command to remove undefined positions.
Line / Edit
Edit command can be used to change the type of a tie line.
3.
4.
Line / Clean
Clean command is used to remove undefined positions from a tie line. There are places where a
tie line can not be defined for some strips due to obstructions, too low point densities, or
inappropriate viewing angles. This results in undefined positions which should be deleted from
the tie line list.
Line / Delete
Delete command is used to delete tie lines from the list. In contrast to Position / Delete command
from the Position pulldown menu, this command deletes the tie line completely.
Command:
Selected tie line
Inside fence
Effect:
The selected tie line is deleted.
All tie lines inside a fence or selected polygon are deleted.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
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7 Working with Tie Lines
Select the tie line position for which you want to place the tie line.
Load laser data at the tie line location.
Select Enter position command from the Position pulldown menu.
Digitize the new tie line location in the Entry view according to the laser data.
This updates the location of the tie line and the values in the tie line list.
Position / Identify
Identify command is used to identify a tie line in a MicroStation view with a mouse click. The
corresponding tie line is selected in the tie line list.
3.
Ente a data click in order to select the tie line in the list.
Position / Delete
Delete command is used to delete positions of tie lines. In contrast to Line / Delete command from
the Line pulldown menu, this command may not delete a tie line completely but only those
positions that meet the defined settings.
Command:
Selected position
By line
By scanner
By range
Effect:
The selected position of a tie line is deleted.
Tie line positions of selected strip(s) are deleted.
Tie line positions of selected scanner(s) are deleted.
Tie line positions within a defined distance range from the
scanner are deleted.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
Position / Find
Find command is used for searching tie lines that have a mismatch larger than a specific threshold
value. The threshold can relate to different mismatch values, such as elevation, xy, 3D, angular,
or wall angle mismatch.
Setting:
Find by
Mismatch >
2.
Effect:
Mismatch values as search criteria:
Elevation mismatch - in design file master units.
Xy mismatch - in design file master units.
3D mismatch - in design file master units.
Angle mismatch - degree off from average.
Wall angle - degree off from vertical.
Threshold value for searching bad tie lines.
3.
4.
Define the parameters for the tie line search with Position / Find command.
Check the first selected tie line and make corrections, if necessary.
Select Find next command from the Position pulldown menu.
The next tie line position with a mismatch larger than the defined threshold is selected in the
list.
4.
Continue with step 3 until the end of the tie line list is reached.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
4.
Enter a data click in order to draw the line into the design file.
Select Thin by travel distance command from the Position pulldown menu.
This opens the Thin by travel distance dialog:
2.
3.
Define the minimum distance allowed between tie lines in the Spacing field.
Click OK.
This removes tie line observations that are closer to each other than the given distance. An
information dialog shows the number of deleted tie lines and tie line positions.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
2.
Effect:
Maximum allowed mismatch distance in tie line observations. This
acts as a threshold for stopping the filtering process.
If on, manually placed tie lines are not effected by the filtering
process.
Determines how fast the correction curve changes can be in the
Find fluctuations process. A smaller factor results in a smoother
curve. Values can range between 0.1 and 10.0, the default value is
2.0.
Solves for a fluctuating xy correction.
Solves for a fluctuating z correction.
Solves for a fluctuating heading correction.
Solves for a fluctuating roll correction.
Solves for a fluctuating pitch correction.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
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7 Working with Tie Lines
Select Transform tie lines command from the Tools pulldown menu.
This opens the Transform tie lines dialog:
2.
Apply to
Transformation
Effect:
Data to transform:
Known coordinates - transforms known point coordinate
values (= values given by some other survey method).
Laser positions - transforms observation coordinate values (=
values extracted from laser data).
Both - transforms known coordinates and laser positions.
Name of the transformation to be applied. The name is defined
Coordinate transformations category in the TerraScan
Settings.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
2.
Effect:
Tie line type to be drawn: Any or one of the tie line types available
in TerraMatch.
If on, only tie lines of the given flight line number are drawn.
If on, only tie lines of the given scanner number are drawn.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
2.
Gap type
Gap length
Effect:
Determines which locations are defined as gaps:
Xy - places with no tie lines for XY correction.
Xy longitudinal - places with no tie lines for XY correction
along the travel direction.
Xy perpendicular - places with no tie lines for XY correction
perpendicular to the travel direction.
Z - places with no tie lines for Z correction.
Maximum allowed distance between tie lines. If the distance is
bigger, it is reported as a gap.
This opens another Report gaps dialog which shows the list of gaps:
The list contains the chain (trajectory) number, the position of the gap along the chain, and the
length of the gap.
You can use the options in the Sort by list to sort the list:
Chain and position - primarily by the chain number, secondarily by increasing positions
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7 Working with Tie Lines
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7 Working with Tie Lines
View / Settings
Settings command opens the Tie line Settings dialog. It is the same dialog as opened by the
Define Tie Lines tool.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
"
2.
Color by
Weight
Only type
Only dimension
Only line
Effect:
Number of the MicroStation view for which the settings are
applied. The list contains view numbers 1-8.
Determines the coloring method:
Do not draw - no tie lines are draw.
Line - tie lines are colored by line number.
Scanner - tie lines are colored by scanner number. This makes
only sence if tie lines are collected separately for different
scanners.
Line weight for drawing tie lines. The list contains the line weights
of MicroStation.
If on, only tie lines of the given type are drawn:
Any known - tie lines of any known tie line type, such as
Known xyz, Known xy, Known z, Known line.
Any common - tie lines of any tie line type that is not known.
<type> - tie lines of the selected type.
If on, only tie lines of the given dimension are drawn:
Xyz - tie lines that provide full 3D (XYZ) control.
Xy - tie lines that provide horizontal (XY( control.
Z - tie lines that provide vertical (Z) control.
If on, only tie lines of the given line number(s) are drawn. You can
define several line numbers by using minus and comma, for
example, 1-5,7,10.
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7 Working with Tie Lines
Setting:
Only scanner
Only mismatch
Only slope
Effect:
Use the Pick visible line button to identify a trajectory line by a
data click. The number of the line closest to the data click is used
in the Only line field.
If on, only tie lines of the given scanner number(s) are drawn. You
can define several scanner numbers by using minus and comma,
for example, 1-3,5.
If on, only tie lines within the given mismatch value range are
drawn. Define the minimum and maximum mismatch value for
drawing tie lines in the text fields.
If on, only tie lines with the given slope value range are drawn.
Define the minimum and maximum slope value for drawing tie
lines in the text fields. 0.0 refers to horizontal, 90.0 to vertical
direction. Tie points are not drawn if this option is on.
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TerraMatch tools
To:
Use:
Settings
Find Match
Apply Correction
Find Fluctuations
Match Forward/Backward
Measure Match
About TerraMatch
Help on TerraMatch
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Settings
Settings tool lets you change a number of settings controlling the way how TerraMatch works.
Selecting this tool opens the TerraMatch Settings dialog:
Settings are grouped into logical categories. If a category in the list is selected the appropriate
controls are displayed to the right of the category list.
The settings are saved into the TerraMatch settings file in the installation directory when the
Settings dialog is closed.
Effect:
Easting convergence (m) - typically between 0.001 and 0.10.
Northing convergence (m) - typically between 0.001 and 0.10.
Elevation convergence (m) - typically between 0.001 and 0.10.
Heading convergence (deg) - typically between 0.0001 and 0.10.
Roll convergence (deg) - typically between 0.0001 and 0.010.
Pitch convergence (deg) - typically between 0.0001 and 0.010.
Operation category
Operation category defines the maximum number of threads that are used by TerraMatch
processes. This effects some of the processes in TerraMatch which can run on several threads.
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8 TerraMatch tools
6.
7.
Type a name for the signal marker and select a flipping method if required.
Click OK.
This adds the new signal marker to the list.
A signal markers name or flipping method can be modified by selecting the marker and clicking
the Edit button in the Settings dialog. It can be deleted using the Delete button.
Effect:
Easting (m) - typically between 0.020 and 0.250.
Northing (m) - typically between 0.020 and 0.250.
Elevation (m) - typically between 0.020 and 0.250.
Heading (deg) - typically between 0.010 and 0.200.
Roll (deg) - typically between 0.010 and 0.200.
Pitch (deg) - typically between 0.010 and 0.200.
Known points (m) - typically between 0.005 and 0.05.
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8 TerraMatch tools
3.
Effect:
Name of the target object.
Type or shape of the target object.
Radius of a target object of type Ball.
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8 TerraMatch tools
2.
"
Since Terra Applications version 009.00x these MicroStation versions are no longer supported.
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8 TerraMatch tools
MicroStation V8
MicroStation V8 uses 64 bit values for storing vector elements. TerraMatch uses a coordinate
setup which is separate from the design file coordinate system. The application uses a default
coordinate setup of 100 integer steps for each master unit. You can use Define Coordinate Setup
tool to change the coordinate setup which the application stores in the design file but it does not
affect MicroStation itself or the vector elements.
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Find Match
Find Match tool analyzes the mismatch in laser data and solves for correction parameters. The tool
utilizes the surface-to-surface matching method described in Find match vs. Tie Lines on page
15.
You can run Find Match either on points currently loaded into TerraScans memory or on a project
definition. When running on a project, TerraMatch automatically scans thru all project blocks
during one iteration round.
Pre-processing steps
Before you run Find Match, you must have performed a number of pre-processing steps which
can be outlined as follows:
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2.
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8 TerraMatch tools
3.
4.
5.
OR
4.
5.
6.
When using a project, you should set the directory into which the output files are written.
When using loaded points, corrections are applied to the loaded points in memory.
Check all strips to which you want to apply the correction in the lower list box.
Click OK to apply the corrections directly.
Find match setting:
Use
Laser project
Trajectory dir
Correct
Known points
Progress
Results
Use classes
Effect:
Points to use in comparison: Loaded points or Project points.
TerraScan project file which defines the blocks to use in
comparison. Selectable only when Use is set to Project points.
Directory containing TerraScan trajectory files.
Quality of trajectories to correct. This allows you to keep better
quality trajectories as fixed and compute corrections for lower
quality trajectories only.
Optional text file containing known points.
If set to Saving intermediate results, the software saves the
solution values after each iteration.
Path to the file for saving intermediate results. This is only active
when Progress is set to Save intermediate results.
Classes to use for comparison and weight factors to apply.
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Ignore limit
Solve for
Easting shift
Northing shift
Z shift
Heading shift
Roll shift
Pitch shift
Mirror scale for whole
Easting drift
Northing drift
Elevation drift
Heading drift
Roll drift
Pitch drift
"
Effect:
How many points to make an observation with. Use 1 for small
data sets and a bigger value (2-5) for large data sets.
Maximum length of a triangle created for the surface-to-surface
comparison.
Limit value for differences between strips that the software tries to
match. The values should be a bit higher than the largest mismatch
between strips. Larger mismatches are treated as gross errors and
therefore not included in the calculation.
Type of solution to find:
Whole data set - one value per selected correction to apply to
the whole data set.
Individual lines - separate correction values for each strip per
selected correction.
Solves for a constant easting correction value.
Solves for a constant northing correction value.
Solves for a constant elevation correction value.
Solves for a constant heading correction value.
Solves for a constant roll correction value.
Solves for a constant pitch correction value.
Solves for a mirror scale factor. Always solved for the whole data
set, no matter what type of solution is selected in the Solve for list.
Solves for easting correction which changes linearly by time.
Solves for northing correction which changes linearly by time.
Solves for elevation correction which changes linearly by time.
Solves for heading correction which changes linearly by time.
Solves for roll correction which changes linearly by time.
Solves for pitch correction which changes linearly by time.
It is a good idea to save the correction parameters into a separate file using Save corrections
command from the Apply results dialog. This makes it easy to apply the corrections later on using
Apply Correction tool.
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Apply Correction
Apply Correction tool applies known correction values to a data set. You can type in the correction
values manually or they can be loaded from a TerraMatch corrections file saved by the following
tools:
Find Match
Find Fluctuations
Match Forward/Backward
Find Range Corrections
Find Intensity Correction
Find Tie Line Match
Find Tie Line Fluctuations
The tool allows to apply corrections to several types of data, such as laser data, tie lines,
trajectories, and image lists in TerraPhoto.
In the process of applying corrections, the software interpolates values between observation
locations, such as tie lines, relative to the travel distance. This method is more accurate than
interpolation relative to time, especially for ground-based mobile scanning data sets where stops
may occur.
2.
Apply to
Laser project
Write to
Trajectory dir
Effect:
Data set to correct:
Project points - all blocks referenced by a given project file.
Loaded points - points loaded into TerraScan.
Tie line file - tie lines in a file saved on a hard disk.
Loaded tie lines - active tie lines in TerraMatch.
Loaded image list - active image list in TerraPhoto.
Trajectories - active trajectories in TerraScan.
TerraScan project file to apply corrections to. This is only active if
Apply to is set to Project points.
Directory into which to write the modified block binary files or the
modified trajectory files. This is only active if Apply to is set to
Project points or Trajectories.
Directory containing TerraScan trajectory files.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Setting:
Corrections
File
Correct
"
Effect:
Source of correction values:
Enter manually - corrections values are typed manually.
Load from file - reads correction values from a TerraMatch
corrections file.
File containing correction values. This is only active if
Corrections is set to Load from file.
Type of correction to apply:
Whole data set - one value to apply to the whole data set.
Individual lines - separate correction values for each strip.
This is only active if Corrections is set to Enter manually.
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Find Fluctuations
Find Fluctuations tool compares short intervals of each strip against other overlapping strips. It
computes elevation corrections for each strip based on a surface-to-surface comparison method.
Each short time interval of a strip gets its own correction value. For the final correction file, the
correction values can be averaged in order to get a smoother correction curve.
Find Fluctuations tool requires that laser points have time stamps and that the same preprocessing steps have been applied for the laser data as for the Find Match tool. You have to
classify ground in each strip separately before this tool can be used. It does not require that
trajectories are loaded. It uses trajectory information only to determine the relative accuracies of
different strips.
The tool can run on loaded points in TerraScan or on a TerraScan project.
2.
Effect:
Type of solution to find: Elevation.
Points to use in find fluctuations: Loaded points or Project
points.
TerraScan project file which defines the blocks to use in
comparison. Selectable only when Use is set to Project points.
Directory containing TerraScan trajectory files.
Classes to use for comparison and weight factors to apply.
Time interval used by the software to calculate a correction value.
Maximum length of a triangle created for the surface-to-surface
comparison.
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Setting:
Ignore limit
Effect:
Limit value for differences between strips that the software tries to
match. The values should be a bit higher than the largest mismatch
between strips. Larger mismatches are treated as gross errors and
therefore not included in the calculation.
The dialog shows the list of strips on the left and a graph of corrections for the selected strip
on the right. The yellow bars in the graph represent the time intervals for which a correction
value is calculated. The correction value for a selected time interval is shown on top of the
graph.
3.
4.
Check the fluctuating corrections using the buttons and menu commands from the
Fluctuations dialog. The options are described in Section Fluctuations dialog for surface
matching.
Save a corrections file using the Save results command from the File pulldown menu. The
correction file allows to apply corrections later to the laser data with the Apply Correction
tool.
OR
5.
Apply corrections directly using the Apply button in the Fluctuations dialog.
This opens the Apply fluctuation corrections dialog:
6.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Setting:
Correction
Factor
Max correction
Effect:
Method of averaging the correction values:
One step - no averaging applied.
Average of 3 - three observations are averaged.
Average of 5 - five observations are averaged.
Average of 7 - seven observations are averaged.
Average of line - the average value of a strip is used as a
correction value.
Factor multiplied to the calculated correction values. A value of
50% means that the original correction values are multiplied by
0.5.
Maximum allowed correction that is applied to the laser data.
Show location
Show location button is used to highlight the location of a time interval in a MicroStation view.
The time interval must be selected in the Fluctuations dialog graph.
4.
Press the left mouse button to center the view at the location of the time interval.
Identify
Identify button is used to select the location of a time interval in the Fluctuations dialog graph.
The location is identified with a mouse click in a MicroStation view.
Select Find big correction values command from the Edit pulldown menu.
This opens the Find fluctuation dialog:
2.
2.
Effect:
Defines the display size of one time interval (width of the yellow
bar) in the Fluctuations dialog graph.
Maximum correction value range displayed in the Fluctuations
dialog graph.
If on, the correction curve is displayed as blue line in the
Fluctuations dialog graph.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Setting:
Correction
Factor
Max correction
"
Effect:
Method of averaging the correction values:
One step - no averaging applied.
Average of 3 - three observations are averaged.
Average of 5 - five observations are averaged.
Average of 7 - seven observations are averaged.
Average of line - the average value of a strip is used as
correction value.
Factor multiplied to the calculated correction values. A value of
50% means that the original correction values are multiplied by
0.5.
Maximum allowed correction that is applied to the laser data.
When a correction file is saved from the Fluctuations dialog, the settings for a correction curve
and for averaging correction values are used as defined in the Display settings dialog.
View / Statistics
Statistics command shows a dialog with some statistical values for the fluctuations per strip and
for all strips. The statistics includes minimum, maximum, and average correction value, median,
average magnitude and standard deviation.
You can save a text file or print the statistics using commands from the File pulldown menu in the
Statistics dialog. The dialog size can be changed with commands from the View pulldown menu.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Match Forward/Backward
Match Forward/Backward tool can be used for matching flightlines from scanner systems which
measure the same location twice in a single flight pass, e.g. by elliptical scan pattern.
The tool requires that surfaces are classified per flightline with forward and backward
measurements in separate classes. It translates the differences between the forward and backward
points into corrections of heading, pitch and/or fluctuating elevation corrections using a surfaceto-surface matching method.
The Match Forward/Backward tool can use loaded points in TerraScan as well as point files
referenced by a TerraScan project. It needs TerraScan trajectories for finding a solution. It can
solve for one misalignment angle or the elevation correction at a time.
2.
This opens the Fluctuations dialog. Proceed with applying corrections as described
above for Find Fluctuations tool.
Setting:
Use
Laser project
Trajectory dir
Solve
Effect:
Data to use for comparison:
Project points - all blocks referenced by a given project file.
Loaded points - points loaded into TerraScan.
TerraScan project file to apply corrections to. This is only active if
Apply to is set to Project points.
Directory containing TerraScan trajectory files.
Parameter for which a correction is solved: Elevation, Heading or
Pitch.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Setting:
Effect:
If on, an elevation correction is solved in a way the matches
Match across flightlines individual flightlines to each other as well. This is only active if
Solve is set to Elevation.
Class that contains points on surfaces from forward scans per
Forward class
flightline.
Class that contains points on surfaces from backward scans per
Backward class
flightline.
Interval
Time interval used by the software to calculate a correction value.
Maximum length of a triangle created for the surface-to-surface
Max triangle
comparison.
Limit value for differences between forward and backward
surfaces that the software tries to match. The values should be a bit
Ignore limit
higher than the largest mismatch between forward and backward
points. Larger mismatches are treated as gross errors and therefore
not included in the calculation.
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Load the laser data into TerraScan from the area that is suitable for finding range
corrections.
Select the Find Range Correction tool.
This opens the Find Range Correction dialog:
3.
Use best
Ignore limit
Effect:
Maximum intensity value for which range corrections should be
found. Common values are 255 for 8 bit intensity, 4095 for 12 bit
intensity and 65535 for 16 bit intensity data.
Defines what points the software uses for finding range
corrections. The software uses the given percentage of points with
the highest local intensity variation.
Helps to avoid bad observations. The software ignores
observations with a elevation difference bigger than this value.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Setting:
Trajectory dir
Use classes
Effect:
Directory containing TerraScan trajectory files.
Classes to use for finding range corrections.
4.
Define settings.
Setting:
Scanner
View
Smoothing
Fill ends
6.
7.
Effect:
Number of the scanner for which to apply range corrections.
Intensity value range for display:
Whole range - whole range from 0 to Max intensity.
Observed range - intensity range avaiable in the used points.
Number of smoothing rounds to apply to the correction curve.
How to assign correcion values to very small or very large
intensity values for which there are no observations:
Approach zero - correction values linearly approach zero.
Closest observation - uses correction value of the closest
intensity value with an observation.
Saves a TerraMatch correction file for being used in the Apply
Correction tool.
Adds the corrections to another correction file provided by the
system manufacturer and saves a TerraMatch correction file for
being used in the Apply Correction tool.
Save the TerraMatch range corrections using the Save corrections command from the File
pulldown menu or use the Merge with system file command from the File pulldown menu
in order to create a correction file that includes system-specific corrections.
Close the Range Correction Results dialog.
Apply the range corrections to laser data using the Apply Correction tool.
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8 TerraMatch tools
"
Load laser data into TerraScan from an area that is suitable for finding intensity corrections.
Select the Find Intensity Correction tool.
This opens the Find Intensity Correction dialog:
3.
Effect:
Minimum 3D distance from the scanner used for computing the
intensity correction values.
Maximum 3D distance from the scanner used for computing the
intensity correction values.
Distance interval for computing correction values. One correction
value is computed for each interval within Minimum range and
Maximum range.
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Setting:
Sampling radius
Trajectory dir
Use classes
Effect:
Distance around each point for comparing the points intensity
value of one scanner with the average intensity values of all other
points.
Directory containing TerraScan trajectory files.
Classes to use for finding intensity corrections.
4.
Define settings.
Setting:
Scanner
Smoothing
Fill ends
Effect:
Number of the scanner for which to apply intensity correction
values.
Number of smoothing rounds to apply to the correction curve.
How to assign correcion values to points for which there is no
observation within the given Minimum and Maximum range:
Approach zero - correction values linearly approach zero.
Closest observation - uses correction value of the closest range
interval with an observation.
Saves a TerraMatch correction file for being used in the Apply
Correction tool.
Save the corrections using the Save corrections command from the File pulldown menu.
Close the Intensity Correction Results dialog.
Apply the range corrections to laser data using the Apply Correction tool.
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Measure Match
Measure Match tool measures how well different strips match each other. It computes the
elevation difference between surfaces from individual strips and a mean surface.
The report value can be used to determine if laser strips are matching each other better or worse
compared to an earlier measurement. You can use this tool:
Determine if strips match each other at normal level (comparing to earlier projects).
Determine if a modification applied to laser data was an improvement (comparing before and
after modification).
As the comparison is based on surfaces, you should normally perform ground classification on
each strip individually before running this tool. You may also classify some other suitable surfaces
such as building roofs from each strip.
Measure Match can use all the points from laser data files in a TerraScan project or loaded points.
2.
3.
Select rows in the list box for the classes to use in the comparison.
Define the other settings and click OK.
The application computes the average elevation differences between each strip and a mean
surface.
Setting:
Use
Laser project
Max Triangle
Ignore limit
Effect:
Data to use for comparison:
Project points - all blocks referenced by a given project file.
Loaded points - points loaded into TerraScan.
TerraScan project file to apply corrections to. Selectable only
when Apply to is set to Project points.
Maximum length of a triangle created for the surface-to-surface
comparison.
Limit value for differences between strips that the software uses
for computing elevation differences. Larger mismatches are
treated as gross errors and therefore not included in the calculation.
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Setting:
Use classes
Effect:
Classes to use for computing elevation differences between
individual strips and the mean surface.
Attribute:
Average magnitude
Flightline
Points
Magnitude
Dz
Meaning:
Mean value of absolute elevation difference values.
Number of the strip.
Amount of points for each strip.
Absolute value of the elevation difference between a strip and the
mean surface.
Mean value of the elevation difference between a strip and the
mean surface.
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About TerraMatch
About TerraMatch tool opens a dialog which shows information about TerraMatch and about the
license.
From this dialog you can open the License information dialog:
Use the Request license button to start the online registration for node-locked licenses.
"
More information about license registration is available on the Terrasolid web pages:
www.terrasolid.com/registration.php.
Help on TerraMatch
Help on TerraMatch tool launches Acrobat Reader for accessing this Users Guide in PDF format.
The PDF must be stored in the /DOCS folder of your Terra Software installation directory.
If you installed TerraModeler in the default directory C:\TERRA, the Users Guide must be stored
in C:\TERRA\DOCS\TMODEL.PDF.
The PDF has hypertext links built in, so you can jump between topics by clicking on the topic
names highlighted in green color.
"
Accessing the PDF also requires that you have the Acrobat Reader installed on your computer.
The software looks for a file named ACRORD32.EXE. If the file can not be found, you are asked
to locate the file on the hard disk manually.
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To:
Use:
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8 TerraMatch tools
2.
Entry view
Effect:
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying a full top view of
the data when the tie point mode is active.
Radius of a circle that is displayed in the Full view at the location
of a tie line.
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying laser data from all
strips at a location of a horizontally-oriented tie line. The view is
updated whenever a tie line position is selected in the Tie lines
window.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Setting:
Detail view
Max error z
Fit tolerance
Ground classes
Wall classes
Roof classes
Target classes
Separate scanners
Line width
Trajectory dir
"
Effect:
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying laser data from
one strip at a location of a horizontally-oriented tie line. The view
is updated whenever a tie line position is selected in the Tie lines
window. In this view, tie lines can be placed manually.
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying laser data from all
strips at a location of a vertically-oriented tie line. The view is
updated whenever a tie line position is selected in the Tie lines
window.
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying laser data from
one strip at a location of a vertically-oriented tie line. The view is
updated whenever a tie line position is selected in the Tie lines
window. In this view, tie lines can be placed manually.
Length of top view to create for ground line and known line tie
lines.
Length of helping lines that are displayed in detail views when
placing a tie line manually.
If on, the MicroStation views are arranged on the screen according
to the settings for entry and detail views.
Time difference between different strips at the same location.
Estimation of the maximum difference between strips in horizontal
positioning. Only tie lines up to this distance are accepted in
automatic tie line search.
Estimation of the maximum difference between strips in elevation
positioning. Only tie lines up to this distance are accepted in
automatic tie line search.
Estimation of the noise level in the data. It determines how tie lines
are fitted to the data of one strip.
Laser point classes for the automatic search of Section lines on flat
ground and on surfaces.
Laser point classes for the automatic search of Section lines on
vertical walls.
Laser point classes for the automatic search of Roof intersection
lines.
Laser point classes for the automatic search of targets. Targets can
be defined in Target objects category of the TerraMatch
Settings.
Of on, tie lines are placed for each scanner separately. This is used
for scanner system calibration.
Estimation of the width range of paint markings. This is used for
placing Ground tie lines automatically.
Directory where the TerraScan trajectory files are stored.
The settings for tie lines can be changed when the tie line mode is active using the View / Settings
command from the View pulldown menu in the Tie line window.
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8 TerraMatch tools
2.
3.
Solve for
Effect:
Scanner system used for collecting the laser data: Airborne or
Mobile.
Source file for calculating the correction values:
Active tie lines - tie lines in an open Tie line window are used.
Tie line file - tie lines stored in a tie line file are used.
Path to the tie line file that is used for calculating the correction
values. This is only active when Source is set to Tie line file.
Directory where the TerraScan trajectory files are stored.
Type of solution to find:
Whole data set - a solution for the whole data set is calculated.
Line groups - a solution for strips of different groups is
calculated. This requires that groups are defined for the
TerraScan trajectories.
Individual lines - a solution for each strip is calculated.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Setting:
Scanners
Correct
Easting shift
Northing shift
Z shift
Mirror scale
Heading shift
Roll shift
Pitch shift
Lever X
Lever Y
Lever Z
4.
5.
"
Effect:
Defines how data from different scanners is used:
Combined solution - a solution for all scanners is calculated.
Solution per scanner - a solution for each individual scanner
is calculated.
Defines how line groups or individual lines are corrected:
All solution sets - a solution is calculated for being applied to
all strips or groups.
Selected sets - a solution only for selected strips or groups is
calculated.
This is only active when Solve for is set to Line groups or
Individual lines.
Solves for a constant easting correction value. This is only active
if System is set to Airborne.
Solves for a constant northing correction value. This is only active
if System is set to Airborne.
Solves for a constant elevation correction value. This is only active
if System is set to Airborne.
Solves for a mirror scale factor. This is only active if System is set
to Airborne.
Solves for a constant heading correction value.
Solves for a constant roll correction value.
Solves for a constant pitch correction value.
Solves for a constant lever arm correction in X (left - right)
direction. This is only active if System is set to Mobile.
Solves for a constant lever arm correction in Y (forward backward) direction. This is only active if System is set to Mobile.
Solves for a constant lever arm correction in Z (up - down)
direction. This is only active if System is set to Mobile.
Save a corrections file using the Save corrections command from the File pulldown menu
in the Find Tie Line Match Results dialog. You can also save a text file and print the
report by utilizing the corresponding commands from the File pulldown menu in the dialog.
Use the Apply Correction tool from the Match tool box to apply the corrections to the laser
data, tie lines, or other files.
Lever arm corrections should actually not be solved by using tie lines. However, the functionality
can be used to remove remaining mismatch in the data due to lever arm inaccuracies. Mainly, the
options to solve lever arms with tie lines has been implemented in the software in order to calibrate
data from several laser heads of one scanner.
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2.
Effect:
Source file for calculating the fluctuating corrections:
Active tie lines - tie lines in an open Tie line window are used.
Tie line file - tie lines stored in a tie line file are used.
Path to the tie line file that is used for calculating the corrections.
This is only active when Source is set to Tie line file.
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Setting:
Use
Trajectory dir
Correction
Max rate
Solve Xy
Solve Z
Solve heading
Solve roll
Solve pitch
Effect:
Determines whether tie points from TerraPhoto included in the
calculation:
Do not use - no tie points from TerraPhoto are used.
Active tie points - known depth tie points are used if a tie point
file is loaded in TerraPhoto.
Defines what tie lines to use for calculating the corrections:
All tie lines - use all tie lines.
Known points only - use only tie lines of type Known xyz,
Known xy, Known z and Known line.
Directory where the TerraScan trajectory files are stored.
Determines how much the correction curve is smoothed:
Free curve - no smoothing is applied. Each tie line observation
fully effects the solution.
Smooth curve - smoothing is applied. The amount of
smoothing is determined by the Max rate factor and effected
by the accuracy of trajectory positions.
Determines how fast the corrections curve changes can be. A
smaller factor results in a smoother curve. Values can range
between 0.1 and 10.0, the default value is 2.0. This is only
available if Correction is set to Smooth curve.
Solves for a fluctuating xy correction.
Solves for a fluctuating z correction.
Solves for a fluctuating heading correction.
Solves for a fluctuating roll correction.
Solves for a fluctuating pitch correction.
The dialog shows the list of strips on the left and a graph of corrections for the selected strip
on the right. The red bars in the graph represent the tie line observations from which a
correction value is calculated. The correction value for a selected observation is shown on
top of the graph.
3.
4.
5.
Check the fluctuating corrections using the buttons and commands from the Fluctuations
dialog. The options are described in Section Fluctuations dialog for tie lines.
Save a corrections file using the Save corrections command from the File pulldown menu.
Apply the corrections to the laser data, tie lines, and other data types using the Apply
Correction tool.
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Show location
Show location button is used to highlight the location of a tie line in a MicroStation view. The tie
line must be selected in the Fluctuations dialog graph.
4.
Press the left mouse button to center the view at the location of the tie line observation.
Identify
Identify button is used to select the location of a tie line in the Fluctuations dialog graph. The tie
line is identified with a mouse click in a MicroStation view.
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2.
Effect:
Scale factor for the display of correction vectors in xy direction.
Scale factor for the display of correction vectors in z direction.
If on, correction vectors are displayed as lines in MicroStation
view. The length of the line is the correction value at this location
scaled by the value set for Scale xy and Scale z.
Level number in the design file on which the correction vectors are
displayed.
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying the correction
vectors in a top view.
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying the correction
vectors in a 3D view.
Number of the MicroStation view for displaying the correction
vectors in a profile view.
Correction that is displayed in the Fluctuations dialog graph.
Maximum correction value range displayed in the Fluctuations
dialog graph.
Defines the display size of one second time interval in the
Fluctuations dialog graph.
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The tool can be used, for example, as a last adjustment step for aerial airborne laser data. After
matching the data internally, the data set is matched to control points using the rubbersheet
correction.
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2.
Expand using
Max count
Max distance
Merge final correction
points
Effect:
Source file for calculating the fluctuating corrections:
Active tie lines - tie lines in an open Tie line window are used.
Tie line file - tie lines stored in a tie line file are used.
Path to the tie line file that is used for calculating the corrections.
This is only active when Source is set to Tie line file.
Directory where the TerraScan trajectory files are stored.
Defines what correction values are computed: Xyz, Xy, or Z.
Distance by which the correction model is expanded from the
outest observation location to the outside.
Determines how the values for the outside corners of the correction
model are derived:
Zero correction - the correction value is set to 0.0.
Closest correction - the correction value is equal to the closest
computed correction value.
Maximum amount of observations that are averaged if they are
located closeby.
Maximum distance between observations that are averaged.
If on, the final correction points are merged into one correction
value according to the averaging settings.
The dialog shows the report of the correction model computation. Starting and final average
mismatch values indicate the level of improvement that can be achieved by applying the
correction model. Further, list of all correction points of the model is shown.
3.
4.
(Optional) You may draw the correction vectors into the design file by using the command
from the Draw pulldown menu. The commands open the Draw Correction Vectors dialog
which lets you define a scale factor for drawing the correction vectors.
Save a corrections file using the Save corrections command from the File pulldown menu.
You may also save the report as a text file or print it directly by using the corresponding
commands from the File pulldown menu.
5.
Apply the corrections to the laser data using the Apply Correction tool.
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8 TerraMatch tools
Additional Information
Page 95
9 Installation Directories
Installation Directories
TerraMatch shares the same directory structure with all Terra Applications. It is recommended
that you install all Terra Applications in the same directory.
The list below shows a typical directory structure when TerraMatch has been installed in path
C:\TERRA.
c:\terra
config
tmatch.cfg
docs
tmatch.pdf
license
tmatch.lic
user license
ma
tmatch.ma
tmatch.dll
tmatchsb.dll
application
tmatch
library
library
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10 Configuration Variables
10
Configuration Variables
MicroStation is able to locate TerraMatch with the help of configuration variables. When you
install TerraMatch, the installation program creates a configuration file TERRA.CFG which
defines the required environment variables. This file is placed in MicroStation's CONFIG\APPL
subdirectory.
For example, C:\...\MICROSTATION\CONFIG\APPL\TERRA.CFG may contain:
#------------------------------------------------------#
# TERRA.CFG - Configuration for Terra Applications
#
#------------------------------------------------------TERRADIR=c:/terra/
TERRACFG=$(TERRADIR)config/
MS_MDLAPPS < $(TERRADIR)ma/
MS_HELPPATH < $(TERRADIR)docs/
%if exists ($(TERRACFG)*.cfg)
%
include $(TERRACFG)*.cfg
%endif
TMATCH_LICENSE=$(TERRADIR)license/
#
TMATCH_PREF=$(TERRADIR)tmatch/
#
TMATCH_SET=$(TERRADIR)tmatch/
In a default configuration, MicroStation automatically includes these settings as configuration
variables. You can use MicroStation's Configuration command from Workspace menu to check
the values for these variables. In case these variables have not been defined correctly, you should
define them manually.