Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I
Suat Kadolu
December-2010
(updated October 2012)
Introduction
Screws and bolts are standard parts
Details about thread geometry is given in
the text book
Different types of bolts and nuts are not
interchanganable
lead : the distance a screw advances in
one full rotation
pitch :distance between the
corresponding points on adjacent threads
Introduction
Introduction
single thread : lead=pitch
multiple thread (n) : lead=n x pitch
For stress calculations of bolts we use
"Tensile Stress Area" , At
At is given in tables
Threads are made according to right hand
rule unless otherwise is noted.
Power Screws
Power screws are used to
change angular motion
into linear motion
They transmit power
We want to know how
much torque T is required
to raise or lower the
screw which is under the
action of axial load F.
If we develop the screw
the thread (helix) will
become an inclined
plane.
helix angle
pitch
lead angle
nut
(lead)
N
dm
Relative motion of nut on the helical thread becomes similar to
motion of a block on an inclined plane.
The problem can be approached like an inclined plane or
wedge problem.
N
P
dm
Fx = 0 :
P N sin N cos = 0
Fy = 0 :
F + N sin N cos = 0
(lead)
dm
Fx = 0 :
P N sin + N cos = 0
Fy = 0 :
F N sin N cos = 0
(lead)
Note that tan =
d m
and
dm
T = P
2
Then
For raising the load:
Fd m + d m
(1)
T=
2 d m
Fd m d m
(2)
T=
2 d m +
is self locking
condition
F
T0 =
2
1 tan
T0
F
e=
=
= tan
T 2T
tan +
Typical values of coefficient of friction are between
0.06 (bronze on cast iron with lubrication) and 0.25 (dry, steel on steel)
Typical values of lead angle are between 1 to 15 degrees
ACME Threads
2
F
N
Ncos
N
P
Ncos
dm
Fx = 0 :
Fy = 0 :
(lead)
Ncos
dm
Fy = 0 :
(lead)
tan =
d m
Fd m + d m sec
(3)
T=
2 d m sec
and
dm
T = P
2
Fd m d m sec
T=
2 d m + sec
(4)
Collar Torque
When the screw is
loaded axially, a
thrust or collar
bearing must be
employed between
the rotating and
stationary members in
order to take the axial
component.
F c d c
Tc =
2
Tt = T + Tc
Thread Stresses
Assumption: Average screw thread shearing stress can be obtained by
assuming that the load is uniformly distributed over the nut
height and threads would shear of on the root diameter for
the screw and on the major diameter for the nut.
Body Stresses
Buckling
16T
d r
(torsional shear)
F
4F
= =
A d r 2
(axial stress)
Pcr =
2 EI
L2
Bearing Stress
p/2
F
B =
d m n( p / 2)
F
p/2
2F
B =
d m np
2F
B =
d m h
n: number of threads
h:nut height
dr
dm
Fp
M=
4
Mc
( Fp / 4)( p / 4)
6F
6F
=
=
=
=
3
I
d r n( p / 2) / 12 d r np d r h
ave
F
=
A
max =
3F
2 A
max =
F
3
3F
3F
=
=
2 d r ( p / 2)n d r pn d r h
4F
d r 2
6F
x =
d r np
yz =
x
16T
d r 3
Remarks
Note that thread stress calculations are
rather approximate.
More detailed studies show that first
thread takes most of the load, second,
third atc. take smaller portions.
First 38%, second 25%, third 18% etc.
Seventh and beyond take almost no load.