Cc thng s iu khin ca VRay

VRay: QMC Sampler

Nhm cc bin iu khin trong Vray bng cc tnh cht chung ca phng php Monte-Calro,
t trong bng di y:

Gi tr cc thng s ny xc nh cc Sampler s c s dng trong tnh ton mi gi tr theo

phng php Monter-Carlo. Ghi nh l thc t tt c cc gi tr, c tnh bi Vray, tt c cc
dng chiu sng, khc x v phn x, translucency, caustic v cc loi khc, u s dng phng
php . Kt qu l ph thuc vo nhng xc lp ny tc tnh ton cng nh chnh xc v
do ko theo mi quan h thi gian/cht lng render hnh
Lock to pixels c dng loi i nhng im nhp nhy trong hot cnh. Nu du tick c
nh trong trng bn cnh thng s ny mt lin kt cht ch ca gi tr cc im cn tnh s
c s dng i vi cc im ca hnh sao cho cc gi tr ging nhau tng ng vi cc
im trong cc hnh (frame) lin k. Phng php Monter Carlo c tnh ngu nhin v th vi s
gip ca n cng mt gi tr c th nhn nhng kt qu hi khc nhau trong cc iu kin
tng t. Nu ta tnh nh tnh th gi tr ny c th mnh dn ch tt. Lock to pixels v
tng samples cho tnh ton cc gi tr l 2 phng php c bn chng li s nhp nhy
(flickering) trong cc hot cnh c tnh bi VRay
Adaptation by effect on final result (importance sampling) k thut c dng chn cc
samples. Trong tnh ton tch phn s chiu sng bng phng php Monter Carlo cc gi tr ca
cc hm di tch phn (samples) c chn theo mt qui lut ngu nhin no trong gii hn
ca hm (bn cu cho tnh sng ca im trn mt khng trong sut v hnh cu cho im trn
mt trong sut) s c s dng. Th v l samples c th c tnh hnh hc nh hng, dc theo
n cc gi tr ca hm s c tnh - ni mt cch khc n ging nh t im s sinh ra tia
ly samples. K thut importance sampling chn nhng im bng phng php ch trng
hay gi tr ca nhng im c th ca samples cho mt kt qu c th. Nu tia ly samples
dc theo mt hng no em li t gi tr chiu sng hoc thm ch bng 0, cc samples c
ly tip theo theo hng hoc gn vi n s khng c ly. Mt v d khc tnh mt
khc x ti s khng cn nhiu samples. Trong mi trng hp, bt thng importance sampling
s p buc chuyn ng ca Vray tm kim v la chn cho tnh ton nhng gi tr ln (v v th
quan trng hn cho hnh nh) samples v b i nhng samples c gi tr thp. Gi tr Amount
iu khin s cao trong s dng k thut importance sampling khi tnh. Gi tr 0 s tt hon
ton s s dng importance sampling, cn vi Amount = 1 tt c cc samples s phi
qua tuyn chn. Trong phn ln trng hp s dng k thut importance sampling ht sc hu
ch i vi cc renderer a n s gia tng trng thy v tc trong khi vn m bo cht
lng tnh ton cao. Mt khc k thut importance sampling vi tnh cht ngu nhin ca mnh
c th em li nhng kt qu d ngoi mong mun khng phi l mt nghich l, i lc tt
thng s c th c li v s lm gim nhiu trong tnh ton. Nh vy gim Amount s dn ti
tng cht lng render v tng c thi gian tnh ton. Chin lc vi thng s ny c th l nh
sau tng Amount, nu n khng dn n nhng thuyn gim nghim trng v cht lng hnh
nh v gim n nu render khng c mt li nhiu no c. Theo mc nh Amount = 1

Adaptation by sample values (early termination) cho php Vray phn tch cc gi tr samples v
b qu trnh ly samples nu nh nhng g tr gn ging nhau. Ni mt cch khc nu nh cc
gi tr ca samples t khc nhau th thay v tnh tip cc gi tr ca samples mi cc gi tr ca
samples tnh s c s. Nu nh cc samples khc nhau r rt th s lng chng c chn
s ln hn. Thng s Amount xc nh mc p dng k thut ny. Vi Amount = 0 k thut
ny hon ton khng c s dng, vi Amount =1 early termination s dng s lng nh nht
c th c cc tia samples. Nu nh cn cht lng tnh ton cao th dng Amount = 0, nhng
tr gi cho iu l s gia tng thi gian rander. Chin lc cho thng s ny ging nh vi
thng s importance sampling , gi tr Amount mc nh = 0.
Min. samples Thit lp s lng nh nht c cho php samples. Tc l s samples dng cho
tnh ton 1 gi tr nht nh khng th nh hn gi tr
Noise threshold trng ti, ngi phn s, quyt nh, khi no gi tr nhn c tt cho hnh
nh. Cc gi tr kt qu s c t so snh vi nhau theo tng bc. Nu s khc nhau ln hn
gi tr Noise threshold th cc samples b sung s c tnh, nu s khc nhau nh hn th qu
trnh tnh kt thc. R rng l thng s ny c nh hng trc tip nht ti cht lng (
nhiu ) v tc render. Tng n ln c th lm s tnh ton tr nn rt nhanh v nhiu v ngc
li
Nhng thng s trnh by trn cho php Vray linh ng nhn cc quyt nh v s samples
tnh ton gi tr ny hoc gi tr kia mt cch trc tip trong qu trnh tnh. Nu Amount ca
importance sampling v early termination c gi tr l 0 chng ta s nhn c render c kh
nng cao nht ca Vray v cht lng. Thi gian tnh cng s l ln nht cn s samples s gn
vi s subdivs, c nh cho GI trong thit lp ngun. Nu gi tr Amount ca importance
sampling v early termination bng 1, render s l ti thiu (nhng hon ton khng c ngha l
ti) cht lng, thi gian tnh cng s l ngn nht c th c cn s samples s gn vi gi tr
nh trong Min. Samples. iu ging nh 2 mt i nghch, trong gii hn xc nh
mi gi tr thit lp trung gian, tiu tn cho thi gian v cht lng render

Hnh.02-08. Xc lp c 2 gi tr Amount = 0, Noise threshold=0.005.

Hnh.02-09. Xc lp c 2 gi tr Amount =1, Noise threshold=0.005. Nhn thy l hnh nh thu

c ging ln trc nhng thi gian rander gim i 2.5 ln

Hnh.02-10. Xc lp c 2 gi tr Amount =1, Noise threshold=0.1. Gim Noise threshold cng

tng tc tnh nhng lm ti i r rt cht lng hnh nh (nhiu gc v trn cc vt ni
ca tng v sn, xut hin cc ht trong bng )
Cc gi tr t sn trong Vray theo mc nh ca Amount v Noise threshold kh a nng v t
nhin trong hu ht cc trng hp, hoc chng c th l nhng gi tr khi u cho cc th
nghim c nhn. Thay i chng ch nn khi c s hiu bit thc s v su sc. Khuyn co
khng nn gi tr 0 cho Noise threshold iu c th dn Vray ti nhng vng tnh ton
lp v hn, hoc nhanh hn, ti s kt thc thm bi cng vic ca chng trnh
QMC Monter Carlo, phng php c s dng bi Vray khc bit vi Monter Carlo c in
ch nh vic s dng early termination v importance sampling. Chng cho php chn cc
samples , iu lm cho nhng sample ny khng hon ton ngu nhin nh trong phng php
Monter Carlo chun
Tnh GI (Chiu sng ton cnh - Global Illumination)
tnh tnh phn u tin chiu sng trc tip, Vray c ring thut ton c kh nng lm vic
c lp. chc chn v iu rt n gin, ch cn render 1 khung cnh 3 D khng c GI ( b
du tick trong hp chn On trong bng VRay: Indirect Illumination). Trong kho cng c ca
modul tnh chiu sng trc tip c kh nng lm vic vi cc ngun sng khng gian nn tnh cc
mp bng mm khng to thnh vn g. Cc xc lp chiu sng trc tip c trong cc thng s
ca ngun sng v bng (s gim dn, loi ngun sng, thng s ca bng v.v..)

Hnh.02-02. Ch tnh chiu sng trc tip. Tt c cc vng khng nm trong gii hn nhn thy
ca ngun sng u nm trong bng ti. Bng mm l kt qu ca thao tc vi ngun sng
khng gian
Tt chiu sng trc tip hon ton c th lm c, lm iu ta s dng nt Exclude trong
bng xc lp ca ngun sng. ng dng ny c ch cho phn tch map dng nguyn th v nh
hng i vi chng cc xc lp ca cc thng s. V d, tch vt th ra khi s chiu sng
khng nh hng ti Photon map bi v n, nu trong tnh cht ca ngun sng c t Generate
diffuse, s tnh ton Photon. Php tnh Photon mp cng ch c th tt . Cng c th la chn
bt hoc tt cc vt th khi Photon map nu trong tnh cht ca cc vt th xc nh b i du
tick trong mc Receive GI Generate GI (trong bng Vray: System>Object settings )
Cng c sn trong Vray thut ton ring tnh d tia ngc, n cng l mt b phn c lp
ca h thng tnh. Mt phn thit lp ca ray tracing nm trong bng VRay: Global Switches
VRay: Image Sampler (Antialiasing), phn khc trong thng s vt liu VRayMtl.
Tnh ton thnh phn chiu sng th ba khuch tn phn x ca s chiu sng l mt trong
nhng thut ton quan trng nht ca Vray v cng tng i c lp vi nhng thnh phn
chiu sng khc. Cc xc lp c bn ca vic tnh GI nm trong bng VRay: Indirect
Illumination, cc xc lp b sung khc ri rc trong hu ht cc bng cn li ca Vray. Chng ta
s xem st n ln lt. Vic tnh GI c th bt hoc tt ty trong hp chn On trong bng
VRay: Indirect Illumination.
Cc xc lp ca thnh phn chiu sng th t caustic hiu ng quang t nm trong bng
VRay: Caustic VRay: System (Object settings Light settings).

Nh vy, Vray c cu trc modul r rng, cho php bt hoc tt ca thnh phn ny hay thnh
phn kia ca s chiu sng khng ph thuc vo cc phn cn li, iu ny tin li cho vic xc
lp cc thng s. Tip theo ta s ch xem st chi tit chiu sng khuch tn khng trc tip (GI)

Cc xc lp c bn ca GI.
tnh ch Indirect Illumination VRay cung cp 3 phng php c bn:
Tnh trc tip - Direct computation;
Irradiance map;
Photon map (Global photon map).
C th thy c im ca cc cch tnh l chia cc dng khuch tn phn x ra lm 2 - Khuch
tn bt ra ln th nht (nh sng u tin i n mt b mt no , khuch tn mt cch phn x
t ch 1 ln ri sau i vo im cn tnh sng) v cc loi khuch tn cn li (nh sng, cho
ti khi n im cn tnh sng phn x bi cc b mt ca khung cnh 2 ln hoc nhiu hn
th). tng ca vic chia trn n lin quan n s ch trng ng gp ca chnh ln
khuch tn u tin ca phn x ( ln bt ln khuch tn u tin ca photon), s ng gp ca
cc ln cn li s nhanh chng tt theo chiu tng ca s ln phn x. tnh 2 loi ny bt
c th dng 4 b kt hp khc nhau ca 3 phng php tnh trn

Tnh trc tip - Direct computation cho ln bt ln khuch tn u tin v tnh trc tip - direct
computation (direct+direct) hay photon map (direct +photon) cho cc ln bt ln sau;
Irradiance map cho ln u tin bt ln v tnh trc tip (irr_map+direct) hay photon map cho
cc ln bt ln sau (irr_map+photon).

.02-04. Ch c chiu sng trc tip v mt ln khuch tn phn x (ln khuch tn bt ln u

tin - first diffuse bounces)

Hnh.02-05. Chiu sng trc tip v tt c cc ln khuch tn phn x, c tnh bng phng
php irradiance map cho ln bt ln khuch tn u tin v phng php photon map cho cc ln
bt ln khuch tn tip theo.

Hnh.02-05a. Ch c s bt ln khuch tn u tin ( S phn x qua li u tin ), c tnh

bng phng php irradiance map. thy hnh nh ny c th tnh s chiu sng trc tip v GI
vi first diffuse bounces - on, secondary bounces - off v lu irradiance map tnh vo file. Sau
tt tt c cc vt th ca khung cnh ra khi s chiu sng trc tip v render vi irradiance
map c load t file.

Hnh.02-05b. Cn bn thn Photon map c thy nh th ny. thy n ta tt cc vt th ra

khi s chiu sng trc tip v tnh first diffuse bounces>Global photon map, secondary bounces
- off.

Hnh.02-05c. Photon map v nh sng trc tip, khng c s bt ln phn x th nht

Chiu sng trc tip - Direct computation (DC) dng tnh s chiu sng khuch tn bng
phng php Monter Carlo. Tn khc ca phng php ny l Th lc. Khi tnh direct+direct
cho mi im mt na bn cu c kch thc n v s c xy dng v vic ly samples ca
hm di tch phn s c tin hnh ( S lng samples c biu din trong xc lp Subdivs
ca nhm First diffuse bounces>Direct computation), m phn ct li ca n l phn khuch tn
BRDF. Vic ly samples BRDF l s la chn ngu nhin mt trong cc gi tr c th ca n,
iu tng ng vi vic chn mt hng c th (gc) chiu xung ca nh sng. Theo
hng tia d s d ti giao im mi vi b mt gn nht. Ti im mi s chiu sng trc
tip ca n s c tnh ( s l s bt ln phn x u tin) v qu trnh tnh cc ln phn x
tip theo cn phi lp li - xy dng bn cu ( hoc c hnh cu cho b mt trong sut), ly
samples theo s lng subdivs ca nhm Secondary bounces>direct computation, tia d mi s
d nh th tip cho n khi t c Depth su ca tia d. Bi v s phn x qua li s
nhanh chng tt i cng vi s gia tng s ln phn x, thm mt yu t hn ch s lng
samples v su tia d, ngoi Depth, l QMC Sampler vi importance sampling v early
termination.
Tnh bng th lc thu c kt qu v s phn b na bng (phn chuyn bng) rt chnh xc
hon ton khng b gin on. Nhng thc s rt lu. V d, nu chn Subdivs bng 50 cho c 2
loi bt ln phn x, th s tia samples cho mi im s l 2500, tc l s c 2500 im
mi, m ti mi im s li tin hnh d 2500 tia ca chng, v s nhn c 2500 im na,
c th qu trnh tip din trong khi xc lp QMC vn cho php. Qu trnh rt nhanh chng c
tnh cht nh mt dng thc l, v tt c s lng khng l tia DC s phi c tnh nghim tc
v hon thin. S lng samples ca s ny bt th cp ca Vray theo mc nh l 1 tia, n c v

hon ton cho kt qu tt cho phn ln trng hp v gim nh r rt khi lng tnh.
Ngoi chnh xc tnh na bng cao v tc chm, nhc im ca DC cn l s nhiu, iu
lin quan n vic tnh ton c thc hin ring r cho tng im. trnh nhiu ch c 1
phng php nng s lng tia samples (Subdivs), iu khng r l khng tt cho thi gian
tnh ton. V th, direct+direct computation kh t c s dng trong thc t v ch yu l cho
cc hnh reference, gip nhn bit cn phn b nh sng th cp trong khung cnh nh th no
( trong trng hp s nhiu lon khng cn quan tm).
Trong trng hp dng direct +photon, tia d t im cn tnh ch d ti b mt gn nht, ni s
tnh s chiu sng trc tip cn s chiu sng t cc ln phn x sau s c nh gi bng mt
ca photon map ti im giao trong gii hn ca bn knh cho trc ( thng s Search
distance ca photon map). Phng php ny nhanh hn phng php trc v c th cn chnh
xc hn khi photon map c mt cao.
Cn c thm mt phng php s dng photon map la chn (d on) nhng hng ca
DC, cung cp ng gp ng k vo tnh ton. Thc ra, chng nn t chy samples vo
khng gian xung quanh nu bit theo hng no cc photon chuyn ng!? Tic rng Vray
khng s dng mo ny.

Irradiance map
S khc bit ca phng php irradiance map so vi direct computation l ch, tnh ton c
thc hin khng phi cho tt c cc im ca hnh m ch mt t trong s . S chiu sng ca
cc im cn li c ni suy theo s chiu sng c tnh ca cc im gn nht (phng
php ny c gi l ng dc gradient sng) trong gii hn c cho bi thng s Interp.
Samples ca nhm First bounces>Irradiance map. iu cho php tnh sng ca nhng ch
thc s cn thit trong khung cnh 3 chiu trong vng c nhng thay i ng k v chiu sng
hay b mt hnh hc, v
, -
, v t bng gn ng cho nhng b mt phng v
c chiu sng u.
S tuyn chn cc im tnh v lu trong irradiance map din ra theo tng bc, bt u t
phn gii thp nht ca hnh ti phn gii cao nht. phn gii thp nht c xc nh bi
thng s Min. Rate; cao nht - Max. rate ca nhm thng s First diffuse bounces>Irradiance
Map, gi ca cc thng s ny l s m ca c s 2. Nh th gi tr -2 ng vi cn 0 ng vi
1. Vic tnh irradiance map c thc hin nhiu ln, mi ln chnh xc hn, cung cp cht
lng cao hn. V d, nu Min. Rate = -3, cn Max. Rate = 0, php tnh irradiance map s thc
hin 4 ln (-3, -2, -1, 0). phn gii gc l phn gii ca hnh cn tnh, c lm nh i
tng ng vi cc ln tnh. Vi -3 trong ln tnh u tin ch thc hin tnh cho 8 im 1 ln.
Trong bc tip theo, cc im xung quanh s c so snh vi nhau v s chiu sng. Nu s
khc nhau v chiu sng ca cc im, php tuyn ca chng hay vng khng gian gn vt th
ln hn 1 gi tr ngng nht nh, t mi nhm s chn ra v tnh thm cc im b sung
Gi tr ngng cho s chiu sng ( mu sc) c biu th trong thng s Clr. thresh, cho php
tuyn - trong Nrm. thresh, cho v tr khng gian gn k - trong Dist. thresh. Sau khi tt c cc
bc c thc hin, kt qu tnh ton c th c lu vo file. chnh l bn chiu sng irradiance map. Do lu tr kt qu tnh vo file, phng php irradiance map cn c gi l
phng php lu tr. Sau mt lot bc render cui s c thc hin cho phn gii gc,
trong s chiu sng cc im tnh s c ly t irradiance map, cn ca nhng im khc
s c ni suy bng ng dc theo cc gi tr tnh. bc render cui nhng im b

sung c th s c tnh qu trnh do vic thit lp supersampling kch hot. Supersampling

c nhng gi tr ngng o sng ca mnh, c th khng trng vi Clr. thresh, v nu chng
nh hn nhng php tnh thm s c thc hin cho mt vi im
T im lu cui cng c th rt ra kt lun rng vic thit lp supersampling c th c lm
n gin qu trnh thit lp cho irradiance map tng tc tnh ton v thit lp vi yu cu
cht lng cao hn sau khi tnh v lu irradiance map, ngay trc khi tin hnh render cui.
l im khc vi direct computation, cc thit lp cho supersampling chng cn c thc hin
trc c khi bt u tnh ton. Nh vy irradiance map+photon map c s mm do cao nht
trong quan h vi supersampling n c th c thay i m khng cn phi tnh li irradiance
map cng nh photon map, iu cho php cc php th vi t s tn km sng mu hn vi
thit lp supersampling
Kt lun thc tin th 2 cp n s ph thuc ca cc gi tr Min. rate Max. rate vo c nh
cn tnh khi tng c nh cc gi tr ny c th c gim i v ngc li. V d, nu cp gi tr
Min. rate = -3 Max. rate = 0 lm vic tt cho nh 800x600 pixel th cho nh c kch thc
1200x1024 hon ton c th dng Min. rate = -4 Max. rate = -1, v c nh cao hn cc gi tr
ny cn c th h xung na. Trong quan h vi vic khi tng c nh s im cn tnh cng tng
suy ra cng mt vng ca khung cnh 3 chiu s c biu din bng mt s lng ln pixel
Bn thn vic tnh sng ca cc im c thc hin tng t nh direct computation ly
samples ca na bn cu, tm giao im, tnh s chiu sng trc tip, nu cho nhng s ny bt
th cp dng direct computation nhng bn cu mi s c xy dng, nu dng photon map
s nh gi s chiu sng theo mt photon. Ni chung nh bnh thng. Nhng c mt c
im quan trng ca qu trnh tnh irradiance map v first diffuse bounce trong tng th; giai
on tnh s bt ln khc x u tin din ra qu trnh kt ni ( c - ha trn, kt hp) s chiu
sng trc tip cng nh s chiu sng secondary bounces. l c im ca Vray. N khng
lu tr cc thnh phn chiu sng ring bit, tnh s bt ln u tin da trn kt qu tnh ton
chiu sng trc tip v cc s phn x qua li khc v kt qu c lu vo file. V d cho s
chiu sng trc tip khng c lu tr bi bn thn irradiance map, c th bt hoc tt th s
phn x qua li nhiu ln sau tnh ton c c gi tr ca n. Tc l nu irradiance map
tnh c k n photon map v lu vo file cho cc tnh ton sau , th vic load photon map
t file cng nh tnh secondary bounces c th b qua m khng lm nh hng g n kt qu
tnh cui cng. Mt v d khc. Tnh irradiance map khng c secondary bounces v lu vo file.
Sau tnh photon map v cng lu vo file. By gi nu nh render vi irradiance map load t
file cho first diffuse bounce, cn secondary bounces vi photon map ghi v tnh sng th vic
cng gp nh sng s khng xy ra. Chng ta s ch nhn thy irradiance map v s chiu sng
trc tip. c im ny ca vic tnh GI trong VRay c nhng mt tch cc ca n kch thc
ca irradiance map nh hn nhiu ln so vi photon map . V c im nu trn cn cho php
chng ta s dng ch irradiance map cho cc tnh ton sau nu n c tnh trc c k n
photon map v qun i bn photon nhiu MB
Phng php tnh irradiance map thc hin nhanh hn nhiu so vi direct computation v khng
c tn tht no v cht lng hnh nh. V th n l c bn tnh s bt ln khuch tn u tin.
Tnh tip hp (adaptive) theo cc im chn trc l mt khm ph rt th v ca Vray v l u
vit thc s ca n. Bi v tnh GI bng irradiance map + photon map trong VRay tng t vi
tnh GI trong mental ray bng s kt hp ca photon map v final gathering. Nhng mt khc,
final gathering, khc vi irradiance map, chn cc im tnh tri u theo gi tr bn knh cho
sn khng tnh n nhng thay i v mu sc v hnh hc. V th nhn c kt qu cht
lng tng ng vi irradiance map , final gathering cn dng mt s im ln
hn, m iu c ngha l thc hin php tnh chm hn

V thi gian render, direct+direct s l chm nht, direct+photon map v irradiance map + direct
s cnh tranh nhau v thi gian, irradiance map + photon map phng php tnh nhanh nht
m bo cht lng hnh nh trong nguyn l mang tnh vt l hon thin ca photon map. Vi
th chnh s kt hp ny c s dng nhiu nht trong thc t. Nhng khng loi tr ngoi l.
V d in hnh tnh sng m bng photon map. V photon rt t do s tp trung ca cc ngun
sng (m m), c th cn n rt nhiu thi gian nht nhnh chng. V d khc khng c
thnh phn khuch tn ca vt liu. Trong trng hp tnh photon map c th tr thnh mt
qu trnh v tn khng kt qu bi v photon map ch c xy dng cho b mt c nh sng
khuch tn bng 0. Thm mt vd in hnh na tnh khng gian m vi Skylight. Trong
v d cui cng c th sa cha bng cch t ng li cc ngun sng.
By gi ta s xem st cc thng s ca maps - irradiance v photon.
Bn Photon (Photon map)
tng photon map (PM) n gin t ngun sng nh sng theo tt c cc hng chia nng
lng nh sng photon. Mi mt hng phng (d ) ti khi va chm vo vt th gn nht ca
khung cnh v xy ra tng tc ca photon vi b mt. Kt qu ca ca tng tc c
lu vo mt b c s d liu c bit, chnh l photon map. Tng tc c hiu l photon c
th b hp th bi b mt, phn x ton phn hay khuch tn t n hay i qua b mt trong sut
ng theo nh lut phn x v khc x nh sng. Hin tng no s xy ra, ph thuc trc ht
vo tnh cht ca b mt (tnh cht v h s khuch tn, phn x hay trong sut ca cc vt liu),
th 2 l ph thuc vo kt qu ca "bn quay Rulet kiu Nga"!!!.
Bn quay Rulet kiu Nga my m ngu nhin, s dng tng cc h s phn x khuch tn,
phn x ton phn v h s trong sut. V xc sut lun lun hng ti 1 nn tng 3 h s
cng khng c vt qua 1. Chnh iu m bo thng s Energy preservation mode ca vt
liu VRay (trong cho RGB cho rng 0-255 tng ng vi khong 0-1) v c l chnh v th
photon map ca Vray ch c th to cho vt liu loi VRayMtl. Bn cht ca "bn quay Rulet
kiu Nga" h s ny hay h s kia cng ln th xc sut hin tng tng ng vi n sy ra
cng cao - hp th phn x hay khc x.
Sau tng tc, photon d theo hng mi ti b mt tip theo, ni qu trnh s lp li. su tia
d trong Vray c cho bi thng s Bounces trong bng VRay: Global Photon map. Khi t ti
su cho trc ( s ln photon tng tc vi cc b mt), s d ca photon s dng li. Trong
cc bn photon ca tt c cc mt m photon tng tc, lu tr cc thng tin v ta va
chm, nng lng photon v hng ti ca n. Photon map cho b mt c to khi v ch khi
n c tnh khuch tn khc 0
s dng thnh cng photon map cn c bit hiu cn k mt iu mt photon ring l
khng th xc nh chnh xc s chiu sng ca im. xc nh chiu sng ca im cn mt
b s lng nht nh photon, gn vi cc ta im v tng nng lng ca chng vi nhng
h s khi lng xc nh. Bn knh ca b c cho bi tham Search distance trong bng
VRay: Global Photon map.

Cc tham s xc lp cho Photon map

Cng nhiu photon c dng cng nh gi chnh xc s chiu sng ca im. Nhng l
con dao 2 li nu mt photon thp, b chn nhiu photon s dn ti nh sng b m nht
Theo mc nh Vray s dng Auto Search dist t tm bn knh ti u cho b photon, trong
Search dist khng c php chnh sa. S dng Auto Search dist khng c khuyn co - nn
tt n v dng gi tr ca mnh cho Search dist.
Thm mt phng tin trong b vi s m nht ca nh sng thng s Max. photons, xc nh
s photon c thu thp ch khng phi bn knh thu thp. S khc nhau gia Search dist. v
Max. photons l ch khi c gi tr Search dist s lng tht cc photon c thu thp ph
thuc vo mt photon ca bn . Khi thit lp gi tr Max. photons s photon thu thp s
khng i, m bn knh thu thp s thay i. Khi dng kt hp cc thng s s t cnh tranh vi
nhau theo nguyn tc ai nhanh hn. Nu ti im ca b mt s photon c cho trong Max.
Photons c thu thp nhanh hn th gi tr ca bn knh s b b qua. Nu trong gii bn knh
cho trc khng thu thp s photon nh vic thu thp s ngng li v gi tr Max. Photons
b b qua cn s photon s c xc nh bi mt trong bn knh cho trc bi Search dist.
Trn thc t thng ch s dng 1 trong cc thng s - Search distance (Max. Photons c
cho gi tr 0 c ngha l Vray s b qua n). Mt khc nguyn tc cnh tranh c th c s dng
thit lp c 2 ch lm vic trong s ph thuc vo mt photon map. Nu cho gi tr
Max. photons bng s photon thu thp c trong gii hn Search dist. vng c mt photon
thp nht ca bn th cho vng c mt cao hn gii hn Max. Photons s lm vic, cn cho
vng c mt thp gii hn Search distance s c hiu lc. iu dn ti vic bn knh thu
thp photon s thay i trong gii hn ca khung cnh ph thuc vo mt photon ca bn ,
iu s lm gim s dn tri ca cc mp bng c bit l trong vng c sc trung bnh
M c d photon map cho ta kt qu v t l chnh xc v s phn b nh sng trong khung cnh,
t c chnh xc cao cn c m t photon dy, tc l cn c s pht ra m t s lng
photon ln. Tic rng h iu hnh 32 bit hi n ti ca cc my tnh c nhn hn ch 2GB cho b
nh v cho cc php tnh ghi vo n, iu lm gim nghim trng kh nng s dng photon map.
Khi no tt c chng ta u lm vi c trn h iu hnh 64 bt vi 8Terabyte cho tnh ton, c th
tt c GI s tnh bng Photon. Con hi n ti 8 n 10 tri u php ghi ca photon, ph thu c vo
phc tp ca khung cnh, l gii hn tuy t i dung lng ca photon map. M t ln na
trong Vray c s dng m t gii php rt th v, cho php khc phc hn ch v b nh.

Thng s Max. density trong bng VRay: Global Photon map cho php nn d li u ca
photon map. Vi c c thc hi n nh sau. Thay v ghi ton b thng tin (nng lng,
hng, ta - dung lng cho thng tin ca m t im l 30byte) v m t im trong bn
trc ht s tin hnh phn tch cc im c ghi. Nu nh gn ta photon bay qua c
ghi d li u v photon qua trc, nng lng ca photon mi ch n gin uc c ng thm
vo nng lng ca photon c lu tr. Nh th, nng lng ca photon c ghi min
ph vo photon map. Mc gn c xc nh bi thng s Max. Density. N c gi tr cng
ln th bn knh m photon map xem st cng ln v xc sut tm thy photon c bay qua
cng ln. Nu Max. Density = 0, tt c cc photon u c lu tr vo bn : s c ng gi tr
ca photon s khng c, tt c cc ta , hng v nng lng ca mi photon u c ghi
li. Nu trong khung cnh s dng n v l mm th gi tr Max. Density = 5 n 10 l hon ton
tnh 50 n 100 tri u photon. Vn tn ti m t cu hi photon bay qua c hiu l
th no? Ch c ni s gn v ta hay cn tnh n gn v hng v nng lng ca
photon?
Mc nn ca photon map khng phi l gii php tt nht cho cht lng ca hnh nh.
l do mi quan h qua li gia Max. Density v Search dist. tng Max. Density khng trnh
khi vi c tng bn knh thu th p photon, tc l tng m nht ca nh sng. Ngoi ra, s
c ng photon trong gii hn Max. Density cng dn n s m nht cc chi tit trong chiu sng.
V th trn thc t ngi ta c gng gim gi tr ca Max. Density sao cho vn nhn c mt
cn thit cho photon map.
Mt kh nng tuyt vi na ca Vray l thut ton s l mp ca cc vt th cho photon map. V
ch mi mt lng photon khng th nhn c ng mp ca cc vt th hay cc vt ni b
mt r rng v lin tc, VRay a ra 2 phng php nhn c mp sc nt. Th nht Convex hull area estimate, tnh gn ng s chiu sng b mt ca cc mp theo photon gn
nht. Bn thn tc gi khng mn m lm vi phng php ny, song trn thc t Convex hull
c tha nhn l lm vic kh tt. Convex hull s lm vic tt hn nu thng s Max. photons
c gi tr khc khng.

Hnh.02-05d. Photon map vi thng s Convex hull area estimate ang bt. Hy so snh vi hnh
02-05b thiu nhn mp, gc v cc vt ni
Th hai s dng direct computation tnh sng. iu ny t c bng cch cho thng s
Retrace threshold khong cch t mp, ni s bt u tnh c Retrace Bounces s lng ln
bt ln c tnh cn phi bng gi tr ca thng s Bounces ca photon map. Phng php ny
i hi thi gian kh ln v khng phi khi no cng cho kt qu tt. Ngoi ra i khi kt qu
tnh mp vn c th hi khc v mu sc so vi cc phn khc ca b mt, iu ny i hi phi
tinh chnh thng s Retrace Bounces (nh hn ti hn, ln hn sng hn) v cc php tnh b
sung. C hai phng php trn u c s dng kh rng ri.
Store direct light Cho php lu tr trong photon map thng tin v s chiu sng trc tip. Trong
cc thut ng v photon map, s va chm u tin ca mi photon vi b mt chnh l s chiu
sng trc tip v bn cht (ng nhm vi s va chm khuch tn u tin, ci chnh l s va
chm th hai ca photon vi b mt). Thng th s ny bt ln u tin ca photon trong cc
bn khng c lu li trnh s lp li ca php tnh chiu sng trc tip.

Hnh.02-05e. Bn photon vi thng s Store direct light c bt. Hy so snh vi hnh 0205b, c tnh khng c Store direct light v hnh 02-05c, c tnh vi s chiu sng trc tip
v photon map
Convert to irradiance map c to ra cho vic tnh sng trung gian theo photon map. Cho php
tng tc tnh irradiance map. S dng s chuyn i tng ng vi "s gip " cc
photon ca bn trong vai tr Interp. samples cc vt sng, cn thng s Interp. samples xc
nh lng photon gn im cn tnh dng cho vic .

Hnh.02-05f. Photon map c bt thng s Convert to irradiance map. Hy so snh vi hnh 0205b, c tnh khng c3 Convert to irradiance map.

Hnh 02-05h. Photon map vi Convex hull area estimate - on, Store direct light - on, Convert to
irradiance map - on. Hy so snh viti ngh rng cc bn bit l cn so snh vi ci g)
s dng hiu qu photon map (PM)cn phi ch n nhng tnh cht c bn sau ca n
PM khng ph thuc vo v tr ca camera, vo kch thc ca nh v vo cc xc lp chng
rng ca. iu cho php tnh photon map vi mt cn thit ch mt ln, lu vo file v s
dng nhiu ln khng cn tnh li. V d, c th s dng cho thit lp photon map hnh nh c
kch thc (c nh) nh vi chng rng ca c xc lp thp. Khng cn tnh li photon map
khi thay i v tr ca camera v khi thay i c nh. V cn phi tnh li trong tt c cc thay
i khc ca khung cnh: tnh cht ca vt liu v ngun sng, thay i v hnh hc v v tr ca
cc vt th - tt c nhng g thay i s chiu sng ca khung cnh.
Thng s Search dist. v Max. photons c th thay i khng cn tnh li photon map. iu
cho php tnh photon map vi mt cn thit ch mt ln, lu li vo file, sau thay i cc
thng s trn v tin hnh render vi photon map c load t file. Rt tin li cho thit lp
photon map. Lm sao iu c th c d hiu, Search dist. V Max. photons ch xc nh
lng photon tnh sng v khng thay i photon map.
1.
S lng tia photon c cho trong cc tnh cht ca ngun sng trong bng VRay
Systems>Lights settings vi du tick ca Generate diffuse v ch ra Diffuse subdivs. S lng ti
a tia photon s c xc nh bi bnh phng s subdivs, cn thc s - bi cc thng s
ngng ca QMC. tnh photon map trong cc tnh cht ca cc vt th Object settings cng
cn nh du cho Generate GI v Receive GI.

2.
Photon map ch c tnh cho cc vt liu Vray. Cho cc dng vt liu khc PM
khng lm vic.
3.
Photon map khng lm vic vi ngun sng SkyLight v HDRI. Tnh sng vi
SkyLight v HDRI ch c th c thc bi irradiance map hoc direct computation.
4.
Photon map trong VRay c to ra ch tnh s chiu sng bi s phn x nhiu
ln ca nh sng, bt u t ln th 2 tr ln. N khng c thit k tnh s bt ln phn x
u tin, tc l s chiu sng t s phn x khuch tn u tin. Cng tc bt photon map cho
tnh sng ca ln bt ln u tin c trong bng VRay: Indirect Illumination ch dnh cho mc
ch xc lp bn thn photon map.
ng ngc nhin nhng l thc t l gi tr Bounces ca photon map khng nh nhiu n s ln
tng tc ca photon vi cc b mt ( v n dung lng ca photon map). S ph thuc
ng ra l cng mnh hn qung ng photon i c cng di, cng c nhiu hin tng
chng ta phi xem st. Rt c th l do nh hng ca QMC Sampler. Thay vo , nh thc
t cho thy, thng s Multiplier cho Secondary bounces trong bng VRay: Indirect illumination
(GI) nh hng su sc ti lng hin tng c nh trong photon map. Hai tnh cht cn
c tnh n trong hoch nh v mt ca photon map.
Bt tt Convex hull area estimate, Store direct light v Convert to irradiance map yu cu tnh li
photon map.
Irradiance Map

Cc thng s thit lp cho irradiance map

Interpolation type kh nng ni suy s chiu sng ca cc im khng c tnh theo cc gi
tr chiu sng tnh. Trong trng hp n gin nht s chiu sng ca im c ni suy theo
s chiu sng tnh ca cc im gn nht trong s lng c cho bi Calc. Pass interpolation
samples. S chiu sng c tng hp li vi h cc s cn bng, ph thuc vo khong cch v
hng php tuyn. C tt c 4 dng ni suy (4 phng php khc nhau tnh h s cn bng),

trong s c 3 loi c lin quan n s m nht - Weighted average, Least squares fit, Least
squares with Voronoi weights v m t loi khng c s m nht - Delone triangulation. Theo
m c nh VRay dng Least squares fit, nu nh cn loi n i suy khng m nht loi Delone
triangulation s c dng, n cung cp hnh nh chnh xc v r rng hn. M t khc cc loi
n i suy trn yu cu tng subdivs irradiance map, bi v khi khng c s m nht th nhiu ca
hnh s khng t c lm mm i
Sample lookup phng php chn nhng im tnh sng cho n i suy ca im cho trc.
Chng c 3 loi, n gin nht l - Nearest, chn ln lt tt c nhng im nm gn im cho
trc. Th hai - Nearest quad-balanced, chia vng gn im ra 4 phn v c gng chn trong mi
phn m t lng samples nh nhau, iu thng dn n vi c s dng nhng samples khng
phi l tt nht cho n i suy (qu xa). Phng php th ba i hi bc b sung chun b,
nhng lm vi c khng nhanh hn cc loi khc l my - Precalculated overlapping. N cn bc
chun b gi l bn knh nh hng cho mi im tnh. Nhng bn knh nh hng s
ln hn ch m t irradiance map nh v ngc li. Sau khi render, s chiu sng ca
im s ch c n i suy phng php ny cho kt qu cao nht
Randomize samples thng s b sung, nh hng n vi c chn cc im trong bc tnh nh
sng direct computation. Nu du tick c nh, s chn nhng im nm bt qui tc vi nhau
sao cho p ng nhng tnh ngu nhin nht nh lin h gia v tr ca chng. N c nh hng
hu ch ti vi c tri t tiu m t s loi rng ca, c th l moire.
Check sample visibility Khi b t thng s ny, s n i suy s c thc hi n c tnh n kh
nng nhn thy ca cc im. N cho php trnh vi c thm nh sng qua nhng mp ngn mng.
Trong sch hng dn ca Vray c m t lot v d trc quan v trnh by ton b nh hng ca
mi thng s trn n irradiance map v c th l hnh nh. Ti khuyn l nn xem.
Mode Cc ch s dng irradiance map khc nhau. Bucket c li trong render mng, bi v
cho mi bucket irradiance map ring s c to ra. i hi cc bc tnh b sung (thi gian)
cho cc mp buket, m t trong cc phng php tng tc tnh ton tng kch thc buket.
Single frame bn c tnh nhanh hn ng k v ngay l p tc cho c khung hnh nhng
ch trn m t my tnh. Cc ch khc dng s dng li irradiance map c tnh khi
thay i v tr ca camera (Incremental add to current map) hay th m ch l dnh cho hot cnh
(Multiframe incremental) bn s c tnh khng ton b m ch nhng im khng t ti
c.
Khng xt n vi c irradiance map km mm hn photon map v thc t l mi thay i cc xc
l p hay thng s ca khung cnh u i hi tnh li ir. Map, cc chi ph c th gim thiu bng
cc ch khc nhau Mode. Irradiance map khng cn tnh li khi thay i cc xc l p
antialiasing v trong thit l p Color mapping.
V cc thit l p lin quan n cc gi tr ngng cho cc thng s chn im - Clr. thresh, Nrm.
Thresh v Dist. thresh, th bi v VRay s dng m t vi gi tr tru tng (Generic units) cc gi
tr ca chng kh kh lin h vi cc gi tr o thc t ca nh sng, gc php tuyn hay khong
cch. Cu cnh ch l nhng Irradiance map preset cho render vi cc mc cht lng khc
nhau. Chn trong danh sch b xc l p ph hp, c th s dng chng nh xut pht im
thit l p cc gi tr ngng ca bn thn.
Tnh n tt c nhng c im ni trn c th a ra phng php tnh sng cho khung
cnh 3D bng Vray nh sau.

1.
Xy dng s chiu sng trc tip. Chn cc dng v s lng ngun sng sao cho
chng ti a tha mn iu ki n t ra, c th l tha mn cc yu cu lm trung thc nh sng.
Sau thit l p ch nh sng trc tip bng vi c iu chnh cc thng s ca ngun sng.
multiplier, color v nhng ci khc. bc ny cc dng chiu sng khc u tt. Xy dng
ng nh sng trc tip l m bo cho render p, bi v chnh nh sng trc tip mi l c bn
v xc nh.
2.

Xc l p v tnh photon map ri lu vo file.

3.
Xc l p v tnh irradiance map cho first diffuse bounce cng vi photon map c
load t file cho secondary bounces. Sau lu irradiance map tnh vo file.
4.
Render cui vi xc l p tinh t ca cn bng nh sng bng Vray: Color mapping
v chn mc kh rng ca cn thit. Trong bc ny dng irradiance map tnh t file.
Trong bi tip theo v d thit l p cho tnh sng m t khung cnh c th theo s nu s
c xem st
:D Di kinh d
--------------------------------------Igor_Sivacov(igsiv@mail.ru)
Pht hnh 21 thng 7 nm 2004
Dch t ting Nga Raytrace (tungarch@yahoo.com) thng 3 nm 2005