OBJECTIVES :

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to become familiar with the

operational amplifier characteristics and circuit connections, for the inverting
and non-inverting amplifiers.

EQUIPMENT :

1. Resistors: 1k(2 nos.), 10k(2 nos.), 20k, 33k, 47k and 68k
2. Operational Amplifier A741
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Oscilloscope
5. Function Generator(AC power supply)
6. DC power supply
7. DMM Probes x 2nos.
8. Oscilloscope Probes x 2nos.
9. BNC-Crocodile clips Probe x 1 nos.
10.Crocodile Clips connectors x 4 nos.
11. Protoboard
12. Wire 22 AWG x 6 nos.

PROCEDURE :
Part A : Inverting Amplifier
1. Circuit Assembly
a) The op amp is placed in the lower central portion of the protoboard. The notch is positioned
so that pin 1 is at the top left. Each pin of the op amp is ensured they are inserted into a
separate hole.
b) Using DMM the resistane of R s = 10k and Rf = 10k is measured and recorded in Table
6.1.
c) The DMM is used to set the Tektronix DC power supply voltages at +15V and -15V with
respect to the ground.

d) The non-inverting amplifier shown in figure above is built.

2. Variable Feedback Resistor,Rf

a)

A 4V peak-to-peak 1kHz sine wave is applied as input Vs.

b)

The peak-to-peak amplitude of the output Vo, is measured and gain,A is calculated.

c)

The dual trace feature of oscilloscope is used to display V s and Vo waveform and
measurements for Rf = 20k,33k,47k, and 68k with Rs =10k .

d)

The theoretical gain AR is compared to the measured gain AV.

e)

Readings are tabulated in Table 6.2.

f)

Percentage errors are calculated.

3. Variable Input Voltage, VS.

a)

As previous circuit, RS is let to be 10k and RF is let to be 47k.

b)

The peak-to-peak output voltage for input voltage of 1V, 2V, 4V, and 8V peak-to-peak is
measured respectively with an input sine wave at a frequency of 1kHz.

c)

Results are tabulated in Table 6.3.

d)

The measured gain for each input is calculated.

4. Variable Bias Voltage.

a)

As previous circuit, RS is let to be 10k and RF is let to be 47k.

b)

The amplitude of the input VS is increased slowly from zero volts to a value where the
output VO distorts on either positive and negative cycle with an input sine wave at frequency
of 1kHz.

c)

The peak-to-peak input and output voltages is recorded at time of clipping in Table 6.4.

d)

The bias voltage of pin 7 and pin 4 is reduced from +15V and -15V to +12V and -12V
respectively.

e)

Procedures 'b' and 'c' are repeated.

Part B : Non-Inverting Amplifier

a)

The resistance of R = 1k and Rf = 1k is measured using DMM and recorded in Table 6.5.

b)

The bias voltages is set to +15V and -15V. The DMM is used to set the accuracy.

c)

The non-inverting amplifier shown in Figure 6.5 is build with R=Rf =1k .

d)

The input sine wave let to be of 1kHz frequency.

e)

The output voltage, Vo is measured when V S is set to 2V, 3V, 4V and 5V peak-to-peak
respectively.

f)

The readings are tabulated in Table 6.6.

g)

The measured is compared with Vo with theoretical values, calculated using measured values
of resistors and measured VS.

Part C : LTSPICE Simulation Assignment

Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifiers Series Connection
1. A simulation for series connection of an inverting amplifier and non-inverting amplifier is
done.
2. The output of an inverting amplifier is connected to the input of a non-inverting amplifier.
3. The input supply signal of the inverting amplifier is set ti 1V peak-to-peak sine wave with a
frequency of 1kHz.
4. The nominal valued resistors as in Table 6.7 is used.

5. The LTSPICE schematic and netlist is printed.

6. The resulting input voltage VS waveform and output voltage Vo waveform of the series
connected inverting and non-inverting amplifiers is also printed.
7. The overall gain for the series connected is calculated:
Overall gain:

RESULTS:
Table 6.1
Resistors
RS
Rf

Nominal ()

Actual()

Table 6.2
Rf()

Vs(V)

Vo(V)

nominal

measured

nominal measured measured

10k

9.905k

4k

3.86

20k

19.95k

4k

7.81

33k

33.13k

4k

12.81

47k

46.46k

4k

17.81

68k

68.46k

4k

25

AR=Rf/Rs Av=Vo/Vs

% Error

theoretical measured

Table 6.3
Vs-p-p(V)

Vo-p-p (V)

nominal

measured

4.38

9.06

18

28.75

Av=Vo/Vs

Table 6.4
Bias Voltage (V)
+15 and -15
+12 and -12

VS p-p (V)
5.31
4

VO p-p
23.75
17.5

Nominal ()
1k
1k

Actual ()
0.977k
0.977k

Table 6.5
Resistors
R
Rf
Table 6.6
Vs-p-p(V)

Vo-p-p(V)

nominal

measured

calculated

measured

3.94

5.88

7.97

9.844

Netlist:
* C:\Users\user\Documents\Lab 6\Draft3.asc
V1 N007 0 SINE(0 0.5 1k)
V2 N006 0 15
V3 N001 0 15
V4 0 N008 15
V5 0 N009 15
XU1 0 N004 N006 N008 N005 LT1001
XU2 N005 N002 N001 N009 N003 LT1001
R1 N004 N007 20k
R2 N005 N004 10k
R3 N002 0 10k
R4 N003 N002 10k
.tran 2m
.lib LTC.lib
.backanno
.end

% Error

Schematic:

Graph:

DISCUSSIONS:

1) The op-amp has two inputs, an inverting input (-) and a non-inverting input (+), and one output.
2) The output goes positive when the non-inverting input (+) goes more positive than the inverting
(-) input, and vice versa.
3)The symbols + and do not mean that that you have to keep one positive with respect to the
other, they tell you the relative phase of the output. (V =V -V ).
in 1 2
4) Since op-amps are used as amplifiers, they need an external source of (constant DC) power.
5) The power supplied determines the output range of the op-amp. It can never output more than
you put in.
6) In an op-amp, an input on the inverting terminal drives the output in the opposite direction, while
an input on the non inverting terminal drives the output in the same direction.
In a normal closed loop negative feedback configuration, there is feedback from output to inverting
input, so that the output becomes a known function of input. So long as you stay within limits, the
output will go to whatever value is required to make the inputs be the same.
7)

An inverting amplifier has its leg two at the input and the output is always reversed or inverted,

whereas a non-inverting amplifier -has its leg three at the input and the output is not reversed.
CONCLUSION:
In this experiment, op-amp circuits is studied. First an inverting amplifier is analyzed. Its voltage
output is increased by increasing the Rf. This is due to Vo= - (Rf /Rs) Vs . Its output is also the
inverse of the input voltage (Av=-1). Secondly, a non inverting amplifier is analyzed. Its output is
doubled in the same phase because of the Vo = (1+Rf/Rs) Vs. Lastly, construction of the op-amp
circuit by using LT Spice is learned. The inverting and non inverting amplifiers are connected in
series in the LT Spice. The Vs and Vo waveform is studied and compared. For inverting op amp
circuit, Vo drops as the Rf lesser than Rs. An inverted and lower amplitude sine wave shown in the
graph. For non inverting op amp circuit, with the same value of Rf and Rs, Vo increase back to the
original amplitude as the formula Vo = (1+Rf/Rs) Vs, the output is double of the input from the
inverting op amp. The graph shown the amplitude is doubled compare to the graph of inverting op
amp.
REFERENCE:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_differences_between_inverting_and
_non_inverting_terminals#ixzz1eRgxo4nv