Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(no(tes)toc balls)
09/25/14
5 Kingdom System
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Monera
KINGDOM MONERA
-prokaryotic, may be unicellular, colonial, or have simple multicellular forms
Phylum/Divison
Schizophyta
Bacteria
Cyanophyta
Cyanobacteria/blue-green algae
KINGDOM PROTISTA
-eukaryotes with 9+2 flagella and cilia
-most are unicellular, some colonial, and some multicellular with tissues arranged in simple body parts
Algae
Division Dinophyta/Pyrrophyta
Chrysophyta/Chryophyta
Bacillariophyta/Xanthophyta
Euglenophyta
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
Dinoflagellates*
Golden algae*
Diatom*
Euglenoids
Green algae
Brown algae
Red algae
KINGDOM FUNGI
-eukaryotes, nearly all multicellular
Division Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Bread molds
Sac fungi
Mushroom, shelf fungi, puffballs
Gram-positive
Cell Wall
-thick peptidoglycan layer (traps the crystal violet in the cytoplasm; alcohol does not remove the crystal
violet, which masks the red safranin dye)
Plasma membrane
Red Algae/Rhodophyta
Porphyra looks like Ulva (red ang Porphyra, green ang Ulva, wag lang sana black and white ang picture kung
meron man)
Eucheuma (mukhang lomi na specimen sa lab)
Ascomycota
Candida albicans bad yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae good yeast
Eupenicillium
Morchella
Basidiomycota
Club fungi life cycle
Amanita muscaria
TRUE PLANTS
Non-Vascular
Bryophytes parenchyma, collenchyma
Phylum Hepatophyta
Anthocerophyta
Bryophyta
Liverworts
hornworts
mosses
P. Hepatophyta
Marchantia dichotomous branching; in cold areas; thallus, rhizoids
-gametophyte dominant, cannot see sporophyte
Riccia
P. Anthocerophyta
Anthoceros can see both gametophyte and sporophyte
P. Bryophyta
Moss protonema (young gametophyte); absorbs water
Vascular Plants
Spore-producing plants (Pteridophytes)
Phylum Lycophyta
Pteridophyta = Pterophyta
Sphenophyta
Psilophyta
*most primitive living vascular plant
conifers
cycads
Ginkgo
Gnetae
D. Anthophyta
Tanong ni mam: bakit pinaghiwalay yung naked at covered seeds?
Cyanobacteria ay prokaryote so no membrane-bound organelles, no chloroplast, edi nasaan daw ang chlorophyll? (di
ba free lang siya)
10/07/14
Family Asteraceae sunflower
Family Magnoliaceae most primitive family
Medicinal
Morphine Opium poppy pain reliever
Quinine Quinine tree Malaria preventive
Taxol---------excited si mam
Bacteria
Asexual: binary fission
Sexual: conjugation
(no spindle fibers)
1. Chromosome replication begins. Soon, thereafter, one copy of the origin begins to move toward the other end of
the cell.
2. Replication continues. One copy of the origin-------inalis na ni mam (hanapin niyo na lang yung part na ito )
Diatoms reproduce by mitosis. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Cellular reproduction
-binary fission
-mitosis
Asexual
-budding: protoplasmic extension
-spores: conidia, akinetes (thick-walled, non-motile, derived from vegetative cell)
-zoospores
-fragmentation: spontaneous splitting of cell
-regeneration: wherein parent is injured; vegetative propagation
-cutting
-grafting
-marcotting - wherein bark is removed to expose the vascular cambium, then icocover with moss, coconut husk tas
magdedevelop ito ng roots
Tissue culture orchids
Sieve tube without nucleus
Companion cell with nucleus
Fiber sclerenchyma, dead at maturity
[sorry talaga medyo all over the place ang notes, ganun din kasi ang lecture ni mam eh]
Asexual structures
Gemmae cups asexual structures
Sessile no stalk
10/09/14
Floral Variation
Complete vs. Incomplete
Regular vs. Irregular
-do not use to distinguish monocots from dicots
Irregular
a. Papilionaceous (Hypogea)
1 standard petal largest
2 keels medium
2 wings small
b. Caesalpinaceous (Alibangbang, Caballero)
1 standard petal smallest
Keel inner
wings
May be grouped/united, or free
Hibiscus five pistils
Superior vs. Inferior
Pollen grain
Outer covering: exine; inner: intine
Smooth, rough exine can be used in taxonomic identification.
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
1. Sporogenesis meiosis
Microsporogenesis
Pollen Mother Cell (2N) germ cell microspores (N) (encapsulated) pollen grain (N) tube nucleus,
generative nucleus sperm (N), sperm (N) (mitosis) germinating pollen grain (MALE GAMETOPHYTE)
Megasporogenesis
Megaspore mother cell (MMC) (2N) (megasporocyte) megaspores (N) (3 degenerate, 1 functional) (nucleus
mitosis 3x, w/o cytokinesis) 8-nucleated embryo sac (FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE)
2 synergids (guard ng egg) + 1 egg + 2 polar nuclei in central cell + 3 antipodal cells = 8 nuclei ()
4 functional sperm; 1 functional egg (3 degenerate)
2. Pollination
-self or cross of same species
-pollen tube grows into micropyle
-moisture in stigma helps in pollination
Corn: staminate (tassel); pistillate (cob)
Perfect flowers/bisexual (M + F)
Imperfect/unisexual (pistillate or staminate)
Monoecious corn
Dioecious papaya
3. Double Fertilization
Sperm nucleus (n) + egg (n) single-celled zygote (2n) (mitosis) embryo (cotyledon, plumule, radicle)
Sperm nucleus (n) + polar nucleus (n) + polar nucleus (n) endosperm (3n)
Embryo + endosperm seed
Endosperm nutritive tissue, if absent cotyledons provide nutrients
PMC 4 pollen grain 4 generative nuclei 2 sperm per nucleus 8 sperm nuclei
10/06/14
Parthenocarpy seedless fruits
Parthenocarpic fruit banana
Origin
-simple
-aggregate atis, guyabano
-multiple/collective langka, bread fruit
-accessory
Pericarp
1. Fleshy (exo-, meso-, endocarp)
2. Dry