Geotechnical Engineering : Assignment 1

Name :
student no. :
Year :

Kwong Wing Hei

140081224
3

Q1)

lateral earth pressure

0.00
0 1

10.00

Hydraulic Pressure (kPa)

pressure (kPa)
20.00
30.00

40.00

2
3

level (m)
7

9
10

11

12
13

98

14

Calculate Ka
Ka1 = (1-sin(35))/(1+sin(35))
=
0.271

Ka2 = (1-sin(27))/(1+sin(27))
=
0.376

Ka3 = (1-sin(42))/(1+sin(42))
= 0.198

Pressure diagram

watertable

z
0
3
5

0
16
19

0
48
86

u
0
0
19.6

'
0
48
66.4

20

146

49

97

13

21

251

98

153

Ka
0.271
0.271
0.271
0.376
0.376
0.198
0.198

Ka * '
0
13.008
17.994
24.935
36.426
19.228
30.329

ARM (m)

MOMENT (kN m)

11

214.67

234.18

Ka * '
0.00
13.01
17.99
24.93
36.43
19.23
30.33 (data of lateral earth pressure distribution)

z
0
3
5
5
8
8
13

Calculate Lateral Forces and Horizontal Moments

PERM
1

FORCE (kN)
(13.01-0)*3/2
19.515
13.01*(5-3)
=
26.02
(17.99-13.01)*2/2
=
4.98
24.9353
=
74.805
(36.43-24.93)*3/2
=
17.25
19.23*5
=
96.15
(30.33-19.23)*5/2
=
27.75
98*10/2
=
490
=

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Fh=

8.67

43.18

6.5

486.23

103.50

2.5

240.38

1.667

46.26

3.33

1631.70

756.47

Mh=

3000.08835

Calculate Fv and Vertical Moment

a 12

From soil :
z
0
to
3
to
5
to
8
to
12

Layer thickness

Fv

Mv

16

48

(B-1)

19

38

(B-1)

20

60

(B-1)

21

84

(same moment arm: (B-1)/2+1

13

B-1

Fv1=

(B-1)
230 (B-1)

Mv1=

115 (B^2-1)

assumed turning pt.

a 12

From the self weight of the retaining wall :

(Assume thickness of walls and the foundation is 1m.)
PERM
a

FORCE (kN)
23.5*12*1
282
23.5*B*1
=
23.5B
Fv2=
23.5B+282

ARM (m)

MOMENT (kN m)

0.5

141

13

B-1
B/2

11.75*(B^2)
11.75*(B^2)+141

Mv2=

Therefore,
Mv

Fv

assumed turning pt.

=

Mv1
^2

126.75

Fv1

=
Check overturning

Mv2

26

Fv2

253.5

52

(given FOS= 2)
^2

Mv / Mh

>

0
3000.0884

6.865

or

126.75

2
+

26

<

-6.865

>

solving gives:
B

>

B
( rej.)

Check Sliding

(given FOS = 1.5 )

Fv

tan

+
Fh

Bc

>

1.5

253.5

52
)
756.47

tan [(2/3)*42]

>

1.5

(c = 0)

solving gives :
B
Therefore

>

Fv= 3094

8.22 m

( control, take B =

12 )

Mv= 18278

Check Bearing Capacity of soil

l
therefore

Mv

B
2

Pmax

V
B

V
B

Pmin

Fv
-

Mh

18278

3094

3000.08835

4.94

4.94

1.06

<

B
6

<

400

kPa

12.00
2

6e
B

394.75368125

kPa

6e
B

120.91298542

kPa

However, constructability and the cost of cutting and filling need to be concerned.
Therefore
Fv= 2206.75 ,
Mv= 9183.6875 ( take B =
Mv

B
2

V
B

V
B

Pmax

Pmin

Mh

9183.6875

ok

8.5 )

2206.75

3000.08835

2.80

8.50
2

2.80

1.45

>

B
6

6e
B

524.95370381

kPa

>

400

kPa

6e
B

-5.718409689

kPa

Fv

1.416667

not ok

Conclusion
The suggestion is that B can be 8.5 m so that FOS of overturning and sliding can be fulfilled , but measures to compensate for the lack of bearing capacity of soilshould be performed
For instasoil underneath the base of the wall may have the need to be replaced with the one with higher bearing capacity, OR alternatively,mini piles may be necessary to be installed
under the base and socketed into the bedrock

Q2a)

h =
1.1h =
watertabl

3.3
3.63
0.37

Ka

=
=

(1-sin(33))/(1+sin(33))
0.295

calculate distribution of lateral earth pressure

ACTIVE PRESSURE :
watertable

z
0
4
4+d

0
18
20

20
92
20d+92

u
0
0
9.8d

z
3.63
4
4+d

0
18
20

0
6.66
20d+6.66

u
0
0
9.8d

PASSIVE PRESSURE :

* Remark: As water levels are assumed to be the same on both side of the wall, the
moments asserted on the wall will be cancelled out by each other, so no n

Calculate Horizontal Moment and embedded depth d

PERM
1
2
3
4
5
(FOS =2)
6
(FOS =2)
7
(FOS =2)
Fh=

therefore

-2.38

FORCE (kN)
5.9*4
=
23.6
(27.122-5.9)*4/2
=
42.444
27.122*d
=
27.122d
(3.01d+27.122-27.122)*d/2
=
1.505 (d^2)
(22.6-0)*0.37/2*(-1)/2
=
-2.0905
22.6*d*(-1/2)
=
-11.3d
(34.6d+22.6-22.6)*d/2*(-1/2)
=
-8.65(d^2)
d^2
d
costant
-7.145
15.822
63.95

ARM (m)
2+d
4/3+d
d/2
d/3
d+0.123
d/2
d/3
Mh=

Fh=

-7.145

d^2

15.822

Mh=

-2.38

d^3

7.91

d^2

Mh

d^2

63.95

7.607

-7.145

d^2

1.1*0.2d

d^3

7.91

solving gives :
d

sub d value into Fh and 0.2d

R

Fh

increment of proposed embedment of the pie =

Check whether available force for equilibrium of the wall can be attained

ACTIVE PRESSURE
32.000

30.000

28.000

26.000

24.000
10.5
11

level (m)

11.5
12
12.5
13

ACTIVE PRESSURE
32.000

30.000

28.000

26.000

24.000
10.5
11
11.5

level (m)

12
12.5

0.22d

13

13.5
14

pressure (kPa)

When d =

7.7 m ,

ACTIVE PRESSURE :

z
11.7
13.394

20
20

160.66
194.54

u
75.46
92.0612

PASSIVE PRESSURE

z
11.7
13.394

20
20

246
279.88

u
75.46
92.0612

Availabele force =

Fp

Fa

=
=

( 637.104

982.7471 kN

>

578.492
2

1.694

237.84765 kN
OK!

Kp

=
=

(1+sin(33))/(1-sin(33))
3.392
5.
9

'
20
92
10.2d+92

Ka
0.295
0.295
0.295

Ka * '
5.896
27.122
3.01d+27.122

4
m

27.12
2

d
m

4
3.01d+27.12
2

'
0
6.66
10.2d+6.66

Ka
3.392
3.392
3.392

Ka * '
0.00
22.592
34.6d+22.59

both side of the wall, their horizontal

out by each other, so no need to calculate.

22.6

6
7

0.37m

dm

34.6d+2
2.6

MOMENT (kN m)
d^3
d^2

d
23.60

constant
47.20

42.44

56.59

-2.09

-0.26

63.95

103.54

13.56
0.502

-5.65
-2.88
-2.38

7.91

63.95

63.95

103.54

103.54

take d =

7.7

15.822

63.95

1.694

-237.848

kN

an be attained

PASSIVE PRESSURE
pressure (kPa)
560.000
10.5

580.000

11
11.5
12
level (m)

1; 11.7

600.000

620.000

640.000

660.000

PASSIVE PRESSURE
pressure (kPa)
560.000
10.5

580.000

600.000

620.000

640.000

660.000

11
11.5

1; 11.7

12
level (m)
12.5
13
13.5

2; 13.394

14

'
85.2
102.4788

Ka
0.295
0.295

Ka * '
25.117
30.211

'
170.54
187.8188

Ka
3.392
3.392

Ka * '
578.492
637.104

25.117

30.211
2

x 1.694

Q2b)

Ka

=
=

(1-sin(33))/(1+sin(33))
0.295

calculate distribution of lateral earth pressure

ACTIVE PRESSURE :
watertable

z
0
4
4+d

0
18
20

10
82
20d+82

u
0
0
9.8d

'
10
82
10.2d+82

z
3.3
4
4+d

0
18
20

0
12.6
20d+12.6

u
0
0
9.8d

'
0
12.6
10.2d+12.6

PASSIVE PRESSURE :

* Remark: As water levels are assumed to be the same on both side of the wall, the
moments asserted on the wall will be cancelled out by each other, so no n

Calculate Horizontal Moment and embedded depth d

PERM
1
2
3
4
5
(FOS =2)
6
(FOS =2)
7
(FOS =2)
Fh=

therefore

FORCE (kN)
ARM (m)
2.948*4
=
11.792
2+d
(24.174-2.948)*4/2
=
42.452
4/3+d
24.174*d
=
24.174d
d/2
(3.01d+27.174-27.174)*d/2
=
1.505 (d^2)
d/3
(42.741-0)*0.7/2*(-1)/2
=
-7.479675
d+0.233
42.741*d*(-1/2)
=
-21.371d
d/2
(34.6d+42.74-42.74)*d/2*(-1/2)
=
-8.65(d^2)
d/3
d^2
d
costant
-7.145
2.803
46.76
Mh=

MOMENT (kN m)
d^3

0.502

-2.88
-2.38

Fh=

-7.145

d^2

2.803

Mh=

-2.38

d^3

1.41

d^2

Mh

d^2

46.77

5.38

-7.145

d^2

2.803

increment of proposed embedment of the pie =

0.2d

1.1

-2.38

d^3

1.41

solving gives :
d

( take d =

sub d value into Fh and 0.2d

R

Fh

Check whether available force for equilibrium of the wall can be attained

ACTIVE PRESSURE
24.000

23.000

22.000

21.000

20.000
8.5

460.0
8.5

level (m)

9.5
10

level (m)

9.5
10

ACTIVE PRESSURE
24.000

23.000

22.000

21.000

20.000
8.5

460.0
8.5

9
1

level (m)

9.5

level (m)

0.2d

10

10

10.5

10.5

11

11

pressure (kPa)

When d =

5.5 m ,

ACTIVE PRESSURE :

z
9.5
10.6

20
20

122.6
144.6

u
53.9
64.68

'
68.7
79.92

PASSIVE PRESSURE

z
9.5
10.6

20
20

192
214

u
53.9
64.68

'
138.1
149.32

Fp

Fa

Availabele force =
=
=

( 506.511

512.1324 kN

>

468.452
2

9.5

1.1

153.95975 kN
OK!

Kp

=
=

(1+sin(33))/(1-sin(33))
3.392
2.948

Ka
0.295
0.295
0.295

Ka * '
2.948
24.174
3.01d+24.19

4
m

1
2

24.17
4

d
m

4
3.01d+24.19

Ka
3.392
3.392
3.392

Ka * '
0.00
42.741
34.6d+42.74

0.7

42.741

th side of the wall, their horizontal

t by each other, so no need to calculate.

6
7

dm

34.6d+42.74

MOMENT (kN m)
d^2

d
11.79

constant
23.58

42.45

56.59

-7.47

-1.74

46.77

78.44

46.77

78.44

78.44

46.76

12.09

-10.68

1.41
46.76

5.5

-153.96

kN

m
be attained

PASSIVE PRESSURE
460.000
8.5
9

level (m)

9.5
10

470.000

480.000

490.000

500.000

510.000

PASSIVE PRESSURE
460.000
8.5

470.000

480.000

490.000

500.000

9
9.5

level (m)

10
10.5
11

pressure (kPa)

Ka
0.295
0.295

Ka * '
20.253
23.560

Ka
3.392
3.392

Ka * '
468.452
506.511

20.253

23.560
2

1.1

510.000