Physics 2101

Section
S cti n 3
March 26th
Announcements:
Next Quiz on April 1st
Dont forget supl
supl.. HW #9
Cha. 14 today

Class Website:
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/classes/spring2010/phys2101--3/
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/classes/spring2010/phys2101
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/~jzhang/teaching.html

Fluids at Rest
Static Equilibrium

= constant

F = 0

a=0

F = 0
Fbottom Ftop mg = 0
pbottom A = ptop A + mg
mg
g
mgg h
= ptop +
A
A h
m
= ptop + gh
V
Pressure
P
depends
d
d on d
depth
th
= ptop + gh
NOT horizontal dimensions

pbottom = ptop +
pbottom
pbottom

pat h = patm + gh

NOTE
:

pat h > patm for h down

pat h < patm for h up

Examples
1.Whatisthepressureheadatthebottomofa98ft(30m)watertower?
p = pat h patm = gh

= (1000 kg/m3 )( 9.8 m/s 2 ) ( 30 m )

= 2.9 105 Pa
= 42 psig ( 56.7 psi absolute )

Gaugepressurevs
absolutepressure

2.WhatistheNET forceonGrandCouleedam(width1200m height150m)?

pat h = patm + gh
dF = ( gy ) dA
D

F = ( gy ) Wdy
0

= 12 gWD 2
= 1.3 1011 N

Examples
1. At what depth
p is the p
pressure twotwo-times that of atmosphere?
p

pat h = patm + gh
2 patm = patm + gh
patm
1.0110 5 Pa
h=
=
g (1000 kg/ m 3 )(9.8 m / s 2 )
= 10.3 m = 33.8 ft
f

2.Whatisthemaximumheightyoucansuckwaterupastraw?
Makethepressureattheend
ofthestrawtozero

p = patm + gh
0 patm + gh
h=

patm
= 10.3 m = 33.8 ft
g

Blood Pressure
Bloodpressureof120/80isconsiderednormalwhat
aretheseunits?Howmuchpressureisthis?WHY?
Hg gh = (13,600 kg m )(9.8 m s )(0.12m)
3

120mmHg = 1.6 10 4 Pa
80mmHg = 1.1 10 4 Pa
Difference = 0.5 10 4 Pa

Whatisthepressuredifferencebetweenyourheartandyourfeet?
(Densityofbloodis1060kg/m3)

P2 P1 = gh
= (1060 kg m 3 )(9.8 m s2 )(1.35m)
= 1.4 10 4 Pa

Pressure vs height: gasses

constant

Remember: if h is down, pressure goes

up; if h is up, pressure goes down

p
p = g
gh

Whatistheairpressureat18,000ft(5,500m)?
(elevationaffectspressure how?)
Assumethatthedensityofairis
proportionaltothepressure
(compressible fluid)
0
h ph
=
h = ph
0 p0
p0
,,whereat0 C&sealevel
0 =1.29kg/m3 &
p0 =1atm =1.01105 Pa

Negativebecausepressureis
decreasingasyougoup.

p = gh dp = g dy
0
dp = ph gdy
p0

dp
= 0 gdy
ph
p0
p
0 H
dp
= g dy
p ph
p0 0
H

p H 0
ln = g(H 0)
p0 p0
p H = p0 e

0
p0

gH

p18,000ft = 12 patm

Measuring Pressure
Torricelli(16081647)1mmofMercury=1torr
ClosedendManometer(HgBarometer)

pat h = 0 + gh

OpenendManometer

pat h = gh

pat h = patm + gh
= gh
p
h

AbsolutePressure

GaugePressure=pg =p

hHg

patm
1 01105 N / m2
1.01
=
=
g (13,550 kg / m3 )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
= 760 mm Hg

Question 14-1

Isthegauge
h
pressureatthebottomofa1mhightubeof
h b
f
h h b f
waterontheearththesameasisonthemoon?

1.
2.
3.

Yes
No
Sometimes

Pmoon = g moon h

Pearthh = g earthh h

g moon < g earth , so that

Pmoon < Pearthh

Pascals Principle
Blaise Pascal(16231662)

Achangeinthepressureappliedtoanenclosedincompressiblefluidistransmitted
h
h
l d
l d
bl fl d
d
throughoutbythesameamount.
Whatisthepressure100mbelowsealevel?
p100m = 1 atm + 9.7 atm = 10.7 atm
Transmittedthroughoutthewhole100m
HydraulicLever

MechanicalAdvantage
g

pout = pin

Fout Fin
=
Aout Ain
Fout = Fin
IncompressibleFluid:

V = d in Ain = d out Aout

d out

A
= d in in
Aout

Work:

Aout
Ain

Aout
Ain
Wout = Fout d out = Fin
d in

A
Aout

in
= Fin d in = Win

With a hydraulic lever, a given force applied over a given distance can be transformed
to a greater force over a smaller distance

Examples of Pascals Principle

Achangeinpressureappliedtoacompletely
g
p
pp
p
y
enclosedfluidistransmittedundiminishedtoall
partsofthefluidandtheenclosingwalls

P isthesame!

Apersonm=75kgstandsoncircularpistonA(diameter=0.40m)ofa
hydraulicpump.Ifyouwanttoliftanelephantweighing1500kg,what
istheminimumdiameterofcircularpistonB?

F
F
P= A = B
AA AB

AB = AA
2

FB
FA
2

d
d F
B = A B
2
2 FA

d FB
dB = 2 A
2 FA
= 1.8m

Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

Archimedes(287?212BC)

Buoyancy liftarockunderwater itslight

takeitabovewater itsheavy
manyobjectsfloat how?
Forceofgravitypointsdownward
buoyantforce
buoyant force isexertedupward
is exerted upward byfluid
by fluid

Consideracubeinafluidwithdensity andareaA.
(forgetaboutthepressureontopofthefluid,i.e.atmospheric
pressure)
1) At top, fluid exerts a force on cube:
1)Attop,fluidexertsaforceoncube:

Ftop = Ptop A = ghtop A

DOWNWARD

2)Atbottom,fluidexertsaforceoncube:

Fbottom = Pbottom A = ghhbottom A

UPWARD

3)Netforceduetofluidisbouyant force:

Fbuoyant = Fbottom Ftop = g(hbottom htop )A

= ghA = gV

UPWARD

= m fluid g =weightofdisplacedfluid

BuoyancyandArchimedesPrinciple
BuoyantForce isequaltotheweightoffluiddisplacedbytheobject
isdirectedUPWARDs

FB = m F g

DoesnotdependontheshapeoftheobjectONLYvolume.

UPWARD
Appliestopartiallyorcompletelyimmersedobject

Astonedrops
do n ard
(FB mg) < 0 a downward

Abagofwaterstaysput

(FB mg) = 0 a = 0
W d ill i
Woodwillrise

(FB mg) > 0 a upward

BuoyancyandArchimedesPrinciple
BuoyantForce

FB = m F g
UPWARD
Whichhaslarger
buoyancyforce?

Ifthevolumesarethe
same,theydisplacethe
same mass of fluid so the
samemassoffluidsothe
buoyantforcesarethe
same

equaltotheweightoffluiddisplacedbytheobject
isdirectedUPWARDs
Doesnotdependonshapeofobject ONLYvolume.
Appliestopartiallyorcompletelysubmergedobject
Sinkorfloat?

A200tonshipisinatightfittinglocksothatthe
massoffluidleftinthelockismuchlessthan
themassoftheship.Doesitfloat?
1. No.Theshiptouchesthebottomsinceit
weighsmorethanthewater.
2. Yes,aslongasthewatergetsuptotheships
waterline.

Theansweris2.
Whatmattersisthe
massofthedisplaced
fl d
fluid.

Buoyancy
Awoodenraftis4monasideand30cmthick.Howmuch
of the raft is below the water? (wood =550kg/m
oftheraftisbelowthewater?(
= 550 kg/m3)

Wraft = raftVg
= (550kg
(550k / m 3 )(4 4 0.3m
0 3 3 )(9.8m
)(9 8 / s 2 )
= 25900N
Wraft = Wwaterdisplaced = waterVwater g
Vwater =

25900N
(1000kg / m 3 )(9.8m / s 2 )

= 2.64m 3

Vwater = 2.64m
2 64m 3 = (16m 2 )h
h = 0.17m
= 17cm

Whathappensifthedensityof
woodismoreorless?

BuoyancyandArchimedesPrinciple
Twocupsarefilledtothesamelevelwithwater.Onecuphasicecubesfloatingin
it Which weighs more? (yes some of the ice is sticking up out of the water)
it.Whichweighsmore?(yes,someoftheiceisstickingupoutofthewater)
1.Thecupwiththeicecubes.
2.Thecupwithouttheicecubes.
Sincetheiceweighsexactlythesameasthedisplaced
3.Thetwoweighthesame.

fluidandthelevelsofthewaterarethesame,thetwo
fl
d d h l l f h
h
h
weighthesame.

Consideranobjectthatfloatsinwaterbutsinksinoil.Whentheobjectfloatsinwater
halfofitissubmerged.Ifweslowlypouroilonthetopofthewatersoitcompletely
covers the object the object
coverstheobject,theobject
1.movesup.
2.staysinthesameplace.
3.movesdown.
Whentheoilispouredoverthe
objectitdisplacessomeoil.This
meansitfeelsabuoyantforce
from the oil in addition to the
fromtheoilinadditiontothe
buoyantforcefromthewater.
Thereforeitriseshigher.

Question 14-1

Youareonadistantplanetwheretheaccelerationdueto
d
l
h
h
l
d
gravityishalfthatonEarth.Wouldyoufloatmoreeasilyin
wateronthatplanet?
p
1.
2
2.
3.

Yes,youwillfloathigher
Floatingwouldnotbechanged.
l i
ld
b h
d
No,youwillfloatdeeper.

ArchimedesPrinciple:Apparentweightinafluid
Weighinair,thenweighinwater.Fromthis,andknowing
water youcangetobjects.

FB

mg

ma

Weight apparent = Weight actual FB

Becauseofbuoyantforce,apparentweightinwaterislessthanactualweight
Archemedes:IstheKingscrowngold??? (Hiero III306215BC)

Isitgold???
W actual
Vg
= crown = crown
W actual W apparent waterVg water

14.7 kg

= 11.3 ???
13.4 kg
14.7 kg 13.4
13.4 = 14.7 FB
Weight apparent = Weight actual FB
= crownVg waterVg

waterVg = 1.3N
crown =

Specific
gravity

Specificgravities:
Gold(Au) 19.3
Lead(Pb) 11.3

V = 1.3 1044 m 3

14.7
= 11300 kg 3
m
Vg

SpecificGravity

specific gravity =

RatherthanusingthelargeSIunititissometimes
convenienttousespecificgravity

Material

(kg/m3)

Specificgravity

air
i

1 21
1.21

0 001
0.001

water

1000

Al

2700

2.7

Fe

7800

7.8

Cu

8960

8.9

Pb

11400

11.4

Os

22400

22.4

WATER

HeliumBlimps
Length192feet
Width50feet
Height59.5feet
3
Volume202,700cubicfeet(5740m )
MaximumSpeed50mph
p
p
CruiseSpeed30mph
p
p
Powerplant:Two210hpfuelinjected,aircooledpistonengines

FB

Whatisthemaximumloadweightofblimp(WL)inordertofly?

He = 0.179 kg / m
Atstaticequilibrium

&

F = 0 :

air = 1.21 kg / m

WL

WHe

Thefluid
blimpisinis:
air

WHe + WL = FB
WL = FB WHe

WL = m air g m He g
= airVship g HeVship g
= Vship g( air He )
= (5740 m 3 )(9.8
)(9 8 m / s 2 )(1.21
1 21 0.179
0 179 kg
k /m3)
= 58 kN = 13,000 lbs

MaximumGrossWeight12,840pounds

Summary of Chapter 14
Study Guide

V
m

m
=
V

Fluids
As the name implies, a fluid is defined as a substance that can flow.
Fluids conform to the boundaries of any container in which they
are placed. A fluid cannot exert a force tangential to its surface.
It can only exert a force perpendicular to its surface.
surface Liquids and
gases are classified together as fluids to contrast them with solids.
In crystalline solids the constituent atoms are organized in a rigid
three-dimensional regular array known as the "lattice."
Density :
Consider the fluid shown in the figure. It has a mass m and
volume V . The density (symbol ) is defined as the ratio
of the mass over the volume: =

m
.

SI unit: kg/m 3
If the fluid is homogeneous, the above equation has the form
m
= .
V

Pressure
Consider the device shown in the insert of the figure, which
is immersed in a fluid-filled vessel. The device can measure
the normal force F exerted on its piston from the compression
of the spring attached to the piston. We assume that the piston
h an area A.
has
A The
Th pressure p exerted
d by
b the
h fluid
fl id on the
h piston
i
F
is defined as p = .
A
N
The SI unit for pressure, 2 , is known as the pascal
m
((symbol:
y
Pa).
) Other units are the atmosphere
p
((atm),
),
the torr, and the lb/in 2 . The atm is defined as the average
pressure of the atmosphere at sea level:

F
p=
A

1 atm = 1.01
1 01 105 Pa
P = 760 Torr
T = 14.7
14 7 lb/in
lb/i 2 .
Experimentally it is found that the pressure p at any point
inside the fluid has the same value regardless of the
orientation of the cylinder. The assumption is made that
the fluid is at rest.

Fluids at Rest
Consider the tank shown in the figure. It contains a fluid
of density
y at rest. We will determine the ppressure
difference p2 p1 between point 2 and point 1 whose
y-coordinates are y2 and y1 , respectively. Consider
a part of the fluid in the form of a cylinder indicated by
the dashed lines in the figure. This is our "system" and
it is at equilibrium.
q
The equilibrium
q
condition is:
Fy ,net = F2 F1 mg = 0. Here F2 and F1 are the forces
exerted by the rest of the fluid on the bottom and top faces
of the cylinder, respectively. Each face has an area A :

( p2 p1 ) = g ( y1 y2 )
p = p0 + gh

F1 = p1 A, F2 = p2 A, m = V = A y1 y2 .
If we substitute into the equilibrium condition we get:

p2 A p1 A gA y1 y2 = 0 p2 p1 = g y1 y2 .
If we take y1 = 0 and h = y2 then p1 = p0 and p2 = p.
The equation above takes the form p = p0 + gh.

Note : The difference p p0 is known as "gauge pressure."

p0 = gh

The Mercury Barometer

The mercury barometer shown in fig. a
was constructed for the first time
by Evangelista Toricelli. It consists of
a glass tube of length approximately
equal to 1 meter. The tube is filled
with mercury and then it is inverted
with
i h its
i open end
d immersed
i
d in
i a dish
di h
filled also with mercury.

Toricelli observed that the mercury column drops so that its length is equal to h.
The space in the tube above the mercury can be considered as empty.
If we take y1 = 0 and y2 = h then p1 = p0 and

( p2 p1 ) = g ( y1 y2 ) p0 = gh.

We note that the height h does not depend on the cross-sectional area A
of the tube. This is illustrated in fig. b. The average height of the mercury
column at sea level is equal to 760 mm.

The Open - Tube Manometer

The open
open-tube
tube manometer consists of a U
U-tube
tube that
contains a liquid. One end is connected to the vessel
for which we wish to measure the gauge pressure.
Th other
The
h end
d is
i open to the
h atmosphere.
h
At level 1: y1 = 0 and p1 = p0
At level 2: y2 = h

and p2 = p

p2 = p1 + gh p p0 = gh
pg = gh

pg = gh

If we measure the length h and if we assume

that g is known, we can determine pg .
The gauge pressure can take either positive
or negative values.

Pascal's Principle and the Hydraulic Lever

Pascal's principle can be formulated as follows:

Fo = Fi

Ao
Ai

A change in the pressure applied to an enclosed incompressible liquid

is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the
walls of the container.
Consider the enclosed vessel shown in the figure,
which contains a liquid.
liquid A force Fi is applied
downward to the left piston of area Ai .
As a result, an upward force Fo appears on the right
piston, which has area Ao . Force Fi produces a
change
g in ppressure pp =

Fi
Ai

. This change
g will

also appear on the right piston. Thus we have:

p =

Fi
Ai

Fo
Ao

Fo = Fi

Ao
Ai

If Ao > Ai Fo > Fi

The Hydraulic Lever; Energy Considerations

The hydraulic lever shown in the figure is
filled with an incompressible liquid. We assume
that under the action of force Fi the piston to the
left travels downward by a distance di . At the
same time the piston to the right travels upward
by a distance do . During the motion we assume that
a volume V of the liquid is displaced at both pistons:
Ai
V = Ai di = A f d f do = di
Ao

Note : Since Ao > Ai do < di .

Ao Ai
di .
The output work Wo = Fo do = Fi

Ai Ao
Thus Wo = Fi di = Wi . The work done on the left piston by Fi is equal to the work
done by the piston to the right in lifting a load placed on it.
With a hydraulic lever a given force Fi applied over a distance di can be transformed
into a larger force Fo applied over a smaller distance do .

Buoyant Force
Consider a very thin plastic bag that is filled
with water. The bag is at equilibrium thus the
net force actingg on it must be zero. In addition
r
to the gravitational force Fg there exists
r
a second force Fb known as "buoyant force,"
r
which balances Fg : Fb = Fg = m f g.
Here m f is the mass of the water in the bag.
If V is
i the
th bag
b volume
l
we have
h
m f = f gV
V.
Thus the magnitude of the buoyant force
r
Fb = f ggV . Fb exists because the p
pressure
on the bag exerted by the surrounding water
increases with depth. The vector sum of

Fb = f gV

all the forces points upward, as shown in

the figure.

Archimedes' Principle
Consider the three figures to the left. They show
three objects that have the same volume (V ) and shape
but are made of different materials. The first is
made of water, the second of stone, and the third
of wood. The buoyant force Fb in all cases is the
same: Fb = f gV . This result is summarized in
what is known as "Archimedes' Principle."
Principle "
When a body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid
r
a buoyant force Fb is exerted on the body by the
surrounding fluid. This force is directed upward
and its magnitude is equal to the weight m f g of the
fl id that
fluid
th t has
h been
b
di l d by
displaced
b the
th body.
b d
We note that the submerged body in fig. a is at equilibrium
with Fg = Fb . In fig. b Fg > Fb and the stone accelerates
downward. In fig. c Fb > Fg and the wood accelerates
upward.