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i
I
(b) c tnh vo ra ca
V3
D1
D3
in
un
iref
o in
D4
D2
V2
V4
in
V1
V2
V3
V4
Hnh 1.2. S cu trc h thng iu khin.
Hnh 1.3. Tc ng ca b iu
chnh dng in c ngng.
Khi V2, V3 m, dng ch chy qua it D2, D3. iu tng t xy ra vi chiu dng in m, khi
vai tr ca cc van i cho nhau.
Nu mun iu chnh in p ra trn ti R, phi dng mch lc LC to ra in p ti c dng gn
sin. Khi in p trn ti u n o c s a n b iu chnh in p, u ra b iu chnh in p c
th l tn hiu thay i bin ca lng t dng in.
Qua hnh 3.3 c th thy rng tn s ng ct ca cc van khng c nh. y l nhc im chnh
ca phng php ny. Khi mc ngng nh, tn s ng ct c th rt ln. Nu mc ngng ln, dng
dng in s xu i vi nhiu thnh phn sng hi bc cao.
u im chnh ca phng php ny l n gin, d p dng, c bit l tc ng nhanh rt tt.
C th thy r u im th ba ny qua hnh 3.3, trong lng cn iu chnh chnh l dng in in, c
o mt cch trc tip, do s phn nh mt cch tc thi nhng thay i c th xy ra. Trong s trn
y tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu xoay chiu. Trong cc s b bin i khc th lng t c th c
dng tn hiu mt chiu, v d nh trong cc b bin i xung p DC-DC.
1.2. Phng php bin iu b rng xung (PWM - Pulse Width Modulation).
1.2.1. Nguyn l bin iu b rng xung
Hnh 1.4. th m t
phng php PWM.
Phng php bin iu b rng xung c pht trin trong k thut iu ch sng radio, sau c
p dng cho k thut bin i in nng.
Ni dung ca phng php bin iu b rng xung l so snh mt tn hiu chun, l tn hiu ra mong
mun, vi mt in p rng ca c chu k c nh, Ts, thng gi l chu k ly mu. u ra ca b so
snh s l dy xung c rng thay i, tu theo gi tr ca tn hiu t, tx: 0 t x Ts . Trong khong thi
gian tx cc kho in t s ni u ra Uo vi u vo Ui ca b bin i. Nh vy trong mi chu k ct
mu, gi tr u ra Uo s c gi tr trung bnh ph thuc gi tr u vo Ui v thay i theo dng iu ca
tn hiu chun. y cng gi l phng php bin iu c sng mang (Carrier based PWM).
v d, ta s xt mt trng hp n gin, m t qua th trn hnh 3.4. Gi s Ui = E, khng
i, cn tn hiu t thay i theo hm sin tn s thp, c bin bng Ur,m:
uref U r , m sin t
(3.1)
(3.2)
U s,m
Ts
kTs U r , m sin tk , ngha l tk* l thi im tn hiu chun bng tn hiu rng ca
chu k ct mu th k. Do ta c:
t x , k Ts
U r ,m
U s,m
sin tk Ts sin t k ,
U r ,m
(3.3)
U s,m
gi l h s bin iu, 0 1 .
Us,m
Ur,m
0
T/2
+E
t
0
-E
(a)
Us,m
Ur,m
0
T/2
-Us,m
+E
t
0
-E
(b)
U o, k
kTs
uo dt
t x,k
Ts
U i U i sin t k
(3.4)
C th thy rng gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu ra sau mi chu k ct mu bm theo dng ca tn hiu
sin chun mong mun. Biu thc dng (3.4) gi l gi tr trung bnh trt. Nu phn tch ra chui Furie c
th thy rng dng in p trung bnh trt thc s cha thnh phn sng hi c bn nh sng sin chun
v cc sng hi bc cao vi tn s lfs +/- f , l = 1, 2, Nu tn s ct mu fs ln hn nhiu ln tn s f ca
sng sin ra mong mun th cc tn s sng hi bc cao c th d dng loi b nh cc mch lc n gin
hoc di tc dng ca in cm ti.
Phng php bin iu b rng xung c dng mt cc tnh v dng hai cc tnh. Theo dng p ra
mt cc tnh, trong nhng khong tn hiu chun cao hn tn hiu rng ca, van c m a in p
ra ti, trong nhng khong tn hiu chun thp hn tn hiu rng ca, van kho li in p ra ti bng
khng. in p ra s c to thnh ring cho na chu k dng v na chu k m. Theo dng p ra hai
cc tnh in p ra s l +E khi tn hiu chun cao hn rng ca v l -E khi tn hiu chun thp hn. Hnh
3.5 m t nguyn l hot ng PWM cho hai trng hp trn cho s nghch lu p cu mt pha.
Phng php hai cc tnh c dng tn hiu iu khin ra n gin hn nhng in p ra s c bc
nhy in p ln hn, 2E. Bc nhy in p ln s lm cho dng dng in p mch nhiu hn, ni
cch khc l dng dng in s xu hn so vi phng php iu ch mt cc tnh.
Tn hiu rng ca c th c dng khng i xng, nh trn hnh 3.4, hoc c dng i xng, nh trn
hnh 3.5. Trong dng khng i xng rng li c th c sn i ln, nh trn hnh 3.4, hoc sn i
xung. Dng rng ca i xng l kt hp ca c hai hai dng khng i xng trn. Trong dng rng ca
i xng chu k ct mu c chia lm hai na Ts/2, v vy trn ng in p ra sng hi bc cao s c
tn s l bi ca 2fs, ngha l cht lng in p ra s tt hn.
m bo in p ra c cha t nht thnh phn sng hi bc cao, s phi lm vic trong ch
tuyn tnh, ngha l phi m bo 0 1 .
id
V1
D1
in
Zt
V1
C
D4
V4
V4
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.6. (a) S xut hin dng m xuyn; (b) Tn hiu iu khin IGBT.
Hai van trn cng mt nhnh cu phi p dng phng php chuyn mch c thi gian cht trnh
dng m xuyn. Hnh 3.6 m t s xut hin dng m xuyn v yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin
trong s nghch lu na cu. Thi gian tr gia tn hiu m V1 v V4 phi t nht bng thi gian
kho ca van. i vi IGBT gi tr tiu biu 1,5 2 s .
Phng php c bn to ra h thng in p xoay chiu ba pha trn ti l iu khin cc van theo
th t nh c k hiu trn s , mi van vo dn cch nhau 60o. Khong iu khin dn ca mi van
= 180o. Vi cch iu khin nh vy in p dy trn ti s ch c hai mc, hoc l +UDC hoc l UDC.
V vy y cn gi l b bin i hai mc.
0 60
60 120
120 180
V1
0
60o
120o
V2
180o
240o
300o
360o
V3
V4
0
V5
0
V6
uA 0
2/3UDC
1/3UDC
iA
iV1
iV4
iD1
iD4
0
id
0
Hnh 1.9. Tn hiu iu khin v dng dng in, in p trong s NLL ba pha.
T in p trn cc pha c dng bc thang nh c biu din trn hnh 3.9. Trn hnh 3.9 cng
biu din dng dng ti, dng qua cc van v cc it cho trng hp ti tr cm. xc nh dng mt
chiu u vo nghch lu id, lu rng dng u vo lp li sau mi 60 o. Trong khong 60 120 ,
dng qua V1 chnh l dng id, t v c dng dng id. Mt cch tng i c th coi gn ng gc
lch pha gia dng in v in p trn ti bng gc khi dng qua 0, suy ra rng nu 60 th dng
u vo khng c phn m, ngha l khng c dng i v t C u vo. Vy khi h s gc ca ti
1
cos cos 60 th nng lng phn khng ca ti ch trao i gia cc pha vi nhau m khng trao
2
i vi ngun.
S1
S3
S5
1
U DC
2
Zt
A
B
Z
C
1
U DC
2
S2
S4
S6
UAn
UBn
UCn
UZn
S hnh thnh in p ra dng bc thang nh trn hnh 3.9 khng cho php l gii phng php
PWM, c c s l qu trnh trung bnh trt to ra in p u ra theo biu thc (3.4). Cch l gii s
to thnh in p ra ca s ba pha t ba s na cu, da trn s kha trn hnh 3.10, cho php p
dng trc tip phng php PWM ca s mt pha cho s ba pha.
U DC uAn
2
0
U DC
2
U DC uBn
2
(a)
U DC
2
U DC uCn
2
U DC
2
uA
2U DC
3 U DC
3
0
uB
(b)
0
uC
U DC uZn
6
Hnh 1.11. Dng in p ra ca nghch lu p ba pha.
Trn hnh 3.10 in p pha mt chiu phn lm hai na, mi na c gi tr 1/2UDC. Cp kha trong
mi pha c iu khin ngc nhau, v d pha A, khi S1 c iu khin m th S2 kho v ngc li.
in p u ra cc s na cu so vi im gia ca ngun mt chiu u An, u Bn, uCn lch pha 120, to
nn h thng in p ba pha, c bin 1/2UDC trong mi na chu k 180, khng ph thuc vo ti v
tnh cht ca ti, nh th hin trn hnh 3.11 (a). in p trn tr khng ti ba pha i xng u A, u B, uC c
dng bc thang nh trn hnh 3.11 (b), tng t nh ni n phn 3.2.2. Th ca im trung tnh ti
so vi im gia ca ngun mt chiu uZn c dng xung ch nht vi tn s 3f, bin 1/6UDC. Do trong
mch ba pha tr khng vi thnh phn sng bc ba l v cng ln nn sng bc ba khng th lan truyn
trong mch, v vy khng cn phi ni trung tnh ngun vi im gia ca ngun UDC.
Us,m
Ur,m
t
0
-Us,m
V1
t
0
V3
t
0
V5
t
0
2/3UDC
uA
1/3UDC
Ts/2
Ts
Ts
Ts
t0 t1 t2 t3
t
0
-1/3UDC
uB
t
0
-1/3UDC
-2/3UDC
Hnh 1.13. Dng tn hiu iu khin v dng in p ra PWM ba pha.
U (1)
,
U 6s(1)
(3.5)
trong U(1) l bin sng c bn ca phng php PWM, U 6s(1) l bin sng c bn ca s cha
iu ch, c in p ra dng bc thang 6 bc. Phn tch Furie dng in p ra trn hnh 3.11 (b) cho thy:
U 6(1)s
1
u sin d
2
/3
2 / 3
1
2
1
U DC sin d U DC sin d U DC sin d
3
3
/3 3
2 / 3
(3.6)
2
U
DC
Ch s bin iu ln nht mmax chnh lch nhau trong phm vi 25%, ty thuc vo s iu ch
v l ch s quan trng, th hin mc tn dng in p pha mt chiu ca phng php bin iu.
Nu coi tn s ca sng mang rng ca ln hn rt nhiu so vi tn s thp ra mong mun th
dng trung bnh trt ca in p ra uAn,u Bn, u Cn rt gn vi dng ca sng in p sin chun, nh th hin
trn hnh 3.13. iu ny ngha l bin in p pha ra ln nht l 1/2UDC. H s bin iu ln nht
1 2
mmax1 / 0,785 . Theo hnh 3.13 c th thy rng khi bin ca sng c bn in p
2 4
dy ch l:
1
3
3
U DC .2.
U DC 0,866U DC .
2
2
2
Hnh 1.14. Dng in p chun trn thm cc thnh phn sng bc ba. (a) Sng sin chun chun trn vi sng sin
hi bc ba, bin bng 25% sng c bn; (b), (c), (d) Trn vi sng ch nht tn s 3f.
Theo hnh 3.14 (a) tn hiu in p chun trn vi 25% sng sin bc ba, c dng (chun ha theo
UDC/2):
1
u sin sin 3
4
(3.7)
Biu thc (3.7) trong khong 0 c gi tr ln nht l 0,89, do bin sng chun c th t
1 U DC
n gi tr ln hn UDC/2, l U
0,56U DC . Phn tch Furie dng in p (3.7) cho bin
0,89 2
sng c bn bng:
U (1)
1
u sin d
1
1
(3.8)
0,56U DC
2
Nh vy h s bin iu ln nht c th t c l mmax 2 0,56 / 0,882 .
Bng phn tch tng t c th thy rng dng in p chun nh trn cc hnh 3.14 (b), (c), (d), thu
c bng cch trn vi sng bc ba dng ch nht, c th cho h s bin iu ln nht bng
mmax 3 0,907 .
Vn kh khn nht trong thc hin bin iu b rng xung ba pha bng mch tng t l phi c
ba sng sin ch o c bin chnh xc bng nhau v lch pha nhau chnh xc 120 o trong ton b di tn
s thay i. Tuy nhin cc h thng iu khin bng mch tng t s c tc ng nhanh cao. Ngi
ta ch to cc h thng iu khin PWM bi mch s vi mt b vi x l c bit. Nh dng xung
iu khin ra s tuyt i i xng v khong dn ca mi van s c xc nh chnh xc, k c thi
gian tr gia cc van trong cng mt pha trnh dng m xuyn gia hai van.
Xa Xb Xc 0 ,
(3.9)
ngha l mt trong ba thnh phn ph thuc vo hai thnh phn kia th php bin i s a vect X v h
ta vung gc trn mt phng.
thun tin khi nh my, t y v sau ta lun k hiu cc vect bi ch ci thng, nt m,
khng nghing.
Theo php bin i Park, mt h thng ba pha i xng, in p hay dng in, c biu din qua
mt vect trn mt phng to vung gc 0 nh (3.10):
2
u A auB a2uC ,
3
trong , a e
2
3
1
3
j
; j: n v s phc o (j2 = 1).
2
2
(3.10)
u 3 2u A u B uC
u 1 u B uC
(3.11)
u 2
2
2
T
T
u A u B uC T1.u A u B uC
u 3 0 3 3
2
2
(3.12)
u U m cos t
A
m
u B U cos t
3
m
uC U cos t
th
u U me
(3.14)
jt
(3.13)
i I me
(3.15)
j t
trong :
(3.16)
up U pme
j 0
un U nme j 1 ;
uzer
(3.17)
1
u A uB uC .
3
(3.18)
k 1
trong :
T
upk
1
ue jkt dt , k 0,1,...,
T 0
(3.19)
unk
1
ue jkt dt , k 1, 2,...,
T 0
(3.20)
up
up
-u
n
Hnh 1.15. Qu o vect khng gian trn mt phng 0 vi cc dng in p ba pha khc nhau.
(3.21)
(3.22)
Cng sut phn khng tc thi biu din qua (3.22) khng mang mt ngha vt l r rng. V
nguyn tc cng sut phn khng th hin qua phn dng in trao i gia ngun v ti nhng khng
tham gia vo qu trnh bin i nng lng, ngha l khng chuyn thnh phn nng lng no khc in.
V vy nu ni n cng sut phn khng tc thi th thc s khng th o c v ch c th nhn bit
dng in c tham gia vo qu trnh no sau mt khong thi gian, ngha l cng sut phn khng ch
c th xc nh qua gi tr trung bnh nh l thuyt c in nh ngha l Q = UI cos, trong l gc
lch pha gia dng in v in p hnh sin. V vy vic tm mt cch biu din cng sut phn khng tc
thi vn l mt vn cn ang c tranh lun.
Biu din mt h thng nhiu pha thng qua vect khng gian em li nhng tin ch ng k so vi
cch biu din qua thi gian nh (3.13). Ta c th s dng cc cng c ca php ton vect trn s phc,
t a ra c cc kt qu mang tnh tng qut hn.
(3.23)
i
i
(3.24)
uq sin cos u
u
(3.25)
2
2
T2 .T1
3
2
2
sin
sin sin
3
3
(3.26)
X X jX kX
(3.27)
X X X T3 X a X b X c
(3.28)
Trong T3 l ma trn:
1
1
1 2 2
2
3
3
T3 0
3
2
2
1
1 1
2 2
2
(3.29)
X d X q X 0 T4 X X X
(3.30)
2
2
2
2
2
T4 sin sin
sin
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
(3.31)
cos
sin
2
2
T4 1 cos
sin
3
3
2
2
cos
sin
3
3
(3.32)
udq ue
j
2
; idq ie
j
2
(3.33)
(3.34)
Do vect u nm trn trn trc -q nn ud = 0. Cc tin ch ca php quay ny cng tng t nh php
quay trn. Php quay th hai ny c p dng cho cc thnh phn th t ngc trong cc i lng ba
pha.
La chn cc vect bin chun ph hp, xc nh qua la chn cc trng thi van cho php.
Tnh ton cc thi gian s dng cc vect bin hay cn gi l cc h s bin iu.
No
Van dn
uA
uB
uC
U0
V2, V4, V6
U1
V6, V1, V2
2/3UDC
-1/3UDC
-1/3UDC
2
U DC e j 0
3
U2
V1, V2, V3
1/3UDC
1/3UDC
-2/3UDC
j
2
U DC e 3
3
U3
V2, V3, V4
-1/3UDC
2/3UDC
-1/3UDC
U4
V3, V4, V5
-2/3UDC
1/3UDC
1/3UDC
2
j
2
U DC e 3
3
2
U DC e j
3
U5
V4, V5, V6
-1/3UDC
-1/3UDC
2/3UDC
2
j
2
U DC e 3
3
U6
V5, V6, V1
1/3UDC
-2/3UDC
1/3UDC
U7
V1, V3, V5
j
2
U DC e 3
3
0
Trong s nghch lu p ba pha, nh trn hnh 3.7, cc van iu khin phi tun theo nhng quy
lut chuyn mch, l khng c ngn mch ngun mt chiu u vo, khng c h mch bt c
pha no u ra. Khng c ngn mch ngun mt chiu u vo v s sinh ra dng ln, ph hu van.
Khi van iu khin khng ni mt pha u ra no vi thanh dn (+) hoc (-) ca ngun mt chiu, nu
ti c tnh cht tr cm dng c th vn phi chy qua cc it ngc, dn n in p ra ph thuc vo
ti, nghch lu khng cn l nghch lu p nh mong mun. Do nhng quy lut trn ch c 8 trng thi
van c php, nh c biu din trong bng 3.1.
Vi mi trng thi van c php, cc in p pha c gi tr tng ng, c tnh ton da theo hnh
3.8. Tnh ton vect khng gian u theo (3.10) hay theo hai ta nh (3.11), c th thy rng cc trng
thi van t 1 n 6 ng vi su vect, c di bng 2/3UDC, gc pha c nh v lch nhau mt gc 60,
c biu din trn mt phng 0 , nh trn hnh 3.18. Cc vect, gi l vect bin chun, k hiu l
U1 , U 2 ,..., U 6 , to nn nh ca mt lc gic u, chia mt phng thnh su gc bng nhau, gi l cc
sect. Cc sect c nh s t I n VI. C hai vect c di bng khng, ng vi trng thi van 0 v
7, gi l vect khng, k hiu l U 0 , U 7 .
2
U DC
3
U0 , U1 , U2 , U 7 , theo trt t:
U 0 U1 U 2 U 7 U 2 U1 U 0 s l trt t tt nht.
Cc sect th t l s chuyn mch ging sect I, cn cc sect th t chn chuyn mch ging
sect II.
ur
t t
tn t1
t n t 2
tn t7
2n 0
U 0 dt U1dt U 2 dt U 7 dt
Ts tn
tn t0
tn t1
tn t 2
(3.35)
Trong (3.35), tn: thi im ct mu th n; t0, t1, t 2, t7: thi gian s dng cc vect U 0 , U1 , U 2 , U 7 .
Vi lu U0 = U7 = 0, (3.35) tr thnh:
ur
Ts
U1t1 U 2t2
2
(3.36)
1 1
2
Biu din qua cc ta , U1 U DC ,0 ; U 2 U DC ,
, ta c:
3
3 3
2
3
u Ts
U DC
0
u 2
1
t
3 t1
U DCTI 1
1 t2
t2
(3.37)
Trong (3.37) khi vect ur di chuyn sang cc sect khc, ma trn TI s thay i tng ng theo ta
ca cc vect bin chun, nh trong bng 3.2. Dng cui ca bng 3.2 ch ra th t s dng cc vect
trong na chu k ct mu Ts/2 c s ln chuyn mch t nht.
Sect
I
II
2 1
3 3
0 1
3
U1U2
1 1
3 3
1 1
3 3
U3U2
III
1 2
3 3
1 0
3
U3U4
IV
1 2
3 3
1 0
3
U5U4
V
1
1
3
3
1 1
3
3
U5U6
VI
1 2
3 3
1 0
3
U6U 1
u
2 U DC 2 0
1
(3.38)
(3.39)
2
2
t Ts
U DC 2
sin t
1
0
(3.40)
Cc thi gian thnh phn lin h vi nhau theo biu thc (3.41).
t0 t1 t 2 t7
Ts
2
(3.41)
T (3.40), (3.41) c th thy rng trong khi t1, t2 hon ton c xc nh do v tr ca vect ur
trong sect th quan h gia t0, t7 li hon ton khng xc nh. y chnh l t do cho php la chn
cc chin lc iu ch khc nhau, a n cc p ng khc nhau ca php iu ch.
1.3.4.4. iu ch in p ra hnh sin trn mi nhnh cu
Qu trnh iu ch vi in p ra hnh sin trn mi nhnh cu thc hin tng t nh phng php
PWM ni n phn 3.2.3. Do tn s ct mu ln hn nhiu so vi tn s ra mong mun gi tr trung
bnh trt ca in p ra trn mi nhnh cu c biu din bi (3.4). Thnh phn sng c bn c bin
U
0 U rm DC .
2
Trn hnh 3.19 th hin gii hn ca phng php iu ch ny. Xt cc gii hn ti mt thi im
bt k. Khi vect quay mong mun ur c bin nh hn UDC/2 qu o ca vect khng gian s l hnh
trn, ba in p ra s c dng sin tuyt i. Khi ur c di ln hn UDC/2 v nh 1/ 3U DC t nht mt
pha in p pha ra s b gii hn bin bi UDC/2. Khi ur c di ln hn 1/ 3U DC vect khng gian
s vt ra ngoi gii hn ca cc cnh ca hnh lc gic, khi c th c hai pha ca in p ra s b gii
hn. Trong c hai trng hp sau in p ra s c tn s sng c bn v cc thnh phn sng hi bc
cao, bi s ca . Trong cc trng hp trn qu o ca vect khng gian b gii hn bi c lc gic
nt t trn hnh 3.19.
1 Ud
3
1
2 U
2
Ud
3
1.3.4.5. Php iu ch vi t0 = t7
Cc gii hn ca phng php iu ch in p sin trn mi nhnh cu c th khc phc bng chin
lc iu ch vi thi gian dng cc vect khng, U 0 , U 7 , bng nhau, nh s ch ra sau y.
Xt vect in p ra ang trong sect I, bn vect c s dng theo th t l
U 0 U1 U 2 U 7 U 2 U1 U 0 . Dng in p ra trn cc pha cho trn hnh 3.19. Do thi gian
dng U 0 , U 7 bng nhau nn phn in p trong hai khong thi gian ny c din tch bng nhau v ngc
du (phn nh gch thng trn hnh 3.19).
t0 t7 T0
Ts
t1 t2
2
(3.42)
t0
t1
t2
t7
t7
Ts/2
t2
t1
t0
Ts/2
uAn
Ud/2
t
0
-Ud/2
uBn
0
uCn
2 U DC
t1 t2 ;
Ts 2
U Bn
2 U DC
t1 t2 ;
Ts 2
U Cn
2 U DC
t1 t2 .
Ts 2
(3.43)
U An U rm
cos t ;
2
6
U Bn U rm sin t ;
2
6
U Cn U An U rm
(3.44)
cos t .
2
6
(3.45)
1
U An U Bn U Cn
3
(3.46)
di tha mn iu kin U rm
Hnh 1.21. Dng in p bin iu uAn, uBn, uCn, uZn v in p trn cc pha ti uA, uB, uC vi UDC = 300 V, U rm =
150 V.
Hnh 1.22. Dng in p bin iu uAn, uBn, uCn, uZn v in p trn cc pha ti uA, uB, uC vi UDC = 300 V, U rm =
173 V.
Trn hnh 3.21, 3.22, 3.23 minh ha cc dng gi tr trung bnh trt, xc nh bi cc biu thc
(3.44), (3.45), (3.46), ca in p ra ca qu trnh iu ch cho ba trng hp:
1
1
U rm U DC ; U rm
U DC ; U rm U DC . th th hin qu trnh qua su sect ca mt chu k in p
2
3
ra.
Trn hnh 3.21, 3.22 cho thy dng trung bnh trt in p ra trn ti, UA, UB, UC, c dng sin hon
ton.
Hnh 1.23. Dng in p bin iu uAn, uBn, u Cn, u Zn v in p trn cc pha ti u A, uB, u C vi UDC = 300 V, Urm
= 200 V.
Trn cc hnh 3.24, 3.25, 3.26 th hin dng ca vect khng gian in p ra trn tr khng ti tng
ng vi ba trng hp iu ch trn y. Trn hnh 3.24, 3.25 vect khng gian quay theo mt ng
trn. Hnh 3.26 cho thy vect in p ra t n ht gi tr gii hn l hnh lc gic c nh l cc vect
bin chun.
1.3.4.6. S mch tng ng
S mch in tng ng cho php thit lp nn h phng trnh m t qu trnh in t, t
c th kho st h thng, xy dng cc cu trc iu chnh v xc nh cc tham s ca b iu chnh theo
cc phng php bit.
S thay th tng ng ca nghch lu p ba pha cho trn hnh 3.27. Mi pha in p ra c
thay th bng mt ngun in p c dng xung gia +UDC/2 v UDC/2, nh u ra ca mt s na cu.
uAn
iA
iDC
uA
iDC
uBn
iB
UDC
uB
uAn
iC
uC
.
Hnh 1.27. S mch in tng ng ca nghch lu ba pha.
Phn mt chiu c th hin bng mt ngun p UDC. Dng mt chiu id to bi cc mnh ca dng
xoay chiu i A, i B,iC do tc dng ng ct ca cc kha S1, S2, , S6. iu ny c th gii thch qua hm
ng ct ca cc kha.
nh ngha hm ng ct ca mi pha SA,S B, SC nh sau:
SA = 1 nu S1 ng; S A = -1 nu S2 ng;
SB = 1 nu S3 ng; S B = -1 nu S4 ng;
SC = 1 nu S5 ng; SC = -1 nu S6 ng.
Khi c th thy rng:
u A u B uC
U DC
S A S B SC
2
(3.47)
iDC S Ai A S B iB SC iC S A S B SC .iA iB iC
(3.48)
U Bf
U
Cf
d Af
U DC d Bf
Cf
(3.49)
I A
d U DC
IB
dt
L
I C
d Af
U A
1
d Bf U B
d L U
C
Cf
(3.50)
I A I LA
U A
d 1
U B I B I LB
dt C
U C
I C I LC
(3.51)
ILA, ILB, ILC : dng ba pha ti. Dng mt chiu biu din di dng:
T
I DC d Af d Bf d Cf I A I B I C
(3.52)
Cc phng trnh t (3.49) n (3.52) cho thy y l mt h thng nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra. C
su bin trng thi l dng trn cc cun cm v in p trn cc t. C ba u vo iu khin l cc h s
lp y xung d Af,dBf, dCf v ba u ra l cc in p trn ti UA, UB, UC.
Trong ch xc lp, in p trn ti l h thng in p ba pha:
cos
U A
U U cos 2
rm
B
3
U C
2
cos
(3.53)
d Af
U A
1
d Bf U B
d L U
C
Cf
dU DC 1
T
d Af d Bf d Cf I A I B IC I L
dt
C
(3.54)
(3.55)
IL l dng ti pha mt chiu. M hnh c bn bin trng thi l dng qua cun cm IA, IB, IC v in
p trn t mt chiu UDC. Ba bin vo iu khin l dAf, dBf, dCf v mt bin ra in p UDC.
2
2
2
2
2
T4 sin sin
sin
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
cho cc php bin i t h ta 0abc sang 0dq, vi lu cc php o hm c thc hin nh trong
(3.56), (3.57):
dX dq
dX abc dT41
X dq T41
dt
dt
dt
(3.56)
0 0
dT41
T4
0 0
dt
0 0 0
(3.57)
Cc biu thc trong h ta ba pha t (3.49) n (3.52) c bin i thnh tng ng t (3.58)
n (3.62).
U df
U Af
d Af
d df
U qf T4 U Bf U DC T4 d Bf U DC d qf
U
U
d
d
0f
Cf
Cf
0f
(3.58)
Id
dd
U d
Iq
d
I q U DC G d q G U q I d
dt
d
U
0
I0
0
0
(3.59)
I d I Ld
U d
Uq
d
1
U q U d I q I Lq
dt
0 C I I
U 0
0 L0
(3.60)
1
L
G 0
0 0
1
0
L
0 0
(3.61)
I DC d d d q 3d 0 I d I q I 0
2
2
dd
+
+
1
L
UDC
dq
1
L
(3.62)
- ILq
Id
+
1
C
C
-
1
C
+
Iq
-
Ud
Uq
ILq
M hnh nghch lu trong h ta 0dq, xy dng theo (3.59), (3.60), khng k n thnh phn
khng, cho trn hnh 3.30. Trn m hnh c th thy c bn bin trng thi l Id, Iq, Ud, U q, hai bin iu
khin l cc h s bin iu dd, dq, hai thnh phn nhiu l cc dng ti ILd, ILq. Hai knh theo hai trc d,q
c lin h cho vi nhau thng qua cc thnh phn in p trn cun cm LId, LIq, cc thnh phn
dng in CUd, CUq. Cc lin h cho ny ny khng d phn ly to thnh hai knh iu khin c
lp. u vo l in p mt chiu UDC, u ra l in p Ud, Uq.
Khi cc thnh phn ph ti l i xng, tt c cc thnh phn U0, d0, I0 u bng 0, cc biu thc trn
s n gin i ng k.
Trong ch xc lp cc o hm trong (3.59), (3.60) cho bng khng, in p ra s c dng ng
nh tn hiu t mong mun:
T
U d U q U 0 U rm 0 0
(3.63)
(3.64)
Cc h s bin iu bng:
dd
I Ld
G 1 d L
d q U dt I Lq U
DC
DC
0
0
I Lq
U rm
I Ld U
DC
0
1 LC 2
(3.65)
dd
L
dq U
DC
0
I Lq
U rm
I Ld U
DC
0
1 LC 2
(3.66)
Tuyn tnh ha quanh im lm vic xc lp bng cch cho cc bin trng thi v cc bin iu khin
nhng bin ng nh nh (3.67).
d d d d dd ; d q d q dq ; I d I d id ; I q I q iq ;
U d U d ud ;U q U q uq ;
(3.67)
U DC U DC uDC
Trong cc k hiu c m ng trn ch cc bin ng nh. Tuyn tnh ha c tin hnh theo
cch thng thng bng cch b qua cc bin ng bc hai, v d vi tch hai bin sau:
U DC d d U DC u DC d d dd U DC d d U DC dd u DC d d
(3.68)
p dng cc php gn ng tng t nh (3.68) cho cc phn t trn s hnh 3.30, b qua phn
cn bng gia cc gi tr xc lp, c th thu c m hnh trn cc tn hiu bin ng nh. Nu m phng
s trn SIMULINK qu trnh tuyn tnh ha c th thc hin mt cch t ng.
1.3.6.2. M hnh chnh lu
p dng ma trn bin i T4 cho cc phng trnh (3.54), (3.55) thu c m hnh cho chnh lu
trong h ta 0dq nh sau:
Id
dd
U d
Iq
d
I q U DC G d q G U q I d
dt
I
d
U
0
0
0
0
(3.69)
T
dU DC 1 3
3
d d d q 3d 0 I d I q I 0 I L
dt
C 2
2
(3.70)
M hnh chnh lu trong h ta 0dq, xy dng theo (3.69), (3.70) , khng k n thnh phn
khng, cho trn hnh 3.30. Trn m hnh c th thy c ba bin trng thi l Id, Iq, UDC, hai bin iu khin
l cc h s bin iu dd, dq, thnh phn nhiu l dng ti IL. Hai knh theo hai trc d,q c lin h cho vi
nhau thng qua cc thnh phn in p trn cun cm LId, LIq. u vo l cc thnh phn in p li
Ud, Uq, u ra l in p mt chiu UDC.
1
L
L
L
1
L
3
2C
Gi thit rng s c iu khin cho h s cng sut bng mt. Trong ch xc lp Ud = Ulm,
Uq = 0, Ulm l gi tr bin in p pha. Dng in c gi tr Id = Ilm, Iq = 0, vi Ilm l bin dng in
pha. Cho v phi cc phng trnh (3.66), (3.67) bng khng, c th xc nh cc h s bin iu nh sau:
dd
dq
d
0
M
3
2 IL
3M
(3.71)
Trong M l h s bin iu, IL l dng ti. Thc hin th tc tuyn tnh ha, tng t nh lm
cho m hnh nghch lu, ta s thu c m hnh cho cc tn hiu bin ng nh, lm c s cho vic thit
k cc b iu chnh trong h thng iu khin.