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ree eee meee ee 48 Alexandria University ssp Ayu dale Faculty of Engineering ual AIS Specialized Scientific Programs @ Hemwedtall aa geal yl Natural Gas & Petrochemicals Engineering Shea ally gape all aa Fall, 2013, vey Tt Principle of Applied Electrochemistry Time allowed: Two hours isk: a3 ‘Answer All Questions: ‘Question One (@) State whether the following statement true or false and correct the false statement: (12 points) 1. In fixed bed E.C.R. the distribution of current is non-uniform while the potential is uniform. 2. The activation polarization increases with the increase in c.d. and surface roughness of electrode. Electrical current is carried during electrolysis by migration of ions in solution only. To increase the throwing power of electroplating process, the distance between anode and cathode should be uniform. As the limiting current increases the activation polarization decreases. ‘The parallel plate E.C.R. is used widely in wastewater treatment. ‘An electrochemical plant consists of a number of tanks connected in parallel. During the reduction of organic compound the current efficiency increases by increasing its concentration, 9. The increase in solution temperature decreases both types of polarization. 10, Electro-organic synthesis is used to produce intermediate compounds needed in many industries. 11. During electroplating process, metal cyanide salts generally produced coarse deposits. 12, During electrodeposition of metal if the rate of nucleation is higher than rate of crystal growth a smooth deposit is produced. ay ena (b) Compare between the following: (8 points) 1- Electrowinning and electro refining of metals 2- Direct and indirect electroorganic synthesis ‘Question Two (@) Discuss each of the following: (12 points) 1- The selection of the most economic operating current density. 2. The factors affecting the qualities of the electroplating of metal. 3- The production of aluminum metal from bauxite (b) An electrolytic cell for the recovery of Cu* from electroplating waste solution containing 0.01 Cu?* uses 10 ampere, calculate: (8 points) 1- the amount of copper recovered per day. 2- the energy consumption of the process Data: ‘Anode material: insoluble lead, C.1 At.wt of Cu = 63, (€0)ox of O2 Question Three {a)Mention each of the following: (6 points) 1- Different types of electrochemical reactors (use a simple sketch only). 2- The preparation of work piece before electroplating (b) It is required to design continuous plug flow electrochemical reactor of the parallel plate type for producing a Cu powder at the rate of 100 kg/day by electrolyzing acidified CuSO.{0.1M] at the limiting current. If the reactor is working under turbulent flow forced convection, calculate: (8 points) a] The acted area of the reactor. b] The degree of conversion. given: Psolutin= 1.13 g/cm? Hsotuton= 1.15x107 poise(g/em s) Dycuay= 0.46x10° cm?/s Solution velocity= 100 cm/s electrode separation= 1 cm electrode breadth= 50 cm Anode material is Pb (insoluble) Sh= 0.023 Sc”? Re®® Best wishes Prof. Dr. Nevine Kamal cr SE ae ae eae aeEeEleSeEllUcraeeellUreer lester eel eee eS ee Alexandria University ssp Ay piSuyl dealy Faculty of Engineering Hatgll AIS Specialized Scientific Programs @ HrcnenSiallXylall eal yl Natural Gas & Petrochemicals Engineering hgh all y gale fall ae Fall, 2013 YAY ty Principle of Applied Electrochemistry Time allowed: Two hours Hels : Gail ‘Answer All Questions: Question One (a) State whether the following statement true or false and correct the false statement: (12 points) 1. In fixed bed E.C. the distribution of current is non-uniform while the potential is uniform. 2. The activation polarization increases with the increase in c.d. and surface roughness of electrode. 3. Electrical current is carried during electrolysis by migration of ions in solution only. 4. To increase the throwing power of electroplating process, the distance between anode and cathode should be uniform. As the limiting current increases the activation polarization decreases. ‘The parallel plate E.C.R. is used widely in wastewater treatment. An electrochemical plant consists of a number of tanks connected in parallel. During the reduction of organic compound the current efficiency increases by increasing its concentration. 9. The increase in solution temperature decreases both types of polarization. 10. Electro-organic synthesis is used to produce intermediate compounds needed in many industries. 11. During electroplating process, metal cyanide salts generally produced coarse deposits. 12, During electrodeposition of metal if the rate of nucleation is higher than rate of crystal growth a smooth deposit is produced. ea (b) Compare between the following: (8 points) 1- Electrowinning and electro refining of metals 2+ Direct and indirect electroorganic synthesis ‘Question Two (@) Discuss each of the following: (12 points) 1- The selection of the most economic operating current density. 2- The factors affecting the qualities of the electroplating of metal. 3- The production of aluminum metal from bauxite (b) An electrolytic cell for the recovery of Cu from electroplating waste solution containing 0.01 Cu’* uses 10 ampere, calculate: (8 points) 1- the amount of copper recovered per day. 2- the energy consumption of the process Data: Anode material: insoluble lead, C.E = 70%, anode = 0.25 V, Neathode = Att of Cu = 63, (€0)ox of O2 = - 1.23 V, pH = 4, (€0)ox of Cu/ Cu” 1.15 V, IR = 0.25 V, -0.34V Question Three ()Mention each of the following: 6 points) 1- Different types of electrochemical reactors (use a simple sketch only). 2- The preparation of work piece before electroplating (©) It is required to design continuous plug flow electrochemical reactor of the parallel plate type for producing a Cu powder at the rate of 100 kg/day by electrolyzing acidified CuSO4{0.1M] at the limiting current. If the reactor is working under turbulent flow forced convection, calculate: (8 points) a] The acted area of the reactor. bb] The degree of conversion, Data given: Peotation= 1.13 g/cm? sotutin= 115x107 poise(g/em s) Dycui2y= 0.46x10° cm?/s Solution velocity= 100 cm/s electrode separation= 1 cm electrode breadth= 50 cm Anode material is Pb (insoluble) ‘Sh= 0.023 Sc?” Re® Best wishes Prof. Dr. Nevine Kamal Ss eS Pe PRP eS Pe ee ee ee ee eS PP lee Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Gas and Petrochemical Program January 23, 2013 Wastewater Treatment Term Exam Time allowed: 2 Hour I-A- Write short notes about each of the following: 1- Industrial wastewater seeding for BOD determination, 2- PER centroid and operating time with ref to reactor performance. 3+ Oxygen transfer rate in aeration tank with relation to aerator r.p.m. 4- Removal of iron and manganese from ground water with conventional and non conventional processes . 5+ Filtration mechanism, pressure drop & back washing in media filtration. 11) The following are average operating data from conventional activated sludge secondary. Waste water flow 20000 m*/d, aeration tank volume 10000 m®, influent total solids 800 mg/l, influent suspended solids 200 mg/L, influent BOD 180 mg/ effluent total solids 720 mg/, effluent suspended solids 25 mg/l,effluent BOD 15 mg/l, MLSS 2400.mg/l recirculated sludge flow 8000 m°/d, waste sludge quanti 250i suspended solids in wasted sludge 9200'mg/l. Based on these values calculate: aeration period, BOD load, F/M ratio, (total solids, suspended solids & BOD removal efficiencies ), sludge age & return sludge rate QR/Q. a A high purity oxygen aeration system, is being considered for treatment of industrial wastewater. Since the industrial wastewater is high in soluble BOD and low in suspended solids, primary clarification is not included in the processing scheme. The design flow is 6000 m’/d with an average BOD of 310 mg/l , F/M 0.5 and MLSS 3500 mg/l. Calculate, aeration tank volume, BOD loading, aeration period and sludge 9.9 IIL- a- dose of 40 mg/l of al in coagulating a turbid surface water. = How much natural alkalinity is consumed? = What changes takes place in the ionic character of water? - How many mg/l of aluminum haroidegr rouced? A tickling filter plant has the following, four primary clarifiers in series with 25 m diameter, 5 m side water depth and single peripheral weir: trickling filter with 30 m diameter and 7 m deep media filled bed; inline two final settling tanks with 28 m diameter, 5 m side water depth and double weir (one at diameter 15 m and the other at peripheral). The normal recirculation ratio is 0.5 and the returned flow for wetting the biofilter bed is 0.1 m’/s. The daily wastewater flow is 12000 m*/d with an average BOD of 200 mg/l. Calculate the loadings on all units. Best Wishes Dr. Abdelaziz H. Konsowa Alexandria University a Ay ysisui deal, Faculty of Engineering | Lusaigit Ais Specialized Scientific Programs Ge Aeonadiall Adal gall t Final exam, 2012 ea gla Sally jill ally Process Dynamics and Control [GPE 252] Time Allowed: 120 Minutes. I Course Instructor: Dr. Iman El Gheriany Answer the following questions. SHOW ALL YOUR STEPS. Every question is for 10 points. 1, A thermometer having first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1 min is in a temperature bath at 100°F (steady state). The thermometer is suddenly placed in a bath at 110°F at t=0 and left there for 2 min, after which it is immediately returned to the bath at 10°F. (a) Sketch the deviation in the bath temperature Tbath(t). Explain why the variation of the bath temperature (input) CANNOT be expressed using the impulse function! (b) Determine the deviation of the thermometer reading Treading(t). (©) Calculate the thermometer reading at t=0.5 min, 2min and 3 min. (a) Draw a sketch showing the variation of thermometer reading Treading(t) with time. 2. APID controller is at steady state with an output pressure of 9 psig. The set point and pen point are initially together. At time t=0, the set point and the pen point are suddenly displaced by 0.5 in. The motion of the set point is in the direction of lower readings. If the knob settings are: K, = 2 psig/in. of pen travel, = 1.25 min and tp = 0.4 min plot the output pressure versus time. .. The two tanks shown in the following figure were ini Ai 1f€, Ax=1.25 ft, Ri= 1 f/efm and R>= 0.8ft/efm. lly at steady state with q=10cfm, H2(s) R Qs) ns? + (+m ARs FT If the flow changes from 10 to 11 cfm according to a step change: (a) Write an expression for Hz(s) (Hzis the deviation in hz). (b) Determine H3(1), and H,(). (©) Determine hy(0) and h,(0). q Figure 1: The two tanks in question3. Ce ee ee ee ee ee we 1of4 4. For the control system shown in Figure 2, determine: (a) C(/RG). (b) C(~) in case R(s)=- (©) Offset. Suggest a control method to eliminate offset (no calculation required). /s. (d) Sketch the response (be sure to show the offset on your sketch). Is the closed-loop response oscillatory? Figure 2: Control system in question 4, 5. Consider the liquid-level control system shown in Figure 3. Proportional eantrotior (8) Ry As) Hs+D(5+1 Figure 3: Two-tank system in Problem 5, The following information is known: 1. The resistances on the tanks are linear, These resistances were tested separately, and it was found that , if the steady-state flow rate q (cfm) is plotted against steady- state tank level h (ft), the slope of the line dq/dh is 2 ft’/min. The cross-sectional area of each tanks is 2 ft’. 2- The pneumatic controller is proportional. 3- The control valve was tested separately, and was found that a change of 1 psi in Pressure to the valve produced a change in flow of 0.1 cfm. 4- There is no dynamic lag in the valve or the measuring element, (a) Draw a block diagram of this control system. (6) In each block give the transfer function, with numerical values of the parameters. (©) What is the value of Kc needed for critical damping. 20f4 Alexandria University Ayah) daly, Faculty of Engineering Assy Ais Specialized Scientific Programs Hrawadiall Atal gal yl al exam, 2012 Sats stay Sl ali Process Dynamics and Control (GPE 252] Time Allowed: 120 Minutes. Course Instructor: Dr. Iman El Gheriany Answer the following questions. SHOW ALL YOUR STEPS. Every question is for 10 points. 1. A thermometer having first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1 min is in a temperature bath at 100°F (steady state). The thermometer is suddenly placed in a bath at 110°F at t=0 and left there for 2 min, after which it is immediately returned to the bath at 100°R, (a) Sketch the deviation in the bath temperature Tbath(t). Explain why the variation of the bath temperature (input) CANNOT be expressed using the impulse function! (b) Determine the deviation of the thermometer reading Treading(t). (©) Calculate the thermometer reading at t=0.5 min, 2min and 3 min. (d) Draw a sketch showing the variation of thermometer reading Treading(t) with time. 2. A PID controller is at steady state with an output pressure of 9 psig. The set point and | pen point are initially together. At time t=0, the set point and the pen point are suddenly displaced by 0.5 in. The motion of the set point is in the direction of lower readings. | If the knob settings are: K,=2 psig/in. of pen travel, 1=1.25 min and tp = 0.4 min plot the output pressure versus time. 3. The two tanks shown in the following figure were initially at steady state with q=10cfm. A= 1 ft, Ar=1.25 ft, Ri= 1 ft/cfm and Ro= .8ft/icfm. Ha(s) Ry Qs) ns? (+m F AiRy)s tI If the flow changes from 10 to 11 cfm according to a step change: (a) Write an expression for Hz(s) (Hhis the deviation in hz). (b) Determine Hy(1), and Ha(o). (©) Determine hy(0) and h2(0). q Figure 1: The two tanks in question3. 1of4 4. For the control system shown in Figure 2, determine: (a) C(s/RO). (b) C(~) in case R(s)=2/s. (©) Offset. Suggest a contro! method to eliminate offset (no calculation required). (@) Sketch the response (be sure to show the offset on your sketch). Is the closed-loop response oscillatory? Figure 2: Control system in question 4. 5. Consider the liquid-level control system shown in Figure 3. Proportional controller HS)__ 5) (s+ D(ms+1) Figure 3: Two-tank system in Problem 5. ‘The following information is known: 1- The resistances on the tanks are linear. These resistances were tested separately, and it was found that, if the steady-state flow rate q (cfm) is plotted against steady- state tank level h (ft), the slope of the line dq/dh is 2 ft/min. The cross-sectional area of each tanks is 2 ft”, 2- The pneumatic controller is proportional. 3- The control valve was tested separately, and was found that a change of 1 psi in Pressure to the valve produced a change in flow of 0.1 cfm, 4- There is no dynamic lag in the valve or the measuring clement. (a) Draw a block diagram of this control system. (b) In each block give the transfer function, with numerical values of the parameters. (©) What is the value of Kc needed for critical damping. 20f4 re PS eS eS eS eS eS eS Se US see Alexandria university "Fifth Year Faculty of Engineering Network Security Specialized Scientific Programs Communication Department, Time allowed: 2 hrs, 100 Marks “Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab Question 1 a, (10 marks) In DES-OFB mode, why should the initialization vector be randomly generated? b. (10 marks) Assume that we modify the DES-CBC system, where the XOR operation is done after the encryption operation instead of before it. How does this affect the security of the system? Explain. c. (10 marks) Repeated encryption increases the security of DES against brute force attacks. For instance, in triple DES, to encrypt a message m, encryption is re- peated three times. each time with a different key, i.e., to encrypt m we compute exs(€x2(€x,(m))). In general, we may repeat the encryption NV times, instead of just three times. Does there exist a value Nyyax such that increasing N to be greater than Neax does not increase the security of DES any more? No rigorous proof is required here, just give « simple intuitive justification for your answer d. (20 marks) Consider the RSA algorithm: (i) Perform RSA encryption using the following values, where e is the public key, ‘mis the message to be encrypted, p and q are the prime factors of the modulus n: p=3,q=5,e=7,m=5. (i) In (@, e is an odd number, is this a coincidence or all RSA encryption keys are odd? Justify your answer. (iii) In (i), find the value of the decryption key d. (iv) In (i), what happens if we choose to use double RSA encryption with the same key, ie., compute (m*)* Question 2 a. (10 marks) Prove that when ged(m,n) = 1, then (mn! Euler’s totient function. a(m)h(n), where 4(-) is b. (10 marks) In the RC4 stream cipher: (i) How many different S arrays can we have? (ii) How many different initial keys can we have? (iii) Can we have a situation where two different keys K and KX’ generate the same $ array? Why? If so, what is the condition for this to happen? page 1 of 2 a. ea eo, (iv) The RC4 stream cipher generates a sequence of keys ki, kay... At each instant, 4, the cipher octet c; = m, @ ki, where m, is the plain text octet. When does the sequence hy, ka,... begin to repeat itself? (10 marks) Prove that an asymmetric encryption system can never be perfectly secret according to Shannon's definition. (10 marks) Show how the security of the Diffie-Hellman key agreement algorit relies on the discrete logarithm problem. (10 marks) Suggest a modification to the Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol in order to avoid the man-in-the-middle attack. page 2 of 2 Alexandria University Awad doa Facalty of Engineering Asaighl Aas Specialized Scientific Programs Heanadiall Adal gall inal exam, 2012 Ap sLaS Sally Hall aly Process Dynamics and Control (GPE 252] Time Allowed: 120 Minutes. Course Instructor: Dr. Iman El Gheriany _ Answer the following questions. SHOW ALL YOUR STEPS. Every question is for 10 p 1. A thermometer having first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1 min is in a temperature bath at 100°F (steady state), The thermometer is suddenly placed in a bath at 110°F at t=0 and left there for 2 min, after which it is immediately returned to the bath at 10°F. (a) Sketch the deviation in the bath temperature Tbath(t). Explain why the variation of the bath temperature (input) CANNOT be expressed using the impulse function! (b) Determine the deviation of the thermometer reading Treading({). (c) Calculate the thermometer reading at t=0.5 min, 2min and 3 min. () Draw a sketch showing the variation of thermometer reading Treading(t) with time. 2. A PID controller is at steady state with an output pressure of 9 psig. The set point and pen point are initially together. At time =0, the set point and the pen point are suddenly displaced by 0.5 in. The motion of the set point is in the direction of lower readings. If the knob settings are: K.=2 psig/in. of pen travel, t= 1.25 min and tp = 0.4 min plot the output pressure versus time. 3. The two tanks shown in the following figure were initially at steady state with q=10cfm. Ais 1 ft, Ar=1.25 f°, Ri= 1 ft/efm and Ro= 0.8ft/efm. Ha(s) Ro Qs) 11s? + (+ F ALRa)s FT If the flow changes from 10 to 11 cfm according to a step change: (a) Write an expression for Hy(s) (Bais the deviation in hz). (b) Determine H,(1), and Hy(co). (©) Determine hy(0) and h,(0). q Figure 1: The two tanks in question3. 1of4 4. For the control system shown in Figure 2, determine: (a) C(S/RG). (b) C(@) in case R(s)=2/s. (©) Offset. Suggest a control method to eliminate offset (no calculation required). (@) Sketch the response (be sure to show the offset on your sketch). Is the closed-loop response oscillatory? Figure 2: Control system in question 4. 5. Consider the liquid-level control system shown in Figure 3. Proportional controlior 2) Os) (%s+DE5+) Figure 3: Two-tank system in Problem 5. The following information is known: 1. The resistances on the tanks are linear. These resistances were tested separately, and it was found that, if the steady-state flow rate q (cfm) is plotted against steady- state tank level h (ft), the slope of the line dq/dh is 2 ft/min. The cross-sectional area of each tanks is 2 £1”, 2- The pneumatic controller is proportional, 3- The control valve was tested separately, and was found that a change of 1 psi in Pressure to the valve produced a change in flow of 0.1 cfm. 4- There is no dynamic lag in the valve or the measuring element. (a) Draw a block diagram of this control system. (>) In each block give the transfer function, with numerical values of the parameters. (©) What is the value of Ke needed for critical damping. 20f4 ee ee Figure S2: Response of a second-order system to a unit impulse foreing function. 40f4 pJOe “uorouny 3ujo,t0j doys-ypun 0} w19yss s9p40-puosas v Jo asuodsay :1¢ a4n51y ta a odsey or a 9 + z 0, voll q > ro ot Ii] FR RAV Ay 7 ite | 7 ani L a goed |. 3 oa SETH il ba NTT 7 et "1 sl (s)> 45% y= vt +1) 26 oa (s) Jun = (a, Ls) fs] wait = (C0) feat (Sos? = {04 — DAT wom “(sy = {)S}7 H INaWaTddAS Alexandria University SSP Ayia daly Faculty of Engineering Assigll 45 Specialized Scientific Programs B Tawedtall Saba! gall Natural Gas & Petrochemical Engineering hy gaS ll y gasnhll 5Ull Lae Fall, 2013 ey ky ‘Separaion Processes 1 Veal cle Time allowed: Two hours swer All Questions: ‘Question One: (a) Complete each of the following: (10 points) 1- Crystallization process can take place by cooling if 2. is the basic requirement for the design of adsorption systems. 3- Amount of adsorbate adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent is known as 4- The arrangement of liquid flow over the tray that is suitable for low L/V ratio is . 5- The salting-out process is 6- The q-line equation is defined as and it depends on 7- For backward feeding in evaporators, the feed can be or : 8. is a method of evaporation feeding that is used for cold feed. 9- The value of steam economy should be higher than 10- . is the main reason for mass or heat transfer. 1- The concentration or temperature difference between that of super-saturation solution and saturated solution is the 12- Pulsation occurs on tray at 13- Adsorption is defined as 14- A conversion of a material to a mixture of carbon, tar and ash in the absence of oxygen is known as .. 15- Side stream 16- Soluble impur (b).Choose the suitable crystallizer with the help of a neat sketch (6 points) 1- A crystallizer that can be used for production of large, non-uniform crystals 2-A crystallizer that is used for crystallizing paraffin wax 3- A crystallizer that can produce uniform and large crystals, while dumping occurs at ... . the number of plates. ies can cause r during crystal formation. Question Two (a) Disc followi 1- Kinetic of adsorption. 2- Meta-stable region in crystallization process. 3- The effect of the adsorbate nature on the adsorption. 4- Regeneration of activated carbon (12 points) (b) A solution of organic colloids in water is to be concentrated from 10 to 50% solids in a single effect evaporator. Steam is available at a gauge pressure of 15 psi. A pressure of 4 in Hg absolute is to maintain in the vapor space, this corresponds to a boiling point of water of 125°F. ‘The feed rate to evaporator is 55000lb/hr. The overall heat transfer coefficient can be taken as 500 Btw/fhr F. The solution has a negligible elevation in boiling point. Calculate the steam consumption, the economy and the heating surface requit temperature of the feed is: (i) 125°F, (ji) 70°F Comment on the results obtained for each of the above cases and give your reasons. (10 points) Question Three (IS points) ifthe A binary mixture is to be distilled in a continuous distillation column to produce an overhead product containing 95 mol% of M.V.C. The bottom product is to contain 90 mol% of L.V.C. ‘The feed contains 50 mol% of each component. The equilibrium curve is given by the equation Y=2X_/ (1+X). The feed rate is 1000 moles/hr. A reflux ratio of 4.53 is used. The feed is a mixture of liquid and vapor, with 250 moles/hr are already vaporized. Calculate: 1- The equation used for the stripping and the rectifying sections. 2- The liquid composition on the first plate from the bottom. 3- The number of theoretical plates. 4- Draw the q-line on the diagram and determine the minimum possible value of (L/D) Best wishes Prof. Dr. Nevine Kamal Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Gas and Petrochemical Engineering Department Environmental Science and Engineering Fall 2012 Answer All the following questions Question 1 (10 points) Mention the scientific Term of each of the following: 1. Treatment method which has the added advantage of removing some inorganic as well as organic compounds. 2. Building of larger flocs from smaller particles in water treatment 3. Water pollutant that can be treated by trickling filter. ‘The collection of a product by the public and the return of this material to the industrial sector. 5. Undesirable concentrations of air contaminants usually result from some human activity 6. Solid particles formed as a result of incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. 7. Determination of amount of oxygen concentration by iodometric titration. 8. Gaseous air pollutant produced from Nonferrous smelters 9. 1 - Biodegradation process in absence of oxygen (0.Differs from trickling filtration in that the microorganisms are suspended in the liquid. Question 2 (10 points) (a) The following data were obtained for a sample: -total solids = 4000 mg/L - suspended solids = 5000 mg/L. -volatile suspended solids = 2000 mg/L. -fixed suspended solids = 1000 mg/l Which of these numbers is not reasonable and why? (b) Combustion of the organic fraction of refuse is a method of extracting useful energy. Explain this process, then mention drawbacks of side products? Illustrate your answer with chemical reactions? Prof.Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Best Wishes | Page 1/2 (c) Compare between the sludge collected in water and wastewater treatment plants (d) Starting with nitrogenous dead organic matter, follow N around the Aerobic and anaerobic cycles by writing down all the various forms of nitrogen. Question 3 (10 points ) Give reasons for each of the following: 4. Open dump disposal became recognized as serious public health and aesthetic problems. 2. Excess nitrogen in water is considered as a source of pollution 3. Degree of treatment depends on the capacity of the receiving water 4. One device will not be effective and efficient for all particulate air pollutants 5. Primary sludge should be stabilized before disposal Question 4 (10 points ) (a) A wastewater sample is diluted by a factor of 10 using seeded dilution water. If the volume of the BOD bottle used was 300 ml and the following results were obtained, determine the 5- day BOD of the wastewater sample. Time, days Dissolved oxygen Diluted sample ‘Seeded sample 0 8.55 8.75 1 4.35 8.70 2 4.02 8.66 3 3.35 8.61 4 2.75 8.57 5 2.40 8.53 6 24 8.49 (b) Name two types of samples you would need to seed if you wanted to measure their BOD. Question 5 (10 points ) Discus each of the following (using sketch whenever possible) (a) Trickling filters (b) The influence of green house gases on global climate with the aid of the mechanism (©) Compositing. (d) Control of gaseous air pollutants Prof.Dr. Ola Abdelwahab Best Wishes | Page 2/2 eo a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee “ Alexandria University us Ay ysis deat Faculty of Engineering S Ausaigit Ais Specialized Scientific Programs Aeauadiall Ayala gall January , 2013 ‘Course title Number:Materials (G29 GEM a jaall pad selection in petrochemical industry Time allowed:120 mints... Answer All Questions ‘Question one [ACA storage tank for concentrated nitric acid will be constructed from aluminum to resist corrosion. The tank is to have an inside diameter of 6 m and a height of 17 m. The maxiumum level in the tank will be at 16 m. Estimate the plate thickness required at the base of the tank. Take the allowable design stress for aluminum as 90 N/mm’. And the specific gravity nitric concentrated acid as 1.42? B-State whether the following statements are false or true and correct the false one: 1-On application of direct current to a metallic structure in a corrosive environment, the potential of the cathode shifts away from the potential of the anodic area in the metallic structure. 2- Hastelloy B has a good corrosion resistance to mineral acids, particularly HCI contai ferric chloride. 3- Environmental conditions are considered as one of the main factors affecting the life time ing of equipment. 4-Impressed current anode system is preferred as a protection method in soils of high ivy. 5. Ferritic stainless steels are highly resistant and in some cases immune to chloride stress- corrosion cracking (SCC). 6-The lower the potential of the sacrificial anode alloy, the higher would be the current output. 7-The maximum hydrogen pressure specific steels can withstand without hydrogen attack increases as the temperature increases. 8- Pre-stressed concert can also be used to storage LNG. 9- Nickel is not subject to pitting corrosion like stainless steel. 10- The acceptable rate of attack does not vary with the equipment duty. L1- Type 3041 (low carbon version of 304) is commonly used for thinner welded Sections. 12-Plastic inserts can be used to prevent galvanic—eorrosion attack at the inlet to heat— exchanger tubes. 13- Brittle materials are weak in tension but strong in compression. 14- Materials with a high resistance to erosion must be specified for critical components subjected to cyclic stresses. Exam Commitiee: Lecturer Name __,Dr.Taghreed MZ. , eosssoezese ABSS 120... a3) 15- In carburization an increase in carbon potential of the gas mix is responsible for a lower damage, C-Give reasons for the following: 1: A special backfill, such as hydrated gypsum, bentonite and clay is placed around the anode in the galvanic anodic systems . 2-Plain carbon steel can be used for heat treatment baths containing molten nitrate salts. 3- The presence of oxygen is essential to the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. 4- For oxidation resistance above 1200°C, alloys that rely on protective AlO3 (alumina) scale formation is to be preferred over those forming chromia. ‘5- Materials with a high resistance to corrosion must be specified for critical components subjected to cyclic stresses. Question Two: A-Calculate the expected current output of a single 48 Ib magnesium alloy anode. The size of the backfill package is 10" x 40". The steel has been polarized to a potential of -0.85 V. The resistivity of soil is 2000 ohm-cm. The solution potential of Galvamog is 1.75 V. Calculate the life of 48 Ib magnesium anode. Compare also between the number of 48 Ib magnesium alloy anode required to protect a 10,000 ft of a bare 4” diameter pipeline in a pipeline having the same resistivity and that number required to protect coated pipe of the same diameter and length. Assume that a current requirement of 2 mA/ft? is required in case of bare pipeline and 0.5 x10° mA/ft’ is required in case of coated pipeline. B-Suggest a suitable material of construction for each of the following processes: 1- The storage and distribution of demineralized water. 2-A storage tank handling dilute sulfuric acid 3- Hydrocracking reactors where temperature may reach $50°in presence of H3S and Hy. 4- An impressed current anode for the protection of underground carbon steel pip 5- Ethylene cracking furnaces tubes, where temperatures may reach up to 1150°C. Give the scientific_terms of the following statemen The phenomenon of accumulation of hydrogen molecules Hz inside metals which could lead to high local deformation. A high temperature corrosion phenomena results from nitrogen atmospheres, especially under reducing conditions and high temperatures. 3: This is an important property of the material if the equipment is being designed to handle abrasive solids, or liquids containing suspended solids. 4: A type of steel which is characterized by a high degree of chemical homogeneity and freedom from porosity. 5: Itis a form of corrosion that does not require the presence of a liquid electrolyte. Exam Committee: Lecturer Name __,Dr.Taghreed M2. , Question three Compare the time to rupture of the following reformer tubes alloys namely IN 519 and HP micro, based on the following design data: Parameters HP micro INS19 Outside diameter 150 mm 138 mm Wall thickness 11.4 mm 13.7mm, Design temperature 940°C 890°C Operating pressure 3.1 MPa 2.9MPa Which one would you recommend as a reformer tube? Give your reasons. Bz For each of the metals listed below, compute the Pilling-Bedworth ratio. Also, on the basis of this value, specify whether or not you would expect the oxide scale that forms on the surface to be protective, and then justify your decision. Density data for both the metal and its oxide are also tabulated. (atomic weights for O- 108.98,Sn=118.71, Zr=91.224) Metal Oxide Density Metal Density Metal ____(g/em’)__ Oxide (g/cm) 22 6.51 ZrOz 5.89 Sn 7.30 SnO2 6.95 Bi 9.80 BizOs 8.90 Bonus question In the following figures in g Porous gasket Exam Commitee: Lecturer Name __ ,Dr.Taghreed M.Z. Fig.2 Fig3 Supplementary data 0.00521 8L R =—— 2.3 -1 i (p) log q Where R = resistance of vertical anode ,L = length (ft) of the anode, d:diameter of the anode oft p=soil resistivity,ohm.em Osx Py x(Do +d, ) 2xt Onis the rupture stress , Py is the pressure differential across the tube , Do is the outside op = diameter of the tube , Dj is the inside diameter of the tube , t is the Sound wall thickness. ‘The wall thickness of vertical cylinder tanks with flat bases and conical roofs can be calculated pri g De 25,E x 103 Where t: tank wall thickness required at depth Hy, mm, Hi: liquid depth, m, pv: liquid density .kg/m’, E: joint efficiency (may be assumed 0.9), g:9.81 m/s, S:maximum allowable stress for tank material N/mm’, Dy: tank diameter ,m. Wom= 0453592 ay é = IN 51 wa micro 2 10 26 2B 30 Bz 34 LMP (T+273)(20+Legt)/ 1000 Figure 1. Larson Miller diagram comparing the four reformer tube alloy types Exam Committee: __Lecturer Name __,Dr.Taghreed MZ. , ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee el \5-\- 22. Alexandria University SSP ea day Faculty of Engineering aa 4s Specialized Scientific Programs adil abl gall 2013 fs Bel Las gel: Gall Answer all questions: 1) A packed bed reactor, of 60 ft length, is packed with catalyst pellets %4 in in diameter. Ethylene gas (CoH,) enters the reactor with a velocity of 5 fUs. The temperature is constant along the reactor at 260°C. The solid fraction is 55%. The entering pressure is 10 atm. The viscosity of the gas is 0.0673 lby/ft.h. The reactor diameter is 0.134 ft. Plot the pressure drop against the reactor height. ao marks). 2) Determine the plug-flow reactor volume necessary to produce 300 millions pounds of ethylene gas per year from cracking a gas feed stream of pure ethane (CH). The reaction is irreversible and follows an elementary rate law. A conversion of 80% of ethane is to be achieved. The reactor is operating isothermally at 100K, at an initial pressure of 6 atm with specific reaction rate of 3 s'. The pressure drops by 2 atm. (10 marks) 3) Put (¥) or (X) and correct the wrong sentences if any. (10 marks) a) The fluidized bed reactors have the disadvantage of the difficult temperature control inside the reactor. ) For CSTRs in series, the conversion, X, after any reactor is the total number of moles that have reacted up to that point per mole of A fed to this reactor. ) In case of LHSV the entering volumetric flow rate is measured at standard conditions. 4) In gaseous phase reactions, the concentration is insignificantly affected by even relatively large changes in the total pressure. €) The catalytic reaction is catalyzed over the entire catalyst solid surface. f) Space time is defined as the time it takes for the fluid to enter the reactor completely. g) Semi batch reactors increase the capability of minimizing unwanted side reactions. hh) Da is the ratio of the rate of reaction of A to the rate of convective transport of A at the entrance to the reactor. i) Langmuir isotherm shows a plot of the amount of CO adsorbed per unit mass of catalyst as a function of the partial pressure of CO. 4) There are two models of adsorption that can be considered during catalytic reactions. 1/3 | x“ 3 4) ‘The experimental kinetic data of the catalytic decomposition of gaseous sulfuryl chloride (SO;CI,) to yield adsorbed sulfur dioxide and chlorine in the gas phase are as follows (10 marks) _ Initial sulfuryl chloride T partial pressure (atm) | 025 | 05 | 075 | 1 15 | 225 0.325 | 0.635 | 0.975 | 1.37 2 | 2925 Initial corresponding rate (mol/geat.min) Assumi are very fast, is the adsorption step the limiting step? Use the following symbols: A-adsorption D-sdesorption L-+sulfuryl chloride c-+chlorine s~surface reaction dsulfur dioxide 5) i) Mention the reasons of catalysts deactivation. ii) Define TOF. iii) When supported catalysts are used? iv) Mention the advantages of CSTR. v) What are the factors that affect the mass transfer coefficient in case of the external diffusion during catalytic reactions? vi) Compare between the differential and the batch reactors used in the kinetic data, collection. (6 marks) 6) Find the time necessary for the concentration of a reactant to drop to % its initial value. (4 marks). 7) Bonus question: (2 marks) i) Show only with a sketch the relationship between the conversion and the size of the catalyst particles in PBR. ii) Show only with a sketch the relationship between the rate of reaction and the catalyst weight in PBR comparing between the presence of a pressure drop and no pressure drop (on the same sketch). iii) One catalyst has a TOF of 3*10° and another one has TOF of 3*10” which one is, better for catalytic reactions? iv) Why for isothermal reactions greater than zero order, the CSTR volume is usually greater than the PFR volume? Best Wishes Dr. Yasmine Ossama 2/3 mee es SS SS eso Alexandria University *“ Faculty of Engineering 7 Semester Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Mid Term Exam Date: January 2013 Time allowed: 2 Hours Questions (1): ~ For Q= 60000 m3/d, BOD concentration = 250 mg/l in raw sewage, it is required to: - Design the preliminary treatment works (screens and grit chamber). - Design the primary sedimentation tanks. - Design the trickling filters system including final sedimentation tanks. - Draw and explain how trickling filter treats wastewater. nis (2 - Calculate the volume of the ground tank which serves 120000 persons if the water consumption rate = 200l/person/day. Calculate the high lift pumps power if the elevation difference between the city and water tank = 20 m and the distance between tank and city =15km. ~ Indicate the types of water distribution networks. Questions (3):- - An activated sludge system is to be designed for a community of 100000 capita and the BOD concentration in raw wastewater is 180 mg/l. Design the activated sludge system including final sedimentation tanks. - Indicate the methods of the activated sludge ventilation. Alexandria University of 7" Semester Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Mid Term Exam Date: January 2013 Ti ime allowed: 2 Hours Questions (4):- ~ For the given sewer system, it is required to: Faculty of Engineering ~ Design the sewer system. ~ Design the collection sunip and pumps if the level difference between the wastewater treatment plant and the pump station = 20 m and the force main length = 10 km. 9=40l/s q=30ls q=251/s a 30m 40 m 30m _~ S = 0.008 0.002 0.002 Questions (5 - For the given water distribution network, it is required to design sections I, II and Il if the Population density is 400 capita/hectar. 1 q 203 Pry a = = te ~~ N mr a ee tee oS Na Te Rm ms ee ee ee es eS eee ee Alexandria University skyline Faculty of Engineering Heal IS Specialized Scientific Programs Rennie Lal gal Heat Transport gy $s di} Fall, 2013, B-1-2013 013 as Time allowed: Two hours tele: dest Answer the Following Questi 1, The forced convective heat transfer coefficient for a hot fluid flowing over a cool surface is 225 W/m?.’C for a particular problem. The fluid temperature upstream of the cool surface is 120 °C, and the surface is held at 25°C. Determine: a. The heat transfer rate per unit surface area from the fluid to the surface. b. The temperature at the lower surface of the metal if the thermal conductivity is 379 W/m.k and the metal thickness is 5 em. 2. An electric light bulb, rated 60 W, has a surface temperature of 145°C when cooled by atmospheric air at 25°C. The air flows past the bulb with a velocity of 0.5 mis. the bulb can be molded as a sphere with a diameter of 7.5 cm. determine the heat transfer from the bulb by the mechanism of forced convection. 3.Caleulate the total heat loss by convection and radiation from un-lagged horizontal steam pipe S0mm.o.d.at 377 to air at 283K.Assume emissivity equal 0.9 4.A Heat exchanger is required to cool continuously 20kg/s of warm water from 360k to 335k by means of 25kg/s of cold water, inlet temperature 300K.Assuming that the water velocities are such as to give an overall heat transfer coefficient of 2KW/m°K,assumed constant ,calculate the total area of surface required(a) in a counter flow heat exchanger and (b)in a multi-pass heat exchanger ,with the cold water making two passes through the tube ,and hot water making one pass along ‘out side of the tubes. assume that in case (b) hot water flows in the same direction as the inlet cold water ,and that its temperature over any cross-section is uniform. 5 In an oil cooler where hot oil enters in a thin metal pipe of a diameter of 0.25x10” Meter water flows through the annular space between the pipe ana the larger concentric pipe. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient given that the coefficient for the oil side is 1.6kw/m? and 3.6kw/m’ for the water side. GOOD LUCK Gas-LIQUEFACTION SYSTEMS | _20\3 INTRODUCTION $-1 System Performance Parameters ‘There are three payoff functions which we might use to indicate the performance of a liquefaction system: 1 Work required per'unit mage of gas compressed, —W/rit 2 Work required por unit mass of gas liquefied, —W/riy 3 Fraction of the total flow of gas which is liquefied, y = tity/rt ‘hw Inst two payoff functions are related to the first one by =v (34) thy ‘++ any liowefaction system, we should want to minimize the work require- juenta and maximize the fraction of gas which is liquefied. E gaa of merit’ + ided work compared & acted Work rom = Wi. Wim rom = = Sa ‘The figure of merit is a number between 0 and 1, und it gives a measure ‘of how closely the system approaches the ideal operation. (32) There are several performance parameters whi compoceats of ral yatoma, "Theos includes nn nn PPI fo Ue ‘Compressor and expander adiabatic efficiencies + Compressor and expander mechanical efficiencies « ‘Heat-exchanger effectiveness Pressure drops through piping, heat exchangers, ote.” Heat transfer to the system from ambient surroundings ween Laud reservoir (a) e) Fle, $1. The thermodvnamically ideal iauelaction system, at om oo ee Sit Ma 1) — (hm — hy) = (3-7) ‘hy In the ideal system, 100 percent of the gas compressed is liquefied, or th = thy, so that y = 1, Notice that a liquefaction system is a work- absorbing system; therefore, the net work requirement is negative (work done on the system), and the term —W/t is a positive number. LIQUEFACTION SYSTEMS VOR GASES OTHER THAN NEON, HYDROGEN, AND HELIUM 3-5 Simple Lindo-Hampson System Fig. $5. Schematic of the Linde-Hampson system, Subs ‘The (3-28) ty koh Uh 7 dn — W = mh, = hi) (326) tituting for Uhe reversible isothermal heat trunsfor from 14. (3-6), = Ty(a, — #2) — (hr — a) (3-27) | + work requirement per unit mass liquefied is | = REM 9) — i i eee | Refrigerant "Op T" Es | fe TT ro PN aa) Main compressor 7 Fig. 3-10 Preeooled Lindo-Hampson system. The presoolant may be ‘any fuld whigh condonses at ambient temperature under pressure. Teconst Temperature 7 Fig. $11 Precooled Linde-Hampeon eyele, Tho stato pointe rder to tho wuenbored pointa in Fig. 3-10. Entropy « Tf we define the refrigerant flow-rate ratio r ns: ree im where mi, ia the mass flow rate of the auxiliary refrigerant, then [iq. (3-29) may be written as follows, solving for the liquid yield y = r/1h: hok (31) (3-32) coax)“ = aif =a) — Gar = be) + FO — Wine Anak press ave Qyele: ‘eoapessor m, Mateup Q i [pmo “Uquid Fig. 3-14 Schematio of tho Linde dual-pressure system, Temperature T Hig. I-15 Linde dual-promure cycle. ‘The alate points refer to the numbered pointn in I Eniropy « a oe oe ee oe ae oe ae oe oe oe oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee liquid yield for the Linde dual-pressure system: hy 3 Ty (3-34) where i is the intermediate-presure-strenin flow-rate ratio, a (335) where sii is the mass flow rate of the intermediate pressure stream at point 8 and ri is the total mass flow rate through the high-pressure com- pressor. The second term represents the reduction in the liquid yicld below that of the simple system because of splitting the flow at the inter- mediate-pressure-liquid receiver. Applying the first, Inw for steady flow to the two compressors, jad that the work requirement per unit mas of gas comprsed in the _yiressure comTessor is -W 1 EPs — a8) ~ (hy ~ ha) = if Tin — 8) — (a — A] (30) =r Pr rr eee SSeS eS Cele eee Tore, if liquid were formed in the cylinder of an expansion engine (posi 39 Claude Sysi ‘The expansion through an expansion valve is an irreversible process, thermodymamically speaking, so if we wish to come closer to the ideal performanee, ¥& Must seek a better process to produce low temper- atures. In the Claude system, shown in Fig. 3-18, energy is removed from the gas stream by allowing it to do some work in an expansion engine or expander. The Claude cycle is shown on the Ts plane in Fig. 3-19. If the expansion engi® is reversible and adiabatic (which we shall assume to be true for this analysis), the expansion process is isentropic, and a much lower temperature i$ attained than for an isenthalpic expansion, as we saw in See. 4. In the Claude system, the gas is first compressed to pressures on the order of 40 atm and then passed through the first heat exchanger. ‘Approximately 80 percent of the gas is then diverted from the maiiistream, expanded through ® expander, and reunited with the return stream below the second heat exchanger. The stream to be liquefied continues through the second and third heat exchangers and is finally expanded through an expansion valve t0 the liquid receiver. ‘The cold vapor from the liquid receiver is returned through the heat exchangers to cool the incoming gas. ‘An expansion valve iy still necessary in the Claude system, because much liguid cannot _be tolerated in the expander in an actual system. ‘The liquid has a much lower compressibi the gus; there- ve displacement typo): high momentary stresses would result. Some rotary turbine expanders (axial-flow type) have been developed which can tolerate ag much as 15 porvent liquid by weight without damage to the turbine blades. In some Claude systems, the energy output of the expandes'is used to help compress the gus being liquefied. In most small-scale systems, the energy is dissipated in a brake or in an external air blower. Whether the energy is wasted or not does not affect the liquid yield; however, it does increase the compression work requirement when the expander work is not used. Temperature T Is —h, nh = [Tis — 82) — (hr — hy) ] — 2 (hy — hy) Fig. $18 Jot es. = = = om mm -~ om re ” Effectiveness of actual energy transfer «= Fanimum possible energy transfer Fig. 5-47 Linde-Hampaon cycle with » heat ‘Grehanger which is lees than 100 percent effoc- tive, Points 1, 2,3, and 4 are the state points fog the 100 percent effective heat-exchanger tgeiem, Points 1', 2, 0, and A” are the state Finis for the system with the lem effective Then exehanger. \Aeat eKMarn yer (3-87) ayia (3-102) ue ah Solving for hi from Fat. (9-101) and substituting this expression in Fae (3-102) results in = (hy — a) (3-103), y= Gym) - 0 o10 ia S| 008 iy zt u 4 eos aca] : 4 3 sas 000,— 095100 Saenger eletveness ig. 3-48 ‘Tho fest of hesrxchnager ectvenas on the ste Linde Tampaan aylan wing nLcOEeD pen 200 ates, 7 OF APPENDIX 6 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS Table AG-1_ Properties of Hydrocarbons and Common Gases. Source: GPSA Engineering Data Book, 10th Ed., 1987 . Vapor Creal Liquid Volume Boling Press re oo Ratio Point"F = @100F Press. ‘Temp. Gav. sef gas! Compound Formula. Mol Wt_—_(1 atm) sia Pia DegrF 6060 gal ig, - Methane Cy 1608 25873 GO0Or 6664-11667 «3 (9.1357 Ethane GH, 30.070, 127.49 (B00 705.5 89.92 0.35619" 37.476 Propane Gly 44.097 43.75 188.68 616.0 206.05 0.30695" 36.375" Iso-Butane Cio 58.123 1078 72.581 527.9 274.460.3628 30.639" < Normal Butane Ci, 58.123 31.08 51.706 $50.6 305.62 0.58401 31.700" Iso-Pentane Gi; 72.150 8212 2044s 4904 369.10 0.62870 27.393 : Normal Pentare Gj, 72.150, 9692 155744886 ©3882. 27.674 seHlexane Cie 86.177 155.72 4960 4369 453.6 0.66383. 24371 - sHeptane Gi. 100.204 209.16 1620 © 39685127 0.68820 21.729 Octane Ge 118.231 258.21 0537 360.7 S682 0.70696. 19.580, : neDecane CoH 142.285 345.48 0.061 305.2 652073421 16.326, Nitrogen Ny 2013-32045, = 4931-23251 a.80940" 91.413" < Oxygen 0; 3999 207.33, = Ts 18143 Ltt. 93¢ Carbon Dioxide CO, 44010-10926" tot 8791 0.81802" 58.607" * Hydrogen Sulfide HS 34.08 16.50 398.59 1300 21245 O.8014a —74.401¢ Water #0 18.0153 212.00 0.950 3198.8 705.16 1.000008 175.62" < Ait Mixture 28.9625 -3178 — 5469-2131 O.8T4T6* 95.557" - Flammability Heating Value Freezing Heat of i Limits, vol% 60°F, 1 atm Point Vap'n . centric in Air Mint Brulscf @iam = @L atm : Compound Factor, Lower Upper Net Gross Degr F Brullb Methane 0.0108 50 150 909.8 1010.0 T2964" 21945 Ethane 0.0979 29 Bo 1618.7 1769.6 ~ 297.08 aus Propane 0.1522 20 9s 2149 2516.1 308.73" 183.01 Iso-Butane 0.1852 18 83 30004 3251.9 = 255.28 157.23 "Normal Butane 0.1995 1s 90 30108 32623, =217.05 165.93 Iso-Pentane 0.2280 13 80 3699.0 4000.9 255.82 M712 Normal Pentane 0.2514 ta 8331069 4008.9 =217.05 153.57 -Hexane 0.2994 n1 77 4403.8 4755.9 = 139.58 143.98 r-Heptane 03498 10 To stoo8 3502.5, = 131.05 136.00 n-Octane 0397 08 65 5196.1 6248.9 70.18 129.52 nDecane 0.4898 07 34 7189.6 ™ma29 =21336 119.65 Niogen 0.0372 = = = — 346.00" 85.59 Oxygen 0.0216 = = = = ~361.82" 91.59 Carbon Dioxide 0.2667 = = = = 69183 246.47 Hydrogen Sulfide 0.0988 a3 455 586.8 67. = 121.88" 235.63 Water 0.3483 — = = 3200 970.18, Air = = = = = 7 88.20 1 Above crcl point, exapoated or eximated ‘Seblinaton pots {table $-2 Maximum invortion €. At saturation presse, 60°F temporature At normal bling point. eae eaten Gata 0", guid anormal boiling pint f Atte tp poim pressure Mesinnon inversion temperature, 8 "e 2700 1370 1300 1120 395 1085 450 304 a 394 Conversion of Units CONVERSION FACTORS Length Im = 39,37 in = 106 pm = 10!9 A° Jin 2.54 em ft 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m Imi = 5280 ft = 1760 yds = 1609.34 m 1 nautical mile = 6076 ft Mass Tlbm = 453.6 g = 0.4536 kg = 7000 gr (grain) kg = 1000 g = 2.2046 Ibm Islug = 1 Ibf sft = 32.174 Ibm 1 US ton = 2000 Ibm (also called short ton) | ong ton = 2240 Ibm (also called British ton) tonne = 1000 kg (also called metric ton) Force 1 Ibf = 4.448 N = 4.448 x 10° dynes = 32.174 poundals = 32.174 Ibm fus? = I Ibw 2116 rbsit? 160 mm Hg = 760 Torr. 33.9 ft HzO = 1.013 x 10° Pa 01.3 kPa 1 Pa = 1 Nim? = 107 bars Volume If? = 7.4805 U.S. gal = 6.23 Imperial gal = 2.317 L 1m? = 1000 L = 264.2 U.S. gal = 35.31 ft I bbl = 42 U.S. gal (oil) = 5.615 f° Density water = 62.43 lbmv/ft® = 1000 kg/m? = 1 gfem? 8.346 IbnvUS gal mercury = 13.6 gem? Velocity T knot = 1 nautical mile/hr ‘Temperature oF = 1.8 CC) + 32 °R =F + 459.67 = 1.8 (K) 1W s= Lkg ms = 1N m3 10? dyne cm = 107 erg IVG=1VAs = 718 ft tbf = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal = 0.252 Cal 1 Btu 1055 J = 10.41 L atm 1 HP hr = 2545 Buu 1 kW br = 3412 Btu = 1.341 HP hr Power 1 HP = 550 fi Ibfis = 33000 ft Ibffmin = 746 W = 0.746 KW Gas Constant R = 1.9859 Btwilb mol °R = 1.9859 cal/g mol K 0.73024 atm f'/lbmol 1545.3 ft Ibfilb mol °R 10.732 psia feb mol °R = 0.082057 L atm/g mol K 82.057 atm cm’/g mol K 8314.5 Pa m¥/kg mol K or J/kg mol K = 8.3145 ki/kg mol K Viscosity (dynamic) (absolute) 1cP = 0.01 Poise = 0.01 g/em s = 0.01 dyne slem? (001 kg/m s = 0.001 Pa s = 0.001 N sim? 42 Ibm/ft hr = 0.0752 slugyft hr 6.72 x 10™ Ibmvft s = 2,09 x 1078 Ibf sift? 1 Pas = 0.0209 Ibf sift” (672 Ibmift s Kinematic Viscosity 1St = 1 cm/s = 0.0001 mis 1 f2/s = 929 St = 0.0929 m/s | Force-mass conversion factor a= 1 kg mis? N= 1 g emis? dyne 32.174 Ibm fs? Ibf = 1 slug fus? Ibf Acceleration due to gravity 8 = 32.2 fs? = 9.81 m/s? = 981 cm/s? (varies very slightly with longitude and elevation) Oe ee ee Oe 3-|-2013 Alexandria University SSP Hy SAY dala Faculty of Engineering aigll AIS Specialized Scientific Programs B Aammadial Adal! eal ll Natural Gas & Petrochemical Engineering SA glaS Sly gay) jl) Laan Fall, 2013 2013 xs Natural gas Liquefaction al jal da Time allowed: Two hours Sele: Gel Read carefully and answer the following questions: Question One: Discuss briefly and precisely the following: a- Rollover phenomena in storage tanks. b- Types of liquefaction plants focusing on storage production capacities and operation, c- Overall heat transfer coefficient at cryogenic conditions and its impact on heat exchanger design. d- Why and how mercury has to be removed from natural gas to be liquefied e- Extemal and internal cooling. Question Two a)An Engineer claims that he can cool Helium by passing it across Joule-Thompson valve starting at room temperature (530°R/70°F).Do you agree or not with his claim. State your reasons and recommendations to cool it. Question Three Draw a flow diagram for preparing a gas stream fed to a liquefaction plant, if needed, before entering the low-Temperature processing equipment. Explain the steps, reagents and conditions used. The basis of process selection should be clearly stated. Question Four a) In Passing a gas through a throttle valve show how can you increase the amount of liquid formed. Trace your recommendation on T-S diagram. b) ‘Question Five a-What would be the minimum temperatures in the liquefied gas tanks of a cascade system, The cascade starts by cycle of ammonia, followed by propane, ethane, methane and nitrogen cycles. Each cycle is precooling the following one. Why the temperatures are called the minimum temperatures? Sketch the Cascade system. b-To what temperature would the gas be cooled if it was withdrawn just after passing through the propane liquid tank? moe ee Se Question Six a-Determine the liquid yield, the work per unit mass liquefied, and the work per unit mass compressed for the simple Linde-Hampson using nitrogen as the working fluid it operates between 1 atm and 70°F and 200 atm.(at point2).The following property data are given as follows: hy=2870 cal/mole at 1 atm. and 70°F,hy=2620 cal./mole at 200 atm, and 295K he0.0 cal./mole at | atm. and saturated liqui 81=26.7 cal/mole K at 1 atm. and 295K , s=15.4 cal./mole K at 200 atm. and 295k. becalculate the critical effectiveness of the heat exchanger. > ‘Schemati of the Linde-Hampson aystom. B) Comment on what would happen if a turbine replaces the valve as far as the work and liquid yield and other factors are concerned Alexandria University SSP Ay asa) daly Faculty of Engineering i Haasigh ts Specialized Scientific Programs Faas Atel Ga Jan, 2013 2013 4b ‘Course title Number: Fundamentals of Mass 2a GF Saal Balance GPE 211 ‘Time allowed: Two Hours elec Gag es SS eee eee lee eS ele Answer All Questions: 1, Methane is bumed with air in a continuous steady-state combustion reactor to yield a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. The reactions taking place are: 3 CHy + 502 > CO + 2H,0 CH, + 20; + CO, +2H,0 The feed to the reactor contains 7.8% CHs, 19.4% Oz, and 72.8% No. The percentage conversion of methane is 90 % and the gas Iéaving the reactor contains 8 mol COs/mol CO. For one mol of carbon monoxide produced, calculate the feed to the reactor and the molar composition of the product stream using atomic species balance. (15 marks) 2. An evaporation- crystallization process is used to obtain solid potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution of this salt. The fresh feed to the process contains 19.6 wt % K2SOs. The wet filter cake consists of solid K>SOs crystals and a 40,0 wt % K2S0x solution in a ratio 10 kg crystals/kg solution. The filtrate is recycled to join the fresh feed. Of the water fed to the evaporator, 45.0 % is evaporated. The evaporated has a maximum capacity of 175 kg water evaporated/s. The process is operating at 75% of its maximum capacity. Calculate the production rate of solid KSOq, the rate at which fresh feed must be supplied to achieve this, production rate, and the recycle ratio. (15 points) 3. Butane is burned with air. No carbon monoxide is present in the combustion products. Calculate the molar composition of the product gas for 20% excess air and 90% conversion of butane. (10 points) 4. Liquid acetone (C3HeO) is fed at a rate of 400 L/min into a heated chamber, where it evaporates into a nitrogen stream. The gas leaving the heater is diluted by anther nitrogen stream flowing at a measured rate of 519 m? (STP)/min. The combined gases are then compressed to a total pressure of 8.3 atm gauge at a temperature of 325°C. The partial pressure of acetone in this stream is 701 mm Hg. Calculate: (1) The molar composition of the stream leaving the compressor. (2) The volumetric flow rate of nitrogen entering the evaporator if the temperature and pressure of this stream are 27°C and 475 mm He gau; Exam Committee: Prof.Dr.E-S, El Ashtoukhy re - | Ss SS SS So FSS US PS SO PSS Alexandria University SSP Ay patel deal, Faculty of Engineering Hussight Als Specialized Scientific Programs wa Aeanadial Ayala gall January , 2013 Time allowed:2 hr Course title: Natural Gas treatment and purification (GPE 521) est oni A-Natural gas flowing through a fixed bed of iron sponge at 2 MMSCED has a density of 3.85 Ibm/ft’ and acid gas concentration of 25 ppm. The gas viscosity is 0.014 cp and its compressibility factor is 0.86. The density of the iron oxide is 320 Ib/f. The operating pressure and temperature are 1000 psig and 120 °F, respectively. Assume the pressure gradient across the bed not exceed 0.44 psi/ft.(atomic weight Fe=56, O=16) Calculate: 1-Bed minimum diameter 2-The daily consumption of iron sponge in ft'/day. 3-The bed life if an aspect ratio of 4 is to be used. 4-The power required if the compressor efficiency =60%. Fe203 + 3H2S > Fe,S3 + 3H,0 Choose only one from B or C_from the following: B-A horizontal separator with 42 inch diameter and 13.5 ft length is operating at 200 psig and 120° F. the holdup and surge times are8 and 4 minutes respectively. The settling times for the heavy liquid and light liquids are 5.3 and 3.3 minutes respectively. The separator is operating at the maximum condensate load of 2.34 fe'/s and the maximum water load of 0.78 ft/s. If the liquid droplets terminal falling velocity is V, =1.93 ft/s. Calculate the maximum gas flow rate (ft/s) the separator can handle. C-A three phase vertical separator is required to separate 40MMsefd from 450 bbl/day condensate. The gas density is 2.58 Ib,/ft° and the condensate density is 47.34 Ibq/ft°. The operating pressure 200 psig and temperature is 70 °F. The separator diameter is 42 inches, the light phase height inside the separator is Lft, and the downcomer area is 2.5% of the total vessel cross sectionat-area:—— 1L-If the condensate hold up time is required to be 4 minutes, determine the height from the light liquid nozzle to the downcomer. 2-Assuming that retention time for both the light and heavy liquid phases to be the same, calculate the water depth inside the separator. 31f a surge time of 2 minutes is necessary inside the separator, calculate the required surge height. Question two A- Draw a neat simplified flow diagram for TEG process. Indicating all streams and all equipment. B-State whether the following statements are false or true and correct the false on 1- The thermodynamics conditions that promote hydrate formation are low temperature, high pressure and wet natural gas stream. 2- Low HS content wet gases favors solid desiccant dehydration. 3- The presence of salt in the liquid water increases the water content of the natural gas 4- The A type molecular sieves can adsorb all molecules adsorbed by the X with somewhat higher capacity. 5- Membrane units perform well at high feed rates, but their performance drops when design flow rates are lowered. 6 Molecular sieve has high affinity for saturated and polar-type compounds. 7- Horizontal separators can handle sand, mud, paraffin, and wax without plugging. 8- Wire mesh Mist eliminator consists of wire knitted into a pad having a number of aligned, symmetrical openings. 9- If the well stream is cooled to a low temperature before entry into the separator, separation will produce low dew point gas and a liquid rich in high-boiling-point hydrocarbons. 10- ‘The bulk temperature of the liquid should always be kept below the cloud point of the crude oil to prevent paraffin wax formation in the separators. 11- In Stretford process, anthraquinone disulfonic acid is used to oxidize hydrogen sulfide directly to sulfur. 12- Physical absorption separation can be carried out high temperature. 13- Partial dehydration occurs along with acid gas removal by iron sponge process. 14- Intimate contact between the gas and amine solution is achieved by use of either trays for smalll installations or packing in large installations. 15-The maximum temperature in the amine absorption is in the upper portion of the tower. ~~~ = —G-Compare betwee tow pressure feed-configuration hollow fibermembrane——— and high pressure feed configuration hollow fiber membrane, Question three: A-Give reasons of the following: Membranes processes are attractive for offshore applications, 2. Down-flow of the process sour gas is preferred to up-flow in iron sponge fixed bed. 3+ Glycols have a high affinity for water. asa wee ew eee eee ee eee ee ee nme eee eee eS Se Alexandria University SSP Hypa) deal Faculty of Engineering ans ys Specialized Scientific Programs Ladial Sb gala) January, 2013 2013 ay i SOLS UE Anetta ele: oni Answer all questions: 1) A packed bed reactor, of 60 ft length, is packed with catalyst pellets % in in diameter. Ethylene gas (C:H,) enters the reactor with a velocity of 5 fi/s. The temperature is constant along the reactor at 260°C. The solid fraction is 55%. The entering pressure is 10 atm. The viscosity of the gas is 0.0673 Ibp/ft.h. The reactor diameter is 0.134 ft. Plot the pressure drop against the reactor height. ao marks). 2) Determine the plug-flow reactor volume necessary to produce 300 millions pounds of ethylene gas per year from cracking a gas feed stream of pure ethane (CH). The reaction is irreversible and follows an elementary rate law. A conversion of 80% of ethane is to be achieved. The reactor is operating isothermally at 1100K, at an initial pressure of 6 atm with specific reaction rate of 3 s', The pressure drops by 2 atm. (10 marks) 3) Put (v) or (X) and correct the wrong sentences ifany. (10 marks) a) The fluidized bed reactors have the disadvantage of the difficult temperature control inside the reactor. b) For CSTRs in series, the conversion, X, after any reactor is the total number of moles that have reacted up to that point per mole of A fed to this reactor. c) Incase of LHSV the entering volumetric flow rate is measured at standard conditions. 4) In gaseous phase reactions, the concentration is insignificantly affected by even relatively large changes in the total pressure. ¢) The catalytic reaction is catalyzed over the entire catalyst solid surface. £) Space time is defined as the time it takes for the fluid to enter the reactor completely. g) Semi batch reactors increase the capability of minimizing unwanted side reactions. h) Da is the ratio of the rate of reaction of A to the rate of convective transport of A at the entrance to the reactor. i) Langmuir isotherm shows a plot of the amount of CO adsorbed per unit mass of catalyst as a function of the partial pressure of CO. {) There are two models of adsorption that can be considered during catalytic reactions. 1/3 4) ‘The experimental kinetic data of the catalytic decomposition of gaseous sulfuryl chloride (SO;Ch) to yield adsorbed sulfur dioxide and chlorine in the gas phase are as follows (10 marks) Initial sulfuryl chloride partial pressure (atm) | 0.25 | 05 | 075 | 1 15 | 225 Initial corresponding rate (mol/gcat.min) 0.325 | 0.635 | 0.975 | 1.37 2 | 2905 ‘Assuming that diffusion steps are very fast, is the adsorption step the limiting step? Use the following symbols: A-adsorption D-+desorption L-sulfuryl chloride chlorine s— surface reaction d-sulfur dioxide 5) i) Mention the reasons of catalysts deactivation. i) Define TOF. ‘When supported catalysts are used? iv) Mention the advantages of CSTR. vv) What are the factors that affect the mass transfer coefficient in case of the external diffusion during catalytic reactions? vi) Compare between the differential and the batch reactors used in the kinetic data collection. (6 marks) 6) Find the time necessary for the concentration of a reactant to drop to % its initial value. (4 marks). 7) Bonus question: (2 marks) i) Show only with a sketch the relationship between the conversion and the size of the catalyst particles in PBR. ii) Show only with a sketch the relationship between the rate of reaction and the catalyst weight in PBR comparing between the presence of a pressure drop and no pressure drop (on the same sketch). iii) One catalyst has a TOF of 3*10° and another one has TOF of 3*10” which one is, better for catalytic reactions? iv) Why for isothermal reactions greater than zero order, the CSTR volume is, usually greater than the PFR volume? Best Wishes Dr. Yasmine Ossama 2/3 ree aS Se eS eS ese! tee ee eS er Additional Information (1+ €x)dx _ - [GS - atom ee a fQ+exddx (+8)x “G=xF =e F™ 7 (1+ €x)dx (tex Gans 2€(1 + €)In(1 — x) + €x+ 2Bo A(1— )psPo GO-9) 1500 - pe —_— +1756) PodcDpP* Dy c= 32.17 Ib fi/Iby.s’=1kg.m/N.s* 1 atm=14.7 Psi=1.013*10°Pa. 1ft=12 inch=0.305 m R=8.314 Pa.m’/mol.K=10.74 psi.ft'/Ibmot°R Mbp=454 TCF) = 1.8 T CC) +32 TCR) = TCF) + 460 Atomic weights: C=12 HI 3/3 [H-1-2el3 — yatsab deaty Aussight As Heasaiiall Aydall gal th CysLySy sally 5 aly Process Dynamics and Control [GPE 252] Time Allowed: 120 Minutes. Course Instructor: Dr. Iman El Gheriany Specialized Scientific Programs Final exam, 2012 Answer the following questions. SHOW ALL YOUR STEPS. Every question is for 10 points, 1. A thermometer having first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1 min is in a temperature bath at 100°F (steady state). The thermometer is suddenly placed in a bath at 110°F at t=0 and left there for 2 min, after which it is immediately returned to the bath at 100°F, (a) Sketch the deviation in the bath temperature Toath(t). Explain why the variation of the bath temperature (input) CANNOT be expressed using the impulse function! (b) Determine the deviation of the thermometer reading Treading(t). (©) Calculate the thermometer reading at f=0.5 min, 2min and 3 min. (d) Draw a sketch showing the variation of thermometer reading Treading(t) with time. 2. APID controller at steady state with an output pressure of 9 psig. The set point and pen point are initially together. At time t=0, the set point and the pen point are suddenly displaced by 0.5 in. The motion of the set point is in the direction of lower readings. C C C C c C t C C C If the knob settings are: K,=2 psig/in. of pen travel, 1 C C C C c C C C C 1.25 min and t)=0.4 min plot the output pressure versus time. 3. The two tanks shown in the following figure were init A= 1f€, A:=1.25 ft, Ri= 1 f/efm and Ro= 0.8ft/cfm. lly at steady state with q=10cfm. Has) Ry Qs) 1s? + (+ my + ALRa)s FT If the flow changes from 10 to 11 cfm according to a step change: (a) Write an expression for H2(s) (Hzis the deviation in ha). (b) Determine H(1), and H,(«). (©) Determine hy(0) and h,(0). q Figure 1: The two tanks in question3. lof4 4. For the control system shown in Figure 2, determine: (a) C(/RG). (b) C(~) in case R(s)=2/s, (©) Offset. Suggest a control method to eliminate offset (no calculation required). (@) Sketch the response (be sure to show the offset on your sketch). Is the closed-loop response oscillatory? Figure 2: Control system in question 4, 5. Consider the liquid-level control system shown in Figure 3. Proportional controler Water ‘Supply Gg Hs) R 08) S48) Figure 3: Two-tank system in Problem 5. The following information is known: 1- The resistances on the tanks are linear. These resistances were tested separately, and it was found that, if the steady-state flow rate q (cfm) is plotted against steady- state tank level h (ft), the slope of the line dq/dh is 2 ft’/min. The cross-sectional area of each tanks is 2 ft’. 2- The pneumatic controller is proportional. 3- The control valve was tested separately, and was found that a change of 1 psi in Pressure to the valve produced a change in flow of 0.1 cfm. 4 There is no dynamic lag in the valve or the measuring element. (a) Draw a block diagram of this control system. (b) In-each block give the transfer function, with numerical values of the parameters. (©) What is the value of Ke needed for critical damping, 2of4 rr eo PSS SFr SES SSK re SUPPLEMENT If L{f(t)} = f(s), then L{f(t = to} = a" f(s) lim[f()) = im [sf(s)] limlf@] = lim(sf(s)] P(s) 1 — =K,/14+ ms + — €(s) . a |S u u 7 a\\ Hy [+ AS ica aa i a Ss = 06 Es Oa oul REY ot WEE i oe 7 4 6 8 10 ae i we a Figure S1: Response of a second-order system to unit-step forcing function. 30f4 08 to a6 0.4 06—| Im 04 ps i ho fal, pr | Ea a 1 || Cor cc seo 2 4 6 8 10 Yr Figure $2: Response of a second-order system to a unit impulse forcing function. 40f4 res aS SSS SS SS MS Mm Se |) * Alexandria University Fy wis deal. Faculty of Engineering Heasigh Ais Gas & Petrochemicals Engineering (GPE) gla Sally Fale es anEEERRERemniianie orcas taeameeeeee Apfistnction to Natural Gas Engineering ote 3 aa Ba ha ime allowed: 2 hour. els 14S Answer the Following Questions: Question -1.a State whether the following statements are true or false 1. A reservoir is nonporous and permeable underground formation containing an individual bank of hydrocarbon confined by permeable rock or water barriers Nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are undesirable components in natural gas ‘The gas oil ratio (GOR) in the condensate well is below $000 Vertical separators are often used o treat high to low gas/ oil ratio well streams. Gas hydrates does not represents a big problem in the transportation of natural gas; Question -1.b Complete the following 1. From the advantages of glycol dehydrator are: a b- e & 2. The factors that affect separation of liquid and gas phases are: e b c 3. The presence of water vapor in natural gas can affect long distance transmission due to the following: a be a 4, The factors that affecting water content in natural gas are: $. The injection of methanol at the well head as a hydrate inhibitors can cause several problems for glycol dehydration plants ; , mention these problems a be e or the natural gas composition given in the following table: [Component TG [G [G Th [oc [es [acs [Go [e. [Mm [Co [ms | Mole fraction | 0.775 [0083 "0.024 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.001 [0.080 | 0.030 | 0.021 | MW, w [| a Tse se | | fe a | as | | | » determine: 1. Apparent molecular weight, Mws Specific gravity of the gas Pseudo-critical pressure, Pre Pseudo critical temperature, Tre ‘The density of the gas ‘The formation volume factor, f, and the expansion factor saya ep ‘The compressibility factor, Z, at $000 psia & 180 °F using the correlation of Brill & Beggs Questior Perform flash calculation under the following separator conditions: P= 600 Psia 00°F Specific gravity of stock ~tank oil: 0.9 water =1 Specific gravity of solution gas: 0.70 air = 1 Gas solubility R, = 500 sef/STB Component | Cr | G | G | CG [mC] FC CG. TM | CO | HS Moleracton | 06599 | OUR | COROT | 0039 | OOETE | BOTET | GOTH | OOTRT | omcoi | waTBa | aoIaT | O00s % S255 | LAOBE | OBSED | OARDE | OGRE | OLATHE | OTOS | OHNE | 0.0085 | 30486 | 3a0TO | TONE mW, w fo >a >s>s >a [a fim] we | 4 fs In the flash Calculation, Determi The mole fract mn of each component in both liquid and vapor phase (x; & y; ) L 2. The apparent molecular weights of liquid phase (MW,") and vapor phase (MW,”). 3. The density of vapor phase in Ib,/ft? if the compressibility factor , Z = 0.958 4. Specific gravity of vapor phase if the density of air = 2.567 Ibn/ft® 5. The volume of vapor phase under standard conditions, Vvsc in scf. (Tx: =520°R , Ps = 14.7 Psia) 6. Specific gravity of liquid phase if the density of liquid phase, p= 47.2 Ibn/ft? 7. The volume of liquid phase, V, in ft’. 8. The Gas /oil Ratio, GOR Note: ‘Take the number of moles of liquid = 0.1209 per mole of feed, ce eaennSIImeeeseeeeesseene ae ee Se ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee SS See ror rrr i = Additional Data For Exam Pipe = 878 — S0(¥g — 0.5)— 206.7 yy, + 449 Yeo, + 606.7 Yi, Typ = 326+ 315.17, - 0.5)- 240 yy, -83.3¥c9, + 133.3Yp5 | A= 1.39(T,, ~0.92)°° -0.367,, -0.10 0.066 2, 0.3225, B=(0.62 -0.237, +| ————. -- 0.037 + : pe P pr (2% }e or Toe C= 0.132 -0.32log(T,,) D=10" E=9(T,,- F =0.3106-0.49T,, + 0.182475, and 1-A z= At + CP (amelie goo! ion -4 Design a glycol contactor for a field dehydration installation to meet the following requirements: Considered trayed type contactor. Gas flow rate = 10 MMsefd Gas specific gravity, = 0.65 Operating pressure = 1000 psig ‘Maximum working pressure of contactor = 1440 psig Gas inlet temperature = 90°F Outlet gas water content = 7 Ibm, HjO/MMscf Design criteria: GWR 3 gal TEG/Ibp, H2O with 99.5 % TEG Also, calculate the following: 1) Glycol circulation rate 2) The required heat load for the re-boiler used to re-concentrate the glycol 3) The total fire box surface area for the re-boiler Se SS Se See ee ee ee ee oe ee ee oe oe on oe oe

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