waa eee ee eB ee eee eee ee es le | F-1-20 Alexandria University Physics II - Fall 2010 Faculty of Engineering January 2011 . Petrochemical &Gas Program Time Allowed: Two Hours me 9.1 x10! kg k=1/(4e0) = 9x10? Nm/C? e= 1.6 x 10°C Ho = 42107 Wb mA? Answer the following Questions (Each question on a separate page) (1) Derive the electric potential V at a point distance x from the center of a charged ring of radius Rand of total charge Q. Then deduce the electric field intensity E at that point. (5 points) B (2) In the figure shown, if Qu=10 C , Qu=-2 x10? C, Qc= 4x10" C, Calculate : (i) Electric field at point A (E, ). (i) Electric potential at point A (Va ). 3m (iii) Potential energy of the system (U). 6 points) iG 04m 4 ) Derive the electric field E inside (r R) an insulating charged sphere of radius R and charge per unit volume (p). (5 points) ti (4) In the circuit shown calculate I), Iz, E. (6 points) Ida ny| za sn + wa Ls 1 1 (5) In the circuit shown, calculate : (6 points) u we (i The equivalent capacitance between points A and B. py (ii) The charge Q and potential difference V on each capacitor. a a 1 | B wv (6) Use Biot and Savart Law to derive the magnetic induction B at a point distant x along the axis ofa circular current loop of radius R and carrying current I. Then deduce the magnetic induction at the center of the loop Be. (6 points) B (7) An electron is projected with a velocity (v=1.6x 10°) m/s normal to a OOo uniform magnetic field of intensity (B=0.91 Wb/m*) as shown infigue. @ @ @ Calculate the radius of the path r and its angular velocity and frequency f. @o or ® ‘Also show the direction of rotation. (6 points) (8) A current loop in the shape of a square of length (0.4 m) carries a current 10 A, and number of turns (N=100). Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic induction (B) at its center and also calculate the magnetic dipole moment of the loop M. (6 points) (9) A wire of weight (210° N/m) carries a current (I1=2 A) put horizontally above a long wire carrying a current (Iz =5 A) , Calculate the distance (d ) between the two wires such that the upper wire will be balanced. Show direction of Izrelative to direction of I. (5 points) Good Luck Dr Samir Ghanem= 2010 Alexandria University Lid sey dat Faculty of Engineering aga 4 Specialized Selentifie Progra Laat aah gt Jan, 2010 2011 ks ‘Course title Number: Fundamentals of Mass Balance pala Gg clyadaal rez Time allowed: Two Hours Micka: Gail Answ 2. 3. 1estior Liquid acetone (C3H0) is fed at a rate of 400 L/min into a heated chamber, where it evaporates into a nitrogen stream. The gas leaving the heater is diluted by anther nitrogen stream flowing at a measured rate of 519 m’ (STP)/min. The combined gases are then compressed to a total pressure of 8.3 atm gauge at a temperature of 325°C. The partial pressure of acetone in this stream is 701 mm Hg. Calculate: (1) The molar composition of the stream leaving the compressor. (Q) The volumetric flow rate of nitrogen entering the evaporator if the temperature and pressure of this stream are 27°C and 475 mm Hg gauge. (15 points) Fresh air containing 6 mole % water vapor is to be cooled and dehumidified to a water content of 2 mole% HzO. A stream of fresh air is combined with a recycle stream of previously dehumidified air and passed through the cooler. The blended stream entering the unit contains 4 mole% water. In the air conditioner, some of the water in the feed stream is condensed and removed as liquid. A fraction of the dehumidified air leaving the cooler is recycled and the remainder is delivered to a room. Taking 150 mol of dehumidified air delivered to the room as a basis of calculation. Calculate the moles of fresh feed and the recycle ratio (moles recycled/mole fresh feed). (10 points) Ethane is chlorinated in a continuous reactor: C,H + Cl > CyHsCl+ HCL ‘Some of the product monochloroethane is further chlorinated in an undesired side reaction: CHCl + Cly > CHyCl; + HCL The reactor is designed to yield a 15% conversion of ethane and a selectivity of 14 mol CoHHsCl per mol of CzH,Clz, with the assumption that no chlorine is present in the product gas. It is also assumed that the feed to the reactor contains only the two reactants (CoH, and Cl). a, Draw and label a flowchart for the process. b. Calculate the feed ratio (mol Cl;/mol CoH.) c. Calculate the fractional yield of monochloroethane. (15 points) Exam Committee: Dr.E-S.Z.El AshtoukhyG / 4, A catalytic reactor is used to produce formaldehyde from methanol in the reaction: CH,OH > HCHO + Hy A single- pass conversion of 70% is achieved in the reactor. The methanol in the reactor product is separated from the formaldehyde and hydrogen in a separation unit and recycled back to the reactor, The production rate of formaldehyde is 90 kg/h, Calculate: a. The fresh feed rate of methanol (mol/min). b. The rates (mol/min) of methanol entering and leaving the reactor. ©. The recycle ratio. (20 points) Exam Committee: Dr.E-S.Z.E1 AshtoukhyAlexandria University oe | 3- | —2ol| Ayala deal Faculty of Engineering Huai Ais Specialized Scientific Programs Rrnadial) Ayala) Gal ys November, 2010 Teva pdt ‘Course title: Physical Chemistry I GPER01 Sa as ‘Time allowed: 120 minutes WB Ws: cas ‘A. Answer the following: (10 marks) 1. Define i. Chain carriers. ii. radicals iii. Consecutive reaction iv. Parallel reaction 2. Based on their activation energies and energy changes and assuming that all collision factors are the same, which of the following reactions would be slowest? Explain your answer 5 ki/mol; Al iii, E,= 55 ki/mol; AE 3. The rates of many atmospheric reactions are accelerated by absorption of light by one of the reactants. For example consider the reaction between methane and chlorine to produce methyl chloride and hydrogen chloride: Reaction (1): CHi(g) + Ch(g)>CHsCl(g) + HCI (g) ‘This reaction is very slow in absence of light. However, Cl; can absorb light to form Cl atoms. Reaction (2): Ch(g) + Jv — 2C\(g) Once Cl atoms are generated, they can catalyse the reaction of CH, and Cl, according the following proposed mechanism: Reaction (3): CH.(g) + Cl(g) > CH(g) + HCI(g) Reaction (4): CH3(g) + Cl(e) > CHCl + Cl (g) ‘The enthalpy changes and activation energies for these two reactions are tabled below: Reaction | AnsH®(ki/mol) E,(kJ/mole) 3 +4 17 | 4 -109 4 Sketch energy profile showing the effect of adding of catalyst to the reaction. Show main reaction and the catalyzed one. For the catalyzed reaction show the intermediates and change in activation energy. 4. NO catalyses the decomposition of N;O, possibly by the following mechani NO(e) +N:0(8) -> Na(g) + NO: () 2NO: (g) > 2NO(g) + 0:18) i, What is the chemical equation for the overall reaction? Why is NO considered a catalyst and not intermediate? iii, If experiments show that, during the decomposition of NO, NO; does not accumulate in a measurable quantities, does this rule out of the proposed mechanism? If not suggest what is might going on. 5. Show that the ratio fya/fsq,where fy is the half-life and fy is the time for the concentration of A to decrease to */, of its initial value (implying that fy, t2) can be written as a function of » alone, and can therefore be used as a rapid assessment of the order of a reaction. 6. A friend studied a first order reaction and obtains the following three graphs for = experiments done at two different temperatures. (a) which two lines represent ‘experiments done at the same temperature? What accounts for the difference in these two lines? In what way they are the same? (b) Which line represent the lower a temperature? Explain ‘ Distinguish between reaction order and molecularity. Tine Discuss briefly the Kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions. 9. For the reaction: A+B ©1->P write the rate of appearance of P in terms of [A], and [B] “Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem Page 1 of 3B, Choose the best answer (4 marks) 4 E For the reaction: A — 2B, which of the following is a correct expression for the reaction rate? ata 518) a Rate Fo b. Rae © Rate = SS @ Rate = 2. Fora first order reaction, k = 0.0693 s and the initial concentration of the reactant is 0.10 mol/L. Calculate the half-life of the reactant a. 0.1008 b. 1.008 ce. 10.05 a. 144s 3. For the reaction: A +2.B -> B,A; Doubling [A] doubles the rate of the reaction. However, doubling [B] increases the rate 4. What is the correct rate law expression? 7 a b. Rate = | c. d. Rate 3 4, The plot given indicates a component whose reaction order is FE a. One b. Two ©. Zero None | a 5. Given the following data, what is the order of B in the following reaction: A + B > C 7 a Zero b. One Two a 12 6. The following mechanism has been proposed for: 2 NO + Ch -> 2 NOCI NO+Ch > NOCH NOCI, + NO > 2 NOC; Identify the reaction intermediate. a. NO b Ch e. NOC 4. NOCI 7. The plot of in ks. 1/Tis useful because it allows determination of: a. Reaction order b. Activation Energy ¢. _ Activation temperature d. None 8. For2NO +Cl + 2 NOCI, the following mechanism has been proposed: NO+Ch > NOCh NOCh + NO-> 2 NOCI The rate law is Rate = A{NOJ[Ch] ‘Which step does the rate law imply is the rate-limiting step? a. First b. Second c. Activation temperature 4. None 9, A proposed mechanism for the decomposition of NO is given below:NO + N20 —» N: + NOz 2.NO, -» 2 NO +s, Which species is the catalyst? a. NO b. NO: «N20 4. None 10, Half live time for first order reaction is funetion in we a. Initial concentration ’b. Concentration c. _ Rate constant 4. aande 11. Half ive time for zero order reaction is function in ... a. Initial concentration b. Concentration c. Rate constant 4. aande 12. Half live time for second order reaction is function in .. ae a. Initial concentration b. Concentration ©. Rate constant d aande 13, For the reaction A+B+C —> D+E+F having rate equation v =k [A}[B] is considered .......... Order with respect to B a. Zero bit . 2 a3" 14. For the reaction A+B+C —> D+E+F having rate equation v = k [A][B], the overall reaction rate is der a. Zero bof . a3" 15, Rate constants depends on a. Reaction order b. Concentration ©. Temperature None 16. Rate constants has the units of a. Time b. Concentration time” ec. Concentration"! time? d. None ‘Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem 7. Page2 of 3t C. Solve the following problems (30 Marks) 1. The activation energy of uncatalyzed reaction is 95 kJ/mol. The addition of a catalyst lowers the acti energy to 55 kJ/mol. Assuming that the collision factor remains the same, by what factor will the catalyst increase the reaction rate at 100°C? 2. The data below apply to the formation of urea from ammonium cyanate, NHj;CNO — NH;CONH:. Initially 22.9 1g of ammonium cyanate was dissolved in in enough water to prepare 1.00 dm’ of solution. Determine the order of the reaction, the rate constant, and the mass of ammonium cyanate left after 300 min. [t/min 0] 20.0 | 50.0 65.0 | 150.0 [im(ureay/g | 0 [7.07121 13.8 [17.7 3. Consider the gas phase reaction between nitric oxide and bromine at 273°C: 2NO(g)+Bri(g)>2NOBr(g). The following data for the initial rate of appearance of NOBr were obtained: Experiment [NO] (M) [Bro] (M) Tnitial rate (M/s) 1 0.10 0.20 24 [2 0.25 020 150 3 0.10 0.50 60. 4 0.35 0.50 735 Determine the rate law. Calculate the average rate constant for the appearance of NOBr from the four data sets. How is the rate of the appearance of NOBr related to the rate of disappearance of Br2. |. What is the rate of disappearance of Brp when [NO]=0.075M and [Br: 25M. 4. Consider the reaction of peroxydisulfate ion (S:Os") with iodide ion () in aqueous solution: $,04"(aq) + 3 F (aq) > 2 SO¥* (aq) + (ea) ‘At a particular temperature the rate of disappearance of $0,” varies with reactant concentrations in the following manner: [ Experiment (SOF 1) ira Tnitial rate (Mis >10 1 - 0.018, 0.036, 2.6 2 - 0.027 0.036 39 ea 3 0.036 0.054 78 G 0.050 [oor 14 5, Consider the pyrolysis, or thermal decomposition in the absence of air, of acetaldehyde (ethanal, CH:CHO), which is found to be three-halves order in CH}CHO CH;CHO(g) > CH,(g) + CO(g) v=k(CHyCHO]? Some ethane is also detected. The Rice-Herzfeld mechanism ‘unpaired electron and marks a radical Initiation: CH\CHO ~» CH + CHO Propagation: CHyCHO + CH; > CH,CO. + CHy Propagation: CHCO. -> CH; + CO ‘Termination: CHs + CHs > CHsCHy Confirm the rate equation with aid of proposed mechanism. for this reaction is as follows (the dot signifies an 6. Sucrose is readily hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose in acidie solution. The hydrolysis is often monitored by measuring the angle of rotation of plane-polarized light passing through the solution. From the angle of rotation the concentration of sucrose can be determined. An experiment on the hydrolysis of sucrose in 0.50 m HCI(aq) produced the following data: [vmin o [14 _[39_| 60 80 10 [140 [170 [210 [Sucrose] mol/dm* | 0.34 | 0.300 | 0.274 | 0.256 0.238 | 0.211 | 0.190 | 0.170 | 0.146 What is the average lifetime of a sucrose molecule? Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem Page 3 of 3nee eee ees [-1-2ett Alexandria University SSP Ay ssisuyh deal, Faculty of Engineering Aaasigd Ayis Specialized Scientific Programs : Kmwadiall Ade gall Jan, 2011 2011 ty Course title Number: Al a9 Dy saad pal Materials Science MSE 201 Time allowed:2 hours cio 2 Qa5 Answer all the following questions as in their indicated order Put your final answers in a table and indicate any numerical values with its units, Write using a blue or black pen, No pencils except for drawing, Do not answer the same question more than once. Avogadro’s Number= 6.02310 ‘Question 1: State Right or False (22 pt) 1. Syndiotactic polymers are more easily crystallized than atactic polymers. 2. The liquification of Clz is due to the induced dipole bonds. . 3. In kaolinite, the bonding within this two-layered sheet is strong covalent bonds; adjacent sheets are only loosely bound to one another by weak van der Waals forces, 4. Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to localized elastic deformation. 5. Isomerism denotes the situation in which atoms are linked together in the same order but differ in their spatial arrangement. 6. The coordination number is 6 for both ion types in the cesium chloride structure, 7. Thermosetting polymers become permanently hard when heat is applied and do not soften "upon subsequent heating, 8. The Weight average degree of polymerization is always larger than the Number Average degree of polymerization 9. More than a single unit cell may be chosen for a particular crystal structure; however, we generally use the unit cell having the lowest level of geometrical symmetry, 10. For a compound, the larger the difference between the electronegativites of its components, the higher the ionic character in its-bonding. . 11. Network intermediates in silica glass lower the melting point and increases the viscosity of the glass, 12. Each carbon atom in the graphite has two coplanar covalent bonds and two van der Waals bonds to bond it with the surrounding planes. 13. Intergranular fracture is when the crack propagation is along the grain boundaries, 14, The stress required for crack propagation in brittle materials is high for materials low in surface energies. 15. Fora structure subjected to a dynamic and fluctuating stress, failure can occur at a stress level considerably lower than the tensile strength for a static load. 16. Random copolymers are normally amorphous. 17. The density of a crystallinie polymer will be greater than an amorphous one of the same material and molecular weight, 18. For polymers, melting temperature is raised with increasing molecular weight. 19. Polystyrene chains are more resistant to rotational motion than are polyethylene chains. 20. The boiling temperature for butane is higher than that of the isobutane. Page 1 of 3 Dr. Yehia El Shaly21. The equilibrium spacing between two atoms corresponds to the separation distance at the potential energy between them equals to zero. . 22. The maximum cation to anion radius ratio for coordination number 6 is 0.682 Question 2: (38 pt) 1. Ifatetrafluorocthylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has a ratio of 7:2 tetrafluoroethylene to vinyl acetate mers and a molecular weight of 18000 g/mol, what is its degree of polymerization (DP)? [Spt] PVA Atomic weights: Cl=35.5; C=12; H=1; O=16; N=14; F=19 (g/g atom) 2. Compare between the engineering stress and strain with the true stress and strain for the tensile test of a Jow-carbon steel that has the following test values: [5 pt} Load applied to specimen = 75600 N. ip Initial specimen diameter = 1.27 cm. Diameter of specimen under 75600 N load = 1.2 cm. 3. A structural plate component of an engineering design must support 207 MPa in tension. If an aluminum alloy is used for this application, what is the largest internal flaw size that this material can support? [4 pt] (Y=; Kic=26.4 MPavim ; E: 4 GPa) 4. The density of totally amorphous polyethylene is 0.87 gem? and for the totally crystalline is 0.998 g/cm’, Calculate the density of a 35% amorphous sample. [5 pt} Page 2 of 3 Dr. Yehia El Shazly6, A three point transverse bending test is conducted on a rectangular specimen of aluminum Dr. Yehia El Shazly 5. A specimen of magnesium having a square cross section of edge length 8 mm is deformed in tension. Using the load-elongation data tabulated as follows, answer the following (14 pe) | (@) Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering strain. (©) Determine the modulus of elasticity. (c) Determine the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002. @) Determine the tensile strength. (©) Compute the modulus of resilience. (®) What is the ductility in percent elongation? (g) Determine the true stress at fracture. Load (N) Length (mm) 0 63.5 1380 63.53 2780 63.56 [5630 63.62 7430 63.7 8140 63.75 9870 64.14 12850 65.41 14100 66.68 14340 67.95 13830 69.22 12500 70.49 Fracture oxide having a reported flexural strength of 300 MPa. If the specimen height is 5 mm and width is 1 cm and the support point separation distance is 12 mm, predict whether or not you would expect the specimen to fracture when a load of 5000 N is applied, justify your prediction. [5 pt] Page 3 of 323-1- Rou Alexandria University pee Bee dla {Faculty of Engineering Hasigt is Specialized Scientific Programs Hast Ayal al January, 2011 2011 ty I ‘Course title Number: Daa Plas A ga Ey hall pad Organic Chemistry 2 GPE (204) . Q] Timeatlowed:_3Hfours nclebat 2043 Answer the following questions ] I uestic 2 A ose the ‘rect answer: 1: What would be the major product(s) of the following reaction? CO,H Quo, Ear No, H280s, heat COnH GOnH CO.H COW oe Ge fou ‘NO2 fos? (O2N’ ‘NO2 No, I 0 i Iv A)! B)IL om DIV E) Equal amounts of I and IV 2 We now know that the two Kekule structures for benzene are related in the following way: A) They are each equally correct as a structure for benzene. B) Benzene is sometimes one structure and sometimes the other. C) The two structures are in a state of rapid equilibrium. D) Neither of the two structures adequately describes benzene; benzene is a resonance hybrid of the two. E) None of the above. 3: The common name for 4-methylphenol is which of these? A) Catechol B) p-Cresol ©) Resorcinol D) Hydroquinone E) m-cresol Page 1 nee ee4 Which would be the major product(s) of the following reaction? HOO HNO: Se 7 HySO, HOLO, HOLO HOLO NO2 ‘NO2 HO3S' I 1 mm A)I BI om D) I and II in roughly equal amounts E) and Ill in roughly equal amounts 5: Which of the following is 5-bromo-3-methyl-1-naphthol? Br Br I Il site IV v Al B)IT om DIV E)V 6 Which reagent(s) would you use to carry out the following transformation? Toluene——> benzoic acid A) Bro, heat, and light B) Ch, FeCl; C)KMnO,, heat. D) HNOVH2SOs E) SOy/HySO, a a nn aR ne amen Lecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer Page 21: What is the product of the following synthesis? 1. HySOy, 100°C = phenol 2 2.2 equiv Bry, HO 3. dil, H,S0,, heat A) 2,3-Dibromophenol B) 2,4-Dibromophenol C)2,6-Dibromophenol D) 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dibromobenzenesulfonic acid E) 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 8 When toluene is reacted in turn with 1) Clp (large excess), heat, and light and 2) Bra, FeBr, the chief product is: Ls cls CCl, CCl Oy a ‘Br a Br I 0 mt Vv AT B)Ir om D)IV E) A mixture of III and IV 9- Which reagent(s) would you use to carry out the following transformation? ethylbenzene———> 2, 4- dichloro-1 ethylbenzene A) Cla, light, and heat B) Ch, FeCls ©)SOCly D) CoHsCl, AIC, E) None of these 10- The correct name for the compound shown below is: Br Br NH A) 3,4-Dibromoaniline B) 2,4-Dibromoaniline C)2,5-Dibromoaniline D) 3,6-Dibromoaniline E) 2,6-Dibromoaniline el Page 3 Lecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer eee ee ee ee eemae eee eee esses B) Arrange following in order of reactivity tow: ‘ing nitration: a) Benzene, Bromobenzene, Nitrobenzene, Toluene. b) Acetanilide (CsHsNHCOCHS), Acetophenone (CsHsCOCHs), Aniline, Benzene. C) Write structural formulas for the following compounds: a) Resorcinol ©) 3,5-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, e) p-bromotoluene b) p-nitroaniline 4) diphenyl ether {) tert-butyl benzene Question Two: A) Read the following statements carefully then answer with (ves) or (no), and correct the wrong statement: 1- COOH group has -LE which predominates its +R.E, so it is an activating group. Chain growth polymerization technique is also called condensation polymerization. Diacyl peroxide dissociates heterolytically and rearranges to form two alkyl radicals and CO2, & In polymerization through ‘step growth polymerization’ technique, chain branching may take place. Chain growth polymerization can take place only by using a radical as an initiator. & Phenol serves as the raw material for a large number of commercial products ranging from aspirin to @ variety of plastics. Je The effect of any group whether activating or deactivating-is strongest at the meta positions. 8 Both isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylenes have very poor crystallinity. 9: The polyethylene produced by radical polymerization is not generally useful unless it has a molecular weight of nearly 1,000. 10- Alcohols and alkenes can alkylate aromatic rings instead of alkyl halides in a modification of F.C. reactions. B) Outline all steps in a possible laboratory synthesis of each of the following using any necessary iphatic or inorganic reagent ‘p-Bromoacetanilide from aniline. ‘o-methoxy benzene sulfonic acid from anisol (CeHsOCHs). 3. Phenol from chlorobenzene. 4 p-nitrotoluene from benzene. ‘p-bromobenzoic acid from toluene. Question Three: A) Give the scientific definition corresponding to each of the following statements: The linkage by which a-amino acid molecules are attached to each other to form proteins. A polymer which is soluble in N,N-dimethylformamide, and these solutions can be used to spin fibers which are used in making carpets and clothing. ‘A chemical compound by which alcohols can be separated from phenols. ‘A synthesis by which phenols can be converted to ethers. ‘A kind of hydrogen bonding that takes place in o-nitrophenol. ‘A polymer prepared by condensation reaction between adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. ‘A type of polymerization process in which the monomer is a carbocation instead of free radical. Catalysts are made-up of titanium trichloride and tri-ethyl aluminjum to form a titanium complex holding an ethyl group. ‘A polymer molecule in which sections made up of one monomer alternate with sections of another te monomer. ‘A group that makes the benzene ring more reactive than benzene. ‘A polymer is made by a condensation reaction between phenol and formaldehyde; the reaction can be 1 catalyzed by either acids or bases. nn —— Page 4 Lecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer122A reaction by which Aspirin is produced from reaction of phenol with COs. 113. cyclic compounds produced by the successive hydrogenation of benzene. 14-A polymer used in making pillows and paddings. 15. An aromatic hydrocarbon with a side chain containing a double bond. 16: The hydrogen atoms attached to carbon joined directly to an aromatic ring. B mechanism the reaction between phenol and C irin. =a Question Four: Answer the following questions: I A) Coordination polymerization is a new kind of polymerization has revolutionized the field by using a new catalyst, discuss this statement using equations. [ B) Toluene is subjected to the action of the following reagents in the order given: in0.,OH-, heat; then H30+ (2) NOs, H;SO, i @) Br, FeBry ‘What is the final product of this sequence? i C) Predict the major products formed when: I- Styrene is subjected to hydrogenation reaction in presence of Ni at 20 °C and 2-3 atm. 2- Propyl benzene reacts with Br in presence of UVL. 3- o-nitroacetanilide is treated with fuming sulfuric acid. 4- p-xylene is treated with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, the product is heated with KMnO, D) Give structures and names of the products expected from dehydrohalogenation of each of the following: i) I-chloro-1-phenylbutane. ii) 2-chloro-2-phenylbutane. Bonus Question: ‘Write the main reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene ring, showing all steps involved and the rate determining step. So emanate ee nanan nn ecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer Page 5 meee eee\o-) -20u Alexandria University ssl Ayala) deat Faculty of Engineering Hasigh Is Specialized Scientific Programs Feawadiatl Ayla gal yt Jan, 2011 2011 Physical Chemistry Iz GPE 301 TAB Flas Time allowed: Two Hours Met roa 1) The decomposition of aqueous hydrogen peroxide, H:02(aq), into water and oxygen proceeds as follows: 2Br~ (aq) + HzO, (aq) + 2H*(aq) ~ Bro(aq) + 2H,0(1) Br,(aq) + H20, (aq) > 2Br~(aq) + 2H*(aq) + 02(g) a. What is the chemical equation for the overall reaction? b. Why is Br~ considered a catalyst and not an intermediate? (5 marks) 2) a. What is the common ion effect? b. Give an example of a salt that can decrease the ionization of HNO; in solution. ¢. Calculate the pH of a solution that is 0.15 M in sodium formate (NaCHO;) and 0.25 M in forming acid (HCHO;). (K,= 1.8*104) (7 marks) 3) How many moles of NH,CI must be added to 5.0 L of 0.12 M ammonium hydroxide solution (NH,OH) to form a buffer whose pH is 9.0, Assume that the addition of NHCl 8*10°) does not change the volume of the solution. (Ky= (6 marks) 4) The equivalent conductance of 0.06 N acetic acid solution is 7.5 cm?ohm’! at 25°C. The equivalent conductance at infinite dilution is 390 cm*ohm'' . Calculate the dissociation constant of the acid. Calculate the degree of dissociation of 0.008 N acetic acid solution and also the concentration of hydrogen ions in this solution, (7 marks) 5) a. Explain the difference between solubility and solubility product constant. '. Write the expression for the solubility product constant for each of the following: AgCl, Fe(OH):, MnCOs and Cus(PO,)p. ¢. A 1.0L solution saturated at 25°C with Pblp contains 0.54 g of Pbly . Calculate the solubility product constant for this salt at 25°C. (Pb: 207, 1: 127) 4. Calculate the solubility of Mn(OH), in grams per liter when buffered at pH i) 7.0 ii) 9.0. iii) 12.0 (Ksp = 1.6*10"°, Mn : $5, 0:16, H: 1) (10 marks) Exam Commitee: Po De Ahmed Zaatout6) a Under 1 bar pressure. COx(s) sublimes at -78 °C. Is the transformation of CO,(s) to CO,(g) spontaneous process at -100 °C and I bar pressure? b. The normal boiling point of ethanol, C2HsOH is 78.3°C and its molar enthalpy of vaporization is 38.56 ki/mol. What is the change in entropy in the system when 68.3 g of CH:OH(g) at 1 atm condenses to liquid at the normal boiling point, (C:12,0:16,H: 1) ¢. Write briefly on the following: i, Reversible processes. ii. The standard free energy change. (8 marks) 7) a. Calculate AG’ at 298 K for the combustion of methane: CH,(g) + 202(g) + CO,(g) + 2H0(9) AWG of CO2(g) =-394.4 ki/mol AiG? of CHi(g) = -50.8 ki/mol A,G? of H20 (g) 128.6 kJ/mol b. For a particular reaction AH = -32 kJ and AS = - 98 J/K. Assume AH and AS does not vary with temperature. i, At what temperature will the reaction have AG = 0? ii, If T is increased from that in part (i) will the reaction be spontaneous or non- spontaneous? (8 marks) ‘Exam Commitee: Prof Dr Ahmed ZastoutCe eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Alexandria University SSP Fy BAY dail Faculty of Engineering Laghals Specialized Scientific Programs Facil Saal gal Fall, 2011 ‘Separaion Processes 1 Time allowed: Two hours ele: Gal “Answer All Questions ‘Question One: (@) Give the suitable expression for each of the following statement: (12 points) 1- A conversion of a material to a mixture of amorphous and crystalline material in the absence of air. 2- A mixture that is difficult to be separated with distillation only. 3- A mathematical relation that relates the concentration of adsorbate in the fluid and adsorbent phase. 4- The parameter that affects the amount of water of crystallization in the crystal. 5- The most common arrangement for the liquid flow over the tray. 6- The process in which an external salt is added during the crystallization. 7- The rate limiting step for batch adsorption process. 8- The type of impurities that can cause modification in the crystal shape. 9. The condition at which a super saturation is reached without any nuclei formation, 10- A phenomena that occurs at low liquid and vapor flow rates on the tray. 11- Amount of adsorbate adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbed. 12- The point at which T.O.L and B.O.L are intersected at the eq librium curve. (b) Give reasons for each of the following: (6 points) 1- Agitation is an important parameter in crystallization and adsorption process. 2- A material of large molecular weight, e.g. glue, dextrin are added to the boiler feed water. 3. The presence of side stream in distillation column increases the number of plates. Question Two {(@) Discuss each of the following: (9 points) 1- The conditions at which the adsorption column is removed from service. 2- The capacity of bubble cap tray. 3- Reflux ratio is an important parameter in distillation (show its effect on capital and operating cost). (b) A continuous fractionating column of cross sectional area equal to 1.54 m?, is used to separate 12 Kmol/sec of a mixture of 69.5 mol % n-heptane and 30.5 mol% n-octane into a top product of 99 mol% n- heptane and a bottom product of 99 mol% n-octane. The column is to operate at a pressure of 101.3 KPa. The feed is liquid at its boiling point. The average boiling point at the top of the column may be taken as 372° K and the relative volatility of 2 is used. If the reflux used were twice the minimum reflux, determine: 1- Number of theoretical plates 2- The distillate flow rate 3+ The vapor velocity inside the column(Assume ideal gas behavior, gas constant = 8.314 Pa m°/ mol k) (9 points) Question Three - (a) Select the suitable equipment for each of the following (use a neat sketch) (8 points) 1- The suitable method used for feeding cold liquid in evaporators. 2- Crystallization of highly viscous liquids. 3- Evaporation of heat sensitive materials. 4- Crystallizer that produce large but not uniform crystals. (b) A single effect evaporator is to concentrate 20,000 Ib/hr of 20 % solution of NaOH to 50% solids, The steam pressure is 34.7 psia, the absolute pressure in the vapor space is to be 100 mmHg. The overall coefficient is estimated to be 250 Btu / ft’ hr F. ‘The feed temperature is 100° F, calculate the amount of steam consumed, the steam economy and the area of heating surface. (8 points) Data given Latent heat of steam at 34.7 psia = 939 Btu / Ib ‘Temperature of steam at 34.7 ps 59° F Boiling point of pure water at 100 mmHg = 124° F BP.R=73°F Latent heat of vaporization of solution = 1023 Btu / hr Specific heat of feed solution = 0.9 Btu/lb °F Best wishes Prof. Dr. Nevine Kamal AminCe ae 22-1-2al Alexandria University es Ast fay Faculty of Engineering Aaasigl is ‘Specialized Scientific Programs Aemabial Spa gal 2011 26 ‘Course ttle Number? Applied thermodynamics a aN Sa GPE 321 Time allowed: Two Hours Cheba: a All ion 1. Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle that communicates thermally with a cold region at ~ 1.23°C and a warm region at 26.72'C, Saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 26.72 °C and delivered through expansion valve to the evaporator. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s. Determine (a) the compressor power, in kW,(b) the reftigeration capacity, in tons, (©) the coefficient of performance, and (4) the coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle operating between warm and cold regions at 26.72 and — 1.23°C, respectively. (10 points) 2. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle, Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the low- pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4 percent, determine (a) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine. (15 points) 3. Ina refrigerating plant using Freon-12 the vapor leaves the evaporator dry saturated at -25°C. The liquid leaves the condenser at 15°C and is expanded through expansion engine to the evaporator pressure. Calculate the coefficient of performance. (10 points) 4. a, How to increase the Rankine cycle efficiency? b. Explain by a simple diagram the heat pump that operates on a cooling mode, c. In modern refrigeration systems, Freon stopped to be used as the working fluid. Give reasons. 4. Why we choose the Rankine cycle as the ideal cycle and not select the Carnot cycle? (1S points) Exam Committee: Dr.E-S.Z.El AshtoukhymoeEeeeeEeeeeenee S = ws ase mw ss a ss ss }F-\- 2e\\ Alexandria University SSP yup dele Faculty of Engineering Hag US Specialized Scientific Programs @ Hasan Spal gl ‘Natural Gas & Petrochemical Industries a shaS lly gala) jal! daa Fall, 2010 ‘Separaion Processes 2 Y dail cle Time allowed: Two hours HBiele: 5! “Answer All Questions: ‘Question One (a) State whether the following statement true or false and correct the false one: (18 points) 1- According to Whitman theory, the gas molecule is transferred in the bulk by convection. 2. For drying powder materials direct heating is preferred. 3. The driving force for drying is the difference between the partial pressure of solvent and its vapour pressure. 4- Critical moisture content is the amount of moisture that will remain with the material after drying. 5- The pressure drop for wet drained packed is higher than that of dry packed column. 6- In removing unbound water the rate of drying falls. 7- In stripping process one or more components are removed from liquid stream by adsorption with liquid. 8- Drying process is used to prevent corrosion as in soap powder. 9- The spray towers have a high performance than packed towers. 10- The value of E.M.C. is equal to zero in porous materials. 11- Twa, is equal to the Ta», when relative humidity is 100%. 12- Diffusion in L-L extraction process is considered to be two way diffusion. 14- The gas absorption column always operates at half loading point. 15- The Scheibel column is most suitable for extraction of emulsified liquid. 16- In gas absorption process, the equilibrium curve is closed to x-axis for almost insoluble gas. 17- Only the temperature and air humidity can affects the rate of drying. 18- Indirect heating dryers are not used with heat sensitive materials. (0) Give reasons for each of the following: (12 points) 1- During drying of solids, the rate of drying at the beginning is constant than it falls. 2- Cooling is necessary in many gas absorption processes. 3. The bound moisture is difficult to remove by drying. 4- The slope of operating line affects the capital and operating cost, it also affects the gas absorption column performance. juestion Two (@) Drive the equation used to calculate the number of stages for co-current contact with immiscible solvents in each of the following cases: (4 points) - If the equilibrium relation is a curve. - If the equilibrium relation is straight(0) A solution of 5% acetaldehyde in toluene is to be extracted with water in aco-current unit to reach a final raffinate concentration of 0.511 Kg acetaldehyde. If 25 Kg of water is used for 100 Kg feed, find the number of stages required and the amount of acetaldehyde extracted, if the equilibrium relation is Ye= 2.2 X (7 points) Question Three 3 & {@) Drive the equation used to calculate the total time of drying of solid material. (4 points) (&) A wet solid is dried from 0.4 to 0.25 Ib water/ Ib of dry material in 3 hours. Ifthe ‘equilibrium moisture content is 0.05 and the critical moisture content is 0.2, 1. How long will it take to dry to 0.08 lb water! Ib of dry material under the same condition? 3. What is the amount of ait needed to dry 30 Ib wet materiaV/hr? (air enters dryer at 110°F and relative humidity of 20% and reaches 90% R.H adiabatically) 3-How long will it take to dry 0.03 Ib water! Ib of dry material under the same conditions? (comment on your answer) (8 points) Best wishes Prof. Dr. Nevine Kamal AminSSP Aalst Haag Faculty of Engineering Haigh Ais Specialized Scientific Programs Hankel Abd gal January, 2011 Yote ohh ‘Course ttle: Introduction To Natural Gas Engineering GPEAOT PPPOE SOT ‘Time allowed: 120 minutes ‘A. Answer the following (16 marks) The conditions that promote hydrate formation (discuss briefly) What is the effect of pressure and temperature on dehydration process? ‘Compare between different inhibitors used for dehydration Compare between vertical and horizontal separators using neat sketch ‘What is the gravity separation theory? Draw block diagram for natural gas treatment. Although formation of hydrates is not recommended but it may be helpful, comment. As the natural gas quality increase, its specific gravity gets lower, discuss. B. Solve the following 1- A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 f/day from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000 psia and a temperature of 120°F. The specific gravity is 0.72. Calculate the gas flow rate in scflday. (5 Marks) 2- A hydrocarbon gas mixture has a specific gravity of 0.72. Calculate the isothermal gas compressibility coefficient at 2000 psia and 140°F by assuming: (5 Marks) a. An ideal gas behavior b. A real gas behavior 3- A hydrocarbon gas mixture has a specific gravity of 0.72. Calculate the gas viscosity by using the Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin method at 2000 psia and 140°F. (5 Marks) 4- A water-saturated gas at 80 "F and 400 psia had a 70 'F dew point depression after passing through a dehydration plant. How many gallons of water were removed per million standard cubic feet (MMscf) of gas measured at 60 'F and 14.7 psia? (5 Marks) [water density = 8.34 Ib/gal]. S- Natural gas is in contact with brine in a reservoir. The brine contains 15000 ppm dissolved solids. Calculate the water content in Ib/MMsef at reservoir conditions of 2000 psia and 200 ‘F. (6 Marks) 6- CO» gas is being absorbed from its mixture with Nz (CO, concentration is 0.2% by volume) by using a tray tower fed with amine solution, where 80% of CO) gas is removed by the amine. Fresh amine solution is fed to amine tower at a rate of 2000 Ib/min and comes out at the bottom containing 0.01% by weight CO>. If the maximum allowable vapor velocity is fVmin, calculate: minimum tower diameter T=80°F, P=2 atm, R=10.73 psia fmol °R (7 Marks) 7- 2 cubic feet tank contains propane at 1209 psig and 332 ‘F; taking into account the deviation from the gas laws, how many standard cubic feet of gas have been withdrawn from the cylinder when the pressure has dropped to 602 psig and 332 "F? Atmospheric pressure is at 14.7 psia (6 Marks) Sa Anew Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem Page 1 of 64 oF Compressiblity Factor, 2 06 05 E 04 = os FES 0. wey 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pseudo-reduced Pressure, P, T, = 168 + 325 yg 12. 57," (R) P. = 677 + 15.0 yz 37-5 7_° (psia) _ 0.4 + 0.02 M yrs 209 +19M +T x =3.5+ 22 40.01M T Y=2.4-0.2X a, =10-1K exp [x (p 62.4) ] Atomie weights [C= 12, H=1, N= 14, © =16, $ =32] Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem Page 2 of 6ae ee ee ls eam wee SS ee gies 388 238 Lb water/ MM cu ft of gas at 60°F, ane. 14.7 prin 85 388 "#0 FROM BRINE CORRECTION FOR GAS GRAVITY 3 Warning: Dashed lines are mera~stable equilibrium. Actual equilibrium ts lower water content. Angle isa function of composition, ‘\ Hydrate formation fines. | Me 8 I Position of this li Iga function of gas composition. I 2 Dew point of natural gas J.J. MeKetta and A. H. Wehe The University of Texas 1958 20 40 60 80 100120, 160, ‘Temperature, *F 1401 200 a 200 240 Water content of natural gas with corrections for salinity and gravity. “Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem Page 3 of 6or Gh 40 1-20] oo al ion of C,T,with reduced temperature and pressure, Variation of CT, with reduced temperature and pressure. Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem Page 4 of 6ee ity (air 1,000)Yucouty eo, w/e 1 [eee = Lair ae as as a0 a2 ke eso 8 Paudeedoce roar Viscosity ratio versus pseudo reduced temperature. Tye=Tpe-k oie Poo The Te + B= Boe = 120 [A - A!) + 15 (BS - BY) ‘Yuns + Yoox - 80 yco2 + 130 yrs - 250 yra +440 yoor+ 600 yrns - 170 yxz Bh eopttnt fe ee ee LP le “iT P 3 B, =O. EAS Eg =35.37 —_, sef/ft = 0.00827 e an Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem "Page 6 of 6Length Mass Time Temperature Area Volume Density Force Units equivalences 1 m= 3.28084 ft = 39.37 in 1 angstrom (°A) = 1077? m 1 micron (u) = 10% m 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609344 km = 1760 yd 1 in= 2.54 cm = 0.083333 ft Imm = 10° m 1 km = 1000 m= 0.621371 Lyd=3 ft= 36 in mi 1g=10° kg 1 slug = 14,5939 kg = 32.174 Ibm 1 kg = 1000 g = 2.20462 Ibm 1 ton = 907.185 kg = 2000 Ibi 1 Ibm = 0.453592 kg 1 oz= 28.349 g 1 day = 24 h=8.64 x 10's 1h=60 min=3600s 1 min=60s 10°s 1ps=10%s Ins=10°s 107s Temperature conversion formulas: K=°C + 273.15 °R= °F + 459.67 °F=1.8°C +32 °C=(°F-32)/1.8 °R=18K 1° K=1.8°F=1.8°R This is temperature 1 °F = 1 °R= 0.555556 °C = 0.5555556 K difference 1 gallon (gal) = 0.133681 f° = 3.78531 liter (I or L) = 4 gt 1 liter = 100.028 cm’ = 1.05672 gt I pint (pt) = 0.125 gal = 0.473163 liter = 0.5 qt 1 g/cm? = 1000 kg/m? = 62.428 Ibj/ft® 1 kg/m’ = 10° g/om? = 0.062428 Iby,/ f° 1 Ib / f° = 0.0160185 g/cm? = 16.0185 kg/m* 1 dyne (dyn) = 10° N = 7.233 x 10° poundal I Ibp= 4.44822 N = 32.174 poundal = 0.45359 kgy 1 N= 0.224809 Iby= 7.233 poundal 1 poundal = 0.031081 Iby= 0.138255 N 1 kgy= 9.80665 N 1 ton-= 9.96402 KN = 1016.05 kgyx D pressure Energy Power Heat Capacity Thermal conductivity Viscosity Viscosity (kinematic) Jatm =2116.224 Iby/f? =1.013x10° Pa =14.696 psi = 1 kgy/ 0132 bar 760 mmHg = 10.33 m H,0 = 29.9213 inHg, 1 Iby/8? = 47.88 Pa = 6.94444x10" psi 1 psi oy) = 6894.8 Pa= 144 Ib,/ft? = 0.07031 kgy/em? 1 N/em? = 10* Pa 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m? = 2.08856x10" Iby/ft? .7845 Iby/f? 38639 kPa = 0.491 Iby/in” .98907 kPa = 0.030 kg,/ cm* = 22.3997 mmHg 1 Btu = 777.649 ft.lby= 1054.35 J = 0.251996 kcal = 1.05506 kJ 1 erg = 1 dyn.cm = 1.0x107 J 1 ft. Iby = 1.28593x10° Btu = 1.35582 J 1 hp. 546.14 Btu = 1.98x10° ft. Iby= 2.68452x10° J 1 J = 0.737562 ft. Iby= 2.3006%10% keal = 0.277778 10° kW.h L kcal = 3.96832 Btu = 3085.96 ft. Iby= 4184 J = 4.18410" erg 1 kW.h = 3409.52 Btu = 2.65522%10° ft. Iby= 3.6«10° J= 3.6 MJ 1 Btwh = 3.92752x10" hp = 0.292875 W_ 1 hp = 550 ft. Iby/ sec = 745.7 W 1 kcal/s = 5.61084 hp = 4184 W 1 kW = 1.34102 hp = 1000 W MW =10°W 1W = 1 J/s = 0.737562 ft. Iby/sec = 1.34402x107 hp 1 Btu/lb,2F = 1 cal/g °C = 1 keal/kg.K = 777.649 fi-lby/ Ib,.°R = 4184 J/kg K 1 ft. Iby/ Ib,,2R = 1.28593x10° Btu/Ib,,°F = 1.28593 keal/kg°C 1 Wkg.K = 2.390610" Btu/lbn°F = 2.39006x10" kcal/kg?C 1 Btu/h.ft.°F = 4.1364x10" keal/s.m.°C = 1.7307 W/m.K 1 keal/s.m.°C = 2417.56 Btu/h.ft.°F = 4184 W/m.K. 1 W/m.K = 2.390006x10" keal/s.m.°C 1 centipoise (cp) = 0.01 poise = 0.001 Pa.s = 2.4191 Ibm/ ft. h 1 kg/m.s = 10 g/cm.s = | Pa. = 2419.1 Iba/ft.h = 0.67197 Ibq/f.see 1 Iby/ft.h = 0.413377 op = 4.13377x10" kg/m.s = 2.777810" Ij. / ft. sec 4.13377x104 Pas = 4.13377x10" poise 1 Ibp/ft.sec = 1488.16 cp = 3600 Ibjy/ft-h = 1.48816 Pa.s 14.8816 poises 1 centistokes = 10% m*/s = 0.01 stokes 1 stokes = 1 em’/s = 10% m*/s 1 fi’/h = 2.7778x107 f?/sec = 0.258064 stokes 1 fP/s 600 £7/h = 929.03 stokes 1 m’/s = 3.875108 f/h = 10.7639 ft/sec = 10° stokesRaly Jo-l- 20h ‘Alexandria University SSP Aypauty daady, Faculty of Engineering uasigl As ‘Specialized Scientific Programs Hrwadiatl Aytall gal January, 2011 2011 2A perce) cheba: a3 1) A) The dimerization of the butadiene (C,H) colorless gas was carried out in a laboratory reactor at 25°C. Butadiene dimerizes to yield hexahydropentalene (CsHiz) in an irreversible variable volume reaction. ‘The concentration-time data were obtained in a batch reactor as follows Time (min) 30 100 150 200 230 300 Concentration of | a ~ CuHs 38 30.6 256 22.2 19.5 14 (mol/dm*)*10° C cans 0.05M i) _ Determine the reaction order with respect to butadiene. (9 marks) ii) Determine the half life time of butadiene. (G marks) iii) Determine the PFR volume necessary to produce 300 million kg of CsH2 per year from the dimerization of pure butadiene at 500K and a pressure of 6 atm. It is required to achieve a conversion of 75%. (8 marks) 1) B) Put (v) or (X) and correct the wrong sentences if any. (5 marks) i) All catalysts need the extended surface provided by a porous structure. ii) Inphysical adsorption the adsorbed atoms or molecules are held to the surface by valence forces. iii) In catalytic reactions, the reaction is catalyzed over the entire solid surface of the catalyst. iv) Chemisorption is an endothermic process. v) The overall rate of the catalytic reaction is equal to the rate of the surface reaction step. 2) A) Mention the main four types of catalysts. (2 marks) B) Mention the seven stages of a catalytic reaction. When is the reaction described to be diffusion controlled? (4:marks) 1/3C) Write the scientific term: (3 marks) i) A surface reaction mechanism in which reaction occurs between an adsorbed molecule and a molecule in the gas phase. j) Rate of reaction at entrance 10) ‘Boterng flow rate of reactant iii) Mechanism of adsorption where the molecule of reactant is adsorbed as separate atoms. 3) The experimental kinetic data of the catalytic decomposition of gaseous sulfury! chloride (SO,C!,) to yield adsorbed sulfur dioxide and chlorine in the gas phase are as follows a (9 marks) Initial sulfuryl chloride 2.25 ek weeps Grad 025 | 05 | 075 | 1 18 Initial corresponding, 2.925 rate (molgeaumin) | 0225 | 0635 | 097s | 137 | 2 Determine the overall rate law of the reaction, assuming that diffusion steps are very fast, and given that the rate laws for adsorption, surface reaction and desorption are, respectively, as follows Coky(Pi~PaFe/ Kp) + KgPPa/K,+KaPa bn KsCeKi(Pr—PaPe/ Kp) ST PakatKiP, ko CeKsKi(Pi—PaPe/ Ky) 10 PAPRR AK PP, D-—desorption I-sulfuryl chloride c—ehlorine s~surface reaction d—sulfur dioxide 4) Calculate the pressure drop at the end of 80 ft length pipe. The pipe is 3 inch internal diameter and packed with pellets of 7 in. diameter. A stream of 10 Ibmol/h of combustion gases is passing through the pellets. The temperature is maintained constant at 260°C. The volume of solid per total bed volume is 45%. ‘The properties of the gas are the same as the air at this temperature, The gas enters at a pressure of 10 atm. Is the gas flow rate laminar or turbulent? (7 marks) Best Wishes Dr. Yasmine Osama 2/3Additional Information [pe 1+ €)In ing a fQ+exdr +ex : (-xP i-x a f+ expde_ 2 +E {GSe- 2€(1 + €)in(t ~ 2) 4 2x4 SE Activation energy of butadiene dimerization = 50 keal/mol 1 cal=4.18 J, R=8.314 Pa.m’/mol.K ‘Three point differentiation formulas: Initial point (dCy/dt)=(-3Cast4Car-Can)/2t Interior point (dCq/dt)i=(Caty-Cagn2At Final point (dCq/dt)e=(Cayeay4Caceiy*3Cad/2At Molecular weight of hexahydropentalene=108 W= (1-9)Az*p. z =(1-aw)¥? a 2Bo ic(1— p)pcP, GA—¢) 15001 ~ p)u lo = ——— > + 1.756] B PoGcDpp* Dp i At 260°C and 10 atm, p,y=0.0673 Ibp/ftth & pai=0.413 Iby/ft? Maie=29° c= 32.17 lbp .ft/lby.s? 1 atm=14.7 Psi Ift=12 inch 3/3[ [-l-20tt ‘Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Gas and Petrochemicals Engineering Corrosion Engineering Final Exam (120 minutes Answer all the following questions as in their indicated order Put your final answers in a table and indicate any numerical values with its units, Write using a blue or black pen, No pencils except for drawing. Do not answer the same question more than once. All the E” are for reduction reactions. F=96500 Cig equiv. 1. Referring to the Pourbaix diagram; Estimate the equation of the line separating the region of the ZnO” and the metal Zn in the presence of concentration of the Zn0." ions of 0.001 M. E° for this reaction is 0.441 V. [5 pt] 2. Nickel experiences corfosion in an acid solution where the rate of bothroxidation and reduction half reactions are controlled by activation polarization, a. Compute i, the rate oxidation of Ni (in mol/em? s) [5 pt] ii, the value of the corrosion potential [3 pt] The value of the cathodic polarization [2 pt] iv, The value of the anodic polarization [2 pt] b. Ifthe piece of nickel is connected to a piece of gold, what will be the rate of corrosion of the nickel in this case (in mol/em: s) [3 pf] the value of the corrosion potential {1pt] the rate of hydrogen evolution from the surface of the nickel (in mol/em? 8) [3 pt] iv. the rate of hydrogen evolution from the surface of gold (in mol/em? s) [3 pal ¢. Ifthe hydrogen evolution for the case (a) experiences a concentration polarization at a current of 4*10"” A/em?. Determine i, The rate of corrosion of Ni (in mol/em? s) [2 pt] fi, ‘The value of the corrosion potential [4 pt] iii, ‘The value of the cathodic activation polarization [2 pt] Page 1 of 3given the following activation polarization data For Hydrogen on Nickel _ | For Hydrogen on Gold | v=0 v v=0V ig=10” Alem? | ig= 10 Alem? ig=10° Alem? 80.06 B=0.1 B=-0.1 3. A Nickel electrode is corroding iin a dearated electrolyte which has a pH of 2.0 and concentration of the nickel ions of 0,003 M. Determine: a. The rate of corrosion in mol/em? year. [6 pt] b. The corrosion potential. [2 pt} For nickel For Hydrogen V=-0.25V V=0V ig=10” Alem? ig= 10 Alem? | B=0.04 B=0.13 4, An electrode has a potential of -0.8 V relative to 0.1 N Ag/AgCl electrode. What is the electrode potential on a hydrogen scale? [4pt] Eo for Ag/AgCl = 0.22 V; Activity coefficient of CI Cl=35.5 g/g atom, .9; Atomic Weight of 5. State False or Correct: [15 pt] a) Increasing the surface roughness of an electrode will increase its exchange current density. b) Cold-worked sections of a metal will corrode faster. ©) Increasing the concentration of ions of an oxidizer in the bulk of solution will increase the rate of corrosion in case of concentration controlled corrosion. 4) When a piece of zinc metal corroding in an acid medium is connected to a piece of platinum in the solution, the rate of hydrogen evolution on the zinc increases, ©) By using Pourbaix diagram, we can predict the occurrence of corrosion and the composition of corrosion products formed. ) On the basis of the proper material for the least amount of money, Monel is used in the case of hot HCI containers, ob pie St \-——fp bz \—* hel: ¢-lel St co Page 2 of 38) On the basis of the proper material for the least amount of money, lead is used in the case of concentrated sulphuric acid containers. hh) Antimony salts are added to corrosive solutions to retard the hydrogen evolution. ’) Stressed parts of a metal become anodic to unstressed parts. J) Itis advisable to avoid contact between large size cathode and small size anode of different metal then the reverse. k) Sacrificial cathodic protection is easily installed and maintained than the impressed current cathodic protection. }) Impressed current cathodic protection is usually used for large area of metal than the sacrificial cathodic protection. m) Impressed current cathodic protection requires a potentiostat to maintain a constant potential for the protected metal. 1n) The installation cost of anodic protection is higher than that of the cathodic protection. 0) Anodic protection is advisable in aggressive corrosion environments than the cathodic protection. Good Luck Dr. Yehia El-Shazly Page 3 of 3Alexandria University SSP Hypa day Faculty of Engineering . Haigh as Specialized Scientific Programs Radi Sale! al January 2011 GPE 432 Pollution from Petrochemicals Industry FINAL EXAM ‘Time allowed: 120 minutes Answer all questions: 7 Question 1: (12 marks Discuss briefly: 4. General approaches available to control air pollution emissions from petrochemical industry b. Criteria that must be considered in assessing the impact of a petrochemical plant air pollutant emissions. ©. Advantages and disadvantages of wet collectors as means of control ofair pollution from petrochemical plants, d.. Main concepts to be considered in the desi ign of hydrocarbons emission control systems in petrochemical industry¢ Principal devices used to control air pollution from petrochemical plants £ Principal pollutant gases from petrochemical industry and important control methods. bs Use of absorption technique to remove organic vapors from effluent gases of petrochemical industry. I & Methods of contro! of SO: emissions from petrochemical industrytion 2: 12 mari Question 2; __(12_ marks) Write briefly on the following: a. Cost of wastewater treatment in petrochemical plants '. Unit processes used for treating petrochemical waste streams. ¢. Experience showed that treatment of wastewaters from a petrochemical unit should bbe an optimum combination of different techniques. 4. Important factors to be considered in the design of a wastewater treatment system for a petrochemical plant.¢. The general techniques that can be followed to minimize pollution from a petrochemical unit 8 Removal of toxic substances from wastewater of petrochemical plants. hh, Disposal of sludges generated from petrochemical plants.uestion 3 : ($_marks| Comment on the following: a. Sanitary landfills are the most acceptable method for disposal of non- toxic solid and semi-solid was stes generated in petrochemical industry. . The management of solid wastes generated by the petrochemical industry depend on the existing conditions, ¢. The desired options for mana, wing hazardous wastes from petrochemical industry are arranged in order of priority & Energy use at pollution control facilites from petrochemical plants must be considered with Tespect to three different areas,uestion 4 marks) , a Discuss briefly plastic recycling, explaining the following : types Of plastics = necessity of recycling - types of plastics that can to Fecycled ~ different recycling altematives and situation of plastic recycling in Egypt. b. An approach to control industrial pollution is to recover waste products in usable form. Inthe reaction, — 2H2S + $02 = 38 + 21100 Waste H2S and $02 are recovered as elemental sulfar liquid. How much sulfur can be recovered if 750,000 kg of SO2 are deposited into the sit?“su Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Specialized Scientific Programs January, 2011 Process Design I [GPE 523] - - Final Term Exam ‘Time Allowed: 2 Hi Toluene is being produced by the vapor phase dehydrogenation of n-heptane over a catalyst according to the equation: (Cs ye————_—+ CHsCH + 4H, The process starts with liquid n-heptane which is fed to a vaporizer-superheater from which n-heptane vapor is produced. The n-heptane vapor is fed to a multistage centrifugal compressor Leu Where its pressure reaches 294 psia followed by a tubular reactor (made of 100 vertical tubes, ID=0.3 m and L=2m, each containing a fixed bed of the catalyst of height 0.6 m) where a 20% conversion of n-heptane fo toluene is affected. The effluent vapors at 425 °C are fed to a cooler-condenser, where all “effluents are cooled down to 18 °C. Thereafter the mixture is fed to a phase separator, where all hydrogen gas is separated from the toluene n-heptane mixture, The latter is fed to the bottom of a packed extraction column, to the top of which triethylene glycol (TEG) is fed to extract the toluene produced. TEG is 100% selective, but the raffinate composition is 95% n-heptane and 5% toluene (weight basis). The raffinate stream is not recycled back to the vaporizer-superheater, but is directed ‘“< (o further treatment and purification. The extract is first preheated by heat exchange with hot TEG coming from the distillation tower used for separating TEG from toluene. This tower has a reflux ratio of 6 and product streams are assumed (o be at their boiling points. The products from the tower are pure toluene and pure TEG. The operating factor is 0.822, [USE THE ATTACHED DATA SHEET] 5) Compound catigriatey | e020) vap. | Cy(dle°C) Lig tn KT | enn iS Toluene I 364 384 n-heptane { a 32 | = | TEG _ i 434 _ [Water at 588 psi | 523, Required: a , 1 Draw a qualitative flowsheet showing the main and auxiliary units of the operation and identify all x. __ the streams of the process (in and out to each unit). [10 marks} IL, Calculate the space velocity of the feed vapor to the tubular reactor (based on the fed rate and the catalyst volume). [5 marks} [Sa I1L-Calculate the mass flow rate of steam in kg/hr and the number of tubes required in the n-heptane vaporizer if the overall heat transfer coefficient is 25 Wim? K. [8 marks} TY. Select suitable storage tank type for n-heptane giving your reasons. Calculate the required tank © wall thickness for weekly storage and state the main factors that may lead to the tank failure. (7 marks} ~ iven that: * The maximum allowable stress for the tank « Joint efficiency'is 100% material = 29 psia : Page 1 of 2‘© Specific gravity of n-heptane = 0.8 ‘* Corrosion allowance = 0.001 ipy «Tank service life = 20 year 0.3 em g=9.81 m/s? R= 0.08206 L .atm/mol. K L. The high temperatures involved in welding stainless steels may cause a problem. Explain this problem and show how it can be avoided. [4 marks} I. Briefly define the following: a- Hydroprocessing. b- HAZOP study and its objective c- Hz Embrittlement. d- Duplex stainless steel. [10 marks} II. Compare between ‘Fixed and floating roof storage tanks. (state their advantages and disadvantages) b- 300 and 400 series of stainless steels. [6 marks} V. Give reason: ‘a- Stainless steel is not used as a material of construction in the presence of halides, b- High zine alloys shoutd not be used with acids or alkalies. [5 marks] n-heptane vaporizer Identification: Item : Heat Exchanger Date 11-90 item No. E-4 Function. Vaporization of n-heptane Operation; — Contnvous Type: Horizontal! Fined toe sree Expansion ng in she Duty. - Btofh Tatre side: Tubes: fin. diam. 14 BWG Fluki handled n-heptane 125" Centers A Pattern Fiow rate 600 kgihr 8 ft long Pressure 20 prig 2 Passes Temperature 18°C 10 425 °C Tube materlal Cavoon tee! Head material Carbon steel ‘Shell aide: T Passes ‘Fluid handled Super heated steam Flow rate support Req'd) Pressure 673.3 pain (Longitudinal baffles 0 Req'd) Temperature 600 to 100 °C Shell materlal carder ste! Utilitia: Super heated steam Cootros.: Temperature and pressure Teeulation: 2” rock cork of equivalent: weaiterproored Tolerances: Tuduler Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TENA) stendarcs Comments amd drawings: Location and sizes of inlets ancl ovieis ara sron0 co drawing BEST WISHES DR/MOHAMED HELMY Page 2 of 21F-1- ott t Alexandria ee Ag tial dal Faculty of Engineer Aucaigh 4S Specialized Scientific Programs acetal Ayala Bal a) January, 2010 Process Dynamics and Control [GPE 252] Time Allowed: 120 Minutes. Answer the following questions 1. A tank having a time constant of 1 min and a resistance of 1/9 f/cfim (see Fig. 1) is operating at steady state with an inlet flow of 10 cfm. At time t=0, the flow is suddenly increased to 100 cfm for 0.1 min i.e. 9 f° of water are suddenly added to the tank. Determine the deviation in tank level after | min. Plot the response in tank level and compare the pulse response with the impulse response. (15 points) 2. ‘The two-tank heating process shown in Figure 2 consists of two identical, well- stirred tanks in series. At steady state, T,=T,=60°F. At time !=0, the temperature of each stream entering the tanks changes according to a step function, i.e. Ty=10 UC) and T,’= 20 U(t) where T,’ and,’ are deviation variables. ‘The expression that relates T,’, the deviation in temperature in tank 2, to T,’ and Ty’ isas follows: T2(s)'=——°-> Tats) + -°-_To6) (+D@s+) (+) (a) Develop the block diagram that relates T,’, the deviation in temperature in tank 2, to T,’ and T,’. (b) Obtain an expression for T,'(s).(c) Determine T;'(2). (15 points) ‘A negative feed back control system is used to control the temperature of a certain liquid in a well-stirred and well-insulated tank. The controller changes the heat input to the tank by an amount that is proportional to the error. There is no dynamic lag in the measuring element. The expression that relates the deviation in the temperature T” of the effluent to the deviation in the temperature of the influent stream Ti’ and the heat input Q is: T= (20 points) tst+1 (a) Develop a block diagram for this control loop. The diagram should contain ALL the components of a control system and must be well labeled (b) Obtain the overall transfer function for a servo problem and sketch the unit-step response for set-point change. (c) Obtain the overall transfer function for a regulator problem and sketch the unit-step response for load change. (d)In each sketch label the value of the off-set CLEARLY.