Gas And Petrochemicals Engineering ProgramRmew es SP eee eee ee eo Alexandria University ssp Ay palsy dead Faculty of Engineering Aaasigsl As Specialized Scientific Programs Kena!) Apabel gall San, 2012 2012 sy ‘Course title Number: Fundamentals of Mass dla O15) Casal Balance GPE 211 ‘Time allowed: Two Hours ! 6-l -2d 2 eka: Ga3)) 1. Liquid acetone (CsH<0) is fed at a rate of 400 L/mim into a heated chamber, where it evaporates into a nitrogen stream. The gas leaving the heater is diluted by anther nitrogen stream flowing at a measured rate of 5190 SCMH. The combined gases are then compressed to a total pressure of 9.3 atm at a temperature of 325°C. The partial pressure of acetone in this stream is 800 mm Hg gauge Calculate: (1) The molar composition of the stream leaving the compressor. (2) The volumetric flow rate of nitrogen entering the evaporator if the temperature and pressure of this stream are 27°C and 550 mm Hg . (10 points) 2. Methane and oxygen react in the presence of a catalyst to form formaldehyde. In a parallel reaction methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water: CHy + 0 > HCHO +H,0 CH, + 20, + CO, +2H,0 The feed to the reactor contains equimolar amounts of methane and oxygen. Assume a basis 100 mol feed /s, calculate the molar composition of the reactor output stream and the selectivity of formaldehyde production relative to carbon dioxide production using extent of reaction method if the fractional conversion of methane is 0.9 and the fractional yield of formaldehyde is 0.855. (1S points) 3. Fresh air containing 6 mole % water vapor is to be cooled and dehumidified to a water content of 2 mole% H,O. A stream of fresh air is combined with a recycle stream of previously dehumidified and passed through the cooler. In the air conditioner, 40% of the water in the feed stream is condensed and removed as liquid. A fraction of the dehumidified air leaving the cooler is recycled and the remainder is delivered to a room. Taking 5 mol of condensate as a basis of calculation, calculate the moles of fresh feed and the recycle ratio (moles recycled/mole fresh feed). (10 points) ing 20 wi% H,SO, (S.G = 1.139) and 60 w1% H,SO; 213). 4. Two aqueous sulfuric acid solutions contai (S.G = 1.498) are mixed to form a 4.00 M solution (S.G 1. Calculate the mass fraction of sulfuric acid in the product solution, 2. Taking 100 kg of the 20 % feed solution as a basis, draw and label a flowchart of this process then calculate the feed ratio (liters 20% solution/liter 60% solution). 3. What feed rate of the 60 % solution (L/h) would be required to produce 1250 kg/h of the product? (1S points) Exam Committee: Prof.Dr.E-8.Z.El AshtoukhyRee we eS SS Se ee eS eS eS eee ee eee ee Alexandria University SSP Faculty of Engineering Specialized Scientific Programs Fall 2011 2-\-LaL Q#I Define the following terms: e Atomic number e Atomic mass e — Isotopes e — Electonegativity e Lattice parameters ¢ Polymorphism © Ductility Q#2. From the following table, compute: Ay ysicu daa hl YS Fewadtal Ayala geal yi Time: 2Hours aren Scence PASE Dol a) Number average molecular weight (Mz) b) Weight average molecular weight (Mw) Mi Wi Xi 7,500 0.02 0.05 12,500 0.10 0.16 17,500 0.18 0.22 22,500 0.29 0.27 27,500 0.26 020 | 32,500 0.13 (0.08 37,500 0.02 0.02 Q#3 a) Calculate APF for FCC crystal structure b) Explain how to get the secant and tangent modulus from the stress-strain curve for any materials c) Mention and discuss the all types of bondingAlexandria University SSP Ayysitusy Fak Faculty of Engineering dass AIS Specialized Scientific Programs Heewadtl Aylall gal yl Q#4 a) Mention the objectives of DSC showing how it can be achieved. b) Discuss the factors influence the degree of crystallinity of polymers. c) Discuss the properties that could be affected by the degree of crystallinity QuS Tm = AH/ AS According to the above equation, discuss all the factors affecting the melting temperature and glass transition temperature of polymers.Alexandria University Ay sisal deal, Faculty of Engineering Haasigh s Specialized Scientific Programs aH-l eV Hecadtedl Kyte gal jd Jan, 2012 2012 4 ‘Course title Number:Organic 1 G(203) TA git elas 5290) Dy fia pul Time allowed:2 hours eer gait ‘Answer the following questions ‘Question One: A) Choose the correct answer: 1, The reaction of the Na salt of 3-methyl-I-pentyne with I-bromo-3-methylbutane produces which of these? A) 3,8-dimethyl-4-nonyne B) 2,7-dimethyl-4-nonyne C) 3,8-dimethyl-S-nonyne D)3,7-dimethyl-4-nonyne E)3,7-dimethyl-S-nonyne 2, Catalytic hydrogenation of which of the following will yield 2-methylpentane? A) 2-methyl-1-pentene B) 2-methy1-2-pentene C)4-methyl-2-pentene D) 4-methyl-I-pentene E) Alllof the above 3, An IUPAC name for the following compound is: A) 4-Isobutyl-3,4-dimethylheptane B) 4-sec-Butyl-2,4-dimethylheptane ©) 2,4,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane 1D) 3,4,6-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane E) 4-Isobutyl-4,5-dimethylheptane 4, You want to synthesize 3-methyl-2-pentene from 2-chloro-3-methylpentane. Which reagent ‘would you use? A) HCL, heat B) NHs(aq), 25°C C) CHsCONa, CH,CO3H, heat D) CHyCH;ONa, CHCH,OH, heat E) CH;CH,OH, heat ——_—_— Lecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer Page 15. The correct IUPAC name for the following compound is: Br cl A) 2-Bromo-4-chloro-4-isopropylpentane _B) 4-Bromo-2-chloro-2-isopropylpentane C)5-Bromo-3-chloro-2,3-dimethylhexane __D) 2-Bromo-4-chloro-4,5~ imethylhexane E) 2(2-Bromopropyl)-2-chloro-3-methylbutane {6 What will be the major product of the following reaction? 85% H3PO, ti, >< iat oH s4A A) B) ~N ° oes D) BE) ple 2. Which alkene would liberate the most heat per mole when subjected to catalytic hydrogenation? ayrwnn py AL gu ee. —E) ~SnN 8 What is the simplest alkane, ie., the one with the smallest molecular weight, which Possesses primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms? A) 2-Methylpropane B) 2-Methylbutane C)2-Methylpentane 1D) 3-Methylpentane E) 2,2-Dimethylbutane ‘9, How many sigma bonds are there in CH»=CH-C=CH? A)6 B)7 os D)9 E)10 Lecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer Page 2na Haeae eae eeCmeellUraeEellUreaeaelUCUeaeEellUCreetlCceerlCee lemme ee 10. Which of the following pairs of compounds represent pairs of constitutional isomers? ‘A) 2-Methylbutane and pentane B) 2-Chlorohexane and 3-chlorohexane C) sec-Butyl bromide and tert-butyl bromide D) Propyl chloride and isopropyl chloride E) All of the above B) Draw structures of all products expected from the following reactions: | monochlorination at room temperature in presence of UVL of 2,2,4-Trimethyl pentane, 2. Reaction of 3-Methy!-3-pentanol with sulfuric acid at 80°C. ©) Propose a reasonable synthetic strategy for the synthesis of trans-6-methyl-3-heptene from 4-methyl-I-pentyne. Question Two: Answer the following questions: A) Give the structural formula of the following: 1) (E)-2-Bromo-3-chloro-5-methyl-2-hexene, 2) 3,4,4,5-Tetramethy! heptane. 3) 4-Methyl pent-4-en-2-ol. 4) Treans-1,4-Dichloro-2-pentene, 5) 5-chloro-4-propyl-3-heptanol. B) Explain the mechanism of anti- addition of hydrogen to 4-Octyne to produce trans- 4-octene indicating the reagents and conditions us ©) Write the structural formulas for all the products that would be obtained when 4- bromo-2,2-dimethylpentane is_heated with potassium tertiary-butoxide in tertiary- butyl alcohol, indicating major and minor products. D) Arrange the following compounds according to what mentioned between brackets: 1) Pentene, I-pentyne, pentane, I-pentanol (in order of decreasing acidity). 2) 2-methyl-2-pentene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene(in order of decreasing stability). 3) L-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol (in order of decreasing reactivity towards acid-catalyzed dehydration), Question Three: A) State whether the following statements are false or true and correct the false one: Removal of hydrogen from one of the end carbon atoms of propane gives a group that is called the isopropyl group. The compound (CHs)sN has a higher boiling point than CH;CH;NHCHs. Polarizability means the ability of nucleus to respond to a changing electric field The larger the pKa, the stronger the Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups are called diols. ‘Addition of one mole hydrogen to one mole alkynes in presence of Ni catalyst yields pure cis- alkene. Primary alcohols can undergo dehydration to obtain alkene by El mechanism. a 3. 4 5 & —_—S— Lecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer Page 3As the hydrophobic portion of an alcohol gets longer, the alcohol is much more soluble in water. Cis-CHF=CHF has a higher boiling point than trans-CHF=CHF. Hydrogen bonding is much stronger than the covalent bond. a 1 B) Give the TUPAC name correspon: erty tr I) 2) HO" 3) Question Four: A) Complete the following statements: to the following structure: 1, Ina dehydration reaction, the leaving group is 2, Catalysts which are insoluble in the reaction medium of hydrogenation of alkenes are called- ~ is the process by which one hydrogen atom and a halide atom are removed from an alkyl halide to obtain an alkene. Compounds have a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom bearing hydrogen and/or alkyl group are called —, 5, When an elimination reaction gives the less substituted alkene as the major product, we say that the elimination follows rule 6 The halogenation reactions of alkanes take place by a - ‘mechanism 7, In halogenation of alkanes bromine is less ~--- but more 8 A strong acid is that one which will give up a easily. 9 Nucleus-loving reagents; seek a proton or some other positively charged center are called. ‘The mechanism fora free-radical reaction consists of thre types of steps. These ae: To determine the parent name for an alkane, we begin by finding the~ A covalent bond breaking so that each of the resulting intermediates bears a single unpaired electron is an example of- bond cleavage. 13, A compound containing a triple bond between the first two carbons in the chain is called fe 14, In elimination reactions of alkyl halides, the carbon atom bearing the substituent is called- 1. Propyne from CHjCHBrCHBr. 2, Propene from Propyl chloride. 3, Propene from propyne. a eo Lecturer: Dr. Abeer A. Moneer Page 4aomm wm wee eee eee eee eee Alexandria University ae Ay auyl dad Faculty of Engineering asi IS Specialized Scientific Programs B Anuedtall gabe gel ll Natural Gas & Petrochemical Industries dag LaS 95g ag Jal asia Fall, 2012 2012 sis Physical Chemistry 1 (GPE 201) old Taal coast Time allowed:2 hours \2 2 eels: a3! “Answer All Questions: ‘Question (1) (@) Write the scientific term for each of the following: (10 points) 1- The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction 2- One of the methods that is used to determine the rate law in which the concentration of all the reactants except one are in large excess 3 The order of the reaction in which its half life is independent on its initial concentration 4- The description of the path by which a reaction occurs 5- The unstable compound that has the highest energy during the reaction 6- The number of molecules coming together to react in an elementary reaction 7- The interval during which the concentration of the intermediates rises from zero 8- The order of the reaction that its half life is direct proportional to its initial concentration 9- The compound that is formed in one elementary reaction and is consumed in the other (b) The rate constant for the above reaction A —+ C+D is 39.1 M™ min" . If the initial concentration of A is 0.04 M. How long will it take for 90% of A to react? (4 points) (©) For the following reaction A — B , at the end of 100 second, one-half of the initial amount of A.was reacted. How much of A will react in 200 seconds, if the reaction with respect to A is: 1- First order 2- Second order 3+ Zero order (Assume initial concentration of A = 100 M) (6 points) juestion (2) (@) Discus each of the following: (8 points) 1- “The steady state approximation theory (QSSA) 2. The effect of the value and sign of the activation energy of chemical reaction 3. The effect of temperature on reaction rate 4- The factors that initial the chemical reaction (b) For the following reaction CO +NOz — CO +NO,, if the potential energy of the reactants is 60 KS, the potential energy of the products is 20 KJ and the activation energy of the forward reaction equal 130 KJ, 1- Sketch the energy profile for the reaction 2- Determine the activation energy of the reversible reaction and A H of the reaction 3+ Determine whether the forward and backward reaction is exothermic or endothermic reaction 6 points) (©) The rate constant for the decomposition of a certain substance is 2.8*10° L mol" sat 30°C and 1.38*107 L mot" sat 50°C. Evaluate the Arrhenius parameters of the reaction (6 points) aay4 VV uestion (3 (@) For the following consecutive reaction ABC Prove that [C] = (1- e') [A]o (Assume all reactants are first order) (4 points) (b) The following mechanism has been proposed for the gas- phase reaction of chloroform (CHCI,) and chlorine: (8 points) Step 1: Ch 2Cl (fast) chads, Step 2: C14 ech > HCI + CCh (slow) Step 3: Cl+CCh > CC (fast) 1- What is the overall reaction? 2- What are the intermediates in the previous mechanism? 3- What is the molecularity of each elementary reaction? 4- What is the rate law predicted by this mechanism? BEST WISHES Prof. Dr. Nevine Kamal Amin (2/2)pm m mma ES eee eee so Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Gas and Petrochemical Engineering Department Environmental Science and Engineering Fall 2011 ial Beam f=) ae Answer ALL the following questions Question 1 (8 points) 1. Cyclones are reasonably efficient for removal of «.....+.-- (a) Small particulate matter (b) large particulate matter (b) Gaseous particles (@)all the previous 2. end products of aerobic decomposition are (@) stable (b) low in energy (©) used by plants in photosynthesis (4) all the above 3. A particulate pollutant that is formed by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials (a) Dust (b) Fume (©) smoke @akb 4, Extracting useful energy of refuse can be done (a) by combustion of the organic fraction of refuse. (b) by chemical or biochemical means. (©aand b 5. The stratospheric ozone layer exists because of (2) chlorofluorocarbon (b) a dynamic equilibrium between ozone, molecular oxygen, and atomic oxygen (0) oxidizable molecules (@aandc 6. Low pH in lakes contributes to ......- (@) increase solubility of metals (b) decrease solubility of metals (©) increase the species in water 7. Photochemically formed organic oxidants are (@ emitted directly into the air. (©) primary pollutant (©) result of chemical reactions in the ambient air. 8, the maximum oxygen that can be dissolved in water (a) decreases rapidly with increasing water temperature (b) increases rapidly with increasing water temperature (©) doesn’t change with temperature _——_— Dr. Ola abdelwahab Page 1/2 PrQuestion 2 (12 points) (a) Define COD and BOD, then indicate how could you use these terms to quantify wastewater effluents contain non- biodegradable pollutants. (b) Suppose you are an engineer hired to evaluate an industrial waste water treatment plant for a specific wastewater with which you have no experience. What would you choose as the three most important wastewater parameters to be tested? (©) What do you know about waste-to- energy plants Question 3 (10 points) Give reasons for each of the following: 1. The exhaust gases should be cooled before any treatment. 2. Pipes are laid into the landfills 3. Elimination of lead from gasoline 4. Turbidity is of great importance in water treatment 5, Excess nitrogen in water is considered as a source of pollution Question 4 (8 points) ‘The BOD test for a waste diluted 1/10 produced the following curve a, What is the BODs of the waste? b. What is the ultimate carbonaceous BOD? c. What is the ultimate BOD from nitrification alone? Question 5 (12 points) Discus each of the following (using sketch whenever possible) (a) Settling in water treatment (®) primary and secondary treatment using the activated sludge process. (c) Cooling of exhausted gas for air pollution control. Page 1/2 Prof. Dr. Ola abdelwahabAlexandria University Faculty of Engineering ee Specialized Scientific Programs amend Ayala Bl January, 2012 1-1 -2Qo\L et aaa Fundamentals of Energy Balance Atha 15 gaa ‘Time allowed: 120 minutes GPE22 BAL geit "Answer ALL the following questions 1. A liquid mixture of 30 wt% acetone and 70 wt% 2-methy-1-pentanol (CéHy,O) is cooled from 45°C to 20°C. Calculate the associated specific enthalpy change in J/g, using Kopp rule to estimate any heat capacity (5 marks) 2. An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10° is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to 50°C. The liquid product is 40.0 mole percent B, and the vapor product is 68.4 mole percent B, How much heat must be transferred to the mixture per gram mole of feed? (5 marks) 3. The heart pumps blood at an average rate of SL/min. The gauge pressure on the venous (intake) side is 0 mmHg and that on the arterial (discharge) side is 100 mmHg. Energy is supplied to the heart as heat released by the absorption of oxygen in the cardiac muscles: SmI (STP) Oy'min is absorbed, and 20.2 J is released per mL of O; absorbed, Part of absorbed energy is converted to flow work (the work done to pump blood through the circulatory system), and the balance is lost as heat transferred to the tissues surrounding the heart. ‘a, Write and simplify energy balance equation. (3 marks) b, What percentage of heat input to the heart is converted to work (blood S.G. =1.0) (2 marks) 4. ‘Three hundred kg/hr of steam enters a steam turbine at 350°C and 40 bar through a 10 em ID line and exits at 75°C and 5 bar through a 5 em. The exiting stream may be liquid or wet steam. (5 marks) a. Ifthe exiting stream were wet steam at 5.0 bar, what would its temperature be? 5. Normal heptane is dehydrocyclized to toluene and hydrogen in a continuous vapor phase Feaction: CiHlc> CoHSCH +44, Pure heptane at 400°C is fed to the reactor. The reactor operates isothermally at 400°C and the reaction goes to completion. Data: The average heat capacity of n-heptane between 25°C and 400°C is 0.2427 kJmol. °C). ‘a. Taking the basis of 1 mole heptane fed, draw and label flow chart. (2 marks) b, Calculate the required heat transfer to or from the reactor (state which) in kJ. (S marks) What is the heat of heptane dehydrocycliztion reaction Af, at 400°C and | aim. (3 marks) 6. Ammonia is oxidized with air to form nitric oxide in the first step of production _100 mol NH(glimin of iti acid. Two pringiple reactions —Zere-@ par weacTOR] product ge: 700°, 8 br occu gINtW150,-5 NO 6ILO Beitaine B 2NUs+ 0s» Nov2H,0 [200 ma awrminy 716 mol Nain E 4 flow chart of the reactor flows 0.21 0, 63 mol Omin ‘Sa Calculate the required rate of heat 0.79N, if transfer to or from the reactor in kW. 150°C, 8 bar Mestmind 8. Trichloroethylene, a widely used degreasing solvent for machine parts, is produced in two-steps reaction sequence. Ethylene is first chlorinated to yield tetrachloroethane, which is dehydrochlorinated to form trichloroethylene. Citta + 2Clay) > CatlClay + Hayy ANE = -385.76 ki/mol CH:Clay> CoHChy, + HCl The standard heat of formation of liquid trichloroethylene is -276.2 kW/mol a’ Use given data and tabulated standard heats of formation of ethylene and hydrogen chloride to calculate the standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and the standard heat of second reaction. (5 marks) bb. Use Hess's law to calculate the standard heat of reaction (3 marks) CoHug) +2Chyp) - CHChqy + Hay + HChyy ©. If 300 mol/hr of CsHClay is produced in part (b) and the reactants and products are at 25°C, How much heat is evolved or absorbed in the process? (2 marks) Examiner: Dr. Moustapha Salem Best of luckLength Mass. Time Units equivalences 1m=3.28084f=3937in 1 angstrom 1 micron ( 1 mi = 528 1mm= 10° m Lyd=3 R= 36 in 2 509344 km = 1760 ye 1 slug= 14.5939 kg: 1 ton = 907.185 kg: Iiwoassinrkg Loz= 28349 g 4 I, be 1h=60min=3600s 1 min=60s 1 day = 24 h=8.64 x 10's Ims= 10° s Ips 10*s Ins=10"s. Ips= 10"? Temperature Temperature conversion formulas Force R= °F + 459.67 °C= CF -32)18 This is temperature 6K difference 1 eye = 43560 = 4.046856 «10° kn? = 1.5625 x 10° mi yd = 0092903 m* talon ga 9.12368 23.7852 er ork) = 4a = 1000,028 em’ = 1.05672 at I pit G0 "0125 gal = 0473168 her=05 at 1 dyne (dyn) = 108 N= 7.233 10° poundal poundal = 0.45359 kgy 1 tony= 9.96402 KN= 1016.05 ker Pressure temn=2116224 If? =1.013% = 760 mmHig= 10:33 Le ears 1 pa yin?) = 6894.8 Rise site 1 pascal Pa) = 1 Nx?™= 2.088860" fyi? 1 mig = 2.7845 by 1 ing 3.38639 kPa = 0.491 Ibi? | HO = 2.98907 kPa: Ty = 007031 ky lon? {teal 396052 Bee~ 308596 oe TEW.h= 3409.52 Bu = 2.65522x10° = 0.292875 W 757 Lhcale= $6104 bp= 84 W MW=10°W 739562 by ee= 3440210" bp Heat 1 BaulbasF = 1 calls Capac, 1 fly! et R = 1.28593x10” Bag" = 128595 keaig?C | Mig. K = 2.39006x10* Bru/lb,°F = 2.39006%10" keablkg*C Thermal Bruh. °F = 4.1364%10" kealsm.°C = 1.7307 Win.K conductiniy | kcal/sm.°C~= 2417.56 Buuh.f.F = 4184 Wink 1 Wim K-= 2390006104 keal’s.m.°C Ibg/th= 0.67197 Ibq/f.see Viscosity | cztistokes = 10* m/s = 0.01 stokes (Kinematic) | stokes = | en’/s = 10" mils 1 9h=2.7778x10* f/sec = 0.258064 stokes '3600 f/h= $29.03 siokes [875x10" f= 10.7639 fis = 10 stokes Pa=14.696 psi 1 kg/cm? = 1.0132 bar Lkcaeg K = 777.649 feby/IbgeR = 4184 Wg K 78x10" Ib! Soe $= 14.8816 poisesAlexandria University Faculty of Engineering Specialized Scientific Programs ‘Natural Gas & Petrochemical Industries Fall, 2012 Separaion Processes 1 Time allowed: Two hours Answer All Questions: Question One: ‘a) complete the following with the proper word, phrase or sentence: (10 points) 1- Crystals can be obtained from ........ + 2- The advantage of multi-effect evaporators is ... while its disadvantage is... 3- The effect of soluble impurities during crystallization are 1 OF « 4- The pinch point is that point at which .. coincide at .........y and the number of plates would be 5- The rate of growth of crystal in solution depends on 6- The adsorption column is removed from service when 7- The growth of crystals may be considered to take place in two steps which are .. 8. The . impurities act as seed for formation of nuclei. 9- The regeneration of adsorbent is difficult in .......... adsorption, 10- .......e Felates the concentration of adsorbate in fluid phase to its concentration on adsorbent at a given temperature. L1- The adsorbate loading is defined as .. 12- The method of feeding in evaporator-crystallizer is (b) What is the q- line? Prove its equation, and state briefly how its slope is affected by the physical condition of the feed. (4 points) Question Two (a) Discuss each of the following: (12 points) 1- Meta-stable region in crystallization process. 2- The effect of adsorbate nature on the adsorption process. 3+ Operating ranges for trays. 4- Factors affecting adsorption process. (b) A continuous fractionating column is to be designed to separate 350 Ib-mol/ h of a mixture of 44 mol% benzene and 56 mol% toluene into an overhead product containing 97 mol% benzene and a bottom product containing 97.5 mol% toluene. A reflux ratio of 3.5 is used. The feed is a mixture of two-third vapor and one-third liquid, and a relative volatility of 2.5 is used. If the plate efficiency is 80%, determine: 1- Rectifying and stripping line equation 2- The theoretical and actual number of trays 3- The q-line equation and position of feed plate 4- The amount of steam required in reboiler if 34.7 psi steam is used (assume saturated liquid enters the reboiler)5- the amount of cooling water if cooling water enters the condenser at 80° F (26.7°C) and leaves at 150°F(65.5°C) (10 points) Data given: -latent heat of condensation of steam at 37.5 psi = 70 KJ/mol - latent heat of benzene and toluene may be taken as 30KJ/mol Cp of water = 4.18 ku Ke’K Question Three (a) Name and label schematic diagram for the following cases: (8 points) 1- Crystallizer that are suitable for large throughout and can produce uniform and large crystals. 2- Crystallizer that are used widely in industrial process and for crystallization of paraffin wax. 3- Crystallizer used for controlling rate of cooling. 4- The suitable method of feeding used for hot feed. (b) An evaporator, working at atmospheric pressure, is to concentrate a solution from 5 to 20% solids at the rate of 10000 Ib/ h. The solution is fed to the evaporator at 20°C and boils at 105°C. Dry saturated steam at 34.7 psia is fed to the calandria, and the condensate leaves at the temperature of the condensing steam. If the heat transfer coefficient is 400 Ib cal/ h ft” °C, determine: (7 points) 1- The required area of heat transfer surface 2. The amount and economy of steam used 3+ If feed enters the evaporator at 105°C, what will be the required area of heat transfer and the amount of steam required? 4- Comment on the heat transfer area calculated from required 1&3 Data given Latent heat of steam at 34.7 psia = $22 Cal / Ib Temperature of steam at 34.7 psia = 126° C Latent heat of vaporization of solution = 539 Cal / Ib Specific heat of feed solution = 1 Cal/Ib °C Best wishes Prof. Dr. Nevine Kamal AminAlexandria University ay Sy tsa) dad Faculty of Engineering : Hasalgh 1S Specialized Scientific Programs we Hsedtal! Ayal gal Jamuary , 2012 Course title Number:applied thermodynamic Question one: ‘A-State whether the following statements are false or true and correct the false one: ‘1-The reversed Carnot cycle can be approximated in actual devices and is a realistic model for refrigeration cycles. 2-In general the COP improves by 2 to 4 percent for each °C the evaporating temperature is lowered or the condensing temperature is raised. 3-Af the condenser pressure of an ideal Rankine eycle is lowered while keeping turbine inlet state the same, the steam quality at turbine exit will increase, 4-One advantage of regencration is its ability to reduce liquid droplets impingement corrosion of turbine blades. 5-When a simple ideal Rankine cycle is modified with reheating, the pump work input deceases. 6-To haye heat transfer at a reasonable rate, 4 temperature difference of S to 10°C should be maintained between the refrigerant and the medium with whieh it is exchanging heat. 7-For fixed boiler and condenser pressures in a simple Ranki superheating the steam to a higher temperature would decrease the turbine work output. 8-The COP of absorption refrigeration cycles can be increased by raising the temperature of the thermal energy source. 9-For fixed turbine inlet temperature and condenser pressure in a simple ideal Rankine cycle, increasing boiler pressure would decrease the the steam at the turbine exit, 10-When the simple ideal Rankine cycle is modified with regeneration the amount of heat rejected remains the same. cycle, oisture content of B- Complete the following statements: 1 the ratio of the maximum volume formed in engine cylinder to the minimum volume. Qn is the largest distance that the pistow can teavel in one direction, 3 an engine in which the air—fuel mixture is self- ignited as a result of compressing the mixture above its self-ignition temperature, 4-A heat pump is a device which its objective is ~ stroke in which both the intake and the exhaust valyes are closed .The high-pressure gases force the piston down, which in turn forces the ---—--- to rotate, producing a useful work output.1] | . 6-Both COPp and COPyp can be greater than———-. For fixed values of Qi and Qu, COPup and COPs are related by the equation 7-The ideal vapor- compression refrigeration eycle is inyolyes a throttling process. 8-Desirable characteristics of a refrigerant include being ~ chemically stable. and uestion Two ‘A}- Heat is supplied to an absorption refrigeration system from a geothermal well at 130°C at a rate of 5 “10° kJ/h. The environment is at 25°C, and the refrigerated space is maintained at -30°C. Determine the maximum rate at which this system can remove heat from the refrigerated space. B)- An ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of 120 kPa and 1000 kPa. Determine the mass fraction of the refrigerant that is in the liquid phase at the inlet of the evaporator? Question three: ‘A)- A stationary gas-turbine power plant operates on a simple ideal Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid. The air enters the compressor at 95 kPa and 290 K and the turbine at 760 kPa and 1100 K. Heat is transferred to air at a rate 0f 35,000 kj/s. Determine the power delivered by this plant accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature. B)- Consider a refrigerator that operates on the vapor compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid, The refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 160 kPa, and exits at $00 kPa and 50°C, and leayes the condenser as saturated liquid at 800 kPa, Determine the coefficient of performance of this refrigerator? Question four: A) - An ideal reheat Rankine cycle operates between the pressure limits of 10 kPa and $ MPa, with reheat occurring at 4 MPa. The temperature of steam at the inlets of both turbines is 500°C, and the enthalpy of steam is 3185 kJ/kg at the exit of the high-pressure turbine, and 2247 kJ/kg at the exit of the low- pressure turbine. Disregarding the pump work, determine the cycle efficiency? B)-Consider a steam power plant that operates on the regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. The enthalpy of the steam is 3374 ki/kg at the turbine inlet, 2797 kJ/kg at the location of bleeding, and 2346 ki/kg at the turbine exit, The net power output of the plant is 120 MW, and the fraction of steam bled off the turbine for regeneration is 0.172. If the pump work i ble, determine the mass flow rate of steam at the turbine inlet? neglAlexandria University SSP Ayyatsuy) dead Faculty of Engineering Kuanigt Is Specialized Scientific Programs Hewadied Lydall gal yl Jan, 2012 j2- 1-201 2012 ty Physical Chemistry 11: GPE 301 Time allowed: Two Hours 1) a. The decomposition of aqueous hydrogen peroxide, H20,(aq), into water and oxygen is catalysed by I~. The reaction proceeds as follows: H,02 (aq) + I-(aq) > 10-(aq) + H,0(1) 10°(aq) + Hz02 (aq) + H20(1) + I” (aq) + 02(9) Show that the two reactions can be summed to give the overall reaction. Why do we consider I” acatalyst and not an intermediate? b. At 25°C the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution of propionic acid is 385.6 cm’ohmfequiv.and the ionization constant is 1.3 10%, Calculate the equivalent conductance of 0.06 M solution of propionic acid. (7 marks) 2) a, Calculate the pH of a solution that is is made by mixing 50 mL of 0.16 M acetic acid (K= 1.8*10%) and 50 mL of 0.2 M sodium acetate (CHyCOONa) . b, How many grams of sodium lactate (Na CsHs0s) should be added to 1.0 L of 0.16 M lactic acid (H C3HsOs) to form a buffer solution with pH 4.0? K,= 1.4*104 (7 marks) 3) a. A buffer solution contains 0.1 mol propionic acid( HC3HsO2) and 0.08 mol of sodium propionate ( NaCsHs0z) in IL. i, What is the pH of this buffer? ii, What is the pH of the buffer after the addition of 0.01 mol of NaOH to IL of this solution? b. Explain the difference between solubility and solubility product constant. Write the expression for the solubility product constant of: Agl, Hg(OH)2, and Cax(PO,)2. (7 marks) 4) a, Calculate the molar solubility of AgBr in: |. Pure water. 0.04 M AgNO; solution. ifi.0.08 M NaBr solution. (Ksp for AgBr = 5*10") [Exam Committe: Prof. Dr Ahmed Zaatout (tA)5) 6) 0) b. A solution consists of 0.05 M Mg** and 0.03 M Cu’. Which ion will precipitate first as OH™ is added to the solution? What concentration of OH™ is necessary to begin the precipitation of each cation? Kyp for Mg(OH): = 1.8*10"! and for Cu(OH).= 2.2107 (7 marks) a. Discuss the effect of the following factors on the solubility of a slightly soluble salt. i, Common ion. pil iii, Formation of complex ions. b. Which of the following processes are spontaneous? i, The melting of ice cube at -5 °C and 1 atm. . Dissolution of sugar in a cup of hot coffee. (8 marks) a. Under 1 bar pressure. CO,(s) sublimes at -78 °C. Is the transformation of CO,(s) to CO,(g) a spontaneous process at -68 °C? b. The normal freezing point of mercury is -38.9°C and its molar enthalpy of fusion is 2.29 kJ/mol. What is the entropy change of the system when 100 g of Hg(1) freezes at the normal freezing point? (7 marks) a. The volume of I mol of helium gas at 27 °C is increased isothermally from 2.0 L to 5.0 L. Assuming the gas to be ideal, calculate the entropy change for the process. b. For a process that occurs at constant temperature, express the change in Gibbs free energy in terms of changes in the enthalpy and entropy of the system. For a certain process that occurs at constant T and P, the value of AG is positive, What can you conclude? (7 marks) C:12, 0:16, H:1, Na: 23, Hg: 200.6 Exam Commite: Prof Dr Ahmed Zaatout @/2)ame eee eee eos Alexandria University ssp Ay a daa Faculty of Engineering Ausigl AIS Specialized Scientific Programs g Hdtall Saal al al ‘Natural Gas & Petrochemical Industries ha LaS 5 Sally cgapilall Lal Race, Fall, 2012 94 —\ -IN\7_ 2012 kb Separaion Processes 2 2 dual ale Time allowed: Two hours Hele Ga 3M ‘Answer All Questi 1) a- Different te between diffusion through a stagnant gas and diffusion in the liquid phase, b- Write short notes on packed columns, your answer should include the following: i) the column inlet and outlet arrangement i) the packing material c- Starting from the following equation: Na! = DyP/RTZq In (Pao! Pei) Prove that: Nal = ko Pai—Paa) Where kg=D,P/ RTZoPam (7 marks) 2) Gas from a petroleum distillation column is contaminated with H;S (concentration = 6%). It is required to reduce H,S concentration to 10% of its initial concentration by absor with amine - water mixture in a counter current packed absorption tower operating at 298 K and atmospheric pressure. If Gm = 0.016 Kmol/ m? s and Lm is 0.019 Kmol/ m?s. Ifin some experiments the pure solvent was contaminated by 0.004 mole HzS per mole pure solvent. Find the following: a) The number of transfer units required b) The height of the absorber Ye=0.2X ko a= 0.018 Kmol/ m? s (6 marks) 3) a-Define each of the following: i) Humid volume i) Humid heat iii) Percentage relative humidity b- Write briefly on the following: i) The equilibrium moisture content ) Wet bulb temperature iii) Tray or shelf dryers (8 marks)4) A wet solid is dried from 35% to 10% moisture under constant drying conditions in18 Ks (Sh). If the equilibrium moisture is 4% and the critical moisture content is 14%. How long, will it take to dry to 6% moisture under the same conditions t= Vm [ (fifo) fe + In (orf) ] (4 marks) 5) Complete each of the following: (7 points) IL column can handles problems of corrosive liquid but cannot handle solution 2- Pulse columns are either ....... of column. a and are considered as differential contactors. 4- Extract and raffinate phases become one phase at . 5S and ........ are considered as stage- wise contactors. 6 . column is used for emulsified liquid. 7- Inside the phase envelope there are ........ phases. and: 6) Discuss each of the following statements: (8 marks) 1-The difference between L-L extraction and distillation. 2- The most important application of L-L extraction. 3- Selectivity ratio. 4-L-L extraction is complementary to distillation and is preferable in some cases 7) a- Derive the equation used for calculating the theoretical number of stages in case of counter current liquid-liquid extraction plant. (GB marks) b- If 0.128 Kg/s of a solvent (S) is used to treat 0.4 Kg/s of a solution containing 20% by mass of solute (B), to reduce its concentration to 10% in a counter-current multiple contact liquid-liquid extraction plant, determine the theoretical number of plates required. Equilibrium data KgB/KgA 0.05 0.1 0.15 KgB/KgS 0.06 0.159 0.258 (where A is the original solvent) (6 marks) c- Acetone (10 % by wt.) in water is to be extracted with isobutylketone(MIK) in a six-stage co-current unit. If 30 Kg of MIK is added to each stage, determine: 1. the final raffinate concentration and amount 2+ the total amount of acetone extracted (6 marks) Best Wishes Prof. Dr.Ahmed Amin Prof. Dr. Nevine KamalALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SSP/GAS AND PETROCHEMICAL ENGINERING GPE401 INTRODUCTION YONA TURAL GASENGINEERING. 7TH TERM STUDENTS JANUARY 2012 . FINAL EXAM 2 HOURS B— |- 2012 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS: A) Discuss BRIEFLY the following: 1) Attrition and ageing of mol sieves 2) NG cooling by JT effect 3) Types of wells 4) Types of separators 5) Thermal ettects in dehydration by adsorption 6) Types of dew points for NG 7) Dehydration by adsorption can NOT be used for NG with high moisture content 8) Vertical separators should have minimum diameter to achieve good separation 9) Steel embrittlement in gas cooled separators 10) Dry ice and triple point (10 x 2.5 =25 pts) B) NG of the following composition: Component CH4 C2H6 C3H8 N2 Mole fraction 0.92 0.03 0.006 0.044, Calculate gas specific gravity & weight of one million cubic meters of this gas at 4 atmospheres and 40°C (R = 0.082 lit atm/g mole K) O)NG of heating value = 800 Btu/scf is fed at the rate of 8000 CFM to a power station to generate electricity, if combustion efficiency is 80% and NG fed is at 50 psia & 80°F (R= 10.73 psia cu fi/lb mole R) calculate the flow rate required of this gas to generate 2500 kW (1 kW = 1900 Btu/h) (2x7= 14 pts)eg A aN U D)A fixed bed of mol sieves ( D = 10 ft & H= 40 ft) is being used to decrease moisture content of NG from 120 ppm to 5 ppm. Feed rate of NG is 220 CFM at 40 psia & 80° F, bed capacity is 16 % by weight, bed porosity is 0.44, true density of mole sieved is 220 Ib/cu ft, brak through will take place at 40% of bed capacity , calculate break through time in hours. (11 points) BEST OF LUCK PROF DR HASSAN FARAG‘Alexandria University ‘SSP Ay sisuy) daly Faculty of Engineering Haigh 4S Specialized Scientific Programs y BawaStall al Gal lh January, 2012 2012 ot Tours ia Rabo Kiss a Renn asoesing ff -1- TOV ipae De Lae “Time allowed: Two hows Bebe: Gas!) ‘Answer all questions: 1) A) The reaction of triphenyl methyl chloride with methanol (triphenyl (A) + methanol (B) > products) is doubted to be first or second order with respect to triphenyl; given the following data: Time (min) 50 100 150 200 250 300 ‘Concentration oftripheny! | 0.038 | 0.0306 0.0256 | 0.0222 | 0.0195 | 0.0174 (mol/dm*) Att=0, Ca=0.05M i) Determine whether it is a first or a second order reaction wrt tripheny! using the integral method showing all your steps. (10 marks) ii) Determine the half life time of triphenyl. (G marks) iii) Find the specific reaction rate wrt triphenyl (G marks) 2) A packed bed reactor, of 60 ft length, is packed with catalyst pellets % in in diameter. Ethylene gas enters the reactor with a velocity of 5 fU/s. The temperature is constant along the reactor at 260°C. The solid fraction is 55%. The entering pressure is 10 atm. The viscosity of the gas is 0.0673 Ibp/ft.h. The reactor diameter is 0.134 ff. find the pressure drop at the middle of the reactor and at its end. (7 marks) 3) The isothermal variable volume reaction A+3B—2C takes place in a fixed bed catalyzed reactor. The reaction is overall second order and zero order with respect to B. ‘The feed is 20%A and 80%B by mole; the initial feed rate is 300 moV/. P.=1400kPa, T.=600K 1/3“EAmol/geat-h) Camol/am’y 0.6 0.2 0.43 0.169 0.39 0.161 Calculate the required catalyst weight to achieve a conversion of 70%. (10 marks) 4) A) Mention the seven stages of a catalytic reaction. When is the reaction described to be chemically controlled? How can we determine in lab whether the reaction is chemically controlled or not. (6 marks) B) State the scientific term: a) The slowest step in the catalytic reaction. (S marks) b) A point on the catalyst surface that can form strong chemical bonds with an adsorbed atom or molecule. ©) Deposit of carboneous or other substances on the entire surface of a catalyst. 4) Gradual change in the catalyst surface crystal structure. €) Number of reactors arranged together such that the feed is equally distributed among them, 5) Put (\) or (X) and correct the wrong sentences if any. (6 marks) i) The degree of completion of a reaction achieved in an ideal PFR depends on its shape. ii) The molecularity of a reaction refers to the power to which the concentrations are raised in the kinetic rate law. iii) In a plug flow reactor, conditions at the exit are the same as those inside the reactor; and the rate of reaction is evaluated at the exit. iv) The most influencing factor on the value of the reaction rate constant is the presence ofa catalyst. v) The main disadvantage of the fixed bed reactor is the high cost of the reactor. vi) A high TOF ofa catalyst is objectionable. Best Wishes Dr. Yasmine Ossama 2/3Additional Information [G+ exdx 1 eres =(1+8)in— ex fU+Eddx 4x Z (i-x)? ~ T=x a z= (l- aw)? “RG Sai Bo= oo ene oe + 1.756] 8c= 32.17 Ibp .ft/lbp.s*=1kg.m/N.s? 1 atm=14.7 Psi=1.013*10°Pa. 1ft=12 inch R=8.314 Pam’/mol.K=10.74 psi.ft3/Ibmot.°R Ubpi=454 g 3/3Eee eee eee eee oe oe oe oe oe oo Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Specialized Scientific Programs January 2012 GPE 423 Petrochemical Industries FINAL EXAM ‘Time allowed: 120 minutes Answer all questions: uestion 1: (7_marks} Draw an outline flow scheme for: ‘a. Anil refinery which is operating both catalytic cracking of fuel oil and catalytic reforming. Show which products are used: i) for gasoline blending ii) for manufacture of BTX iii) for manufacture of ethylene. b. Steam reforming process for hydrogen manufacture from natural gas . c. A basic plant for ethylene production from ethane, give the main side reactions.mn 2 (6_ marks} a. Draw an outline flow scheme for methanol synthesis from syn gas. b. Compare briefly between ethane ~ propane and naphtha, for manufacture of ethylene by thermal cracking, ¢. Compare between millisecond and usual pyrolysis process in ethylene manufacture.=aie Question 3 : (6 marks) Write briefly on the following: a. Uses of styrene, b. Types of catalytic reactors used in petrochemical industries, ¢. In styrene manufacture from benzene and ethylene: i) the feed to the de-hydrogenerator was 200 mol/ s ii) the products from the vacuum distillation unit include 36 mol/s product and the recycled ethyl benzene to the de-hydrogenerator was 60 mol/s . Find : i) percent conversion of ethyl benzene in the dehydrogenerator, \ ii) percent yield in second stage.Question (6 marks) a. Discuss briefly the original Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and its recent developments. b. One of the disadvantages of using naphtha as a feedstock for ammonia manufacture is that the carbon dioxide removal costs are higher than when methane is used. Why is this so? What you think about other disadvantages of using naphtha. ¢. Cyclohexane plants are often situated next to catalytic reformers, comment,t l 1 l ' 1 1 I 1 a 1 t t 1 i t t a t I “5 juestion 5 (6 marks) a. U.S. consumption of methanol in 2003 was 5.2 million tones. Estimate what proportion of acetic acid was made from methanol in the U,S, that year, given that total acetic acid production was about 1.9 million tones. (Manufacture of acetic acid consumes about 10% of methanol consumption in U.S.) ». There is much less concentration of manufacture of formaldehyde into a small number of large plants than there is for most petrochemicals, many users of large amounts of formaldehyde make their own from purchased methanol. Can you suggest why formaldehyde is a typical in this way ? c. Write briefly on the manufacture and uses of: carbon disulfide - hydrazine.605 Question 6: (S_marks) Comment on the following: a. Main raw materials used in petrochemical industries. b. Treatment of wet sour natural gas c. The basic intermediate processes in petrochemical industry.7 2 (4_marks} west A typical product distributions in ethane cracking (wt %) is as follows: Hy 3.2 CHy 4.0 CH, 0.2 CoHy 48.0 OH 40.3. (Unconverted ethane is recycled ) GH, +GHs + GH; 15 13-CiHg + CsHy + CaHig 1.8 Pyrolysis gasoline 1.0 (average CsHio) Fuel oil _ Calculate the yield of ethylene after ethane recycle,narewemHmewmeEee eS eS eS See eee ee eee eee lee Alexandria University ApS ak Faculty of Engineering sag] Anesig ls Specialized Scientific Programs Arcnaial Ayala gal!) January, 2012 }2- |-20] 2 Tey de "Natural Gas Treatment Final Term Exam and Purification [GPE 521] Time Allowed: 2 Hours. Answer the following question: i . Question: 1 State whether the following statements are true or false and correct the false on: 1. Horizontal phase separators are used for small liquid surge characteristics. 2. For the same gas capacity, vertical separator requires larger diameter than that of horizontal separator. 3. Three principles used to achieve physical separation of gas and liquids are momentum, grat settling and coalescing. LME occurs when liquid elemental mercury penetrates the aluminum oxide protect and comes in direct contact with aluminum metal and form amalgam. S. The reaction between amines and both HzS and CO; is highly endothermic regardless the amine structure. 6. The ease of regeneration of amine solvents is inversely proportional with the heat of reaction between the amine and acid gases. 7. HSS formed during acid gas removal by amine solvents are removed in the reboiler. 8. Tertiary amines are highly selective for CO. 9. Molecular sieves of type SA are used to remove HS while type 13X is used to remove RSH. 10. DEA may be the best choice for sweetening of natural gas containing high CO2 concentration, 11. The amine selectivity can be enhanced by adding physical solvent such as sulfolane. 12, Selexol process is a chemical method used for sweetening of natural gas when there is high acid gases concentration. 13. Over-circulation of glycol in the glycol dehydration unit can lead to a low dew point of the effluent gas. 14, The water content of natural ga 15, The water content of natural ga: Question: 11 1. Draw a typical flowsheet for the amine process and state the main factors affecting the following: a. Circulation rate of the solvent b. Absorber height and diameter 2. With the help of a simple sketch show the effeet of HS partial pressure on the loading capacity of different solvents used in acid gas removal, state which solvent has the highest capacity and which type of solvents are strongly affected by pressure. 3. State the main factors affecting water contents in natural gas and state the different methods of dehydration. [NO EXPLANATION IS REQIURED] 4. Draw a simplified flowsheet for the glycol dehydration unit and state the major operational problems associated with the following units [JUST THE NAME OF THE PROBLEM]: a. Absorber b. Stripper ¢. Reboiler 4. Glycol pump 5. Define mixed amines and give an example. coating \creases as the temperature and pressure of the gas increase. directly proportional to its dew point. Page 1 of 4SOLVE TWO QUESTIONS FROM THE FOLLOWING: Question: IIT A horizontal separator with 60 inch diameter and 12 ft length is required to handle 120 MMsefdl of 0.8 specific gravity gas. The condensate load is 870 bbVday and the water load is 200 bbVday. The separator is operating at 600 psig and 80°F. The condensate density is 47 Ibm/ft’ and the gas density is 3.2 Ibm/ft’. The gas compressibility factor is 0.79. The holdup and surge times are 10 and 6 minutes respectively. If the depth of the heavy and light liquid phases is 0.25 and 0.9 ft respectively. Is this separator satisfactory for efficient vapor! liquid separation or not? ‘Question: [ Natural gas flowing at 100 MMSCED at 1000 psia and 100 °F contains 4 mol% H,S. It is being treated by 35% by weight pure DEA solution in 20 ft height absorption tower. The DEA solution circulation rate is 490 gpm and the solution density is 65 Ib/ ft’. The equilibrium relation for the solution may be taken as Y,= 0.065 X. If the overall tray efficiency is 50% and tray spacing is 24 in, determine the HLS concentration in the treated gas. A bubble cap contactor operating at 1500 psig and 160 ‘F is used to reduce the water content of 20 MMsefd wet gas. The gas specific gravity is 0.6 and its inlet water-content is 200 IbH;O/MMscf. The gas is contacted counter ~ currently with 98.8 wt% TEG. The equilibrium relationship for the ‘TEG — Water system can be approximated as Ye = 0.0075 X. The density of pure TEG is 69 Ib/ft? and its molecular weight is 150 Ib/Ibmol. The accepted rule of thumb for glycol to water ratio is 3 gallons pure TEG/ Ib Water removed. a. If the daily water removal rate is required to be 3000 Ib water/day, determine the achieved degree of absorption. b, If the standard tray spacing for glycol contactors is 24 in, and the overall tray efficiency is 40%, determine the tower height. BEST WISHES, Page 20f 4ST a ne ee ee ee x= HD ‘y= area ratio x=HD y= area ratio 0.05 0.0149 0.36 0.3214 0.06 0.0207 037 0.3336 0.07 0.0269 038 0.3460 0.08 0.0337 0.39 0.3584 0.09 0.0409 04 0.3708 01 0.0484 0.41 0.3833 ol 0.0563 0.42 03959 0.12 0.0645 0.43 0.4085 0.13 0.0729 0.44 0.4211 0.14 0.0817 0.45 0.4337 0.15 0.0908 0.46 0.4464 0.16 0.1001 047 0.4391 0.17 0.1096 0.48 0479 0.18 0.1193 0.49 0.4846 0.19 0.1293 0s 0.4973 0.2 0.1394 0.55 0.5609 0.21 0.1497 0.56 0.5735 0.22 0.1602 0.57 0.5861 0.23 0.1709 0.58 0.5987 0.24 0.1817 0.59 0.6113 0.28 0.1927 06 0.6237 0.26 0.2039 0.61 0.6362 0.27 0.2151 0.62 0.6485 0.28 0.2265 0.63 0.6609 0.29 0.2379 0.64 0.6731 03 0.2496 0.65 0.6853 031 0.2613 0.66 0.6973 032 02731 0.67 0.7093 0.33 0.2851 0.68 0.7212 0.34 0.2971 0.69 0.7330 038 0.3092 07 0.7447 Page 4of 4Supplementary data: * K=0.35~0,0001(P — 100) © Hay =} (Dy) +2 © Ky = 2.06151 x 10°53 Perey © API Gravity © TCR)=T(F) +460 © 1 Ibmole occupies 379.5 sef — 131.5 ° T.=60°F . 12 1.0 T | es = 09 + Wpsia TomolR 42 gallons = 5.615 ft® + 1ft=12in, © Latm = 14,7 psia . 1 1b ee 21 ppmv = 7.48 gallons © R= © 1bbl 0.73 | 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 ‘Absorption factor (:/) Fig. (1) Page 3 of 4Alexandria University ys daa Faculty of Engineering Hanah is Specialized Scientific Programs Kawai iadl Atal aly C Final exam, 2011 “cocess Dynamics and Control [GPE 252] ‘Time Allowed: 120 ps Instructor: Dr. Iman El Gheriany. TR l= 267x 1. A thermometer having first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1 min is in a temperature bath at 100°F (steady state). The thermometer is suddenly placed in a bath at 110°F at t=0 and left there for 2 min, after which it is immediately returned to the bath at 10°F, Answer the following ques SHOW ALL YOUR STEP‘ (a) Sketch the deviation in the bath temperature Tbath(t). Explain why the variation of the bath temperature (input) CANNOT be expressed using the impulse function! (b) Determine the deviation of the thermometer reading Treading(t). (c) Calculate the thermometer reading at t=0.5 min, 2min and 3 min. (d) Draw a sketch showing the variation of thermometer reading Treading({) with time. 2. Sketch the response Y(t) if ¥(s)= €(SH1.2st1 ). Determine Y(t) for t=0 and t=, 3. Derive the transfer function H/Q for the liquid level system shown in Figure 1. The resistances are linear. H and Q are deviation variables. Show clearly how you derived the transfer function, You are expected to give numerical values in the transfer function, nmin A=2h2 R=5 Figure 1: Tank in question3. 4. For the control system shown in Figure 2 (page 2), determine: (a) C(s/R(s). (b) C() in case R(s)=2/s. (©) Offset. Suggest a control method to eliminate offset (no calculation required). (a) Sketeh the response (be sure to show the offset on your sketch). Is the closed-loop response oscillatory? 1o0f3 ana ower ree eee eee eeFigure 2: Control system in question 4. BONUS QUESTION/OPTIONAL QUESTION 5-In the liqui vel system shown in Figure3, the devi nn in flow rate to the first tank is an impulse function of magnitude 5. Sketch the response of H(t), H(t) and H(t). YOU NEEDTO. SHOW ONLY THE SHAPE OF THE RESPONSE. i= 0 ~ @s+0 15 0s s(s+DGs+1) Figure 3: Tank system in questions. VL SUPPLEMENT. If L{f(t)} = f(s). then L{f(t = to} = e f(s) lim FO) = im (5f05)] jim[f@) = jimisf (s)] 20f3mmm ae ee ee ee eee eee ee 6 7 I\ Sel zaleel 12) <— - |_| | f IA { fa a7) ¢-08- = a | oe o ee Sosy 9 iy ne Hee 10 06 Ly as os = GE Ltt | Fist a Ua ee Figure 5: Response of a second-order system to a unit impulse foreing function, 3 of 3ama ee eee eS eee eee ee eee le le Alexandria University Ags daa Faculty of Engineering sgt Las Specialized Scientific Programs Arana) Ayala ga A) January, 2012 reat Process Design I [GPE Answer the. ving question: Question: 1 1. Define the following: a, Design margin b. Incineration ¢. Negative catalysis a. Scales e. GRP 2. Briefly summarize the steps through which the design project can be economically evaluated. 3. Compare between fixed roof and floating roof storage tanks. 4. State the main factors that lead to storage tank failure. 5. Explain the environmental effect of SO; and NO. 6. What are the different methods used for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. 7. Write the heat duty equation for the following equipment in terms of process fluid properties (Tj, T., Cp and 3): a. Heater b. Cooler e. Vaporizer @. Condenser €. Cooler-Condenser f. Evaporator Qu ul Styrene is the monomer used to make polystyrene, which has many uses such as packaging and insulation. Styrene is produced by the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene according to the following reaction, CoHsCH2CHy ———* CcHsCHCHn + Ha ‘The raw material is ethyl benzene, and steam is fed as an inert. In the process, ethyl benzene is vaporized to a saturated vapor. This is then mixed with steam produced from the fired heater. The steam provides the heat of reaction and serves as an inert diluent to help shift the reaction to the right, Steam also tends to limit side reactions and helps to extend catalyst life by reducing coke formation on the catalyst. The molar ratio of steam to ethyl benzene entering reactor ranges between 6 and 12. The main reaction is endothermic, reversible, and limited by equilibrium. The ethyl benzene-steam mixture is fed to the top of the reactor. The reactor is an isothermal fixed-bed reactor with a heat-transfer jacket. The reaction occurs at high temperatures (900 K) and low pressures (1_atm) in order to shift the equilibrium to the right to favor styrene production. The process uses iron catalyst that minimizes (but does not climinate) side reactions at higher temperatures. The only side reaction that occurs in the reactor is the hydrogenation of ethyl benzene to form toluene and methane. The reactor effluent passes through a cooler and then enters a three-phase separator. The bottom phase of the separator is waste water. This must be decanted and sent for further processing before discharge. The stream leaving the top of the separator contains all the light gases (methane and hydrogen) and can be used as a fuel gas. The light liquid stream from the separator contains Page 1 of 2most of the toluene, ethyl benzene and styrene. This stream flows through a pressure-reducing valve and then enters a distillation train. Most of the toluene is removed at the top of first distillation column. The remaining toluene, ethyl benzene and styrene leaving the bottom of this column enter the second column. The top product from the second column contains main! ethyl benzene. This stream is recycled and mixed with fresh ethyl benzene before the vaporizer. ‘The bottom product constitutes the styrene (with small amounts of ethyl benzene and toluene). Given: > The rate of production of styrene = 10° ton/year > ‘The styrene exit from the second distillation column (bottom product) is 98% (by mole) of the styrene produced from the reactor > Fresh and recycled ethyl benzene combined stream temperature = 30°C > The molar ratio of steam to ethyl benzene = 8 > Residence time in the reactor is 2 sec based on the ethyl benzene- steam mixture > The fractional conversion of the dehydrogenation reaction is 80% > 3% of ethyl benzene fed to the reactor is consumed in the side reaction, > For ethyl benzene: ‘Ty = 136°C, Cp = 185 J/mol.K and 2.=35.5 ki/mol. > 1 year= 8000 operating hours. atm > R= 0.08206 > 1 ton= 1000 kg. > Atomic weights: C= 12, U=1, O=16 4 Required: Draw a qualitative PFD for the process showing the m: and aw L jiary equipment. 2, Caleulate the flowrate of ethyl benzene and steam entering the reactor in kmoV/hr. 3. Calculate the heat load on the ethyl benzene vaporizer in kW. 4. Calculate the reactor volume in m’, 5. What type of waste is the plant supply? Suggest a suitable treatment method for this waste, 6. What is the type of eataly in this process? BEST WISHES Page 2 of 2 atmae waeweeeeeeeeee ese Ss se ws es se ee ss Alexandria University ih Ay siseyl daly, Faculty of Engineering Se Ausaigh Ais: Specialized Scientific Programs = Hawadill Ayal al lh Jaunaury, 2012 22-\- 20\ - Course title Number: Materials ~e89S iglly ga pal selection in petrochemical industry ‘Time allowed:120 mints........+++00000 AGB 120... Oat) Answer All Questions ‘Question one A)- A process for sulfonation of phenol requires the use of a 30000-gal storage vess determine the most suitable material of construction f¢ . The time value of taken into account by use of an interest rate of 10 percent, The life of the storage vessel is calcul by dividing the corrosion allowance of (1/8) in. by the estim he equipment is assumed (0 have salvage value of 10 percent of its original cost at the end of its useful life. Por the ease in question, corrosion data indicate that only a few corrosion resistant alloys will be suitabl this vess ed corrosion rate, vessel type istalled cost. average corrosion rate ,inly i aes Nickel clad ss0,000 | 0.020 Monel elod. 1 $95,000 0.010 Hwtclisy® | 880/000, | 0004s Determine which, justification for the selection? B-Give reasons for the following; 1-Chromium C for long po 2- Golds used as thin plating on condenser tubes. 3- Titanium is used as the vessel material ~ ‘in the production of tereph 4-tantalum plugs are used to repair glass-lined equipment. 5 Alumium is usually used as a clad on Dural GHP micro alloy is about twice stronger than HK40 alloy. 7- In the production of thiophane, an odorant made from a combinat nd hydrogen sulfide at an average temperature of 672 K and 207 kPa. ; the suitable material for reactor vessel is 304 stainless steel. 8-duplex and super duplex alloys are usually used in aggressive off- shore environments. Question Two: ‘A-Calculate the rate of Saturation solubility of O2 in water {evial of construction would be used with appropri key element for oxidation resistance provided that temperature does not exceed 950° xl of time, of tetrahydrofuran (THE) rrosion in a tube of a heat exchanger given the following data: 33°10" moleem’. Tube material carbon stect, © .87 g/cm’, the mass transfer coefficient k=3.29*10" em/s , pH=7, At wt of estimated service life of the tube is 10 y culate the wall thickness of the tube giv data: inner tube diameter is 2.54 em, weld efficiency ( tank will be 790 kPa, and the maximum temperature strength of plain carbon steel will be 430114 kPa ? Exam Committee: Lecter Name, Dr.Tughreed M2, rou steet ns,mo we SS ee c acid will be constructed from aluminum (o resist corrosio of 6 mand a height of 17 em. ‘The ma u the tank, equired at the base of the tink, juminum as 90 N/mm’, And the speeilic gravity nitric concentrated acid as 142? B-A storage tank for concentrated 1i ‘The tank is to have an inside diamet will be at 16 m, Estimate the plate thickness mum level ke the design stress for Question three: ‘A= Compare the wall thickness of two suggested reformer tubes alloys namely HP Nb and HP micro based on the following design data: Design temperature: 940° C Design life time: 100,000 hrs Design pressure: 3.1 MPa Outside tube diameter: 138 mm Which one would you recommend as a reformer ube? Give your reasons, B-Suggest a suitable material of construction for each of the following processes: jerets used in synthetic textile processes. 2- A storage tank handling 5 per cent aqueous sodiut 3-A storage tank for dry chlorine gas at room temperatur 4- Storage tank handling 5 per eent w/w sulphuri 5 Storage tank handling 10 per cent why hydrofluoric acl 6- A surge tank for handling boiling concentrated nitris hydroxide solution at 30°C. Supplementary data oy = Sea el De #05 ) 2x ‘ovis the rupture stress , Py is the pressure differential across the tube, Dy is the outside diameter of the tube , Dy is the inside diameter of ihe tube , tis ¢ K=Cy+ sound wall thickness. Ce ial cost of equipment, Cy: replacement cost, n: service life, K: capitalized cost, Cia terest rate, e % ra | rt micro Suess MPa z a o. re ae 30 3 BM LMe (T+273)(20+Logt)] 1000 Figure 1. Larson Miller diagram comparing the four reformer tube alloy types Exam Committee: __Leet Dr.Tughreed MZ.rnal-pressure cylindrical vessels, the API-ASME Code for ining the minimum wall For the design of i Unified Pressure Vessels recommends the following equations for dete skness when extreme operating pressures are not involved: 4 Em . ane Pe 2 = BBe + Cc applics when Be = 12 D; SE +P 4 @ 1 F Oe ae) ae a sw oe 1-3 (V5 + applieswhen Where t= wall thickness, em. P = internal pressure, kPa (gauge) (this assumes atmospheric pressure surrounding the vessel) D,,= mean diameter, cm., D;. ID, em., Dy= OD, em. E = fractional efficiency of welded or other joi allowances, for corrosion, threading, and machining, in., § = design stress, kPa (for the purpose of design, S may be taken as one-fourth of the ultimate tensile strength) ‘The wall thickness of vertical eylinder tanks with flat bases and co al roofs ean be calculated from the following equation: sity tank Where t: tank wall thickness required at depth Hy, mm, Hy: Hiquid depth, m, px: liquid d kg/m’, E: joint efficiency (may be assumed 0.9), g:9.81 m/s, Sy:maximum allowable stress fc material N/mm”, k diameter ,m Exam Committee: Lecturer Name ,Dr.Taghreed MZ.Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Specialized Scientific Programs January 2012 GPE 432 Pollution from Petrochemicals Industry FINAL EXAM Time allowed: 120 minutes Mis 120:c45) ‘Answer all questions: Question 1: (14 marks) Discuss briefly: a. Controlled and fugitive emissions from petrochemical plants b. Criteria that must be considered in assessing the impact of a petrochemical plant air pollutant emissions, c. Advantages and disadvantages of wet collectors as means of control of air pollution from petrochemical plants. d.. Main concepts to be considered in the design of hydrocarbons emission control systems in petrochemical industry. | |2. €. Techniques available for reducing hydrocarbon emissions from petrochemical plants without using emission control system. £ Principal devices used to control air pollution from petrochemical plants. 8. Use of absorption technique to remove organic vapors from effluent gases of petrochemical industry h. Methods of control of SO2 emissions from petrochemical industry.- 3. Question 2: (14_marks) Write briefly on the following: a. Sources of wastewater in petrochemical industry. b. Unit processes used for treating petrochemical waste streams.. c. Methods of controlling pollution of waste streams from petrochemical plants. 4d. Cost of wastewater treatment in petrochemical plantsa4 ¢. The general techniques that can be followed to minimize pollution from a petrochemical unit . f In plane measures for treatment of wastewater in a petrochemical plant. g, Removal of phenol from wastewater of petrochemical plants. h, Disposal of sludges generated from petrochemical plants.Question 3:__(8_marks) ‘Comment on the following: a, Sanitary landfills are the most acceptable method for disposal of non- toxic solid and semi-solid wastes generated in petrochemical industry. b. The management of solid wastes generated by the petrochemical industry depend on the existing conditions. c. Energy use at pollution control facilities from petrochemical plants must be considered with respect to three different areas. 4. The desired options for managing hazardous wastes from petrochemical industry are arranged in order of priority.jon 4 (4 marks) ‘An approach to control industrial pollution is to recover waste products in usable form. In the reaction , 2H2S + SO2 = 38 + 2H20 Waste H2S and SO2 are recovered as elemental sulfur liquid. How much sulfur can be recovered if 750,000 kg of SO2 are deposited into the air?