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ABSTRACT
In this work an innovative sensor for the measurement of
forces is presented. The sensor is a thin film (1 mm
thickness) based on a sandwich structure composed of two
sensing elements glued together: one layer is a capacitive
film and the other is a piezoelectric film. Both the layers are
sensitive to compression loads, but they are suitable for
working in different frequency ranges. In fact, while the
capacitive element is capable of measuring from DC up to
about 400 Hz, on the contrary the piezoelectric film works in
the high frequency range. The output of both the sensors are
acquired and then filtered and processed in such a way as to
achieve a unique signal.
This sensor was developed in order to synthesise in a small
and cheap device the capability to measure forces in a wide
range of frequencies. The sensor is very small and can be
used in a variety of problems and applications, also in the
field of modal analysis.
In particular, the very reduced thickness allows to insert such
sensor even in composite materials in order to characterise
loads and excitations, on the surface or between different
components of a more complex system or within the
structure in order to obtain a smart structure.
The paper describes the structure of the sensor and of the
adopted signal processing strategies. The metrological
characterisation procedure is discussed (in particular for
normal forces) and an application is shown.
1
INTRODUCTION
1020
2
good spatial resolution (< 1 cm );
measurement range of a single sensor 020 N;
good sensitivity (about 10 mVN-1);
bandwidth from 0 to 8000 Hz at least;
small thickness (< 1 mm);
low hysteresis;
low cost.
the two sensing elements and then layers have been glued
together using an epossidic adhesive.
Both the measuring layers are sensitive to compression
loads, but they are suitable for working in different frequency
ranges. The capability to assess both static and dynamic
forces is a very useful feature. In fact the DC components
allows the monitoring of pre-loading conditions. On the other
hand, the dynamic capability allows the evaluation of
impulsive or high frequency loads.
The sensor is very small, thus an high spatial resolution can
be achieved, and it can be used in a variety of problems and
applications, also in the field of modal analysis. In particular,
the very reduced thickness allows to insert such sensor even
in composite materials or between different components of a
more complex system, thus smart structures could be
realised.
It is worth noting that the two layers are packed using an iron
layer on the top and one on the base. These, although
modify the dynamic behaviour, have a very important
function, which is to distribute whatever applied load in a
pressure distribution uniform on the surface. Otherwise, the
sensor output would be proportional also to the application
area, and not only to the force.
Insulating layer
Capacitive
armature
capacitive element
signal output
Dielectric
PVDF
PVDF element
signal output
1021
Signal Generator
FREQUENZA
PC Transducer
In
In
layer 1 layer 2
STATIC CALIBRATION
Out
1000
900
Output voltage [mV]
Voltmeter
Signal Conditioning
800
700
600
500
400
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Characteristic
Average sensitivity
Max. sensitivity reduction
Max. hysteresis error
Resolution
Zero offset
Value
see figure 8
21 %
1,2 % f.s.
1/256 f.s. (due to 8 bit
conversion)
435 mV
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DYNAMIC CALIBRATION
0
0.1 N
1N
10 N
20 N
-4
-6
-8
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Frequency [Hz]
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
-10
-12
Capacitive
sensor
-18
-20
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Frequency [Hz]
Piezoelectric
sensor
Filtering
-16
Conversion
to EU
-14
Linearisation
-1
-1
-2
0.1 N
1N
10 N
20 N
-1
Piezocapacitive
sensor
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DISCUSSION
20 N
10 N
1N
0.1 N
-1
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 8 Dynamic behaviour of the new piezo-capacitive transducer.
the
the
the
the
A SIMPLE APPLICATION
1024
450
400
350
New piezo-capacitive
film sensor
Load [g]
300
250
200
150
100
B'
C'
50
0
-50
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
Time [s]
0.08
0.1
0.12
Figure 9 Measurement of weight force variations of a glass while small water quantities are poured.
CONCLUSIONS
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[8]
1025
[9]
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