Leaf vegetables (forming heads) Feller et al.

, 1995 a
Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys
of leaf vegetables (forming heads)
(cabbage = Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. alba and rubra, chinese
cabbage = Brassica chinensis L., lettuce = Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata,
endive = Cichorium endivia L.)
Code

Description

Principal growth stage 0: Germination

00
01
03
05
07
09

Dry seed
Beginning of seed imbibition
Seed imbibition complete
Radicle emerged from seed
Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat
Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface

Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10
11
12
13
1.
19

Cotyledons completely unfolded;

growing point or true leaf initial visible
First true leaf unfolded
2nd true leaf unfolded
3rd true leaf unfolded
Stages continuous till . . .
9 or more true leaves unfolded

Principal growth stage 4: Development of harvestable

vegetative plant parts
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

Heads begin to form: the two youngest leaves do not unfold

20% of the expected head size reached
30% of the expected head size reached
40% of the expected head size reached
50% of the expected head size reached
60% of the expected head size reached
70% of the expected head size reached
80% of the expected head size reached
Typical size, form and firmness of heads reached

Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence

51
53
55
57
59

Main shoot inside head begins to elongate

30% of the expected height of the main shoot reached
First individual flowers of main inflorescence visible (still closed)
First individual flowers of secondary inflorescences visible
(still closed)
First flower petals visible; flowers still closed

Leaf vegetables (forming heads) Feller et al., 1995 a

Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys
of leaf vegetables (forming heads)
Code

Description

Principal growth stage 6: Flowering

60
61
62
63
64
65
67
69

First flowers open (sporadically)

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open
20% of flowers open
30% of flowers open
40% of flowers open
Full flowering: 50% of flowers open
Flowering finishing: majority of petals fallen or dry
End of flowering

Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

First fruits formed

20% of fruits have reached typical size
30% of fruits have reached typical size
40% of fruits have reached typical size
50% of fruits have reached typical size
60% of fruits have reached typical size
70% of fruits have reached typical size
80% of fruits have reached typical size
Fruits have reached typical size

Principal growth stage 8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

Beginning of ripening: 10% of fruits ripe, or 10% of seeds

of typical colour, dry and hard
20% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
30% of fruits ripe, or 30% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
40% of fruits ripe, or 40% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
50% of the fruits ripe, or 50% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
60% of fruits ripe, or 60% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
70% of fruits ripe, or 70% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
80% of fruits ripe, or 80% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
Fully ripe: seeds on the whole plant of typical colour and hard

Leaf vegetables (forming heads) Feller et al., 1995 a

Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys
of leaf vegetables (forming heads)
Code

Description

Principal growth stage 9: Senescence

92
95
97
99

Leaves and shoots beginning to discolour

50% of leaves yellow or dead
Plants dead
Harvested product (seeds)

Leaf vegetables (forming heads)

1994: BBA und IVA

Leaf vegetables (not forming heads)

Feller et al., 1995 a
Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys
of leaf vegetables not forming heads
(spinach = Spinacia oleracea L., loosehead lettuce = Lactuca sativa L. var.
crispa, kale = Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica)
Code

Description

Principal growth stage 0: Germination

00
01
03
05
07
09

Dry seed
Beginning of seed imbibition
Seed imbibition complete
Radicle emerged from seed
Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat
Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface

Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10
11
12
13
1.
19

Cotyledons completely unfolded;

growing point or true leaf initial visible
First true leaf unfolded
2nd true leaf unfolded
3rd true leaf unfolded
Stages continuous till . . .
9 or more true leaves unfolded

Principal growth stage 3: Stem elongation of rosette growth

33
35
37
39

1
2

Leaf rosette has reached 30% of the expected diameter

typical for the variety.1 Main shoot has reached 30% of the
expected height typical for the variety2
Leaf rosette has reached 50% of the expected diameter
typical for the variety.1 Main shoot has reached 50% of the
expected height typical for the variety2
Leaf rosette has reached 70% of the expected diameter
typical for the variety.1 Main shoot has reached 70% of the
expected height for the variety2
Rosette development completed1
Main shoot has reached the height typical for the variety2

For letucce varieties without head, spinach and species with rosette-type growth
For kale and species without rosette growth

Leaf vegetables (not forming heads)

Feller et al., 1995 a
Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys
of leaf vegetables (not forming heads)
Code

Description

Principal growth stage 4: Development of harvestable

vegetative plant parts
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

10% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

20% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached
30% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached
40% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached
50% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached
60% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached
70% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached
80% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached
Typical leaf mass reached

Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence

51
53
55
59

Main shoot begins to elongate1

Main inflorescence visible between uppermost leaves2
30% of the expected height of the main shoot reached
First individual flowers of main inflorescence visible (still closed)
First flower petals visible; flowers still closed

Principal growth stage 6: Flowering

60
61
62
63
64
65
67
69

1
2

First flowers open (sporadically)

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open
20% of flowers open
30% of flowers open
40% of flowers open
Full flowering: 50% of flowers open
Flowering finishing: majority of petals fallen or dry
End of flowering

For letucce varieties without head, spinach and species with rosette-type growth
For kale and species without rosette growth

Leaf vegetables (not forming heads)

Feller et al., 1995 a
Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys
of leaf vegetables (not forming heads)
Code

Description

Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

First fruits formed

20% of fruits have reached typical size
30% of fruits have reached typical size
40% of fruits have reached typical size
50% of fruits have reached typical size
60% of fruits have reached typical size
70% of fruits have reached typical size
80% of fruits have reached typical size
Fruits have reached typical size

Principal growth stage 8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

Beginning of ripening: 10% of fruits ripe,

or 10% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard
20% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
30% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
40% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
50% of fruits ripe, or 50% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
60% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
70% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
80% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour,
dry and hard
Fully ripe: seeds on the whole plant of typical colour and hard

Principal growth stage 9: Senescence

92
95
97
99

Leaves and shoots beginning to discolor

50% of leaves yellow or dead
Plants dead
Harvested product (seeds)

Leaf vegetables (not forming heads)

1994: BBA und IVA