SEP 2 9 1933

UU\jSOLHCiTED
I ;LS! cj

The Crossflow Behavior and the determination

of Reservoir Parameters by Drawdown Tests in Mutilayer

Gao Chengtai, Member of SPE

Chan~Qing

Oil Field Research

Institution~China

P.O.Box 215 Qingyang, Gansu

The People's Republic of China

Reservoi~

SPE12580
ABSTRACT
"\The crossflow behavior and its influence on transient well tests
are

studied when some layers are opec to well and produce with fixed

total rate and common wellbore pressure. Using the semipermeable wall
model, an approximate theoretical expression for the crossflow is
obtained and is compared with the simulation results. The physical
reasons for crossflow to occur and its characters are explained. The
relationship between crossflow and the permeabilities of shales between layers is shown. A well test procedure is suggested which can
be use to determine

kh value for each layer and the permeabilities

of the shales between layers. By comparing the calculation results

with numerical simulation, it is shown that reasonable approximate
parameters of the multilayer reservoir.can be obtained by using a
two layer model to n-layer cases. More accurate parameters of the
multilayer reservoir can be obtained by using numerical simulation
method.

SPE12580
Introduction
A reservoir generally consists of many layers with low permeability
shales or non-permeable rocks between them. Because of economical
consideration and technology limitations, several layers are often
produced together. Significant crossflow might happen between layers
and influences production and transient well

.tests. Because of its

importance, many researchers have worked on the crossflow problem.

At the beginning of the sixties, several papers were published,
which considered the unsteady radius flow in a multilayer reservoir
~ith crossflow when all layers
were open to well. Russell and Prats 1
summarized the findings of these papers.
The effct of partial penetration on transient well tests of oil
wells in an isotropic system were studied by many authers. 2-8 Nisle~"
found that the buildup curves had two straight lines, the first one
having a slope inversely proportional .to the flow capacity of the open
interval and the second one having a slope inversely proportional to
the flow capacity of the entire formation. Brons and Marting 3 and Pizzi
4
et a1 concluded that partial penetration gave rise to a pseudo damage,
acting as a skin factor. Hantush 5 derived an expression for pressure
distribution in an unbounded reservoir with restricted flow entry.
6
Seth extended Hantush's work to a bounded reservoir. Hossein Kazemi
7
and Seth studied the combined effects of anisotropy, stratification
with crossflow and restricted flow entry on pressure transient. Gao
developed a semipermeable wall model for

studyi~g

the crossflow in
9
multilayer reservoir. Using this model, Gao studied the crossflow
behavior and its influence on drawdown and buildup tests in a partially
perforated two layer reservoir. A new well test method was suggested
which can be used to determine not only the productivity of each layer
but also the diffusivity ratio of the two layers and the vertical
resistance to flow of the shale between the two layerso
This work is the direct extension of reference (9). The problem studied here is the behavior of wellbore pressure and crossflow in a n-layer
reservoir when several layers 9 neighbouring to each other9 produce together with a fixed total rateo A new well test method is suggested.By
using the results of the new well tests and the simple calculation method or computer simulation, the KH value of each layer, the diffusivity
ratio between layers and the resistance of the shales can be determined.
- 1 -

.S
I

{J

E- --:_.!_.__

s no

"l . -
i'_

ASSUMPTIONS AND MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF THE PROBLEM

The following assumptions are used in this work:

1. The n-layer reservoir is homogeneous and infinite. The low permeaple shales between layers are homogeneous with negligible
thickness;
2. The reservoir is filled with a slightly compressible fluid;
3. Gravity can be neglected;

4. The semipermeable model(8) can be used to approximate the actual

reservoir.
Suppose a well is drilled at an infinite reservoir~ Layers 1 to iO
produce with fixed rate q , layers iO+l to n produce with fixed rate
1
q 2 . The problem can be expressed as below:
() Pi di

a aP i

-.1

- - - - ( r - )+-!..:....(p.-p.
1)+...2:.... ( .Pi-pi+l)=O
1
1
d t :T ar
ar
b.
b.
l

i=1,2, . . ,n;

( 1)

l.

A. o =A n =o.

at r=r w
iO
,

2 1t k. h.

i=l

aP.l.

-~._1__.._1 (

"~

,r ar)=ql, i=iO+l

JU,

__________ pl=p2==~n~~o
where

2 1t k.1 h.1

aP.l

(r ar )=q2

at

r=G)

at

t=O k. -----

bi=,tLhi<Pic .

at r=r w

( 2)

(3)

OC.i=~ic~

(4)

and c is the compressibility.

Using the following dimensionless expressions

,..., 2
n
A.r
k.h.
l
w
l. l
where (kh)t=Z k.h.
1 l. l.
Ai= 4 (kh)t '
wi=(kh)t
l=
0

d.= d../
l

p =

p - p.

o
l
i (q,+q2)
41t(kh) t

'

.2:

ci.
i=l l

1 n
ol= -~ ~ni= 1 l

R=r/rw ' T=4 ctt/rw

(S)

(6)

problem (1} - (4) becomes

a P.

~--a*'l

1
4R

oP i

'

aR(R c?R)+W. (Ai-l(Pi-Pi-l)+Ai(Pi-Pi+l))=O

l

i=1,2, ... ,n;

A =A =0
o n
- 2 -

( 7)

at

P.O
1= ... =P n '
1 +

at

P 1 =P 2 = ... =Pn=O

at

R=OO

P 1 =P 2 = ... =Pn=O

at

T=O

R= 1

(8)

R=l

Set
f.=P.-P.
1
1
1+

,
i=1, 2, ... ,n-1
1
Define the dimensionless crossf1ow velocity V . of layer i
Cl

V .r=A.
C1

f.

1- 1 1-

(9)

as

- A.f.
1

(10)

and the area crossflow rate Qc. as

1

Qc. = R 2V .
1

CJ.

(11)

We found that the crossflow phenomenon can be expressed more clearly

by using Qc ..
1

II

THE UNSTEADY FLOW BEHAVIOR IN DRAWDOWN AND BUILDUP TESTS

WHEN PARTIAL LAYERS PRODUCE WITH CROSSFLOW

In reference (8), it was shown that there are three reasons for
crossflow in a multilayer reservoir filled with single-phase fluid:
different boundary pressures for different layers;
-2). different diffusivities for different layers;
1).

3). non-proportional permeability change with position for different layers.

Because of the assumption of a homogeneous reservoir, the third
reason for crossflow does not exist here. We shall examine the crossflow caused by different boundary pressures and different diffusivities
for different layerso
In a infinite homogeneous two layer reservoir, there is crossflow
caused by the first two reasons when one layer is open to well and
produces with a constant rate. The behavior of this crossflow is dis~
cussed in detail in reference (9). It is shown
that the two
parts of the area crossflow rate caused by these two factors will increase with time at early producing time . The crossflow rate caused
by different boundary pressures links with well and gradually ~pproaches
-

3 -

the steady state. The area crossflow rate caused by different diffusivities gradually behaves like an unchanged wave moving away from
the well. This is the distinguishing feature of the area crossflow rate
caused only by different diffusivities between layers.
For the purpose of study.ing the crossflow behavior when only some
layers produce and in order to determine the

physi~al

parameters of

the producing layers and the semipermeable walls, we use a standard

difference method to problem (8) and simulate some cases on the computer.
The simulation results for a four-layer reservoir will be described
below, which can be used to explain the crossflow phenomenon and indicate how to get the parameters of the multilayer reservoir. In the
simulation, the boundary condition P =P = ... =Pn=O at R=m is replaced
1 2
by an approximate condition: P =P 2 = .... ~Pn=O at R=2981. The two sections
1
of the well- layers 1 to iO and layers iO+l to n- produce with fixed
rate Q1 =1 and Q =0 respectively for dimensionless time T =10 7 and then
2
1
shut down. The duration of shut down is also 10 7 . The dimensionless
productivities of the layers are w.=0.4,0.4,0.1_,0.1. Several cases
~
were simulated for different diffusivities and semipermeabilities.
Set
(12)

Ws 1 and de 1 can be treated as the productivity and effective diffusivity of section 1( layers 1 to iO), Ws and de as the productivity
2
2
and effective diffusivity of section 2 ( layers iO+l to n). The wellbore pressures of the two sections are expressed by Pw
1
pectively.

~and

Pw

res-

Figs. 2,6 and 10 show the wellbore pressure change in drawdown and
buildup when iO is equal to 1,2 and 3 respectively. The buildup curve
is the mirror image of the drawdown curve, which is similar to the case
when one layer is open to well in a two layer reservoir, described in
reference (9). The Pw vs. ln(l+T) curve has two straight lines. The
1
slope of the first straight line is 1/Ws ; Ws can be determined by
1
1
this slope. The slope of the second straight line is 1/(Ws +Ws 2 )=1;
1
from ~t , the total productivity of the reservoir can be determined.
- 4 -

In the first straight line period, Pw , the wellbore pressure of

2
section 2 is equal to zero, as though the semipermeability between the
two sections were zero. In the second straight line period, Pw 2 is a
straight line paralel to Pw so Pw -Pw becomes constant. From Fig.6
2
1
1
it can also be seen that the semipermeability change within the sections
can cause some changes in wellbore pressure while the semipermeability
between the two sections does not change. However, the wellbore pressure
is quite insensible to the semipermeability change within sections.
Compared to Fig.ll, we see that the steady value of Pw 1 -Pw 2 is mainly
determined by the semipermeability between the two sections, though the
semipermeabilities within the section -may have some influence. The reason is, since fluid can exchange through wellbore very easily, the resistance of the semipermeable wall to flow within sections can not play
a full role ( assume there is no skin factor). If severe skin factors
exist,and fluid can not exchange easily through wellbore then the semipermeabilities within sections will have a large influence on the steady value of Pw -Pw , especially when the semipermeabilities are not
2
1
large.
Figs. 3-5 show the distributions of area crossflow rate of layers
1-3 for iO=l at different times. It can be seen that in the early period, Qc. increases with time and the peak point moves outward. After~

wards, the one peak curve

b~comes

a tw6 peak

cur~e;

th~

peak near well

becomes stable while the p~ak away from well moves outward like an unchanged wave. The peak near well represents the crossflow part caused
only by different boundary pressures; the peak far from the well and
moving outward with time represents the crossflow part caused by diffe~
rent diffusivities for different layers. We take w.=d. in the calcula1

tion. This means that all the layers have the same thickness. It can
be seen that the crossflow obtained by layer 1 near well is given up
by layers 2,3 and 4. In the region far from the well, where the crossflow is caused mainly by different diffusivities, the crossflow to
layers 1 and 2 is. given up by layers 3 and 4o Thus, the crossflow in
layer 2 is positive in some places and negative in others. The area
crossflow rate Qc 4 for layer 4 is almost exactly the same as Qc , shown
3
in Fig.S, so it is not drawn out. Because of the large .value of semipermeability A , the behavior of layers 3 and 4 should almost be the
3
same.
Figs.7-9 show the distribution of area crossflow rate in
-

5 -

layer~

SPE125t?O
1 to 3 at different times when i0=2. Because A is very large, the
3
distributions of Qc and Qc 4 are almost the same as for the case iO=l.
3
A is relatively small, so Qc develops slower than Qc does, though
1
1
2
they are similar to each other.
In reference (10), a detailed study is given for the crossflow caused only by different diffusivities. According to it , the area crossflow rate, caused only by
2

dif~erent

diffusivities, can be expressed as

R
--

Qc~=w. (de -1)-R- e de.T

1. 1. nd.].
de.T

(13)

in the second straight line period, where

w.

1
de=1/-~ _1.

n.

l= 1

d.

l.

(14)

is the effective dimensionless diffusivity of the reservoir. Formula

(13) is a one peak curve, the peak value occurs at
2
(15)
R /(de*T)= 1
With an increase in time, the peak will move outward. From (13), the
peak value Qc~~can
be obtained:
].
s w.
d
Qcp.=--1.( e -1 )
1.
e
nd.

(16)

It is easy to verify that the second peak, which moves outward with
time, is approximately expressed by formula 13).
In appelldix a solution--l."s given to the crossflow citised by-crffferent
boundary

pressures~

The comparison in Figures

shows that the theore-

tical solution agrees quite well with the simulation results.

Fig.11 shows the change of function g(T),where
Q1
Q2
g(T)=( Pwl-Pw2)/(Wsl - Ws2) .
It can be seen that for different Q and Q , function g(T) increases
2
1
along a straight line with unit slope in the first straight line period.
The increase of g(T) grows slower in the transition period until it
becomes a constant in the second straight line period. When the effective diffusivity of the producing section is greater than that of the
closed section, g(T) increases over the steady value and then diminishes slowly and approaches the steady value. When the effectivC' di ffusivity of the producing section is smaller than that of the closed section, g(T) increases monotonously and approaches its steady value. It
can also be seen that changing the semipermeability AiO between the two
sections will change the steady value of function g. The steady value
of function g is mainly determined by AiO" These situations are similar
to those described in reference (9) for two-layer reservoirs.
-

ft

SPE125BO
Fig.12 shows the change of g-ln(2de.) with time for different four1

layer reservoirs when Q.=l, i=1 or 2. It can be seen from the figure
~

that

g(T)-ln(2de.) are parallel straight lines, very near to each

l

other.in the first straight line period. In reference

~-),

shown that for different two-layer reservoirs, functions

it has been

g(T)~ln(2d.)
1

become a single straight line in the first straight line period. In

Fig.12, these parallel lines, quite near to each other, indicate that
the two sections

behave much like two large layers and Ws , Ws ,de

1
1
2
~nd de , defined by (10), can serve as productivities and diffusivi2
ties of the two large layers.
In reference (9) we have seen that for a two-layer reservoir,

,QQ 1 =~-g~QQ 1 :~

is a curve with one peak, the peak value is approximately

22ln(d1/d2). d 1 /d can be determined approximately by the peak value of

2
the above curve. d

and d can be obtained by using d +d =1.

1
2
1 2
Since the productivities and diffusivities of the two sections

have been defined by (10), and Fig.12 was shown to be reasonable, we

can treat the present problem similar to the two-layer case. Using the
simulation results for different four-layer reservoirs, the curves of
g(Q =1- g'Q =0 vs. time are shown in Figs.13-14. The corresponding va-

1-o
Qz-

Q1-1
z-

lues of ln(de /de ) are also shown in the figures. It can be seen from
1
2
the figures that, similar to the two layer case, the peak value here
is approximate to ln(de /de 2 ) if AiO is not large. The semipermeability
1
changes within sections do not influence the peak value of the curve;
they only influence the tail trend of the curves. Therefore, we still
can use the peak value of

a rough estimation of ln(

de /de ).
2
1
From Figs.13-14 it still can be seen that the peak value can be larger or smaller than ln(de /de ). This shows the approximate nature of
1
2
treating the two sections as two layers.
The approximate method for
the peak values of curves

calculati~g

d. is as
1

follows~

determine

giQ =l-giQ =O vs. time from the well test

Ql=O
Ql=l
2
2

data for i0=1,2, ... ,n-1. The peak values can be used as a approximation

of ln(de /de 2 ). We get n-1 equations for di. Using relation

d.=1 and
1
i=l l_
fe

- 7 -

S P E1 2 5 s 0
and de , the approximate values of d ,d , .. . ,
1
1 2
2
can be obtained. The calculation results for some four-layer reser-

definition (10) for de

d

voirs, using this method, are shown in table 1. From .table 1 it can be
seen that this simple method can give a useful value of d.
l

in most ca-

ses.
Using the formula given in reference (9) for the two layer case,
we get the following formula for calculating the steady value of Pw 1 Pw2 ,denoted by (Pw 1 -Pw 2 )s' for the two section case:
( 1 7)

where

1=1.78107 and

~=2JAi 0 (1/Ws 1 +1/Ws 2 )

( 18)

From (17) and (18) we can get

Aio= e

-gs

/(

J.

(1/Ws 1 +1/Ws 2 ))=0.31524Ws 1 ws 2 e

-gs

(19)

where
(20)

The calculation results for some four-layer reservoirs, using formula

(19), are given in table 1. The values g, needed in formula (19), is
s
obtained by simulating drawdown test for i0=~,2,3 on the computer.
From table 1 it can be seen that the semipermeabilities calculated
by this approximate method have the corTect order of magnitude, but
is smaller than the correct values. This can be explained: when we
treat the two sections as two layers, it is equavalent to setting the
semipermeabilities within the sections to be infinite and adding their
resistance to the semipermeable wall between the two sections. Thus,
the calculated semipermeability between the two sections is always smaller than it shoud be. It is easy to understand when the semipermeability between the sections is much smaller than that within the sections,
the influence of added resistance is smaller and this approximate method can give good results. When the semipermeability between sections
is larger than that within the sections, the added resistance might
influence the semipermeability greatly. That is why the calculation
results is not good when the semipermeability between sections are
large. However, in practice, the approximate method still can give
useful semipermeabilities.
-

8 -

SPE12580
For a more accurate evaluation of semipermeabilities, the simulation method can be used. A software has been developed successfully
which can accurately calculate the semipermeabilities A. of a multi
1

layer reservoir even if each layer has a skin factor.

When the software is used to calculate semipermeabilitiesa the productivities wi' the diffusivities di' and the steady values (Pw 1 -Pw 2 )s
for i0=1,2, ... ,n-1 need to be read in as known parameters. The semipermeabilities, obtained by the simulation method for some four-layer reservoirs are also listed on table le It can be seen from the table that
the simulation method gives very accurate semipermeabilities. The computer time needed is very small. For example, the calculation requires
only two minutes of CPU time for a four-layer reservoir simulation.

NEW DRAWDOWN TEST

For the purpose of obtaining wi,and (Pw -Pw 2 )s' a series of new
1
drawdown tests need to be completed in a wello
From Figs. 2 and 10 it is clear that the steady value (Pw -Pw 2 ~
1
will not change with d .. Any rough estimation of d. can be used in the
1
l
simulation and it will not influence the accuracy of semipermeabilities
obtained. The productivity w. and
1

(Pw

1 -Pw~1 are the parameters we will

~~-

obtain from the following new drawdown tests:

In a n-layer reservoir, all the layers are perforated. Layers 1 to

iO are open to well and produce with a fixed total rate Q and have a
1
common wellbore pressure Pw . Layers iO+l ton are closed (Q =0) and
1
2
have a common wellbore pressure Pw . Because of crossflow, Pw 2 will
2
change with time. Both Pw and Pw are measured in the test period.
1
2
Generally, the Pw vs. log(t) curve consists of two straight lines with
1
a transition period between them. The test must continue until the se=
cond straight line begins to appear. Set i0=1,2, ... ,n-1 and repeat the
test. In the second straight line period, Pw
the same rate with time. Pw -Pw
2
1

will change at
2
will become a constant yalue (Pw 1 =Pw 2 ) 5
1

and Pw

10

The slope miO of the first straight line is equal to 1/i~ 1 w 1 , so from
iO
n
,
E w.=l/m.
i=1,2,
..
o,n-1,
Z
w.=l,
1
10
i=l
i=1 1
we can determine the productivity w Using these data we can calcu1
late semipermeabilities by the simple calculation method or the simulation method.
- 9 -

SPE125BO
CONCLUSIONS
!he following conclusions can be obtained from the abo've study:
1. In a multilayer reservoir, the distributions of pressures in two
neighbouring layers are mainly the same in the region far from
the well if the semipermeability between the two layers is large.
2. When the crossflow caused by different boundary pressures exists
in the vicinity of well in one layer, there will be crossflow
induced in the other layers in the vicinity of the well, no matter if the layers have the same wellbore pressure as its neighbouring layers or not. The crossflow near the boundaries will
increase with time at first

an~

radually approach a steady state.

3. The crossflow, caused only by different diffusivities between layers, will travel away from the well with increasing time and described approximately by formula (13). This kind of crossflow is
determined only by the

equations and the total production rate

at well, and does not depend on which layers or how many layers
produce.
4. The new drawdown test can be used to evaluate semipermeabilities
between layers.

- 10 -

NOMENCLATURE

A.

semipermeability between layer i and i+l, m~ft- 1 (M).

A.

dimensionless semipermeability, equation (S)

de

effective dimensionless diffusivity of reservoir, equation (14)

de 1

effective dimensionless diffusivity of section !,equation (12)

de 2

eHective dimensionless diffusivity of section 2,equation (12)

~i

thickness of layer i, ft(M)

k.~

permeability af layer i, md(M.M 2 )

p0

original reservoir pressure, psi((MPa)

pi

pressure of layer i, psi (MPa)

q 1 ,Q 1

rate and dimensionless rate of section 1

q 2 ,Q 2

rate and

dimensio~less

rate of section 2

Qc.].

area crossflow rate of layer i, equation (11)

radius, ft(M)

r/r w

wellbore radius,ft(M)

time, hr

dimensionless times equation (6)

Vci

dimensionless crossflow velocity of layer i, equation (10)

w.].

dimensionless productivity of layer i

Ws 1 sws 2

total dimensionless productivity of section 1 and 2,equation

( 12)

Greek
).A.

viscosity, cp (Pa.s)

~i

diffusivity of layer i.,md.psi/cp(mm 2 /s)

cpi

porosity

11 -

SPE12580
REFERENCES
1 . Rus s e 11 , D. G. an d Pr at s , M. : "T h e P r act i c a 1 Asp e c t s o f I n t e r 1 a y e r
Crossflow", J.Pet. Tech. June,l962, 589-594
2.Nisle, R.G. :"The Effect of Partial Penetration on Pressure Buildup
in 0 i 1 We 11 s " , Trans . , AI ME ( 19 5 8) 2 1 3 , 8 5 - 9 0
3. Brons,F. and Marting,V.E.:"The Effect of Restricted Fluid Entry on
Well Productivity",J.Pet.Tech. Feb.,l961, 172-174
4.Pizzi,G., Ciucci,G.M. and Chierici,G.L.:" Quelques Cas de Remontees
de Pression dans des Couches Heterogenes avec Penetration Partielle
Etude par Analyseur Electrique", Revue IFP Dec. ,1965, 20,No. 12,
1811-1846
5.Hantush,M.:Advances in Hydroscience, VenTe Chow, Ed~, Academic Press,
New York and London(l964) 1,307
6.Seth,M.S.:" Unsteady State Pressure Distribution in a Finite Reservoir with Partial Well Bore Opening", J.Cdn. Pet. Tech. Oct.-Dec.,
1968, 7,153-163
7.Hossein Kazemi and M.S.Seth:" Effect of Anisotropy and Stratification
on Pressure Transient Analysis of Wells with Restricted Flow Entry",
J.Pet.Tech. May,l969, 639-647; Trans.,AIME, 246
8.Gao,Chengtai:" Single-phase Fluid Flow in a Stratified Porous Medium
with Crossflow", SPE 11439
9.Gao,Chengtai:" Crossflow Behavior in a Partially Perforated Two Layer
Reservoir; the Evaluation of Reservoir Parameters by Transient Well
Tests", SPE 11875
lO.Deans,H.A. and Gao,Chengtai:" Pressure Transients and Crossflow in
a Multilayer Reservoir- Single Phase Flow", SPE 11966, Presented at
the 58th SPE Meeting, Oct. 5-8,1983, San Francisco

- 12.

APPENDIX
Denote

pl
p2

P=

-Al

Al

[I+
W-/40
B=

-A1 Al+A2

. wrf4

-A2

A=

-A nef An-t

Neglecting the differential part respect to time, equation (7) can

be written as

1 d
dP
dR(RdR)

BR

(A. 1)

= AP

Its general solution has form

P = ( ci1 + ~l 1 n ( R) ) D l +

where I ,K
0

i~2

(d. I (.[K,. R)_ + ~. K ( ~ R) ) D .

1

are modified Bessel functions,

A.,i=2,3, ... ,n are the

~

non-zero eigen values of the following equation:

I A-Aal=o
and
~i

D.=(d. ,d. , ,d.)

1.

1n

(A.S)

is the corresponding eigenvector. c{.

1.

and

are arbitrary constants determined by the boundary conditions.

Since matrix A is semipositive and symetric, all the eigen values are
non-negative and different from each other. We notice

X1 =0

is an eigen

value, its eigen functions are 1 and ln(t). D. is determined by the

1

following linear equations

(A. 4)

This is a homogeneous equation and has many non-zero solutions. Set

d.1 1 =1, then D.1 can be uniquely determinedo
Substituting

~ =0

into (A.4), we get

AD

1 ~o.

From this equation we obtained

(A.S)
Set
f.=P.-P. l ,
J

J+

- 13 -

j=1.2, ... ,n-1

(A.6)

SPE12580
then from (A.2) and (A.S) we have
n

f.=.Z 2 (d..I (.J"X.R)+~.K (.p\.R))*(d .. -d .. 1 )

J l=
l 0
l
l 0
l
lJ
lJ+

(A. 7)

From the boundary conditions at R=ro ,we have

f.-+0

when

Since I

R_.oo, j=1,2, ... ,n-1

(,[K..R)_,.a> when R-+00, we should take c(.=O, i=2,3, ... ,n. Then,
l

f . =~ ~ .K (

J i=2

5.l R) * ( d lJ. . - d..lJ+

.
)
1

=1 , 2 ,

,n- 1

The boundary conditions (8) can be used to determine

( A 8)

~.,i=2,3,
l

.. ,n.

Substituting (A.6) and (A.8) into boundary conditions (8), we can get
the following equations for

~i:

n
~(d .. -d ..

i=2

)K (/.()a.=o
lJ
lJ + 1 0 . l, ~l
j=1,2, ... ,i0-1,i0+1, ... ,n-1

i~2ci~i=Q1-Q2+(1-2Ws(iO))*(Q1+Q2)
where

iO

(A.9)

c.=1'(1-Ws(i0)) ~ wkd.k- Ws(iO) 2:

wkd.-1 $;K 1 (.A)
l L
k=l
l
k=iO+l
l~
l
l

(A.10)

(A.11)
Ws(i)=2: wk
k=l
and K1 is the modified first order Bessel function.
After f. are determined, Crossflow velocity V . and area crossflow
l

Cl

rate Qc.l can be obtained from formulas (10) and (11).

- 14.-

Tab 1 e 1
~-

layer producti- diffusivity d.

semipermeability
~
A.1
vity
w.1
. approximaa exact
e~act.
approximate simulation
value
te cal cu.
value
cal cu.
results

--

numb e1
i

.4

.4

.394

.4

.3977

.1

.1

.0978

.1

.1

.1105

7.034*10- 8 3.362*10- 8 6.984*10-S

7.034*10- 6 2.258*10- 6 7.064*10- 6
7.034*10- 4 1.445*10- 4 6.922*10- 4

..

.4

.1955

.4

.3115

.1

.3

.2702

.1

.2229

.25

.4

.3923

.25

.4005

.25
.25

.1

.1065
.1008

4
1

7.034*10- 6 3.321*10- 6 7.341*10- 6

7. 0.34* 10 =6 3.24*10= 6 7.195*10- 6
7.034*10- 4 1.26*10- 4 6.95!*10- 4

7.034*10- 8 3.323*10= 8 6.977*10- 8

7 . 0 3 4 * 1 0 -.6 1.537*10~ 6 7.005*10- 6
7.034*10- 4 1.533*10- 4 6.972*10- 4

SPE125B0

Fig.l The n-layer reservoir is divided into two sections,

producing independently

s PE12sao

---- L____ ---- __________ .!_- - ..

I.
. ---.I;
.I
..

20

-- .... l __ -. - .. -

Ii

---------------,-----

I
-------~-

i ...
t.

___

----. _,_/

- ..
/

/i
/

r~-------

i
i

!1

4 ln(t+-r) 8

Fig.2 The wellbore pressure in drawdown and buildup tests when

layer 1 produces in a

L. - - - -

four~layer

treservoir

16

S;PE12580

r---- .
!
I

I '
I
i

[---

- - ~--- .

--

-------,

------

I .
I

iI -
L- .. -- .... - .

..

0 r---"1!!1~~~~~

qCf

-----

-.05

-.to
-.15

4- .
Fig.3

f2

The distribution of area crossflow rate Qc at different

1
times when only layer 1 produces in a four-layer reservoir

i -

f6

, :.1

' II

~----

--

'.j

'

.:!

I~ l.

- ---- - - - : - -

-- -T- ----

...

I
:
L - - - .. ------ L... ----I

-- - _____ [_______ :

I
i

I :
I

15 ,_'--~------yo----,----.,----...--....---,.------,
i '
6l, ~ 1. o ~ Q2 = oi
.Wi 0.4 ~ 0,4-, 0. f , 0.1
cl i a.4, 0.41 o.:1; 0.1 . i
!
1
o-------t\~ ;:i;;-fo~:?;-i5 6;7~t-04 -- -r------ ~:-q
CJ.c2
ttJ =1 I .
---~-l
10oq1 .

=
=

.. -

.05

Alu,merical :s;mulatloni
rheoret;ca~ f'esalts
..

~-- o

-.-.

-I

for .Ln U+T ).:; 14.q

toi

Lnlt+T)=12q

.1

oL~~~~
~----~--~-----~~ln:-:(-:-:.,..,.:-=_,.::-;-::...-;6.~g4 ----:. __
. .
I .
!

~.

r'~

i
-.05 -----i ------ . -- -

!
i

Fig.4 The distribution of area crossflow rate Qc at different times

2
when only layer 1 produces in a four-layer reservoir

[ .
I

r---:

~------~-----------____.

~---

I
\

- -

--

____

---

....

0 :

,--

--

'

---

.. - ---

..

I
----~

--

I .
! '
I.

- --... ---- -- ------

.~s~----~--~----~--~~--~----~--~----~

fJ.c3

. . io = 1 ~

lnlf+T):14-,q
12.q
W; ::=.0.4" 0.4- 0,1 > o. t'

.,Q5 - Q = lO- ~
1

Q~ =-0
I

di =O,Lf..,o.4~o.1~o.t
A
-6
-6
-4-
--- ___ i. 7~10 ~ 7x.to .. ,.t7xto

=
.
.o . ~Nu.,merica.L 15i-?H,Ult%fiott
1

- - Theore-biea,t ~su[-t.s
A
for Ln(J+Tl~14-.q
Ql--~~--+-_.~~~~~--1

: o.

for

... - --

:-

Lrtl rtT) ::: t 2.q

-.

..

.. ;

-.0.25......- - ' - - - ' - - - - - i - - - - ' - - - L - - - - - - " ' - - - _ . . __ _...___~

12
16
io; ---4: r-j8 In R~
Fig.S The distribution of area crossflow rate Qc

at different times

when only layer 1 produces in a four-layer reservoir

I
I

--

r1

-----:

-- ------

i
-~-

.... _

.J -

SPE125BQ
(

20
,

15

.,.:

0-.
Fig.6 The wellbore pressure in drawdown and buildup tests when layers
1 and 2 produce together in a four-layer reservoir

-------

-----

__

--

-- .

~ .i

.. ..

- - - -

L--~----1--~ --- . - ----~ ----------- --- ,------ --

t
(

....

.01~--~~~--------~--~------~~----~--~~

qc.,
..........

LnU+T)::. ?. <7

.....
I

o.-~~,i~~~~~~-L----~~~~~~~
: I
u

--

--:

: -- -~

-I

-.01

1- _:

----+----

! i
!
I

.. !

-.02

. -. --- -- ----4--- --

'

=0.4-., 0.4- . q.t., Oe 1

I

. W;

d; = o.tr., o.-4- ~ o~ 1 .. o.t

-. 03..,.........._.A
_, -6 . -q. i =7xto ., 7~fD ., 7~ to
i

Q
f =- '[ ' 0
..
! ~
t~=2;

..

Q.J. ;: 0

'

..

-.0~:--------Tiluimeri" 1-s;11Ul,la,+tm ----

Cttj
'
.
j.... .

1
-

~Then ret i CaL

!. ......___ __J__, __ .
.:1

-.05

------- - o

r.e.su l-t.s

: .

! for lnq+TJ= 14-.q .

;for- ln.lltT):: f 1. '1 -
.

4-

16

Fig.7 The distribution of area crossflow rate Qc at different times

1
when layers 1 and 2 produce together in a four-layer reservoir
_.-..;;;;;...........,~==

----- --

'~=--""===~-

SP12580
------ ... j"
:

. f
I

---- ... ------------- --- L_____ _

!I

li

-.o2

I
I

. : _Wi ::. 0.4 _, 0.4-., Oo .t ~ o.t

di. =- ....0.4.. _,0.4,
0.1, 0.1
... - -. -6 -4 .
2

~--

-Ai =7,c.fo ~ 7x to j 7x to
.
.
- .l .. Qf = ~uO ., QJ.~O
:,#

-.04-

'
:. . to

-~-----~

=2 . ' .: _ (. -.',
j

---.

--~---

. -----

--~-----

'

- i . -

.
'

..

: .. . .. ; Jllu,mer,caL S;mulaiiiJn
,

.irheare~i~t r~ult.s

:
A

!for ~~(f+T) =ffl.. q

______ o _____[for

f,n, (It -r)

= 12 gq

12

f6

Fig.S The distribution of area crossflow rate Qc 2 at different times

when layers 1 and 2 produce together in a four-layer reservoir

.o6r---~--~~--~--~~--~--~~~~----

fdc3

wi ::; o. 4 ~ 0. 4., o. 1 0. t
.I

d i :. 0.4 )0.4 ~ 0. f , 0. t
Ai =7t.to- 6, 1x to-6, 7JC t64Q1 :::. I. 0

-04

Q.2. : 0

io=2
s i "lrt(,tltil ti on
;h.Qor..e iiiCa
A

r..e:su.lts

-for ln(J+T)=/4:q
jOt ln (I+T)::. 12.q

02

12

16

Fig.9 The distribution of area crossflow rate Qc 3 at different times

when layers 1 and 2 produce together in a four-layer reservoir

I'

SPE12580

II

I
!

---. ~ -- -- -.- ..... - ______ j __ -

12

. I

i
!
l

--------~----1

.. !
I

----1- ---- -I

i
i

I
.

4-

~~-

Pw, - Pw.1 .- .

.....

~.
'

__ .lI ______ _

0 ---

8 /n(f+T)

12

16

Fig.lO The wellbore pressure in drawdown and buildup test when layers
1 to 3 produce together in a four-layer reservoir

..

~PE12580

'

Lo :: .1
w~ == o~4- J

o.4, o. (.> o.t

-- d; =o~4 .. o.4- ~ o.t, o. f

---~-

---- ;At. =-1-AIO-~ _, 7xiO-/,~ 7~ 10 4

- -. l;A l=7J<fO,
-a .~1~to-t.-~1~to
' -4-

- - - -- - .-

-------1~~-----!

L .. --

!
.

cts
............

\\
i

.!
i
. I
I

o. - -- -
Fig.ll

4-

!8 /n(f:tT) 12

The change of function g with time

l1.---------.
I

r--~--

r ;

t._L

_.,_. __

--~-

..--- !

--

16

~-~
I

----

---~- ----

- r-

... . . . . . . . . I

. I

j_ .....

SEE125BO

~------L-----l--______ . - - .

I
I

;--~---------

'

---- ........ ---- ------I

...... .

12~--~--~~--~~~~~--------~---1

. (&) .., (7)!

-t,~2

: Wi=-0.25., 0,25.,0.15,0.25

di =D.4, o.4-, o.1 ; o.'t

10

. .
-8 : . _,
-4. ~ i 7.x 1o -:r ;< I0 :1 7x f 9
: I
. .
I . .. . .

""0-

I
I

'-"
~
-=..b

--~--~---~- ~--;__ ~~~-: 1-~----- -- :_ ..

.--.

'!
Q.~=f.O

Q~.:::.o
L~. .. --~~ ~ ___ Q.,_ =. 0 . . : ~ Q.J.:. 1,0

W&.
I
I

_,

=cl.(: 0.4., 0.4 'OJ~ 0.1

Aa =1J(I0~6Jl1xto-6.) 7;(to-4( 1 ) (3 ) t,., ::! 1

1-

( :l) a

.5)

io =2
i.,:J d; :.0,2.,0,3,.. 0,3 10o2

4), :

/n(ltT)

Fig.12 For different four-layer reservoir and different producing

section i(i=l or 2), the change of g(T)=ln(2de.)
with time
l.

16

:. ; I , . : , i : . .J

..:.

! !t

r i

---r ..

I'' ,_ . -- r-~1.. .

1.6

I .

I
l . - .

-8

-6

-4

'/. I 0
---- .. ---+--A.i ==-7t./.0_,, 7 t.f 0-6~ 7
. -'r
.

W,

=0.4-, 0.4-, 0.1 ~ 0.1

----l Ai ::.];r./0~ 1x.{o ~ 7xl0(1) (2) J( 3) :

: ~- -<. I >In(~~ - -: (3),(6)
d; = 0,4 ~ 0.4- ~ 0.1 ~ 0.1
J

i
i

<Lf-).,(5):

----------7-L ---

1.2

,,
__

, di =O.~. o.3,o3.. o.2

:
!

"~

i.e =2
W; =0.25 .~D.25~0.25.)Q
di. 0,4 ~ 0,4-_, 011 ~ 0.1

(6) ~

-~
a-,

-.

<:n

o.B

. L --- - ..
I

-~~~ ~l-~ 1--~------- . ___ j __

.

- . -(1)

I
!

'

- . - --~- -I

i~}.

__

o.4 (Fx .

-.

--'--\'""----
' . : 'l
:to
...

..

'

__j

.
-.

',~ \

,,

ir

~
-------
- ::

\\ \

. .;( ,-( /-2

-

. I.

~ \ \\
~'\, \
\~ . \

,-----------:

. ! - . .
- -

\
\

---t1)----r---

..

.
:

'

, ,

-- -(4-)
_
----;;
I

(A_\ ____ --------~ . !"'!'""~-~-~---~--I

---------- -' . . . . .:.

..._______ ------- . .

to~

'

....

_---__-

:---- /....,
;

..

'

......

.... ,

-........

' ............

,, '

l
I.

,-"'

----~----------(5)
~

--I

'
8 /n(1+T) 12.

Fig.13 The change of gR =l-g~ =1 with time for different four.

1
2
! ayer reservo1r

16

..,

'

1.5
.!
;

---'
r

---#"

--o---=-

1. 0

\r')

....

-- -------T

"-

. _t

(!")

75
t

--..

. : . io =.3 i
.50 ~-- ----.;wt =eli= ot4.,0.4-. o.( .. Os I
I

-s -6
-a
(a) . A; :=1~to, 1~to J 7~to
6
6

(bJ A; =7~ta~ 7:(Hf ~ 1i:I0

25 --:-_-_-(cJ- Ai::.7~to8~7:~.to6J7tto=~r
1

(q)

Ai=7(t6 6,7xi66.~ 7xro=4

. ; . . - ;__ I ... ... . . I : . .

f

. .

.. .

q__l_ _______ 2. l . . . 4-

I -- 6

Fig.14 The change o~ g~

layer reservo~r

- !8

to

/n(t+T) 14

1 -g~ 2 = 1 with time for different four-