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Ni dung
Bi
Chng 1:Cc khi nim
T hc
t ha
cm t
t thm
T ha
11
T gio
13
T tr
16
Lc khng t
19
Nhit Curie
22
ng cong t ha
24
ng cong t nhit
26
Mmen lng cc t
27
Nhit Nel
29
Nng lng vi t
30
phn cc spin
33
Chng 2: Cc vt liu t
35
Thun t
35
Siu thun t
37
Nghch t
38
Sng spin
39
St t
40
men t
43
Vch men
45
Phn st t
49
51
Vt liu t cng
52
Vt liu t mm
56
60
FINEMET
63
Hiu ng Hopkinson
66
Hiu ng Meissner
68
Hiu ng t nhit
69
75
Hiu ng t in tr
76
Hp kim Heusler
79
Magnetit
81
Nam chm
84
85
88
90
Nam chm in
93
94
Nc t
97
Permalloy
99
101
Spin valve
104
Terfenol-D
106
107
T in tr chui hm
109
T in tr d hng
110
T in tr khng l
112
T in tr siu khng l
115
Chng 3: ng dng
117
Thu knh t
117
in t hc spin
119
Ton nh in t
123
Knh hin vi lc t
125
Ch thch
Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi
127
129
131
T tnh ca vt cht
M t v m
Cm ng t v t trng
chy qua
T hc
ch ph thuc vo dng in
nh sau:
, vi
Ta nh ngha
l t cm ca vt liu
vi:
Ngi ta cn nh ngha:
vi
nh
ln hn
dng v
rt ln, c th t n 10 5.
Feri t: l vt liu c
dng v
ln (tuy nh hn st t).
Phn st t: l vt liu c
M t vi m
Chuyn ng ca cc in t
Chuyn ng ca cc in t trong nguyn t to nn cc m my in tch. Chnh chuyn ng qu o l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra t tnh ca nguyn t lm cho nguyn t c mt m men t. Mt nguyn nhn khc
l spin, c th c hnh dung th thin nh s t quay ca in t, mc d v bn cht, spin l mt khi nim ch c
trong c hc lng t. Nh vy t tnh ca nguyn t c hai ngun gc: spin v qu o, m men t tng ng vi
hai ngun gc ny c gi l m men t spin v m men t qu o.
T hc
Vi t hc
Mt cch tng qut, tnh cht ca cc vt liu t tun theo cc quy lut v vi t hc m tnh cht t b quy nh
bi cu trc t hc vi m v cu trc ny c quy nh bi s cc tiu ha nng lng vi t, c th quy thnh 5
dng nng lng:
Lch s t hc
T hc l mt ngnh c ng dng trong cuc sng con ngi t rt sm m u tin l Trung Hoa v Hy Lp c
i. Hy Lp, lch s ghi nhn nhng i thoi v t hc gia Aristotle v Thales t nhng nm 625 n 545 trc
cng nguyn song song vi vic s dng nam chm vnh cu (l nhng thin nhin) cho mt s mc ch khc
nhau[1] phng ng, Trung Hoa l ni sm nht s dng cc nam chm lm kim ch nam ch phng
Nam-Bc t thi i ca Chu Cng (thi i nh Chu, 1122 - 256 trc Cng nguyn), v cun sch chnh thc ghi
li vic s dng cc nam chm l cun Qu Cc t ( , thy dy ca Tn Tn) vo th k th 4 trc cng
nguyn[2] , [3] .
Alexander Neckham l ngi Chu u u tin m t v la bn v vic s dng la bn cho vic nh hng vo nm
1187. Vo nm 1269, Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt vit cun Epistola de magnete, c coi l mt trong nhng
lun thuyt u tin v nam chm v la bn. Nm 1282, cc tnh cht ca cc nam chm v la bn kh c tho
lun bi Al-Ashraf, mt nh vt l, thin vn, a l ngi Yemeni [4] .
Cun sch kho cu chi tit u tin v cc hin tng l cun De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de
Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth) ca William
Gilbert xut bn nm 1600 Anh Quc. Cun sch tho lun v nhiu th nghim in t do ng xy dng, ng
thi gi thit v t trng ca Tri t, nguyn nhn gy ra s nh hng Nam-Bc ca cc la bn.
Tng tc gia dng in v t trng ln u tin c pht hin v m t bi Hans Christian Oersted, mt gio s
i hc Copenhagen (an Mch). ng pht hin ra vic kim la bn b lch hng khi t gn mt dy dn mang
dng in. Th nghim ny c coi l bc ngot trong lch s ngnh t hc, v c t tn l Th nghim Oersted.
Sau Oersted, hng lot cc nh khoa hc tin hnh cc th nghim v cc cng trnh nghin cu v mi quan h
gia in v t trng nh Andr-Marie Ampre, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Michael Faraday dn n vic hnh thnh
nhng kin thc c bn v t hc cng nh t trng.
James Clerk Maxwell tng hp cc l thuyt v t trng, in trng, v quang hc pht trin thnh l thuyt
tng qut v trng in t. Vo nm 1905, Albert Einstein s dng nhng nh lut ny xy dng l thuyt
tng i hp[5] .
Th k 20 cng l th k m t hc c pht trin mnh m t vic to ra cc vt liu t a chc nng, xy dng
cc l thuyt vi m v hin tng t da trn cc l thuyt ca c hc lng t v vt l cht rn nh l thuyt vi t
hc, l thuyt v men t, vch men, vt liu st t, tng tc trao i, phn st t,... i km vi n l s pht
T hc
trin ca nhiu k thut chp nh cu trc t v o c cc tnh cht t ca vt liu. Cui th k 20, u th k 21,
ngnh mi spintronics ra i da trn nhng thnh tu ca t hc v in t hc.
n v in t
Cc n v chun SI
SI electromagnetism units
[6]
Tn i lng
K hiu i lng
n v dn xut
K hiu n v
n v c bn
Dng in
A (= W/V = C/s)
in tch
coulomb
As
U, V, ; E
volt
J/C = kgm2s3A1
R; Z; X
ohm
V/A = kgm2s3A2
in tr sut
ohm metre
kgm3s3A2
Cng sut
watt
VA = kgm2s3
in dung
farad
C/V = kg1m2A2s4
Cng in trng
V/m
N/C = kgmA1s3
phn cc in
Asm2
Hng s in mi
F/m
kg1m3A2s4
cm in
(khng n v)
G; Y; B
1 = kg1m2s3A2
, ,
dn in
S/m
kg1m3s3A2
T trng, Cm ng t
tesla
T thng
weber
Wb
Vs = kgm2s2A1
Cng t trng
A/m
Am1
L, M
t cm
henry
t thm
H/m
kgms2A2
cm t
(khng n v)
T hc
Cc n v khc
T hc v spintronics
Nhng thnh tu v t hc cui th k 20[7] , [8] dn n vic hnh thnh mt lnh vc mi gi l spintronics[9] ,
ngnh nghin cu to ra cc linh kin in t mi khai thc c thuc tnh spin cng nh in tch ca in t, thay
th cc linh kin in t truyn thng li thi. S hp dn ca spintronics cng dn n vic thc y vic nghin
cu v t hc tm hiu v bn cht t tnh, ng thi nghin cu to ra nhiu vt liu t c bit ng dng trong
cc linh kin t tnh.
Mc tiu quan trng ca spintronics l hiu v c ch tng tc gia spin ca cc ht v mi trng cht rn, t
c th iu khin c v mt cng nh s chuyn vn (transportation) ca dng spin trong vt liu. Nhng cu hi
ln c t ra cho ngnh spintronics l:
Cch no hiu qu nht phn cc mt h spin?
Mt h spin c th nh trng thi nh hng trong bao lu?
Lm th no ghi nhn spin?
Spintronics ha hn l mt th h linh kin mi trong th k 21 vi mc tiu tng tc x l, gim nng lng hao
tn v gi thnh m t hc l mt nn tng ca spintronics.
Xem bi chi tit Spintronics
T hc
Xem thm
Vi t hc
St t
Nng lng vi t
Nam chm vnh cu
Lin kt ngoi
Lch s ca t hc (http://www.rare-earth-magnets.com/magnet_university/history_of_magnetism.htm)
S lc v t hc v vt liu t (http://ndthe.multiply.com/journal/item/5)
Magnetism flash (http://www.albinoblacksheep.com/flash/magnetism)
Electricity and Magnetism: Video lectures (http://web.mit.edu/smcs/8.02/)
P10D Electricity and Magnetism P10D Electricity and Magnetism, online lectures (http://scitec.uwichill.edu.
bb/cmp/online/P10D/p10D.htm)
Exploring magnetism lesson series (http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/SEGwayed/lessons/exploring_magnetism/)
t ha
t ha hay t (ting Anh: Magnetization) l mt i lng s dng trong t hc c xc nh bng tng
mmen t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch ca vt t. i khi, t cn c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn
mt n v khi lng. T l mt i lng vct.
nh ngha
T , M, c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn mt n v th tch. V mt ton hc, n c cho bi cng thc:
n v
Do c cng th nguyn vi cng t trng nn t mang n v ca t trng, n v trong SI l A/m. Trong
t hc, ngi ta cn s dng n v khc cho t c k hiu l emu/cm3 = 1000 A/m. emu l ch vit tt ca
electromagnetic unit - n v in t. n v ny c dng ph bin trong t hc, xut pht t h n v CGS.
T t pht
L khi nim m t t ca cc cht st t khng tuyt i (0 K). i lng t t pht mang c trng ca
mi cht st t, 0 K, tt c cc mmen t ca cht st t song song vi nhau, to nn t t pht ca cht st t
(to nn t tnh m khng cn c t trng ngoi). khng tuyt i, do khng c cc thng ging nhit, tng
tc trao i gia cc mmen t s khin cho tt c cc mmen t song song vi nhau (ging nh trng thi bo ha
t) to nn t t pht ca vt liu st t.
t ha
Xem thm
T hc
St t
Mmen t
S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / ndthe. multiply. com/ journal/ item/ 5
cm t
cm t l i lng vt l c trng cho kh nng t ha ca vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca cht
di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. cm t cn c tn gi khc l h s t ha (khng nhm vi t ha).
cm t th hin mi quan h gia t (l i lng ni ti) v t trng ngoi, nn thng mang nhiu ngha vt
l gn vi cc tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu.
cm t, thng c k hiu l
, hay
( phn bit vi
t ha v ln ca t trng:
l i lng
khng c th nguyn.
cm t v t thm
Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu thc:
vi
i lng
. Nh vy:
cm t
cm t vi phn
Trong cc vt liu st t, cm t khng phi l mt hng s, m c gi tr bin thin ph thuc vo t trng
ngoi v ph thuc c vo tin s t (tc l ph thuc c vo cc qu trnh t din ra trc ), nn ngi ta s dng
khi nim cm t vi phn:
cm t xoay chiu
Hay l h s t ha xoay chiu, l cm t to ra khi vt liu c t trong t trng xoay chiu. Cc php o
cm t xoay chiu ph thuc vo nhit rt quan trng trong cc nghin cu chuyn pha t trong cc vt liu st
t. cm t xoay chiu thng c k hiu l
(ch AC l k hiu ca dng in xoay chiu).
Xem thm
St t
Vt liu t mm
t ha
t thm
t thm (ting Anh: Magnetic
permeability, thng c k hiu l l
mt i lng vt l c trng cho tnh thm
ca t trng vo mt vt liu, hay ni ln
kh nng phn ng ca vt liu di tc
dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi nim t
thm thng mang tnh cht k thut ca vt
liu, ni ln quan h gia cm ng t (i
lng sn sinh ngoi) v t trng ngoi.
t thm thc cht ch ng k cc vt
liu c trt t t (st t v feri t).
t thm
vi
9
l hng s t, hay c gi l t thm ca chn khng, c ln
Nh vy:
Nh vy, i lng t thm v cm t quan h vi nhau qua biu thc[1] :
Khi ni t thm th ngi ta thng ngm hiu l l t thm tng i, v i lng ny l i lng khng
c th nguyn.
t thm ban u
c nh ngha l t thm ca vt liu di t trng ngoi bng khng, hay thng qua biu thc:
Trn thc t, khng th xc nh gi tr t thm ban u khi t trng ngoi chnh xc bng 0 nn ngi ta xc
nh bng cch t t trng t ha rt nh trong li dn t c ch to thnh dng mch t kn ( kh hiu ng
trng kh t dn n vic d t ha) v nu phi o trong t trng xoay chiu th o trong tn s rt nh (gi l
php o chun tnh). Gi tr t thm ban u rt c ngha trong vic s dng cc vt liu st t mm v vt liu
t mm rt d bo ha v cn s dng trong t trng nh.
Trong cc vt liu t mm c kch thc ht ln (vt kch thc vch men), t thm ban u t l thun vi
kch thc ht theo cng thc[2] :
Cn cc vt liu c kch thc ht mn, t thm ban u t l nghch vi ly tha bc 6 ca kch thc ht[3] :
Vi:
l h s t l,
l t bo ha,
t thm
t thm cc i
L gi tr cc i ca t thm trong ton di t trng t ha. Trn thc t, nu t trng ngoi vt ngng (
qu trnh t ha vt qua qu trnh t ha ban u (xy ra bc nhy Barkhausen) th gi tr t thm s t cc
i, sau s gim dn khi vt liu tin ti trng thi bo ha t.
Xem thm
St t
cm t
Permalloy
Vt liu t mm
10
T ha
11
T ha
T ha l qu trnh thay i cc tnh cht t (cu trc t, mmen t...)
ca vt cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi c s dng nh
mt ng t, t ha c ngha l lm thay i tnh cht t ca cht bng
t trng ngoi.
Qu trnh t ha
Xt v mt hin tng, t ha l s thay i tnh cht t ca vt cht
theo t trng ngoi, xt v mt bn cht, y l s thay i cc
mmen t nguyn t. Khi t vo t trng ngoi, cc mmen t
nguyn t c xu hng b quay i theo t trng ngoi dn n s thay
i v tnh cht t. Ty theo s hng ng ny m c th phn ra nhiu
loi vt liu t khc nhau:
Nghch t
Nghch t l bn cht c hu ca mi loi vt cht, , cht
khng c mmen t nguyn t, v to ra mt t trng ph
ngc vi chiu ca t trng ngoi theo xu hng ca cm ng
in t (quy tc Lenz). V th, cht nghch t c mmen t m v
ngc vi chiu t trng ngoi.
Thun t
Qu trnh t ha cht thun t, cht c mmen t nguyn t
nh v khng lin kt, xy ra n gin, cc mmen t nguyn t
s quay theo t trng ngoi v to ra mt t trng ph dng
(thng th hiu ng nghch t c hu). V th, qu trnh t ha
ch n gin l s tng tuyn tnh ca t theo t trng ngoi
v t bo ha khi t trng rt ln v nhit rt thp.
T ha
12
t ha
t ha l mt i lng vt l ni ln kh nng b t ha ca mt vt t, c xc nh bng tng mmen t
nguyn t trn mt n v th tch, hoc mt n v khi lng.
Qu trnh kh t
Ngc vi qu trnh t ha l qu trnh kh t. Kh t l qu trnh lm trit tiu t tnh ca vt t, bng cch t vo
mt t trng ngc ln, hoc lm tng nhit n trn nhit nh hng ca cht.
Kh t bng t trng:
Kh t bng t trng l cch thng dng nht, bng cch t vo t trng ngc (vi chiu ca t d
trong cht) bng vi gi tr lc khng t ca cht. Nu t trng ngc t vo tip tc tng, t ca cht s
b o ngc, v ta c qu trnh o t. kh t hon ton, ngi ta khng dng t trng ngc mt chiu
m dng t trng xoay chiu c bin gim dn (tt dn theo hm s m v i chiu), nh vy, t trng
d trong mu s b nh dn v o lin tc quay gi tr 0 v ngy cng tin ti gi tr 0.
Cc cch khc:
C nhiu cc khc kh t, v d t nng vt t n trn nhit trt t t ca cht (nhit Curie vi cc
cht st t, hay nhit Nel vi cc cht phn st t...), lc ny cc cht t trng thi c t ln s b mt t
tnh v tr thnh cht thun t. Ngoi ra, s va p c hc v n mn ha hc cng l nhng cch kh i t
tnh ca cht.
Xem thm
T hc
St t
Thun t
Mmen t
Lin kt ngoi
S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]
T gio
13
T gio
T gio (ting Anh: magnetostriction)
l hin tng hnh dng, kch thc
ca cc vt t (thng l st t) b thay
i di tc dng ca t trng ngoi
(t gio thun) hoc ngc li, tnh
cht t ca vt t b thay i khi c s
thay i v hnh dng v kch thc (t
gio nghch). Trong cc sch gio
khoa vt l c Vit Nam, ngi ta
cn dng thut ng "p t" cho t
gio ( tng ng vi hin tng p
in l s thay i kch thc do in
trng). Tuy nhin, thut ng ny hin
nay hu nh khng c s dng.
Ngi ta nh ngha h s t gio (hay
t gio Joule) l t l phn trm s thay
i v chiu di hoc th tch:
hoc:
vi
ta s c t gio m.
Hin tng t gio dn n s thay i v chiu di gi l t gio di, cn hin tng dn n s thay i v ton th
tch gi l t gio khi.
Trong cc nghin cu v t hc v k thut, ngi ta cn quan tm n i lng cm t gio, c nh ngha
bi s bin thin ca h s t gio theo t trng:
T gio
Vt liu t gio
Hu ht cc nguyn t st t u c t gio. Trong cc nguyn t st t, cban (Co) l nguyn t c h s t gio ln
nht nhit phng(do cban c cu trc bt i xng kh cao - lc gic xp cht), t ti 60.10-6 trong t trng
bo ha. Cc vt liu c h s t gio ln c gi l vt liu t gio khng l.
C nhiu loi vt liu t gio khc nhau, ti thi im hin ti, vt liu t gio thng phm tt nht l Terfenol-D
(c tn l cc t vit tt ghp bi: Ter - Terbium - Tb, Fe - st, Nol - Naval Ordnance Laboratory, D - Dysproxium Dy) l hp kim TbxDy1-xFe2 c h s t gio t ti 2000.10-6 trong t trng 2 kOe[1] , v ch t 400.10-6 dng
mng mng [2] . y l vt liu t gio c dng ph bin nht hin nay.
Gn y, nhm nghin cu ti Vit Nam Phng Th nghim Vt l Nhit thp, i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i
hc Quc gia H Ni lnh o bi Gio s Nguyn Hu c cng b vt liu t gio khng l dng cc mng
mng (h s t gio t ti 720.10-6)[3] , l cc mng mng hp kim TbFeCo) mang tn TerfecoHan (Ter - Terbium
- Tb, Fe - st, Co - Cban, Han - H Ni, ng thi cng ci tin to ra cc mng mng a lp trn c s TerfecoHan
to ra cc mng mng t gio vi h s t gio ln v cm t gio cao trong t trng thp[4] .
14
T gio
Xem thm
D hng t tinh th
St t
p in
1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic /
Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0.
2. ^ Nguyn Hu c (2003). Vt liu t lin kim loi. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni. ISBN
1K-02044-01403.
Lin kt ngoi
T gio khng l thm mt bc tin vo tng lai (http://datrach.blogspot.com/2004/12/
t-gio-khng-l-thm-mt-bc-tin-vo-tng-lai.html)
15
T tr
16
T tr
T tr (ting Anh: magnetic
hysteresis) l hin tng bt thun
nghch gia qu trnh t ha v o t
cc vt liu st t do kh nng gi li
t tnh ca cc vt liu st t. Hin
tng t tr l mt c trng quan
trng v d thy nht cc cht st t.
Hin tng t tr c biu hin thng
qua ng cong t tr (T - t
trng, M(H) hay Cm ng t - T
trng, B(H)), c m t nh sau:
sau khi t ha mt vt st t n mt
t trng bt k, nu ta gim dn t
trng v quay li theo chiu ngc,
th n khng quay tr v ng cong
t ha ban u na, m i theo ng
khc. V nu ta o t theo mt chu
trnh kn (t chiu ny sang chiu kia),
th ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l
ng cong t tr hay chu trnh t tr.
Tnh cht t tr l mt tnh cht ni ti
c trng ca cc vt liu st t, v
hin tng tr biu hin kh nng t
tnh ca ca cc cht st t.
Cc tham s
T bo ha
L gi tr t t c khi c t ha n t trng ln (vt qua gi tr trng d hng) sao cho vt
trng thi bo ha t, c ngha l cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau. Khi ng cong t tr T
-T trng, M(H) c dng nm ngang. T bo ha l tham s c trng ca vt liu st t. Nu khng
tuyt i (0 K) th n l gi tr t t pht ca cht st t. T bo ha thng c k hiu l Ms hoc
Is (ch "s" c ngha l saturation - bo ha).
T d
L gi tr t cn gi c khi ngt t trng (H = 0), thng c k hiu l Mr hoc Ir (ch "r" c ngha l
remanent - d). T d khng phi l thng s mang tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu m ch l thng s dn xut,
ph thuc vo cc c ch t tr, cc phng t ho, hnh dng vt t...
T s gia t d v t bo ha Mr/Ms c gi l t rt gn hoc h s ch nht ca ng cong t tr
(gi tr Mr/Ms cng gn 1 th ng cong t tr cng tin ti dng hnh ch nht).
T tr
17
Lc khng t
L gi tr t trng ngc cn
t vo trit tiu t ha (M
= 0). Lc khng t thng c
k hiu l Hc (Coercivity), i
khi c gi l trng o t
(nhng khng hon ton chnh
xc). Lc khng t cng khng
phi l tham s ni ti ca vt
liu m l tham s ngoi ging
nh t d.
Tn hao nng lng tr
Bin dao ng ca t trng ngoi khc nhau s to ra cc ng cong t tr khc
nhau.
Cc c ch
Nguyn nhn c bn ca hin tng t tr l s tng tc gia cc mmen t c tc dng ngn cn cc mmen t b
quay theo t trng. C nhiu c ch khc nhau to nn hin tng t tr, to nn cc hnh dng ng cong t tr
khc nhau:
C ch quay cc mmen t
i khi cn c tn di l "c ch quay kt hp ca cc mmen t", l c ch o t khi cc mmen t ghim
trng thi nh hng, sau t ngt quay theo chiu ca t trng o t khi t trng vt gi tr trng
o t. C ch ny thng xut hin trong cc vt liu st t c cu trc gm cc ht n men hoc khi b
o t theo phng ca trc d t ha. C ch ny thng to ra ng cong t tr c dng hnh ch nht.
C ch hm dch chuyn vch men
Trong qu trnh o t, cc mmen t c xu hng b quay theo chiu ca t trng o t, dn n vic cc
vch men b dch chuyn. Tuy nhin, nu c cc tm tp, hoc cc sai hng, chng ngi... trn chiu dch
chuyn ca vch men, chng c tc dng hm s dch chuyn ca vch men v to nn hin tng tr.
C ch hm s pht trin ca mm o t
Mm o t l mt vng rt nh hnh thnh trong qu trnh t ha, c chiu ngc vi ton khi (cng chiu
vi trng o t) v c tc dng nh mt mm ko cc mmen t quay theo chiu t trng o t. Tuy
nhin, c nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau dn n vic ngn cn s pht trin ca cc mm o t ny cng l
mt c ch to nn hin tng tr.
T tr
18
Phng php o
Nguyn tc chung ca php o t tr l o s bin i ca mmen t hoc cm ng t theo s thay i ca t trng.
T trng t vo c bin i theo mt chu trnh (t gi tr 0 n gi tr cc i, sau gim dn v i chiu n
t trng ngc hng, v li o tr li gi tr cc i ban u). C th o ng cong t tr bng cc phng
php:
ng dng
Cc vt liu t c tnh cht t tr cao c th c s dng ch to nam chm vnh cu. Khi t vt liu ny trong
t trng mnh, s xut hin t mnh trong vt liu, v sau khi b t trng ngoi i, vt liu vn gi t mnh
ny, v th hin nh nam chm vnh cu.
Hin tng t tr c th lm mt s r le t khng kp nh kt ni ngay sau khi t trng b ngt. y cng l hin
tng quan trng cn xt ti khi thit k thit b lu tr d liu bng vt liu t (nh bng t, a cng ca my
tnh). Trong cc vt liu ny, d liu bao gm cc bit 0 v 1 c ng vi chiu mmen t hng ln hoc xung ca
cc vng trn vt liu. thay i gi tr mt nh, cn p dng mt t trng ngoi vo n. Hin tng t tr
khin cho chng ta cn bit chnh xc gi tr hin c ca nh ny tm ra t trng ph hp. trnh phc tp
ha vn , nhiu h thng s ghi ln nh mt gi tr bit trc, trong mt qu trnh gi l lm lch bng t.
Vt liu t tr khi t trong t trng bin thin s tiu th nng lng ca t trng ngoi (vi mt tiu th chnh
bng din tch ng cong t tr), bin n thnh nhit nng v b nng ln. y c th l hiu ng khng mong
mun trong nhiu ng dng, v nhng ng dng ny, cn chn vt liu c tn hao nng lng tr nh.
Xem thm
St t
Vt liu t cng
Vt liu t mm
T k mu rung
Lc khng t
19
Lc khng t
Lc khng t, i khi cn c gi l
trng khng t, hoc trng o
t, l mt i lng ngoi s dng
trong ngnh t hc, c nh ngha
bng gi tr ca t trng cn t vo
trit tiu t hoc cm ng t ca
vt t. Khi gi l trng o t, i
lng ny c nh ngha l t trng
cn t o chiu t ca vt t.
Cc khi nim v lc
khng t
Lc khng t thc t l mt i lng
ngoi ca mi vt t v vt liu t.
Thc t, lc khng t ch tn ti cc
vt liu c trt t t (st t, feri t,...).
Thng thng, lc khng t thng
c xc nh t ng cong t tr ca
vt t. Nh khi nim lc khng t,
ng cong t tr ca cc vt liu st t cho php xc nh lc khng t.
ngi ta phn loi c 2 loi vt liu
st t l vt liu st t cng (c lc
khng t ln) v vt liu st t mm (c lc khng t nh). Do s lin quan gia t trng (
), cm ng t (
v t
),
bi cng thc:
L gi tr ca lc khng t, cho php trit tiu t ha ca mu. Gi tr ny mang tnh cht chung, khng ph
thuc vo hnh dng vt t, v trong k thut thng c k hiu l
. Thng thng, nu ch ni n
khi nim lc khng t thng ch khi nim ny.
Lc khng t lin quan n cm ng t (
Lc khng t
20
C ch to lc khng t
C ch to lc khng t lin quan n c ch t ha v o t ca vt liu, hay ni cch khc l lin quan n s
thay i ca cu trc t v b nh hng mnh bi cu trc ht ca vt liu. Yu t ln nht chi phi lc khng t l
d hng t tinh th v ty tng loi vt liu m lc khng t c th ph thuc khc nhau vo yu t ny.
vi
vi
l hng s trao i,
y,
l h s phc,
liu; cn
l h s nht t ca vt
i vi cc vt liu t c cu trc n men, cu trc n men l cu trc khng c vch men nn khng c
cc qu trnh dch chuyn vch hay hm cc vch men trong qu trnh t ha. V th, qu trnh t ha v kh t
trong vt t c cu trc n men l qu trnh quay kt hp cc mmen t. V th, lc khng t to ra l do ng
gp bi 3 yu t d hng: d hng t tinh th, d hng t hnh dng v d hng t do s bt ng nht cu trc:
[5]
:
vi
ln
Lc khng t
21
Lc khng t (Oe)
[7]
Supermalloy Fe15,7Ni79Mo5Mn0,3
0,002
St
0,05
Permalloy, Ni81Fe19
0,05-1
C ban
20
Niken
150
15-200
1500-2000
1700
10.000
Fe48Pt52
SmCo5
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
12.300
40.000
[15]
|+
Lc khng t
22
Xem thm
T tr
T
Mmen t
St t
Nhit Curie
Nhit Curie, hay im Curie (thng c k hiu l
l nhit chuyn pha trong cc vt liu st t hoc st in, c t theo tn ca nh vt l hc ngi Php Pierre
Curie (1859 - 1906). i khi, k hiu
cn c s dng l k hiu cho cc nhit ti hn (v d nhit
chuyn pha siu dn...).
vi
l s ln cn gn nht,
Chuyn pha ti nhit Curie l chuyn pha loi 2, tc l chuyn pha khng c s thay i v cu trc.
Nhit Curie
23
* Cht feri t
Cht
(K)
Co
1388
Fe
1043
FeOFe2O3*
858
NiOFe2O3*
858
CuOFe2O3* 728
MgOFe2O3* 713
MnBi
630
Ni
627
MnSb
587
MnOFe2O3* 573
Y3Fe5O12*
560
CrO2
386
MnAs
318
Gd
292
Dy
88
EuO
69
Xem thm
St t
t ha
St in
ng cong t ha
24
ng cong t ha
ng cong t ha (hay y l ng cong t
ha ban u) l th m t qu trnh t ha vt t t
trng thi ban u cha nhim t (trng thi kh t), m
th hin trn th l s thay i ca tnh cht t
(thng qua gi tr ca t , cm ng t...) theo gi tr
ca t trng ngoi. phm vi cu trc vi m, qu
trnh t ha chnh l s thay i v cu trc t (cu trc
men) thng qua cc c ch khc nhau.
Thut ng ting Anh ch "ng cong t ha" c s
dng ph bin l "Magnetization curve", tuy nhin,
trong nhiu thit b o c tnh cht t, ngi ta cn
dng nhiu thut ng khc nhau v d nh "Virgin
curve", "Initial curve"...
Cc thng s thu c t ng
cong t ha
t thm ban u
t thm c nh ngha l o hm ca cm ng t B theo t trng:
ng cong t ha
25
Cc c ch t ha
i vi cc cht st t v feri t, ng cong t ha phn nh cc c
ch t ha trong vt liu (th hin qua s bin i cu trc men).
Qu trnh dch chuyn vch men: Khi c t trng t ha, cc
vch men s b dch chuyn theo xu th cc men c chiu ca
vct t hng theo t trng s ln dn, cn cc men khc s
b thu hp dn. Qu trnh ny thng th hin thng qua on ng
cong t ha c dng tuyn tnh vi h s gc thp.
Qu trnh quay mmen t: tng vt liu v ty trng thi cu trc
m c th din ra qu trnh t ha bng cch cc mmen t b quay
theo chiu t trng, th hin qua ng cong t ha dng phi tuyn
v tng rt nhanh, hoc ch xy ra trong t trng ln.
Bc nhy Barkhausen: L qu trnh xy ra khi c s dch chuyn
mt cch t ngt ca cc vch men, bn cht l s thay i tng
nng lng ton phn ri vo mt v tr cc tiu nng lng.
Bc nhy Barkhausen l nguyn nhn dn n hin tng c ting
lo xo (nhiu Barkhausen) trong cc loa in ng s dng cc li
st t khi va bt ngun in.
Xem thm
St t
ng cong t tr
men t
ng cong t nhit
26
ng cong t nhit
ng cong t nhit (ting Anh: thermomagnetic curve) l thut ng trong ngnh t hc, ch ng cong m t s
ph thuc nhit ca t ha ca cc vt liu t. ng cong ny cn c tn l ng cong dng Weiss.
i vi cc cht trng thi st t, t ph thuc vo nhit theo hm Brillouin cho bi [1] :
vi:
l t trng.
l mt ,
l nhit ,
ch s ti hn (x = 3/2
vi st vi c ch sng spin, hoc x = 5/2 cho cc c ch khc). Mt cch gn ng, gn ln cn nhit Curie,
ng cong t nhit c th khai trin thnh hm n gin hn, v d nh theo m hnh sng spin:
vi A l hng s.
i vi cc cht trng thi thun t, t ha ph thuc vo nhit theo nh lut Curie-Weiss:
vi N l mt nguyn t,
l mmen t nguyn t,
l cm ng t v hng s Boltzmann.
ng cong t nhit
27
thng thng l s lm lnh c t trng hoc khng c t trng v qu trnh ny c th dn ti vic ng bng cc
mmen t hoc ph v s ng bng...
Xem thm
Nhit Curie
Hiu ng Hopkinson
Mmen lng cc t
Mmen t, hay mmen lng cc t (magnetic
dipole moment) l i lng vt l, c trng cho
mnh yu ca ngun t. Trong trng hp n gin l
mt dng in kn, mmen lng cc t c nh
ngha bi:
Moment t
vi
phi,
l vct din tch (c ln l din tch, chiu l vct php tuyn ca mt , xc nh t quy tc bn tay
l cng dng in. Trong trng hp mt in tch chuyn ng quay, mmen t s c cho bi biu
thc:
vi
l mt dng in.
Trong vt l nguyn t, vt l ht nhn, ngi ta dng khi nim mmen t ca cc ht, c n v l magneton Bohr
(hay Bohr magneton, k hiu l
). Mmen t ca cc ht lin quan n chuyn ng ni ti ca cc ht
(chuyn ng spin) hoc mmen t ca nguyn t c to ra t mmen t tng cng ca cc ht (chuyn ng spin)
v chuyn ng trn qu o ca cc ht. Trong mt h ht, mmen t c xc nh bi tng mmen t ca cc ht
Mmen lng cc t
28
thnh phn.
Ngun gc
Mmen t c th gii thch bng m hnh mt thanh nam chm thng c cc t cc nm 2 u v ngc du nhau.
Mi t cc l mt ngun to ra lc t c ln gim dn theo khong cch. Khi 2 cp n cc t ny kt hp vi
nhau thnh mt cp, cc lc tng tc s ngc chiu nhau v to nn mmen lng cc, t l vi ln ca n cc
t v khong cch gia chng:
v y,
Tng tc vi t trng
Khi mt vt th c mmen t m t trong t trng c cm ng t B, s c mt mmen lc tc dng ln mmen
lng cc t cho bi:
T=mB
Mmen lc ny khin cho cc mmen lng cc t c xu hng nh hng theo chiu t trng. y l nguyn l
hot ng ca la bn hay nhiu loi ng c in.
Do lc t tc ng ln mment t l lc th, cc mmen t nm trong t trng cng c th nng:
U = -m.B
Nu mmen t nm trong t trng khng u, n va chu mmen lc va chu lc y hoc ko F:
Mmen t ca in t
in t trong nguyn t c mmen t to nn do ng gp ca 2 thnh phn:
Mmen t qu o: c to ra khi in t chuyn ng quanh ht nhn. Theo c hc lng t, gi tr ny b gin
on v c ln:
vi
l s lng t qu o v s lng t t.
vi
l cc s lng t qu o v spin.
Mmen lng cc t
29
Mmen t ht nhn
Mmen t ht nhn c to nn t mmen t ring ca cc ht thnh phn cu to nn ht nhn (proton, neutron..)
Xem thm
t ha
T tnh
Nhit Nel
Nhit Nel hay nhit trt t phn st t (thng c k hiu l TN) l nhit chuyn pha phn st t thun t, , mt cht phn st t s b mt trt t t, v tr thnh thun t. Tnh cht phn st t s xut hin
di nhit Nel, v trn nhit Nel, nng lng nhit ln ph v trt t t trong vt, bin vt tr thnh
thun t.
V mt ngha, nhit Nel cng tng t nh nhit Curie trong cc cht st t. Tn gi ca i lng ny
c t theo tn ca nh vt l hc ngi Php Louis Nel (1904-2000), ngi ginh gii Nobel Vt l nm 1970
cho cc nghin cu v t hc v vt liu t.
Bng di y thng k nhit Nel mt s vt liu [1] :
Cht
MnO
116
MnS
160
MnTe 307
MnF2
67
FeF2
79
FeCl2
24
FeO
298
CoCl2 25
CoO
291
NiCl2
50
NiO
525
Cr
308
Xem thm
Phn st t
St t
Nhit Curie
Nng lng vi t
30
Nng lng vi t
Nng lng vi t (ting Anh: Micromagnetic energy)
l tng hp cc dng nng lng th hin cc tng tc
vi m gia cc mmen t vi nhau v vi trng tng
tc bn ngoi trong mt vt st t. Nng lng vi t c
th quy gn thnh nm s hng[1] : nng lng trao i,
nng lng d hng, nng lng tnh t, nng lng
Zeeman, v nng lng t gio. S cc tiu ha nng
lng tng hp s quy nh cu trc men ca vt
t[2] .
Nng lng vi t
Xem bi chi tit D hng t tinh th
vi
y, Keff, M l d hng t hiu dng v t ca vt t; l gc gia trc di v phng t ha; Na, Nb l tha
s kh t theo 2 trc vung gc.
31
Nng lng vi t
Cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng s quy nh cu trc men ca vt t. Ty vo hnh dng vt t v cu hnh
mmen t m c th xut hin tng dng nng lng tuy nhin s cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng lun l iu
kin cn cho vic xc nh trng thi cn bng ca h spin. Ngoi ra, p dng phng trnh Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert
c th b sung y hn cho vic xc nh cc trng thi ca h t. Xc nh nng lng tng cng l mt trong
nhng ni dung c bn ca phng php vi t hc. i khi, cc s hng c th c vit di cc dng ton hc
khc trong cc gio trnh khc nhau, nhng cng c cng bn cht v u c th quy v mt cch biu din ton hc.
Xem thm
St t
men t
Phng trnh Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert
D hng t tinh th
T gio
32
phn cc spin
33
phn cc spin
phn cc spin (ting Anh: Spin polarization) l i lng c xc nh bng mc nh hng theo mt
chiu nht nh ca spin trong cc ht c bn. Trn thc t, khi nim ny c s dng nhiu cho dng ht in t,
hay cho cc h cht rn m phn cc spin lin quan n cc tnh cht st t v tnh cht t-vn chuyn ca
h. Khi nim phn cc spin cng l mt khi nim c bn quan trng ca spintronics [1] .
Xc nh phn cc spin
Do thuc tnh ca spin, spin trong cc ht c bn ch c th nh hng theo 2 chiu ln (up) hoc xung (down).
phn cc spin c xc nh l phn trm sai khc gia nng cc spin nh hng theo hai phng ln hoc
xung [2] :
vi
Trong k thut, ngi ta c th c nhiu cch khc nhau xc nh ln ca phn cc spin nh s dng knh
hin vi in t, s dng k thut ph pht x quang phn gii thi gian, k thut cng hng thun t hay cng
hng st t in t...
phn cc spin
Xem thm
Spin
Spintronics
Vt liu bn kim
34
35
Chng 2: Cc vt liu t
Thun t
Thun t l nhng cht c t tnh yu
(trong ngnh t hc xp vo nhm phi
t, c ngha l cht khng c t tnh).
Tnh cht thun t th hin kh nng
hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi,
c ngha l cc cht ny c mmen t
nguyn t (nhng gi tr nh), khi c
tc dng ca t trng ngoi, cc
mmen t ny s b quay theo t
trng ngoi, lm cho cm ng t tng
cng trong cht tng ln.
Thun t v nghch t c xp vo
nhm cc cht phi t, hoc nhm
M hnh v cu trc mmen t ca cht thun t: h mmen t ca cht thun t c
xem nh cc nam chm nh, c lp, khng tng tc.
khng c trt t t. t thm ca cc
cht thun t l ln hn 1 nhng xp x
1 (ch trnh lch c 10-6). T tnh yu ca thun t do hai yu t em li:
- Mmen t nguyn t
- Cc mmen t nguyn t ny nh v hon ton khng tng tc vi nhau.
Cc cht thun t in hnh l: xi, nhm...
vi:
-
Thun t
36
, th
gi tr:
Siu thun t
L mt trng thi ca cht cc cht st t t c khi kch thc cc ht nh hn gii hn siu thun t, khi cht
s mang hnh vi nh mt cht thun t vi t ln v bin thin theo hm Langevin.
Xem thm
Siu thun t
Nghch t
St t
T
Bohr magneton
Siu thun t
37
Siu thun t
Siu thun t (ting Anh: Superparamagnetism) l mt hin tng, mt trng thi t tnh xy ra cc vt liu t,
m cht biu hin cc tnh cht ging nh cc cht thun t, ngay di nhit Curie hay nhit Nel. y
l mt hiu ng kch thc, v mt bn cht l s thng th ca nng lng nhit so vi nng lng nh hng khi
kch thc ca ht qu nh.
vi
l hng s
vi
l mt ht,
l t trng.
ng dng
Cc vt liu siu thun t ang c ng dng nhiu trong vt l v y-sinh hc nh kh nng hi p nhanh vi s
tc dng ca t trng bn ngoi[3] . Siu thun t c s dng trong cc ht nano t tnh, t trong cc cht lng
t.
ng dng vt l
y l cc ng dng c in, c s dng t rt lu [4] :
S dng cc cht lng t lm tng tnh truyn dn trong cc h dn lc, dn nhit, dn t, lm gim nhiu n loa
in ng...
Lm nhn cho cc h ht t lp ghp
Siu thun t
ng dng y - sinh hc
Cc ng dng ny mi c pht trin trong thi gian gn y [5] :
Dn thuc
Lm tng tng phn ca nh chp cng hng t ht nhn
iu tr ung th bng t nng thn nhit cc b...
Xem thm
Thun t
St t
Nc t
Nghch t
Cc cht nghch t c cu to t mt loi phn t khng c t tnh. Khi t vo t trng ngoi trong cc phn t
s xut hin dng in ph v to ra t trng ph ngc chiu t trng ngoi (v vy c tn l cht nghch t)
Do cm ng t tng cng nh hn cm ng t ca t trng ngoi (<1)
Xem thm
Thun t
38
Sng spin
39
Sng spin
Sng spin (ting Anh: Spin wave) l mt m hnh trong t hc, c dng miu t nhng nhiu lon lan truyn
trong trt t spin ca cc vt liu t. Nhng kch thch tp th ny xy ra trong cc phn mng t vi i xng lin
tc. Chun ht ca sng spin c gi l magnon, l ht boson ca cc phn mng spin gn nh tng ng vi s
kch thch phonon trong mng tinh th. Khi nhit tng, cc kch thch nhit ca sng spin dn n s suy gim t
t pht ca vt liu st t v nng lng sng spin ch vo c eV.
, trong vt liu st t:
Xem thm
Spin
St t
ng cong t nhit
Spintronics
St t
40
St t
St t l cc cht c t tnh mnh, hay kh
nng hng ng mnh di tc dng ca t
trng ngoi, m tiu biu l st (Fe), v tn
gi "st t" c t cho nhm cc cht c
tnh cht t ging vi st. Cc cht st t c
hnh vi gn ging vi cc cht thun t
c im hng ng thun theo t trng
ngoi.
Tnh st t dng ch thuc tnh (t tnh
mnh) ca cc cht st t.
Cht st t l mt trong nhng vt liu c
s dng sm nht trong lch s loi ngi,
vi vic s dng cc nam chm lm la
bn hoc lm cc vt dng ht st thp (thc
cht l cc qung Fe3O4) t hn 2000
nm trc (m xut pht l t Trung Hoa v
Hy Lp c i).
Cc cht st t (v d nh st (Fe), cban (Co), niken (Ni), gali (Gd)... l cc cht st t in hnh. Cc cht ny l
cc cht vn c mmen t nguyn t ln (v d nh st l 2,2 B, Gd l 7 B...) v nh tng tc trao i gia cc
mmen t ny, m chng nh hng song song vi nhau theo tng vng (gi l cc men t tnh. Mmen t trong
mi vng gi l t t pht - c ngha l cc cht st t c t tnh ni ti ngay khi khng c t trng ngoi.
y l cc ngun gc c bn to nn cc tnh cht ca cht st t.
St t
41
St: 1043 K
Cban: 1388 K
Niken: 627 K
Gali: 292,5 K
Dysproxium (Dy): 88 K
MnBi: 630 K
MnSb: 587 K
D hng t tinh th: L nng lng lin quan n s nh hng ca cc mmen t v i xng tinh th ca vt
liu. Do tnh d hng ca cu trc tinh th, s c s khc nhau v kh nng t ha khi ta t ha theo cc phng
khc nhau, dn n vic vt liu c phng d t ha, gi l trc d (t ha) v phng kh t ha (gi l trc
kh). Nng lng d hng t tinh th l nng lng cn thit quay mmen t trc kh sang trc d. Hng s d
hng t tinh th l cc i lng c trng cho cc cht st t.
St t
42
J mang gi tr dng khi cc spin song song nhau (tng tc trao i st t) v m khi cc spin phn song song
(tng tc phn st t). l hm sng ca cc in t.
men t: Nh c tng tc trao i, cc mmen t ca cht st t sp xp hon ton song song vi nhau, nhng
khng phi trong ton b vt th m trong tng vng, gi l cc min t ha, hay cc men t. Trong mi
men, cc mmen t song song vi nhau to nn t t pht ca cht st t, nhng trong ton vt th trng
thi kh t th mmen t ca cc men s sp xp hn lon nn tng t trong ton khi vn bng 0. Khi c t
trng ngoi, do cc mmen t c xu hng b quay theo t trng nn s dn n s thay i v cu trc men
nh s dch chuyn vch men, s thay i kch thc men, s nh hng mmen t... to nn qu trnh t
ha phc tp ca cht st t. Cc men t c th quan st bng nhiu cch khc nhau v d nh bng knh hin vi
in t truyn qua Lorentz cc ch khc nhau (nh Fresnel, Foucault..) hay phng php nh tng (nay t
dng v qu phc tp v chnh xc khng cao), hay phng php o quang - t...
Cc loi vt liu st t
C nhiu cch khc nhau phn chia cc vt liu st t, nhng cch thng dng nht vn l phn chia theo kh
nng t ha v kh t ca vt liu. Theo cch phn chia ny s c 2 nhm vt liu st t chnh:
Vt liu t cng: L cc vt liu st t kh t ha v kh kh t thng dng cho cc ng dng lu tr t trng
nh nam chm vnh cu, vt liu ghi t... Cc vt liu t cng in hnh l Nd2Fe14B, Sm2Co5, FePt.. (xem bi
Vt liu t cng)
Vt liu t mm: L cc vt liu st t d t ha v d b kh t, thng dng cho cc ng dng hot ng trong
t trng ngoi nh li bin th, nam chm in, li dn t, cm bin t trng... Cc vt liu t mm in hnh
l st silic (FeSi), hp kim permalloy NiFe... (xem bi Vt liu t mm)
ng dng ca vt liu st t
C th ni vt liu st t ang c nghin cu v ng dng ht sc rng ri trong khoa hc, cng nghip cng nh
trong i sng, t cc nam chm vnh cu, n cc li bin th, hay cao hn l cc cng my tnh, cc u c
cng... Mt hiu ng khc ca cht st t l hiu ng t nhit khng l ang c nghin cu pht trin cc th h
my lnh hot ng bng t trng thay th cho cc my lnh truyn thng vi u im khng nhim, tit kim
nng lng v nh gn. Cc hiu ng t in tr ca cc cht st t cng ang c khai thc ra i cc linh kin
in t th h mi gi l spintronic, tc l cc linh kin hot ng bng cch iu khin spin ca in t...
St t
43
Xem thm
Vt liu t cng
Vt liu t mm
Phn st t
Thun t
T hc
men t
men t (xut pht t thut ng ting Anh: magnetic domain) l
nhng vng trong cht st t m trong cc mmen t hon ton song
song vi nhau to nn t t pht ca vt liu st t. Thut ng
"men t" c nhng ngi dy vt l bc ph thng v nhng
ngi khng lm cng tc nghin cu vt l Vit Nam dch l "min
t ha", tuy nhin nhng ngi lm nghin cu vt l (c bit l
nhng ngi trong lnh vc t hc) khng chp nhn tn gi ny m ch
gi l "men t".
Ngun gc ca men t
Khi nim v men t ln u tin c a ra vo nm 1907 bi
Weiss gii thch cc tnh cht c bit ca cc vt liu st t, v m
hnh c s dng l gii l m hnh trng phn t (L thuyt
trng phn t). Sau , hnh nh v cc men t c quan st v
cc l thuyt sau l gii chnh xc s to thnh ca men t. S
hnh thnh ca cc men t l do tng tc trao i dn n vic cc
mmen t sp xp song song vi nhau. C ngha l trong mi men,
cc mmen t sp xp theo 1 chiu nht nh to nn t t pht ca
st t. L thuyt v men t tip tc c hon thin bi Van Vleck
(nm 1945) v Stoner (nm 1948), Nel (nm 1948)...
Tuy nhin, khng phi s sp xp song song ny tn ti trn ton vt
st t m mi vt ty theo kch thc, hnh dng m c th b chia
S phn chia thnh cc men t trong mng
mng hp kim NiFe quan st trn knh hin vi
thnh nhiu men khc nhau to nn cu trc men ca vt (trong
in t truyn qua Lorentz ch Fresnel. Cc
cc men khc nhau chiu ca cc mmen t s khc nhau). Cu trc
ng en, trng l cc vch men, mi tn ch
men hnh thnh chi phi tnh cht t vi m ca vt liu. trng thi
chiu ca mmen t trong cc men. Trong qu
kh t, chiu ca mmen t trong cc men sp xp sao cho tha mn
trnh t ha, cu trc men b thay i
cc iu kin: trit tiu t v cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng
trong vt st t. Khi c t trng ngoi, cu trc men b thay i (s ln ln ca cc men t c chiu cng chiu
men t
44
vi t trng, s quay mmen t trong cc men c chiu khc...) dn n s thay i v tnh cht t. S bin i
khc nhau v men t trong qu trnh t ha to nn cc c ch t ha v cc tnh cht t khc nhau ca mi loi
vt liu st t.
Trong cc tnh ton v t hc, cu trc men c xc nh bng vic cc tiu ha nng lng vi t, vi nm s
hng ca nng lng vi t:
chnh xc ha vic xc nh cu trc men, cc tnh ton v nng vi t cn c kt hp vi vic gii phng
trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert.
Vch men
Vch men (domain wall) l vng chuyn tip ngn
cch gia 2 men t lin k nhau. Gia hai men t,
mmen t khng th t ngt bin i v chiu v s
dn n trng thi km bn do hnh thnh nn vng
chuyn tip l cc vch men. Trong cc vch men,
mmen t bin i v chiu dn dn t chiu ca
men ny ti men kia. Ty theo s nh hng m
s c th c 2 kiu vch men t chnh:
Vch Bloch: L cu hnh vch tn ti trong cc vt
liu khi hoc mng dy, c cc mmen t trong
vch phn b trong khng gian 3 chiu.
Vch Nel: L loi vch men hnh thnh trong cc mng mng t (khi kch thc mt chiu b hn ch), cc
mmen t sp xp trong mt mt phng.
Cc nghin cu v vch men ang l mt ch thu ht nhiu nghin cu bi trin vng ng dng trong cc linh
kin spintronic iu khin bng vch men. Trong cc linh kin ny, thng tin c m ha nh s vn chuyn ca
cc vch men trong cc cu trc nano t tnh (cc dy nano, cc chm nano...), c kh nng to ra cc cng logic,
cc b nh, my pht cht lng cao.
men t
45
Cc k thut khc...
Xem thm
St t
Knh hin vi in t truyn qua
T
n men
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. iop. org/ EJ/ abstract/ 0022-3727/ 17/ 4/ 003
Vch men
Vch men l khi nim s dng trong vt
l hc, c th l hai khi nim c lp:
Vch men trong ngnh t hc l mt
sai hng v cu trc t, ngn cch gia
hai men t trong cc vt liu st t;
Vch men trong L thuyt dy l mt
im k d hai chiu.
V d v vch men phn chia theo gc: vch 180o v vch 90o.
Vch men
46
Cu hnh mmen t trong mt s loi vch men trong mt phng mng mng t: (a)
vch Nel, (b) vch Bloch v (c) vch cross-tie.
Vch men
47
:L kiu vch men thng hnh thnh trong cc vt liu khi hoc
trong cc mng dy m trong vch men mmen t quay trong
khng gian 3 chiu t hng ca men ny sang hng ca men t
khc, chiu ca t trong vch vung gc vi mt phng cha t
trong hai men thnh phn. Tn ca loi vch ny c t theo nh
vt l ngi Thy S Felix Bloch, ngi ln u tin gi thuyt v vch
men v xy dng l thuyt v loi vch ny vo nm 1932 [1] .
dy ca vch men loi vch Bloch c xc nh bi[2] :
vi:
l hng s trao i,
l hng s mng,
).
Vch Nel
L kiu vch ch xut hin trong cc mng mng t (c chiu dy nh di mt gii hn), m , cc
mmen t trong vch quay trong mt phng mng mt cch u n t chiu ca men ny sang chiu ca
men khc. Cu trc ca vch Nel chi phi ch yu bi nng lng trao i v nng lng tnh t. Trong
cch mng mng, v dy ca mng rt nh, trng kh t theo phng vung gc vi mng rt ln, khin
cho cc mmen t khng th hng ra ngoi m buc phi nm trong mt phng mng. Chiu dy ca vch
Nel ph thuc vo hng s ca vt liu, v chiu dy ca mng.
Gi thuyt v vch Nel sinh ra sau gi thuyt v vch Bloch, v c t tn theo nh vt l hc ngi Php
Louis Eugne Flix Nel [3] .
Vch men
48
Vch cross-tie
L loi vch men "trung gian" gia 2 loi Nel v Bloch. Nu nh vch Bloch ch xut hin trong cc mng
dy (vt liu 3 chiu), vch Nel xut hin trong cc mng rt mng (2 chiu) th vch cross-tie xut hin trong
cc mng mng c chiu dy trung bnh (nm gia 2 gii hn. Vch cross-tie c cu hnh mmen t pha trn
c 2 loi: bn ra ngoi th bin i theo vch Nel, trung tm th c t hng vung gc nh vch Bloch
[4]
.
Quan st bng nh sng kh kin: hiu ng quang t Kerr(MOKE), phng php nh tng nh Bitter;
Quan st bng cc knh hin vi qut u d: s dng knh hin vi lc t, knh hin vi qut chui hm c cng c
phn tch spin (SP-STM);
Quan st bng chm ngun synchrotron: s dng k thut hin vi pht x in t vi ngun kch thch l cc tia X
phn cc trn;
Quan st bng chm in t: Knh hin vi in t qut c phn tch phn cc, Knh hin vi in t truyn qua,
ton nh in t;
Vch men
Xem thm
men t
Knh hin vi Lorentz
St t
Phn st t
Phn st t l nhm cc vt liu t c trt
t t m trong cu trc gm c 2 phn mng
t i song song v cn bng nhau v mt
gi tr.
Thut ng "phn st t" cn c dng
m t tnh cht ca cc vt liu phn st t,
hoc dng ch cc lin kt spin trong t
hc c spin i song song vi nhau. Ngi
ta cn dng tn "phn st t b tr khng
hon ton" cho mt nhm vt liu c trt t
t khc l feri t.
C ch ca tnh phn st t
Vt liu phn st t c lit vo nhm vt
liu c trt t t. i khi, cng c ngi gi
Cu trc t ca vt liu phn st t, gm 2 phn mng spin i song v bng nhau
vt liu phn st t l vt liu phi t bi t
tnh ca chng cng yu. Tnh cht phn st
t bt ngun t tng tc trao i gia cc spin. Nu nh tng tc trao i trong cc vt liu st t l tng tc trao
i dng, lm cho cc spin song song nhau th tng tc trao i trong phn st t l tng tc trao i m, lm cho
cc spin phn song song vi nhau. nghin cu r rng cc tnh cht ca cc phn mng ny, phng php nhiu
x neutron thng c dng kho st do neutron khng c in tch, nhng c mmen t nn gy ra cc tn x
trn cc phn mng t.
49
Phn st t
50
Cc tnh cht c bn
khng tuyt i (0 Kelvin), cc spin ca vt liu phn st t sp xp i song song nhau nn t . Nhit
tng dn dn n vic ph v trt t t kiu phn song song lm tng t ha (v cm t, ) ca vt liu phn
st t. T trng ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ph v trt t phn song song ca vt liu.
Nhit Nel (TN, t theo tn nh vt l
ngi Php Louis Nel): L i lng
c trng ca vt liu phn st t (cng
ging nh nhit Curie trong cht st
t) l nhit m ti trt t phn st
t b ph v v vt liu s chuyn sang
tnh cht thun t. di nhit Nel,
vt liu s mang tnh cht phn st t.
Nu ta o s ph thuc ca h s t ha
( cm t ) vo nhit ca cht phn
st t th ti nhit Nel s xut hin
mt cc i, hay ni cch khc c chuyn
pha ti nhit Nel. Mt s cht phn
st t in hnh:
Xem thm
T hc
St t
Thun t
T in tr khng l
Nhit Curie
Phn st t
51
52
Xem thm
T hc
Mmen t
t ha
Vt liu t cng
Vt liu t cng l vt liu st t, kh kh t v kh t ha.
ngha ca tnh t "cng" y chnh l thuc tnh kh kh t v
kh b t ha, ch khng xut pht t c tnh ca vt liu t.
Lch s
Vt liu t cng l loi vt liu t c pht hin v s dng sm
nht trong lch s loi ngi. Ngi Trung Quc cho rng t i
Hong (tr v Trung Hoa t nhng nm 2698 TCN n 2599
TCN), ch to ra cc kim ch nam dng xc nh phng
hng. l cc nam chm c kh nng ht st v nh hng
Bc-Nam. Chnh s u tin ghi chp vic ch to cc la bn ny
l u i Nh Chu (1046-771 TCN) v la bn thc s xut hin
nhiu l th k th 7 trc cng nguyn (ng thi Trung Quc
v Hy Lp). Cc kim ch nam trong la bn l mt dng ca vt liu
t cng, l cc xit st
.
Cc vt liu t cng thng phm dng ch to nam chm vnh cu xut hin ln u tin vo nhng nm t 1740
n 1750 chu u v thc s pht trin mnh t cui th k 19, u th k 20 n nay.
Vt liu t cng
53
Cc c trng
Vt liu t cng c nhiu c trng t hc,
s ph thuc ca tnh cht t vo nhit ,
bn, chng mi mn... Di y lit
k mt s c trng quan trng.
Lc khng t
Lc khng t, k hiu l
l i lng
trong :
Thnh phn th nht c ng gp ln nht vi
l t bo ha.
Thnh phn th 2, ng gp nh hn mt bc vi
l tha s kh t o theo hai phng khc nhau.
Thnh phn th 3 c ng gp nh nht vi
l t gio bo ha, l ng sut ni.
V a, b, c ln lt l cc h s ng gp.
Tch nng lng t cc i c xc nh trn ng cong kh t (xem hnh v) thuc v gc phn t th 2 trn
ng cong t tr, l mt im sao cho gi tr ca tch cm ng t B v t trng H l cc i. V th, tch nng
lng t cc i thng c k hiu l
.
V l tch ca B (n v trong CGS l Gauss - G), v H (n v trong CGS l Oersted - Oe), nn tch nng lng t
cn c mt n v khc l GOe (n v ny thng dng hn n v chun SI trong khoa hc v cng ngh vt liu
t)
Vt liu t cng
54
Cm ng t d
Cm ng t d, thng k hiu l
hay
Nhit Curie
y l nhit m ti vt liu b mt t tnh, tr thnh cht thun t. Mt s vt liu t cng c ng dng trong
cc nam chm hot ng nhit cao nn n i hi nhit Curie rt cao. Loi vt liu t cng c nhit Curie
cao nht hin nay l nhm cc vt liu trn nn SmCo c nhit Curie t 500C n trn 1000C.
vi m l mt t tch hiu dng (ng vai tr tng t mt in tch trong tnh in hc):
ng dng
Vt liu t cng c th dng ch to cc nam chm vnh cu hoc c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc a
cng, cc bng t.
Mt s loi
Hp kim AlNiCo: L hp kim c s dng trong nam chm vnh cu, c thnh phn ch yu l nhm (Al),
niken v cban (Co), c th c thm cc thnh phn ph gia nh ng (Cu), titan (Ti),... Hp kim ny c t d
cao, nhng c lc khng t kh nh (thng khng vt qu 2 kOe) v c gi thnh cao.
Vt liu t cng
55
t ti 57 MGOe.
Xem thm
T hc
St t
Vt liu t mm
Magnet [1]
Lin kt ngoi
Hard magnets in University of Birmingham [2]
Bi vit v vt liu t cng v t mm trn Din n Vt l Vit Nam [3]
Vt liu t cng
56
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Magnet
[2] http:/ / www. aacg. bham. ac. uk/ magnetic_materials/ hard_magnets. htm
[3] http:/ / www. vatlyvietnam. org/ forum/ showthread. php?t=1190
Vt liu t mm
Vt liu t mm, hay vt liu st t mm (ting Anh: Soft magnetic material) l vt liu st t, "mm" v phng
din t ha v kh t, c ngha l d t ha v d kh t. Vt liu st t mm thng c dng lm vt liu hot
ng trong trng ngoi, v d nh li bin th, li nam chm in, cc li dn t...
Cc thng s ca vt liu t mm
* Thng s quan trng u tin ni ln
tnh cht t mm ca vt liu t mm l lc
khng t (coercivity, thng k hiu l
). Lc khng t l t trng ngoi ngc cn
thit trit tiu t ca mu. Lc khng
t ca cc vt liu t mm phi nh hn c
100 Oe. Nhng vt liu c tnh t mm tt,
thm ch c lc khng t rt nh (ti c 0,01
Oe).
t thm ban u (intial permeability):
L thng s rt quan trng ni ln tnh t
mm ca vt liu t mm. t thm
ban u c nh ngha bi cng thc:
Vt liu t mm
57
vi
v gi tr
hay t bo ha
c t bo ha t ti 2,34 T.
Cc thng s ng ch khc
Tn hao dng xoy: Nh bit, vt liu t mm c s dng trong t trng ngoi, v nu s dng trong
trng xoay chiu, s sinh ra cc dng in Foucault gy mt mt nng lng v ta nhit. Cng sut tn hao
Foucault c tnh theo cng thc:
vi:
l cm ng t bo ho ca li
: dy ca li
l mt h s c trng
: Tn s t trng xoay chiu
: Khi lng ring vt liu
: in tr sut
T cng thc ny ta l gii c vic cc li bin th tn Si (FeSi) c ch to thnh cc l mng nhm lm gim
dy, gim tn hao dng xoy. ng thi, li FeSi ch c th s dng cho bin th tn s thp v tn s cao, tn
hao s rt ln (do FeSi c in tr sut thp), trong khi cc vt liu gm ferrite c th s dng cc tn s rt cao do
chng c bn cht gm, c in tr sut rt ln, lm gim tn hao dng xoy.
Tn hao tr (Hysteresis Loss): Khi vt liu t mm c s dng trong trng ngoi, n s b t ha v to ra chu
trnh tr, v s c nng lng b tn hao cho vic t ha vt liu
c trng tn s: Khi s dng tn s cng cao, phm cht ca vt liu cng b suy gim, do s thay i ca
phm cht theo tn s l mt thng s rt ng quan tm.
T gio: V mt bn cht, t gio l s thay i hnh dng vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Vic kh
t gio gip cho vic to ra tnh t mm tt. C nhng vt liu c t gio bng 0 nh vt liu v nh hnh nn
Co.
Vt liu t mm
58
Mt s loi vt liu t mm
* Tn Silic: L hp kim ca st (khong 85%), vi Silic (Si), hoc cha thm khong 5,4% nhm (Al), cn c gi
l hp kim Sendust, l mt trong nhng vt liu st t mm c dng ph bin nht c cng cao, c t thm
cao v tn hao tr thp. Tuy nhin, vt liu ny trn nn kim loi, nn c in tr sut thp, do khng th s dng
tn s cao do s lm xut hin tn hao xoy ln.
Hp kim Permalloy
L hp kim ca niken (Ni) v st (Fe), c lc khng t rt nh, t thm rt cao (vt liu
c t thm
Vt liu t mm
V nhiu loi khc...
ng dng ca vt liu t mm
Xem thm
T hc
Vt liu t cng
St t
Bi vit v vt liu t mm trn Din n Vt l Vit Nam [3]
Lin kt ngoi
http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/magnetic_materials/soft_magnets.htm
http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/prod/prod02/p02_22.html
59
60
Nguyn tc chung
Tc lm lnh c xc nh bng cng thc:
vi
nhit. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php ngui nhanh l dng mt mi trng lm lnh thu nhit nhanh ca hp
kim nng chy, gi cu trc ca hp kim ha rn ging nh trng thi ca cht lng (trng thi v nh hnh).
Mi trng lm lnh c th l cc khi kim loi quay nhanh, hoc cc kh ha lng (nit lng, hli lng...).
to cho tc thu nhit rt nhanh, mi trng thu nhit phi va c kh nng hp th nhit ln ng thi phi
to sao cho hp kim lng ch tip xc trong thi gian rt ngn (tc thu nhit ngn) nhm to ra tc ln.
61
im quan trng ca phng php ngui nhanh l ch to cc trng quay trn mt trc cc k chnh xc ( rung
ca b mt trng rt thp, ch c mt vi micromet), ng thi b mt ca cc trng phi c x l rt sch v
nhn. Cc trng thng c ch to bng cc kim loi c kh nng thu nhit nhanh v t b xi ha. Hai loi vt liu
ph bin c dng l ng v mlipen. ch to cc bng hp kim c bit cha cc kim loi d b xi ha,
ngi ta c th t c h trong mi trng bo v (c ht chn khng cao, v c np cc kh bo v).
Lch s
Phng php ngui nhanh ln u tin c xy dng vo nm 1960 bi nhm ca Pol Duwez (P. Duwez, W.
Klement Jun, R,H. Willens) Vin Cng ngh California (Caltech), ch to thnh cng mt lot hp kim Eutectic v
nh hnh nh AuSi, AgCu, AgGe...
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TXD-42TC6T2-3& _user=10& _coverDate=05%2F31%2F2001&
_rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000050221& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=10&
md5=20251527f278402052d0191c9351d042
[2] http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v187/ n4740/ abs/ 187869b0. html;jsessionid=459829654AA7C6F1C9E90EC74CB422F8
[3] http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000031000006001136000002& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes
[4] http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000031000006001137000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes
62
FINEMET
63
FINEMET
FINEMET l tn mt loi vt liu t mm
thng phm c cu trc nan da trn nn
hp kim ca st c cng thc l
Fe73,5Si13,5B9Nb3Cu1 (t l phn trm
nguyn t). Finemet l mt trong nhng vt
liu t mm tt nht. Hin nay, Finemet l
thng phm t mm c gi bn quyn
bi Hitachi Metals (Nht Bn) [1] v
Metglas (M) [2] . Tn FINEMET l t ghp
ca Fine metal, do trong cu trc ca
FINEMET c cha cc ht kim loi siu
mn kch thc nano.
t thm (tng i) ca
FINEMET c th t ti vi trm ngn ln (tt nht) trong s cc vt liu t mm c t thm cao.
Lc khng t rt nh
Lc khng t ca FINEMET rt nh, c th ti mc di 1 A/m (tc l xp x 0,01 Oe)[5] , ngang vi mc vt
liu c lc khng t nh nht l Permalloy.
FINEMET
64
Cu trc v c ch to tnh t mm
FINMET l hp kim c cu trc nanomet vi cc ht st t mm bbc-Fe(Si) (ht Fe(Si) c cu trc lp phng tm
khi) vi t phn khong 80% th tch, v 20% cn li l nn cc ma trn v nh hnh bao quanh. Tnh cht ca hp
kim c to ra t do s t hp tnh cht ca hai pha tinh th v v nh hnh. Herzer l ngi l gii thnh cng
c ch v tnh cht t mm trong cc hp kim ny [8] :
D hng t hiu dng
Trong h cc ht st t siu mn, d hng t tinh th khng cn mang gi tr nh trong vt liu khi m b hiu dng
ha, t l vi ly tha bc 6 ca kch thc ht:
Vi:
K1 l h s t tinh th bc 1 ca vt liu khi, D l kch thc ht, Lex l di tng tc trao i. Tng t,
h s t thm th t l nghch vi bc 6 kch thc ht. V th, vi cc ht mn 10-20 nm, lc khng t tr nn
rt nh cn t thm th tr thnh rt ln.
T gio bng 0
T gio ca FINEMET c to ra nh t hp t gio ca hai pha: cc ht nano tinh th bbc-Fe(Si) vi t
gio bo ha m v pha v nh hnh vi t gio bo ha dng. t phn hp l ca pha nano tinh th (theo
tnh ton th t 78-82%) s b tr t gio, to ra t gio hon ton bng 0.
FINEMET
65
Ci tin t FINEMET
FINEMET l hp kim t mm u tin s dng cu trc nano trn nn v nh hnh v nhanh chng c thng
mi ha nh nhng phm cht tuyt vi. T s xut hin ca FINEMET, ngi ta ci tin thnh phn to ra
nhiu loi hp kim t mm c cu trc nano vi nhiu tnh cht c bit hn:
NANOPERM
L hp kim vi cc thnh phn Fe-M-B vi thnh phn Fe c th ln ti 64% nguyn t, M c th l Zr-Cu,
Hf-Cu..., ln u tin xut hin vo nm 1998 theo cng b ca nhm A. Makino (Nht Bn) [9] .
NANOPERM c cm ng t c bit cao (vt trn 1,5 T), c t thm rt ln (t PERM trong ci tn
NANOPERM lin quan n t thm cao - PERMEABILITY) v c bn c hc cao hn FINEMET.
HITPERM
L hp kim tng t nh NANOPERM, nhng s dng mt na l Co thay th cho Fe nh nng cao c
nhit Curie ln rt ln. Ci tn HITPERM c ngha l hp kim c nhit Curie cao (trn 1000oC). Thnh
phn thng mi ban u ca HITPERM l (Fe,Co)88Zr7B4Cu1, ln u tin c to ra bi nhm nghin cu
ca M. A. Willard (Carnegie Mellon University, Hoa K)[10] . HITPERM c cu to bi cc ht nano ca pha
-FeCo, nn c nhit Curie rt cao v cm ng t bo ha c bit ln (vt trn 2 T) nn c s dng
trong li dn t ca cc ng c phn lc - ni i hi nhit lm vic rt cao.
FINEMET
66
[8] Herzer, Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability innanocrystalline ferromagnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 1397-1402.
(http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all. jsp?arnumber=104389)
[9] A. Makino, T. Bitoh, J.-I. Murakami, T. Hatanai, A. Inoue and T. Masumoto, Nanocrystalline soft magnetic Fe-M-B (M = Zr, Hf, Nb) alloys
"NANOPERM" with high magnetic induction, J. Phys. IV France 08 (1998) Pr2-103-Pr2-106. (http:/ / jp4. journaldephysique. org/ articles/
jp4/ abs/ 1998/ 02/ jp4199808PR224/ jp4199808PR224. html)
[10] M. A. Willard, M.-Q. Huang, D. E. Laughlin, M. E. McHenry, J. O. Cross, V. G. Harris, C. Franchetti, Magnetic properties of HITPERM
(Fe, Co)88Zr7B4Cu1 magnets, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 4421 (1999). (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 85/ 4421/ 1)
Xem thm
Vt liu t mm
Permalloy
Cng ngh ngui nhanh
Lin kt ngoi
Metglas (http://www.metglas.com/index.asp)
Hitachi Metals, Ltd (http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/index.html)
Hiu ng Hopkinson
Hiu ng Hopkinson l l hin tng bo ha t trong t trng thp trong cc vt liu st t gn nhit Curie
do qu trnh quay thun nghch. Hiu ng Hopkinson ch xy ra trong cc vt liu st t c tn ti d hng t tinh
th.
Hiu ng Hopkinson cn c nh ngha khc l hiu ng m t thm ca cht st t t cc i gn nhit
Curie [1] .
M t hiu ng
Hiu ng Hopkinson ch xy ra trong
cc vt liu st t c tn ti d hng t
tinh th v xy ra gn nhit Curie.
Khi , qu trnh t ha vt liu l qu
trnh quay thun nghch, v t trng
quan h vi t M, d hng t tinh
th bc mt K1 theo biu thc:
Hiu ng Hopkinson
vi Ms l t bo ha. Khi nhit tng n gn nhit Curie, d hng t tinh th bc mt K1 gim nhanh hn
t bo ha rt nhiu nn ch cn mt t trng H rt nh cng bo ha t. Nu ta o ng cong t ph
thuc vo nhit (gi l ng cong t nhit) trong t trng nh th khi xy ra hiu ng Hopkinson, ta s quan st
thy t t gi tr cc i trc khi gim nhanh xung gi tr nh ti nhit Curie. Tuy nhin, hiu ng
Hopkinson bin mt khi o trong t trng ln.
Xem thm
St t
D hng t tinh th
Nhit Curie
Hiu ng t nhit
67
Hiu ng Meissner
68
Hiu ng Meissner
Hiu ng Meissner hay hiu ng Meissner-Ochsenfeld l hiu ng
t thng b y ra hon ton khi bn trong ca vt siu dn. Hin
tng ny l hin tng nghch t hon ho (en:Superdiamagnetism).
T thng sinh ra bi vt siu dn b tr hon ton t thng mi
trng ngoi. Do , t thng bn trong vt siu dn bng 0. Hin
tng ny c khm ph bi hai nh vt l ngi o Walther
Meissner v ngi c Robert Ochsenfeld vo nm 1933.
L gii
Xem thm
Dng in Phuc
Lin kt ngoi
Hiu ng Maixn trn BKTT VN [1]
Hiu ng Meissner.
ng t thng i thng khi T>Tc: nhit trn
nhit critical
ng t thng i vng khi T<Tc: nhit thp
hn nhit critical
Ch thch
Hiu ng t nhit
69
Hiu ng t nhit
Hiu ng t nhit l mt hin tng nhit ng hc t tnh, l s thay i nhit (b t nng hay lm lnh) ca
vt liu t trong qu trnh t ha hoc kh t. Hiu ng t nhit thc cht l s chuyn ha nng lng t - nhit
trong cc vt liu t.
S lc v hiu ng t nhit
Khi ta t mt t trng vo mt vt liu t, cc
mmen t s c xu hng sp xp nh hng theo t
trng. S nh hng ny lm gim entropy ca h
mmen t. Nu ta thc hin qu trnh ny mt cch
on nhit (tng entropy ca h vt khng i) th
entropy ca mng tinh th s phi tng b li s
gim ca entropy mmen t. Qu trnh ny lm cho vt
t b nng ln. Ngc li, nu ta kh t (on nhit),
cc mmen t s b quay tr li trng thi bt trt t,
dn n vic tng entropy ca h mmen t. Do ,
entropy ca mng tinh th b gim, v vt t b lnh i.
Hiu ng t nhit ln u tin c pht hin nm 1881
bi E. Warburg khi tin hnh t ha st to ra s thay
i nhit t 0,5 n 2 K cho mt T bin thin t
trng.
Hiu ng ny c pht trin v gii thch nguyn l bi Debye (nm 1926) v Giauque nm 1927. Theo , t c
h thc Maxwell, ta c bin thin entropy ca h:
v ta c:
S hng th nht tng ng c
xem rng bin thin nhit on nhit t l thun vi bin thin entropy t, t l nghch vi nhit dung v t l thun
vi nhit hot ng. Hiu ng t nhit ln u tin c ng dng vo cc my lnh hot ng bng t trng vo
nm 1933 to ra nhit rt thp l 0,3 Kelvin bng cch kh t on nhit cc mui thun t.
Hiu ng t nhit
70
Hiu ng t nhit
71
Vt liu t nhit
Hiu ng t nhit
72
khng cao, nhng li d tin hnh nn c dng ph bin nht. Cch thc ca php o da trn biu
thc:
Hiu ng t nhit
73
My lnh hot ng vng nhit phng u tin c sn xut vo nm 1997 bi nhm Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr.
Phng Th nghim Ames, Trng i hc Tng hp bang Iowa (M). Cho n nay, c nhiu cng ty ang
nghin cu pht trin thit b ny v thng bo rng trong mt vi nm ti s chnh thc a ra th trng cc sn
phm ny.
Cc my lnh dng t trng nhit phng
Cng ty/Vin nghin cu
Quc gia
T
T
trng
(K)
bin
cc
[2] thin
i
(T)
Vt liu
600
10
5 (S)
Khi cu Gd
0.95
(P)
Gd foil
100
21
4 (S)
Khi cu Gds
14
2 (S)
95
25
1.5
(P)
Khi cu Gds
23
40
27
0.6
(P)
Gd1xDyx L.B.
60
10
0.76
(P)
Gd 1xDyx L.B.
Khi
lng
(kg)
20/02/1997 Chuyn
ng
qua li
05/2000
2000
7/2001
Victoria,
British
Columbia
Canada
Cng
sut
lm
lnh
cc i
(W)[1]
Quay
Chuyn
ng
qua li
Chuyn
ng
qua li
18/09/2001
Quay
Nanjing,
Sichuan Inst. Tech./Nanjing
China
University Wu W, Paper No
K7.004 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting,
March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1]
23/04/2002 Chuyn
ng
qua li
5/09/2002
4/03/2003
Chuyn
ng
qua li
Quay
Hiu ng t nhit
74
Lab. dElectrotechnique
Grenoble Clot P, Viallet D,
Allab F, Kedous-LeBouc A,
Fournier J M and Yonnet J P,
IEEE Trans. Magn. 30 3349
(2003).
Grenoble,
France
4/2003
USA
7/2004
8.8
0.8
(P)
Gd phoi
? (P)
Gd phoi
95
25
1.5
(P)
Gd v GdEr spheres /
La(Fe0.88Si0.12)13H1.0
15
50
2 (S)
Chuyn
ng
qua li
Chuyn
ng
qua li
Astronautics Zimm C, Paper No Madison,
K7.003 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting, Wisconsin,
March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1] USA
University of Victoria Rowe A
M and Tura A, International
Journal of efrigeration 29
1286-1293 (2006).
Victoria,
British
Columbia
Canada
2004
Quay
2006
Chuyn
ng
qua li
0.12
Cng sut lm lnh cc i khi (T=0); 2Bin thin nhit on nhit cc i khi (W=0); L.B. = layered bed; P = Dng
t trng nam chm vnh cu; S = Dng t trng siu dn
c thm
T hc
Vt liu t
My lnh
Magnetocaloric Effect [2]
Lin kt ngoi
NASA - How does an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Work ? [3]
Magnetocaloric effect [4]
What is magnetocaloric effect and what materials exhibit this effect the most? [5]
Magnetocaloric materials keep fridges cool by C. Wu [6]
Ames Laboratory news release, 25 thng 5 nm 1999, Work begins on prototype magnetic-refrigeration unit [7].
Magnetic refrigerator successfully tested [8]
Refrigeration Systems [9] Terry Heppenstall's notes, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (thng 11 nm 2000)
XRS Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator [10]
Hiu ng t nhit
75
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. aps. org/ meet/ MAR03/ baps/ tocK. html
[2] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Magnetocaloric
[3] http:/ / imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/ docs/ teachers/ lessons/ xray_spectra/ background-adr. html
[4] http:/ / www. accessscience. com/ Encyclopedia/ 3/ 39/ Est_399200_frameset. html?doi
[5] http:/ / www. physlink. com/ Education/ AskExperts/ ae488. cfm
[6] http:/ / www. sciencenews. org/ pages/ sn_arc98/ 3_28_98/ fob3. htm
[7] http:/ / www. ameslab. gov/ News/ release/ crada. html
[8] http:/ / www. eurekalert. org/ features/ doe/ 2001-11/ dl-mrs062802. php
[9] http:/ / lorien. ncl. ac. uk/ ming/ cleantech/ refrigeration. htm
[10] http:/ / www. universe. nasa. gov/ xrays/ programs/ astroe/ eng/ adr. html
M t hiu ng
Khi nh sng phn x trn mt b mt vt liu b t ha, tng tc gia mmen t v nh sng c th dn n vic
nh sng phn x b thay i tnh cht phn cc cng nh phn x ty theo chiu ca t . Hiu ng ny khc
vi hiu ng Faraday ch hiu ng Faraday ghi nhn nh sng truyn qua v ty theo s nh hng ca chiu t
m c th c nhiu kiu MOKE.
76
Xem thm
Hiu ng Kerr
Hiu ng t in tr
T in tr, hay cn gi tt l t tr, l
tnh cht ca mt s vt liu, c th thay i
in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng
ngoi. Hiu ng ny ln u tin c pht
hin bi William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
vo nm 1856 vi s thay i in tr
khng qu 5%. Hiu ng ny c gi l
hiu ng t in tr thng. Gn y, cc
nh khoa hc pht hin ra nhiu loi hiu
ng t in tr trong nhiu loi vt liu khc
nhau em li kh nng ng dng ht sc to
ln. Ngi ta thng dng khi nim t s t
tr ni ln ln ca hiu ng t in
tr, cho bi cng thc:
Hiu ng t in tr
Vi:
77
T in tr d hng
xem bi chi tit T in tr d hng
(Ting Anh: Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Effect - AMR). Hiu ng ny cng c William Thomson pht hin
vo nm 1857 khi quan st thy in tr ca cc vt liu st v niken ph thuc vo gc gia dng in chiu ca
vct t . Hiu ng ny pht hin trong nhiu cht bn dn v nhiu mng mng t.
Hiu ng AMR trong cc cht bn dn ch yu l do s lch qu o ca dng ht ti (in t hay l trng) di
tc dng ca t trng, thng c ng dng trong mt s cm bin o t trng nh o t trng Tri t, hay
cm bin o dng in...
T in tr khng l
(Ting Anh: Giant Magnetoresistance Effect - GMR), mt s nh nghin cu Vit Nam cn dch hiu ng GMR
l "t in tr ln" do khng thng nht vic dch "Giant" l "khng l" hay "ln" nhng tn gi quen thuc
thng dng l GMR. Hiu ng GMR l mt hiu ng lng t quan st thy trong mt s mng mng t tnh a
lp hoc n lp, vi s thay i ln gi tr in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi.
Tn gi Giant (ln, khng l) ca hiu ng ny khng phi l do gi tr ln ca t s MR m do c ch to nn
hiu ng, l c ch tn x ph thuc spin ca in t khi truyn qua cc lp st t c kp gia bi cc lp
phi t. Hiu ng GMR ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1988 ng thi bi 2 nhm nghin cu, l nhm ca
Peter Grnberg Trung tm Nghin cu Jlich (c) trn mng mng kiu bnh kp Fe/Cr/Fe; v bi nhm ca
Albert Fert i hc Paris-Sud trn cc mng a lp Fe/Cr. Pht hin ny m ra mt ngnh mi gi l in t
hc spin (spintronics) nghin cu cc linh kin in t mi hot ng da trn iu khin tnh cht spin ca in
t.
Ngoi ra hiu ng GMR cn pht hin thy trn mt s mng mng dng ht (v d mng hp kim d th CoCu,
CoAg...).
Vo ngy 9-10-2007, U Ban Trao Gii Nobel cng b gii thng Nobel Vt L 2007 c trao cho hai nh
vt l Albert Fert (Php) v Peter Grnberg (c) v s khm ph ra T in tr khng l (Giant
Magnetoresistance).
T in tr chui hm
xem chi tit ti bi vit Hiu ng t in tr chui hm
(Ting Anh: Tunneling Magnetoresistance' - TMR). L hiu ng t tr xy ra khi cc lp st t b ngn cch
bi cc lp mng cch in cho php in t xuyn hm qua cc lp cch in ny, v tn x trn cc lp st
t, gy ra hiu ng t tr ln.
Hiu ng TMR ln u tin c pht hin trn cc mng a lp st kp gia l lp germanium (Ge) ng vai tr
lp cch in. Hiu ng TMR nhit phng ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1995 trn cc mng mng
CoFe/Al2O3/Co vi Al2O3 ng vai tr lp cch in, cho hiu ng MR ti 11,8% nhit phng. Cng vi
pht minh v hiu ng GMR, hiu ng TMR c cng ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong cc nghin cu v
linh kin spintronic.
Hiu ng t in tr
T in tr siu khng l
Xem chi tit bi vit T in tr siu khng l
(Ting Anh: Colossal Magnetoresistance - CMR), i khi cng c cc nh nghin cu Vit Nam gi l "Hiu
ng t in tr khng l" (khi gi hiu ng GMR l "T in tr ln") nhng thng gi tt l hiu ng CMR.
Hiu ng ny xy ra vi cc vt liu t c cu trc perovskite (v d manganese, cobaltite,...) c in tr thay i
cc ln c th ti hng ngn %.
Hiu ng CMR ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1993, nhng n gi vn cha c l gii mt cch chnh
xc, v vn ang l mt vn l th cho nghin cu c bn. Mt l thuyt ang c s dng rng ri gii
thch l m hnh tng tc kp (double-exchange interaction).
Hiu ng CMR cng c ng dng trong cc u c/ghi ca cng, pht trin cc linh kin spintronic...
ng dng ca hiu ng t tr
Xem thm
T in tr d hng
T in tr khng l
T in tr chui hm
T in tr siu khng l
T in tr d hng xung kch
Spintronics
78
Hiu ng t in tr
Ch thch
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Hp kim Heusler
Hp kim Heusler l mt hp kim st t da trn pha Heusler, l dng hp kim lin kim loi ca cc n cht (kim
loi, phi kim) c th khng mang tnh st t, v c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm mt. Tn loi hp kim ny c
t theo nh ha hc, khong hc ngi c Friedrich Heusler (1866-1947), ngi ln u tin tm ra loi hp kim
ny vo nm 1903 [1] . Hp kim Heusler l mt trong nhng loi hp kim st t c phn cc spin ln nht (gn
nh 100%).
Lch s nghin cu
Hp kim Heusler u tin c pht hin v nghin cu nm 1903 bi Friedrich Heusler l hp kim Cu2MnAl vi t
bo ha l 8000 G (ln hn ca Ni, nhng nh hn ca Fe)[2] . Hp kim c th nng chy trn 910oC. di
nhit ny, hp kim ng rn vi trng thi bt trt t ca pha beta lp phng tm khi. Di 750oC, pha B2 trt
t c hnh thnh vi mang nguyn t lp phng ca ng, v c tm khi l phn mng bt trt t MnAl. Khi
c lm lnh xung di 610oC, phn mng MnAl tr thnh trt t v to thnh pha L21. Tnh cht t ca hp kim
c th thay i mnh nh qu trnh x l nhit hoc thay i thnh phn[3] ,[4] .
Glenn Elert, Ferromagnetism: The Physics Hypertextbook, 1998-2008. (http:/ / hypertextbook. com/ physics/ electricity/ ferromagnetism/ )
*Bouchard M. (1970). Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College London.
Heusler F. (1903). Verh. Deut. phys. Ges. 5: 219.
Johnston G.B. and Hall E.O. (1968). Studies on the Heusler alloysI. Cu2MnAl and associated structures. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 29: 193,
201. doi: 10.1016/0022-3697(68)90062-0 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ 0022-3697(68)90062-0).
79
Hp kim Heusler
Xem thm
phn cc spin
in t hc spin
Hp kim
80
Magnetit
81
Magnetit
Magnetit
Khong vt xt
Cng thc ha hc
Mu
en, xm
Lp phng
Song tinh
Ct khai
khng r
Vt v
Khng phng
cng Mohs
5,56,5
nh
Kim loi
Mu vt vch
en
T trng ring
5,175,18
Chit sut
Chn sng
[1]
[1]
[1]
Cc bin th chnh
Lodestone
Tnh cht
Magnetit l khong vt c t tnh mnh nht trong cc khong vt xut hin trong thin nhin.[2] Cc mnh magnetit
b t ha t nhin c gi l lodestone s ht cc mu st nh, v y cng l cch m ngi c i khm ph ra
tnh cht t u tin. Lodestone c s dng trong cc la bn. Magnetit thng mang cc du hiu t trong cc
v v th n c xem nh l mt cng c nghin cu c t, mt khm ph khoa hc quan trng hiu c qu
trnh kin to mng v d liu lch s cho t thy ng lc hc v cc chuyn ngnh khoa hc khc. Cc mi quan
h gia magnetit v cc khong vt xt giu st khc nh ilmenit, hematit, v ulvospinel cng c nghin cu
nhiu, cng nh cc phn ng phc tp gia cc khong vt ny v oxy nh hng nh th no n s bo tn
trng t ca Tri t.
Magnetit
82
Magnetit c vai tr quan trng trong vic tm hiu cc iu kin mi trng hnh thnh . Magnetit phn ng vi
oxy to ra hematit, v cp khong vt hnh thnh mt vng m c th khng ch s ph hy ca xy. Cc
mcma thng thng cha cc ht ca 2 dung dch rn, mt bn l gia magnetit v ulvospinel cn mt bn l gia
ilmenit v hematit. Cc thnh phn ca cc cp i khong vt c s dng tnh s xy ha din ra nh th no
trong macma (nh s ph hy ca oxy trong magma): mt di cc iu kin oxi ha c tm thy trong mcma v
trng thi oxy ha gip xc nh lm th no mma c th lin quan n s kt tinh phn on.
Cc ht magnetit nh c mt trong hu t cc mcma v cc bin cht. Magnetit cng c tm thy trong
mt s loi trm tch nh trong cc thnh h st phn di. Trong mt s mcma, cc ht giu magnetit v
ilmenit xut hin dng kt ta cng nhau trong mcma. Magnetit cng c sn xut t peridotit v dunit bng
phng php serpentin ha.
Magnetit l ngun qung st c gi tr, n ha tan chm trong axt clohiric.
Phn b
Magnetit i khi c tm thy vi s lng ln trong ct bin. Cc
loi ct en (ct khong vt hoc ct st) c tm thy nhiu ni nh
California v b bin ty ca New Zealand. Magnetit c mang n
cc bi bin thng qua cc con sng mang cc vt liu xi mn v
chng c tp trung nh tc ng ca sng v cc dng chy.
Cc m ln c tm thy trong cc thnh h st di. Cc trm tch
ny c dng suy ra hm lng oxy trong kh quyn Tri t lc
n c lng ng.
Mu c kin trc mn, ~5cm
Magnetit
83
Tng hp
Magnetit c th c ch trong phng th nghim dng nc t theo phng php Massart bng cch trn st(II)
clorua v st(III) clorua trong hydroxit natri.
Magnetit cng c th c ch bi s ng kt ta, gm mt hn hp dung dch FeCl36H2O v FeCl24H2O 0,1 M
vi quay bng ng c vi tc khong 2000 vng/pht. T l mol FeCl3:FeCl2 c th l 2:1; nung dung dch ny
70C, v ngay sau nng tc quay ln 7500 vng/pht v thm nhanh dung dch NH4OH (10% v th tch),
ngay lp tc s hnh thnh kt ta mu en cha cc ht magnetit kch thc nano.
ng dng lm cht hp th
Bt magnetit loi b As(III) v As(V) ra khi nc rt hiu qu, v hiu qu loi b tng ln ~200 ln khi chng c
kch thc t 300 n 12nm.[9] Nc ung nhim arsen (As) l mt vn nn trn ton th gii, do ng dng
magnetit vi vai tr cht hp th l mt trong nhng gii php loi b arsen trong nc.
Trang sc
Magnetit c dng ph bin dng nguyn liu th trong cc
trang sc ca nhng chng li gi khoa hc[10] v nam chm liu php.
Khi c nh bng v lm thnh trang sc, magnetit c mu ti,
sng bng vi b mt lng.
Tham kho
[1] Mineral galleries (http:/ / www. galleries. com/ minerals/ oxides/ magnetit/ magnetit.
htm)
[2] Harrison, R. J. (2002). Direct imaging of nanoscale magnetic interactions in
minerals (http:/ / www. pnas. org/ content/ 99/ 26/ 16556. full. pdf) (free-download
pdf). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 16556. doi:
10.1073/pnas.262514499 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1073/ pnas. 262514499). .
Nhn magnetit
[3] Ferrous Nonsnotus (http:/ / www. 321gold. com/ editorials/ moriarty/ moriarty070505. html)
[4] Baker, R R; J G Mather, J H Kennaugh (6 January nm 1983). Magnetic bones in human sinuses. Nature 301 (5895): 7980. PMID
6823284.
[5] Magnetic bones in human sinuses (http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v301/ n5895/ abs/ 301078a0. html). Truy cp 14 December
nm 2009.
[6] Joseph L. Kirschvink; James L. Gould (1981). Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals (http:/ / www.
sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6T2K-49N97M9-Y& _user=131115& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d&
_docanchor=& view=c& _acct=C000009658& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=131115&
md5=45627d578a55f772b006a38ed4a6c12d). Biosystems (Elsevier Ireland Ltd) 13 (3): 181-201. . Truy cp 14 December nm 2009.
[7] Chang, Shih-Bin Robin; Kirschvink, Joseph Lynn (1989). Magnetofossils, the Magnetization of Sediments, and the Evolution of Magnetite
Biomineralization (http:/ / www. gps. caltech. edu/ ~jkirschvink/ pdfs/ AnnualReviews89. pdf). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences 17: 169195. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.17.050189.001125 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1146/ annurev. ea. 17. 050189. 001125). .
[8] Biographical memoirs:Heinz Adolf Lowenstam (http:/ / books. nap. edu/ readingroom/ books/ biomems/ hlowenstam. html) By Joseph L.
Kirschvink, truy cp 24 May 2008
[9] J.T. Mayo et al. (2007). The effect of nanocrystalline magnetite size on arsenic removal (free download). Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8: 71.
doi: 10.1016/j.stam.2006.10.005 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. stam. 2006. 10. 005).
[10] Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad Medicine: misconceptions and misuses revealed from distance healing to vitamin O. Hoboken, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 1253. ISBN 0-471-43499-X.
Magnetit
84
Lin Kt ngoi
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (n bn 20th). Wiley. ISBN 0471805807.
Webmineral data (http://webmineral.com/data/Magnetite.shtml)
Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern (http://www.piroxllc.com/tech_info.html)
Lowenstam, Heinz A.; Weiner, Stephen (1989). On Biomineralization. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN
0195049772.
History of Magnetite Mining in the NJ Highlands (http://abandonedmines.net)
Magnetite mining in New Zealand (http://www.crownminerals.govt.nz/cms/minerals/overview/
overview?searchterm=ironsand) Truy cp 25-Mar-09
Magnetite mining in Santa Cruz (http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/work/miner3.shtml)
Nam chm
Trong cuc sng hng ngy, c th nhn ra nam chm
l cc vt c kh nng ht v y vt bng st hay thp
non. Trong t hc, nam chm l mt vt c kh nng
sinh mt lc dng ht hay y mt t vt hay mt
vt c cm t cao khi nm gn nam chm. Lc pht
sinh t nam chm gi l t lc.
Nam chm l mt ngun t c hai cc: Bc v Nam, v
mt t trng to t cc ng t (ng sc) i t cc
Bc n cc Nam.
Tham kho
Lin kt ngoi
Nam chm (http://dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn/default.
aspx?param=1605aWQ9MTk0MjQmZ3JvdXBpZD0ma2luZD1zdGFydCZrZXl3b3JkPW4=&page=1)
Nam chm vnh cu (http://dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn/default.
aspx?param=160AaWQ9MTk1MTkmZ3JvdXBpZD0ma2luZD1zdGFydCZrZXl3b3JkPW4=&page=1)
Cc ch chnh trong in t hc
Cm bin dynamo | Cht cch in | in hc | in ly | in trng | Gauge | Nam chm | ng dn sng | Sng in t | T trng | Vt l radio
85
86
Nam chm
Mr (T)
Hci (kA/m) BH
(kJ/m3) TC (C)
max
1,01,4
7502000
200440
310400
0,60,7
6001200
60100
310400
0,81,1
6002000
120200
720
150240
800
0,61,4
275
1088
700860
0,20,4
100300
1040
450
K thut ch to
Phng php ph bin ch to nam
chm Neodymi l k thut luyn kim
bt v thiu kt. Ban u hp kim
NdFeB c to ra bng cch nu
chy cc n cht thnh phn trong l
cao (thng thng Nd v B thng
c b thm vi % so vi thnh phn
danh nh do cc cht ny d b xy
ha hoc bay hi). Trong qu trnh nu
chy, hp kim c nu trong mi
trng bo v trnh xy ha. Sau
, hp kim c nghin thnh bt
mn, sau c trn vi keo epoxy,
p thnh hnh sn phm, sau nung
thiu kt nhit cao trong mi
Nam chm Neodymi c s dng trong a cng my tnh.
trng bo v. Qu trnh p c th
c h tr bi t trng to d hng n trc. Qu trnh nung thiu kt c thc hin nhit cao trong mi
trng bo v to pha hp cht, sau h v nhit thp (1 vi trm ) n nh pha. Sau , nam chm
c np t trong t trng cao v ph keo bo v.
C th thay th cng on thiu kt bng k thut p nng. Ngi ta p cc bt trong t trng nhit cao nhm
to ra pha v nh hng nam chm (to ra nam chm d hng).
Gn y, ngi ta cn tin hnh to ra cc nam chm t him gi thnh r vi kiu nam chm kt dnh. Cc bt hp
kim mn c to ra sau khi nghin cc mnh vn hp kim c ch to bng cng ngh ngui nhanh, sau chn
keo epoxy v p nh hng trong t trng. K thut ny c u im l n gin v kinh t hn, nhng sn phm
cho phm cht thp hn nhiu so vi nam chm thiu kt.
Lch s v bn quyn
Nam chm NdFeB ln u tin c ch to thnh cng vo nm 1982, c cng b ng thi bi hai cng ty ln
l General Motors corporation (Hoa K)[1] v Sumitomo Special Metals (Nht Bn) [2] , v sau l Vin Hn lm
Khoa hc Trung Quc cng cng b ch to thnh cng loi nam chm ny [5] . Hin nay, NdFeB l thng phm
c bn rng ri trn th gii v cn c gi mt tn khc l Magnequench (do hng gi bn quyn ln nht l
Magnequench - nay l Neo Materials Technology Inc.)[8] . Hin nay, nam chm Neodymi chim khong 40% th
phn cc loi nam chm trn ton th gii. Nc gi th phn phn phi ln nht l Trung Quc, nhng nc thu li
nhun ln nht t sn phm ny l Hoa K [5] .
87
7.7kcal/(hmC)
24Gg/m2
Gii hn p nn
80Gg/m2
in tr sut
16mm
Xem thm
Nam chm t him
Neodymium
Vt liu t cng
Lin kt ngoi
International Magnetics Association (http://www.intl-magnetics.org/)
Geeky Rare-Earth Magnets Repel Sharks, Genevieve Rajewski, 05.15.07 , wired.com (http://www.wired.com/
gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2007/05/sharkmagnets)
MAGNEQUENCH INC (http://www.magnequench.com)
88
H 1:5
L loi nam chm da trn hp cht SmCo5,
vi khong 36% khi lng l nguyn t t
him samarium (Sm). Nam chm ny ln
u tin c pht minh bi Karl J. Strnat
(phng th nghim Vt liu Khng qun Hoa
K) vo nm 1966, cho tch nng lng t
cc i (B.H)max = 18 MGOe [3] , sau ,
hng loi cc hp cht t cng da trn cu
trc ny c pht trin thnh h vt liu t
cng RCo5 c nghin cu mnh m trong
ngnh t hc [4] .
SmCo5 thuc nhm hp cht RCo5 (R thng c dng k hiu cc nguyn t t him), c cu trc tinh th lc
gic. SmCo5 c hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 11,9.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 840 kA/m v nhit
Curie TC = 1003 K, trng d hng HA = 28,6 T. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i
(BH)max ln nht ti 28,5 MGOe (220 kJ/m3) [5] .
im khc bit c bn ca nam chm Samarium-Cban so vi cc nam chm t him khc (v d nh nam chm
Neodym) l n c nhit Curie rt cao, ng thi s suy gim tnh cht theo nhit rt thp, do c s dng
trong cc ng dng nhit cao (c th ti hn 500oC) m khng loi nam chm no khc c th hot ng. Mt
tham s c quan tm ca loi nam chm ny l h s suy gim ca t d theo nhit (reversible temperature
coefficient, RTC), c nh ngha bi s suy gim ca t d, Br theo nhit :
i vi nam chm SmCo5 nguyn thy, h s RTC l m, c ngha l t d s b suy gim theo nhit . Tuy nhin,
gn y, ngi ta c nhiu ci tin nh b sung cc ph gia, to ra cc pha ph trong nam chm c h s RTC dng
b tr, to ra suy gim hu nh bng 0.
H 2:17
L h vt liu da trn hp cht Sm2Co17, c Karl J. Strnat v Dr. Alden Ray pht minh nm 1972 vi tch nng
lng t cc i ti 30 MGOe. H vt liu ny c cu trc tng t nh SmCo5, nhng c s khc bit v thng s
t ni ti. Hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 10.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 990 kA/m v nhit Curie TC =
958 K. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 41,3 MGOe (331
kJ/m3). [6] . Trong cc nghin cu hin nay v nam chm nhit cao, ngi ta pha tp thm cc nguyn t khc (Fe,
Cu, Zr...) ci tin cu trc v tnh cht nhm nng cao nhit Curie cng nh phm cht t ca h vt liu ny[7]
C ch tnh cht t
C ch to ra d hng t tinh th khng l v nhit Curie cao ca nam chm samarium cban l vi cu trc c
bit cu trc bi cc l (lamelar structure) hoc cc si (cellular structure) c nh hng cao trong qu trnh ch
to. Cc l (si) ny c th c chiu dy t vi chc n 100 nm to ra d hng t hnh dng ln, ng thi l cc
tm hm s dch chuyn vch men trong qu trnh t ha. C ch t ha ch yu ca SmCo5 l c ch quay
mmen t, trong khi c ch t ha ch yu chi phi nam chm Sm2Co17 li l c ch hm s dch chuyn cc vch
men.
Xem thm
Lin kt ngoi
Samarium Cobalt (http://www.magnetsales.com/SMCO/Smco1.htm)
Samarium cobalt magnets (http://www.mademagnet.com/samarium-cobalt-magnets.htm)
89
Cc c trng
Cc i lng ca nam chm vnh cu xut pht t
ng cong t tr, l cc thng s c trng ca
cc cht st t ni chung v vt liu t cng ni
ring v cc thng s c quan tm ch yu gm:
Lc khng t
Lc khng t ca nam chm vnh cu phi ln
khng b kh t bi cc t trng ngoi, kh
nng lu tr t trng ca nam chm cng ln khi
lc khng t cng ln. Cc nam chm vnh cu ph
bin hin nay c lc khng t t 1000 Oe n vi
chc ngn Oe.
T d (xem bi ng cong t tr).
H s ch nht hay vung
Tch nng lng t cc i
Ni ln kh nng lu tr nng lng t ca nam
Hnh nh cc nam chm vnh cu
chm vnh cu, l nng lng ln nht c th tn
tr trong mt n v th tch nam chm, c xc
nh t ng cong t tr. Mun c tch nng lng t cc i ln, nam chm cn c lc khng t ln, t d cao v
h s ch nht ca ng cong t tr ln.
Nhit Curie
L nhit m ti cc vt st t b mt t tnh v tr thnh thun t. Nhit Curie cho ta bit kh nng hot
ng ca nam chm trong iu kin nhit cao hay thp. C nhng nam chm c nhit Curie kh thp (v d
nh nam chm Nd2Fe14B c nhit Curie ch 312oC), nhng cng c nhng loi nam chm c nhit Curie rt
cao (v d h hp cht SmCo c nhit Curie hng ngn , c s dng trong ng c phn lc c nhit cao).
Ngoi cc tham s mang tnh cht t tnh, cc tham s khc cng rt c quan tm l cng, kh nng
chng mi mn, chng xi ha, mt ... Bn cnh , hnh dng nam chm cng l mt tham s rt quan trng
quyt dnh im lm vic ca nam chm do hnh dng nam chm quy nh tha s kh t ca vt t, c tc ng
ln n nng lng t ca nam chm.
90
91
Xem thm
Nam chm
Vt liu t cng
St t
ng cong t tr
92
93
Lin kt ngoi
History of magnetism [1]
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. rare-earth-magnets. com/ magnet_university/ history_of_magnetism. htm
Nam chm in
Nam chm in l mt dng c to t
trng hay mt ngun sn sinh t trng
hot ng nh t trng sinh ra bi cun
dy c dng in ln chy qua. Cm ng t
ca nam chm in c dn v to thnh
ln nh vic s dng mt li dn t lm
bng vt liu t mm c t thm ln v
cm ng t bo ha cao. Khc vi nam
chm vnh cu c cm ng t c nh, nam
chm in c cm ng t c th thay i
c nh vic iu khin dng in chy
qua cun dy.
Nam chm in ln u tin c pht minh
bi nh in hc ngi Anh William
Sturgeon (1783-1850) vo nm 1825. Nam
chm in ca Sturgeon l mt li st non
hnh mng nga c mt s vng dy in
cun quanh. Khi cho dng in sinh ra bi
mt pin nh chy qua, li st b t ha v
cm ng t sinh ra mnh ht ln c
mt hp st nng 7 ounce. Khi ngt dng
in, t trng ca li cng bin mt
Nam chm in
94
cun dy cng tng ng vi chiu t trng ca cc vng dy. vng dy ngoi cng , ni cc ng sc t c
hng i ra khi cun dy l cc bc ca nam chm .Vng dy ngoi cng cn li , ni cc ng sc t i vo cun
dy l cc nam ca nam chm (tng t nam chm vnh cu)
T Trng ca cun dy dn in c tnh cht ging nh t trng ca mt Nam Chm cng ht hay
y mt t vt nm trong t trng ca cun dy .
Khi tch in khi cun dy, T Trng khng tn ti . Cun dy khng cn ht hay y t vt
Vy ch khi no cun dy dn in, cun dy tr thnh Nam Chm in
T Trng ca cun dy ty thuc vo s T Cm cun dy v dng in trong cun dy
B=LI
T Cm cun dy t l thun vi chiu di, s vng qun v t l nghch vi din tch ca cun dy
95
Hp cht
Hng s mng a
(nm)
96
Hng s mng c
(nm)
Mt
T bo ha Ms
(kG)
Trng d hng HA
(kG)
Nhit Curie TC
(K)
Ce2Fe14B
0,877
1,211
7,81
11,6
44,25
424
Pr2Fe14B
0,882
1,225
7,47
14,3
125
564
Nd2Fe14B
0,882
1,224
7,55
15,6
150
585
Sm2Fe14B
0,880
1,215
7,73
13,3
--
612
Gd2Fe14B
0,879
1,209
7,85
8,6
76,25
661
Tb2Fe14B
0,877
1,205
7,93
0,64
350
639
Dy2Fe14B
0,875
1,200
8,02
6,5
312,5
602
Ho2Fe14B
0,875
1,199
8,05
8,6
250
576
Er2Fe14B
0,874
1,196
8,24
9.3
--
554
Tm2Fe14B
0.874
1,195
8,13
10,9
--
541
Y2Fe14B
0,877
1,204
6,98
12,8
25,3
565
Xem thm
Nam chm vnh cu
Vt liu t cng
D hng t tinh th
George Rare Earth Magnet (SM-CO) (http:/ / www. allproducts. com/ metal/ micromeg/ 12-earth_magnet. html)
George Hadjipanayis et al. Magnets for High Temperature Applications (http:/ / www. stormingmedia. us/ 38/ 3830/ A383004. html)
George Rare Earth Magnet (SM-CO) (http:/ / www. allproducts. com/ metal/ micromeg/ 12-earth_magnet. html)
History of magnetism (http:/ / www. rare-earth-magnets. com/ magnet_university/ history_of_magnetism. htm)
Sofoklis S. Makridis et al. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 272-276 (2004) E1921-E1923 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/
science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-4BMJB5S-B& _user=121723& _coverDate=05/ 31/ 2004& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search&
_sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=34c135ab6ee458d6b65510f78b006a38)
[6] Fernando M. F. Rhen et al. Journal of Applied Physics 93 (2003) 8683-8685 (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 93/ 8683/ 1)
[7] M. Sagawa et al. IEEE Transaction Magnetics 20 (1984) 1584-1589 (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ iel5/ 20/ 22871/ 01063214. pdf?tp=&
isnumber=22871& arnumber=1063214)
[8] J.J. Croat et al. Journal of Applied Physics 55 (1984) 2078-2082 (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal&
id=JAPIAU000055000006002078000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes)
[9] M. Sagawa et al. Journal of Applied Physics 55 (1984) 2083-2087 (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal&
id=JAPIAU000055000006002083000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes)
Nc t
Nc t (ting Anh: ferrofluid), vit y
l nc st t (ferromagnetic fluid) hoc
cht lng t (magnetic fluid), l mt loi
cht lng c t tnh.
Hu ht cc vt liu c tnh st t u l cc
vt liu trng thi rn nh l cc nam
chm vnh cu, nam chm in bi v, ni
chung, cc vt liu t c nhit Curie
(nhit m ti vt liu mt i tnh cht
st t chuyn sang tnh thun t) nh hn
nhiu nhit nng chy ca chng.
nhit rt thp, Helium3 c t tnh khi
nhit di 2,7 mK. nhit rt cao,
hp kim dng lng c thnh phn Co80Pd20
Mt l nc t nm bn trn nh hng ca mt nam chm cho thy cc mi ni
cng c t tnh tt. Tuy nhin, cc cht
ln
khng th c nhng ng dng thc t. Nc
t l cht t duy nht trng thi lng trong
iu kin bnh thng. Khng ging nh He3 v Co80Pd20, nc t l mt cht lng c cu trc, l mt sn phm
hon ton nhn to m t trc n nay, ngi ta cha thy c trong t nhin.
97
Nc t
98
Thnh phn ca nc t
Cht lng bnh thng c to thnh t cc phn t hoc cc ion. Cc phn t to nn nc t li hon ton khc,
bn cnh cc phn t v ion, nc t cn c mt thnh phn, l cc ht cht rn c kch thc vi chc cho n
vi trm nm. Nc t gm ba thnh phn chnh l ht t tnh (cht rn), cht bao ph v mt (cn gi l cht hot
ha b mt, l cht rn hoc cht lng) v dung mi (cht lng). Cc ht t cn c phn tn trong cht lng to nn
mt th c gi l huyn ph c th c c cc tnh cht c bit.
Ht t tnh
Ht t tnh l thnh phn quan trng nht trong nc t, tnh cht c bit ca nc t ph thuc ch yu vo tnh
cht ca ht t. Ht t c kch thc t vi nm (nanmt) n vi chc nm.
Bt k mt vt liu no u hng ng di tc ng ca mt t trng (thng c k hiu l H) bn ngoi th
hin bng mt i lng vt l c gi l t (cn gi l t ha, thng c k hiu l M). i lng vt l
= M/H c gi l cm t ca vt liu. Ty theo cch m vt liu hng ng t trng ngoi m ngi ta chia
thnh vt liu thun t, nghch t, st t, ferri t v phn st t. Vt liu thun t l vt liu c
-6
10 ; vt liu thun t c
dng, gi tr ca
-6
nh v dng, c
rt ln v
c th ln hn vt liu thun t hng vn ln. Ta qui nh, vt liu t tnh l vt liu st t, ferri
Cht bao ph b mt
Khi phn tn trong cht lng, cc ht t tnh ni trn s chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
Lc hp dn ca Tri t c xu hng lm cho cc ht lng ng.
Nu c mt gradient t trng th cc ht s c xu hng co cm li vng c t trng ln.
Lc Van der Walls v lc lng cc t lm cho cc ht kt t li vi nhau.
h trng thi huyn ph th cc ht phi c mt nng lng chuyn ng nhit (chuyn ng Brown) thng
c nng lng hp dn v nng lng tng tc t.
Nng lng chuyn ng nhit: kBT
Nng lng hp dn ca tri t:
Nng lng tng tc t: 0mH
Vgl
v cht lng; g l gia tc trng trng; l l cao ca cht lng trong trng hp dn;
l t thm ca chn
Nc t
99
Dung mi
Dung mi l mi trng cha ht t v cht bao ph b mt. Nu t tnh ca nc t do ht t quyt nh th tnh
lng ca n do dung mi quyt nh. Dung mi c th l cc cht phn cc nh nc, cn,.. hoc cc cht khng
phn cc nh du, dung mi hu c. Dung mi c th c nht rt khc nhau hoc c th c kh nng bay hi di
iu kin bnh thng cng khc nhau. Ty thuc vo cc ng dng c th m ngi ta dng dung mi thch hp.
Cc ng dng sinh ha thng dng dung mi l nc v nc c tnh tng hp sinh hc. Vi cc ng dng vt l,
dung mi thng dng l du v du rt n nh trong mi trng lm vic.
Ch to nc t
Tnh cht ca nc t
ng dng ca nc t
Permalloy
Permalloy l tn gi chung ca cc hp kim ca Niken v St, c thnh phn hp thc l
vi gi tr x
thay i t 20% n 85%. Trong cc sch v t hc v trong k thut, ngi ta gi tn ca hp kim ny tng ng
vi t l niken, v d Permalloy75 l hp kim permalloy c cha 75% nguyn t l niken (hay Ni75Fe25). Hp kim
permally l hp kim c t tnh, thng c s dng trong cc ng dng v t hc. Tn gi permalloy xut pht t
ch ghp per (trong ch permeability, c ngha l t thm), vi t alloy c ngha l hp kim, do permalloy l hp
kim c t thm rt cao.
Permalloy vi t l 75% nguyn t niken
c gi l permalloy chun (Standard
permalloy). Permalloy c pha tp mt s
nguyn t khc (v d nh Mlipen - Mo)
c gi l Supermalloy. Trong k thut,
Permalloy thng c vit tt l Py.
Permalloy
100
K thut ch to v x l permalloy
Permalloy l mt hp kim c nhit nng
chy trung bnh (xung quanh 1100oC) do
n c th d dng c to ra bng cc k
thut luyn kim:
Nng chy cm ng
Nng chy h quang
L in
Luyn kim bt
M in
Bc bay nhit trong chn khng
Phn x catt
Lng ng chm laser
Epitaxy chm phn t
ng dng ca permalloy
Cc vt liu dng khi c s dng trong cc li bin th, cc cun chn, li dn t cht lng cao s dng trong
t trng tn s thp do hp kim permalloy l hp kim c tnh cht t mm tuyt vi. Tuy nhin n khng th s
dng trong ng dng cao tn do c in tr sut thp.
Cc mng mng permalloy c s dng trong cc cm bin t trng, cc u c ca a cng, cc cu trc
nano nhn to... Mng mng permalloy hin nay ang l mt trong nhng vt liu c nghin cu mnh m nht
cho cc ng dng spintronic s dng cc vt liu st t kim loi.
Permalloy
101
Xem thm
Hp kim
T hc
Vt liu t mm
Cu trc v ch to
perovskite
Cu trc perovskit
Cng thc phn t chung ca cc hp cht
perovskite l ABO3 vi A v B l cc in
(cation) c bn knh khc nhau. v tr ca
in xy, c th l mt s nguyn t khc,
nhng ph bin nht vn l xy. Ty theo
nguyn t v tr B m c th phn thnh
nhiu h khc nhau, v d nh h manganite
khi B = Mn, h titanat khi B = Ti hay h
cobaltit khi B = Co...
102
K thut ch to
Do perovskite l mt vt liu gm nn cc ch to perovskite
ph bin nht l k thut gm, hay cn gi l k thut phn
ng pha rn. Cc nguyn liu ban u l cc xit ca cc kim
loi c nghin trn trong thi gian di to s ng nht,
sau c p thnh vin v nung thiu kt nhit cao
to ra phn ng perovskite ha (phn ng pha rn). Phng
php ny c u im l r tin, n gin, d dng to ra vt
liu vi khi lng ln.
Ngoi ra, perovskite c th c ch to bng cc phng
php phn ng ha hc khc nhau v d nh phng php
sol-gel, phng php ng kt ta, vi u im l cho vt liu
c cht lng cao nhng li hn ch kh nng to vt liu vi
khi lng ln.
Tnh cht in
Tnh cht t
Thng thng, perovskite mang tnh cht phn st t nhng tnh cht ny c th b bin i thnh st t nh s pha
tp cc nguyn t khc nhau. S pha tp cc nguyn t dn n vic to ra cc in mang ha tr khc nhau v tr B,
to ra c ch tng tc trao i gin tip sinh ra tnh st t. iu c bit l tnh cht t c th thay i trong nhiu
trng thi khc nhau cng mt vt liu [1] [4] . Khi trng thi st t, perovskite c th tn ti hiu ng t in tr
siu khng l [1] , hoc hiu ng t nhit khng l [6] hoc trng thi thy tinh - spin nhit thp, trng thi m
cc spin b tn ti trong trng thi hn n v b ng bng bi qu trnh lm lnh [7] .
ng dng
Do c nhiu c tnh in - t - ha khc nhau nn perovskite c mt trong rt nhiu ng dng [8] v c coi l mt
trong nhng vt liu rt l th. Nh vt l ngi n C. N. R. Rao tng pht biu rng perovskite l tri tim ca
vt l cht rn [9] . Vi tnh cht t in tr siu khng l, perovskite rt ha hn cho cc linh kin spintronics v cc
cm bin t siu nhy. Vi nhiu tnh cht c bit nh siu dn nhit cao, st in... perovskite rt hu ch cho
nhiu linh kin in t. Ngoi ra, perovskite vi cc tnh cht hp ph v xc tc cn c s dng trong cc pin
nhin liu.
Xem thm
Gm
T in tr siu khng l
Hiu ng t nhit
Tng tc trao i
Lin kt ngoi
"Cubic Perovskite Structure" (http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/e2_1.html)
perovskites at NCSU (http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php/Perovskite)
103
Spin valve
104
Spin valve
Spin valve (cha c tn gi ring trong
ting Vit) l mt linh kin t tnh cu to t
mt mng mng a lp gm cc lp st t
ngn cch bi cc lp phi t m in
tr ca h thay i ph thuc vo s nh
hng ca t trong cc lp st t. Tnh
cht ca spin valve da trn hiu ng t in
tr khng l v c ng dng trong cc
u c cng my tnh. Spin valve c
coi l th h linh kin spintronic th nht.
Hiu ng t in tr v spin
valve ban u
Khi nim v linh kin spin valse c xut
hin lin vi pht kin v hiu ng t in
tr khng l m in tr ca h mng
M hnh hiu ng t in tr khng l trong cc spin valve
mng t a lp gm cc lp st t ngn cch
bi lp phi t c th thay i rt ln di tc
dng ca t trng ngoi[1] [2] . C ch ca hiu ng c l gii qua c ch "tn x ph thuc spin" ca in t. V
c th thy rng trng thi ca h (in tr cao, in tr thp) ph thuc vo s nh hng tng i ca t ca
cc lp st t. C ngha l vic t cc lp ny nh hng tng i vi nhau ra sao (song song, phn song song)
c th cho php dng dng in t (dng spin) c truyn qua hoc khng th truyn qua, hay ni cch khc, t
ca cc lp st t hot ng nh mt chic van ng m spin. y chnh l tng v cu trc spin valve.
Vi m hnh ny, khi t t trng ngoi ch c t ca lp t do b quay theo t trng ngoi do hiu ng t
in tr hu nh ch ph thuc vo t lp bn trn. T ca lp ghim bn di ch b quay i khi c t trng
Spin valve
105
Ch thch
[1] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, g. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, Giant
Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/
i21/ p2472_1)
[2] G. Binasch, P. Grnberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn, Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic
interlayer exchange, Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1)
[3] Theory of exchange bias (http:/ / cnst. nist. gov/ epg/ Projects/ Theory/ theory_exbias. html)
Xem thm
St t
Phn st t
T in tr khng l
Spintronics
Terfenol-D
106
Terfenol-D
Terfenol-D l mt loi hp kim cha cc kim loi terbi, st v dysprosi vi cng thc phn t (Tb0,3Dy0,7)1Fe1,9,
c pht trin t nhng nm 1950, l loi hp kim c h s t gio ln nht nhit phng tng c bit v
c ng dng rng ri cho n nay. Tn ca Terfenol-D c t tn theo cc kim loi Terbi, Fe, NOL l tn vit
tt ni pht trin vt liu (Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Hoa K) v D l t kim loi Dysprosi[1] .
[2]
ln
9,25
ko dn (MPa)
28,0
Mun n hi (GPa)
18-55
90
0,0000600
t thm
4,5-10,0
357-380
H s t gio (10-6)
1500-2000
ng dng v cc ci tin
Terfel-D l mt vt liu t gio in hnh (c h s t gio nhit phng cao nht tng c to ra cho n
nay)[4] , c ng dng rng ri trong cc ng dng chuyn i nng lng c-t nh: trong cc h thng nh v
thy m v cm bin ca hi qun, trong thit b SoundBug (ng dng thng mi u tin ca n) cng nh trong
cc thit b c-t khc; hay cc cm bin o gia tc, cm bin c o dch chuyn c hc, cc my pht siu m - t
gio, cc linh kin vi c trong cc b vi c in t (MEMS). Hin nay, Terfenol-D c sn xut thnh thng phm
rng ri [5] . Nu c to dng mng mng, Terfenol-D c th t h s t gio ti 400.10-6.
Xem thm
St t
T gio
Terbi
Terfenol-D
[5] J. D. Snodgrass and O.D. McMasters, Optimized TERFENOL-D manufacturing processes, J. All. Comp. 258 (1997) 24-29. (http:/ / dx. doi.
org/ 10. 1016/ S0925-8388(97)00067-4)
Lin kt ngoi
Terfenol-D data (http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/)
Nguyn l ca DPC
DPC hot ng ging nh mt STEM, ngi
ta hi t chm in t thnh mt chm hi t
rt hp v iu khin qut qua mu.
Thng thng, gc lch ca chm in t
truyn qua mu l rt nh, do khi s dng
chm in t hi t qut trn mu, chm
in t truyn qua s b lch gc ln hn, do
S khi nguyn l ca k thut DPC
nng cao kh nng kho st tng phn
v t tnh. Bn di mu, ngi ta s dng
cun dy hy qut v dng mt detector c 4 gc (gi l quadrant detector) ghi li chm in t bn di.
Khi , tn hiu thu c s l 4 tn hiu t 4 detector con, v tng phn v cm ng t thu c nh vic ly hiu
(vi sai) gia cc detector i din. Mt DPC thng c 2 lp detector 4 gc. Lp trong (E,F,G,H) l cc detector ghi
nh khi thc hin ch hot ng vi phng di nh, s dng chm tia c kch thc ln. Lp ngoi (A,B,C,D)
l 4 detector ghi nh phng i ln, s dng chm tia c hi t rt hp.
nh tng phn t l 2 nh vi sai t cc cp detector i din (E-G, F-H phng i nh, hay A-C, B-D
phng i ln) s tng ng vi tng phn v cm ng t theo 2 trc ta vung gc (Bx, By).
107
c im ca nh DPC
DPC cho 2 nh vi sai (t tn hiu vi sai 2 cp detector i din) tng ng vi s tng phn v cm ng t theo
hai trc ta vung gc (hai thnh phn cm ng t Bx, By). Cc mu sc trn nh tng ng vi ln ca cm
ng t (mu trng cho gi tr dng cc i v mu en cho gi tr m cc tiu, mu xm nht cho gi tr 0). Vch
men c xc nh t bin gii ngn cch gia hai vng c s tng phn v cm ng t. Nh vy, nh DPC cho
hnh nh v cc men t (tri vi [[nh Fresnel cho hnh nh v cc vch men) v do rt d dng v ra s
phn b ca cm ng t trong mu mng.
nh DPC l nh v tr ly nt (in focus), do hon ton khng b nhiu bi cc vn giao thoa Fresnel. i vi cc
mu mng mng st t a tinh th, nh DPC cng c th cho hnh nh cc gn sng ging nh nh Fresnel v tnh
cht ca ph gn sng cng hon ton tng t nh trong nh Fresnel.
DPC c hai ch hot ng. Ch phng i thp, hot ng khi na bn trn ca thu knh Lorentz c tt v
chm tia hi t gc hi t ln, kch thc chm tia ln (thng xung quanh 20-45 nm) v s dng h detector nh
bn trong ghi nh, do cho phn gii t 20-45 nm, nhng li cho tng phn rt tt, cht lng nh cao.
ch phng i ln, na thu knh Lorentz bn trn c hot ng v chm tia c hi t thnh im rt nh (c
1 nm) nn nh thu c c phn gii rt cao (t 1-5 nm) nhng ngc li, tng phn li km so vi ch
phng i thp. Ch ny thng dng o vch men hoc cc tnh cht ca linh kin rt nh.
u im v hn ch ca DPC
u im ca DPC
DPC rt d dng cho nh cu trc t vi cht lng cao v phn gii rt cao.
DPC c th n gin thng dch v ra bn phn b cm ng t trong mu v tnh ton nh lng v cm
ng t, o kch thc vch men vi chnh xc cao mt cch d dng.
So vi cc k thut s dng ch qut khc, DPC l k thut ghi nh nhanh nht.
Hn ch ca DPC
DPC hot ng ch qut nn n ghi nh chm hn so vi ch nh Fresnel hay cc k thut quang khc.
DPC i hi qu trnh ci t sp xp phc tp v h detector rt t tin.
DPC i hi mu mng, sch nn hn ch qu trnh ch to.
108
Xem thm
Knh hin vi Lorentz
Knh hin vi in t truyn qua qut
nh Fresnel
T in tr chui hm
T in tr chui hm hay T in tr xuyn hm, (ting Anh: Tunnelling magnetoresistance, thng vit tt l
TMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr xy ra trong cc mng mng a lp c cc lp st t c ngn cch bi cc lp
in mi.
M t hiu ng
T in tr chui hm hiu n gin l
s thay i ln ca in tr sut xy ra
cc tip xc t chui hm, l cc
mng mng vi cc lp mng mng st
t c ngn cch bi lp in mi,
ng vai tr lp ro ngn cch chuyn
ng ca in t. Khi chiu dy lp
in mi mng, hiu ng chui hm
lng t s xy ra, cho php in t
xuyn qua ro th ca lp in mi,
to thnh s dn in, v do s tn x
trn cc lp st t, in tr ca mng
s b thay i ty theo s nh hng
ca mmen t ca cc lp st t.
Hiu ng t in tr chui hm thc
C ch to hiu ng t in tr chui hm trong cc tip xc t chui hm
cht c pht hin t nm 1975 bi
nhm nghin cu ca Michel Julliere khi pht hin ra hiu ng ny xy ra trong h mng a lp Fe/Ge/Co, xy ra
nhit thp ti 4,2 Kelvin vi lp germanium (Ge) ng vai tr l mt lp in mi[1] .
Hiu ng TMR nhit phng c pht hin ln u tin vo nm 1995 bi nhm nghin cu ca Jagadeesh
Moodera trn cc mng mng CoFe/Al2O3/Co vi Al2O3 ng vai tr lp cch in, cho hiu ng MR ti 11,8%
nhit phng[2] v nhm nghin cu c lp Nht Bn lnh o bi Terunobu Miyazaki[3] , tm thy hiu ng
TMR t ti 18% nhit phng v 30% 4,2 Kelvin trong mng a lp Fe/Al2O3/Fe.
i vi cc tip xc t chui hm c 2 lp st t kp gia bi mt lp in mi, t s t in tr (trong trng hp ny
s dng l TMR) ph thuc vo phn cc spin ca 2 lp (
), v c cho bi cng thc[4] :
109
T in tr chui hm
ng dng ca t in tr chui hm
Cng vi cc thnh tu v hiu ng GMR, hiu ng TMR l tr ct pht trin ca cng ngh spintronic. Cc tip xc
t chui hm ang c s dng trong cc linh kin th h spintronic th nht, in hnh l cc b nh RAM t in
tr (MRAM) khng t xa, cc transistor s dng tip xc spin chui hm v trong cc cm bin cht lng cao...
Xem thm
Hiu ng t in tr
T in tr khng l
Spintronics
T in tr d hng
T in tr d hng (ting Anh: Anisotropic magnetoresistance, vit tt l AMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr m
t s t in tr (s thay i ca in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi) ph thuc vo hng ca dng
in (khng ng hng trong mu), m bn cht l s ph thuc ca in tr vo gc tng i gia t v dng
in. y chnh l hiu ng c William Thomson pht hin vo nm 1856[1] .
Lch s v m t hiu ng
Hiu ng AMR ln u tin c William Thomson, mt gio s i hc Glasgow (Scotland, Vng quc Anh) vo
nm 1856. Trong bi bo cng b trn tp san ca Hip hi Hong gia Anh (Proceedings of Royal Society), William
Thomson ch ra s thay i ca in tr ca cc mu vt dn kim loi st t l Niken v St di tc dng ca t
trng ngoi ca mt nam chm in c th t ti 3-5% nhit phng. Ngoi ra, s thay i ny cn ph thuc
vo phng o, gc tng i gia cng dng in (ca b o in tr) v t trng ngoi, hay chiu ca t
ha ca mu. y l pht hin u tin v hiu ng t in tr v tn gi hiu ng t in tr d hng (AMR) sau
ny c t vo nm 1951 bi J. Smit[2] .
Hiu ng AMR ch xy ra trong cc mu kim loi st t (c th t ti 5% nhit phng trong vt liu
permalloy-90 (Ni90Fe10)) hoc trong mt s cht bn dn hoc bn kim (c xy ra hiu ng Hall ln d thng (v d
nh trn Bismut..) nhng kh nh. Trong t hc, ngi ta c trng cho tnh cht t in tr d hng bi bin
thin in tr sut theo hai phng song song v vung gc vi t trng[3] , [4] :
110
T in tr d hng
vi:
vi , e l thi gian hi phc v in tch ca in t, m1, m2 l khi lng hiu dng trn cc vng nng lng.
ng dng
AMR c s dng trong cc sensor o t trng, sensor AMR rt hu ch trong vic o t trng Tri t.
AMR trc y s dng trong u c ca cng my tnh, sau b thay th bi cc u c s dng hiu ng
GMR.
Gn y AMR li hi sinh tr li vi vic xy dng cc linh kin vch men v s dng t in tr vch men.
Hiu ng AMR c bit hu ch cho vic o c vn chuyn cc vch men trong cc dy nano (xc nh s
xut hin, o hiu ng t in tr vch men, o tc chuyn ng ca vch men...).
111
T in tr d hng
112
Xem thm
T in tr
T in tr khng l
T
in tr sut
Vch men
T in tr khng l
Hiu ng t in tr khng l (ting Anh: Giant magnetoresistance, vit tt l GMR) l s thay i ln ca in
tr cc vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Tn gi gc ting Anh ca GMR l "Giant
magnetoresistance", dch sang ting Vit cn cha thng nht (gia t "ln" hay "khng l") do vic so snh vi tn
gi mt hiu ng t in tr khc c tn ting Anh l "Colossal magnetoresistance" (T "Colossal" c ngha cn ln
hn vi "Giant"). V th, nhng nh nghin cu khoa hc vt liu, vt l cht rn Vit Nam gi tt chung hiu ng
ny l GMR.
ln ca GMR c th hin qua t s t
in tr:
T in tr khng l
Lch s ca GMR
GMR l mt hiu ng t in tr nhng l mt hiu ng lng t khc vi hiu ng t in tr thng thng c
nghin cu t cui th k 19. Hiu ng ny ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1988. Nhm nghin cu ca Albert
Fert i hc Paris-11 trn cc siu mng Fe(001)/Cr(001) cho t s t tr ti vi chc %. Nhm nghin cu ca
Peter Grnberg Trung tm Nghin cu Jlich (c) pht hin ng ny trn mng mng kiu "bnh kp"
(sandwich) 3 lp Fe(12nm/Cr(1 nm)/Fe(12 nm) ch to bng phng php epitaxy chm phn t trn GaAs. Hai
tc gi ny nhn gii thng Nobel Vt l nm 2007 cho pht minh ny.
y l hai nhm c lp nghin cu v pht hin ra hiu ng GMR trn cc mng a lp c cc lp st t b phn
cch bi lp phn st t hoc phi t, ng thi a ra cc gi thit gii thch hiu ng ny.
Nm 1992, nhm ca A. E. Berkowitz (i hc California, San Diego, M) pht hin ra hiu ng GMR trn cc
mng hp kim d th Co-Cu vi cu trc l cc ht Co siu thun t trn nn Cu c t s t tr t ti hn 20%. Cc
nghin cu v sau tip tc pht trin v l gii hiu ng ny, v tnh t "khng l" khng cn c hiu theo ngha
ln ca hiu ng t in tr na, m hiu theo c ch to nn hiu ng: l c ch tn x ph thuc spin ca
in t.
C ch ca hiu ng GMR
in tr ca cc cht rn c to ra do s tn x ca in t, v c cc ng gp cho s tn x ny gm:
Tn x trn mng tinh th do dao ng
mng tinh th gi l tn x trn phonon.
Tn x trn spin ca cc phn t mang t
tnh, gi l tn x trn magnon.
Tn x trn sai hng mng tinh th
(defect).
Gn y cn c cc nghin cu ch ra s
tn x ca in t trn cc polaron t
gii thch hiu ng CMR.
Nh vy, hiu ng GMR c c l do s
tn x ca in t trn magnon. Khi c cc
phn t mang t tnh (v d cc lp st t
trong cc mng a lp hay cc ht siu
thun t trong cc mng hp kim d th) c
s nh hng khc nhau v mmen t (do
tc ng ca t trng ngoi), s dn n s
thay i v tnh cht tn x ca in t v do
M hnh hai dng ca Mott gii thch hiu ng GMR
s lm thay i in tr ca cht rn. Mt
cch chnh xc hn, hiu ng GMR trong cc mng a lp c gii thch bng m hnh hai dng in ca Mott (
ra t nm 1936).
M hnh hai dng
L khi nim c xut nm 1935 bi Mott gii thch cc tnh cht bt thng ca in tr trong
cc kim loi st t. Mott cho rng nhit thp sao cho tn x trn magnon nh th cc dng
chuyn di in t chim a s (c spin song song vi t ) v thiu s (c spin i song song vi t
) s khng b pha trn trong qu trnh tn x. S dn in c th coi l tng hp ca hai dng c lp
v khng cn bng ca hai loi spin c chiu khc nhau.
113
T in tr khng l
Cc lp phn st t (v d Cr) hay phi t (v d Cu) ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc lp st t, khin cho
mmen t ca cc lp st t phi c s nh hng khc nhau sao cho c s cn bng v t . S tc
ng ca t trng ngoi dn n vic thay i s nh hng ca mmen t mi lp, dn n s thay
i v dng dn ca cc spin phn cc, v dn n s thay i v in tr sut.
c thm
Hiu ng t in tr
Spintronics
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1
[2] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v68/ i25/ p3745_1
114
T in tr siu khng l
T in tr siu khng l
T in tr siu khng l (ting Anh:
Colossal magnetoresistance, vit tt l
CMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr xy
ra trong cc vt liu gm, xit c cu
trc kiu perovskite m trong s
thay i ca in tr sut ca vt liu
di tc dng ca t trng ngoi t
ti vi cp so vi gi tr ban u ca
n. Trong thut ng ting Vit, tn gi
ca CMR cha c thng nht do s
so snh vi hiu ng t in tr khng
l (GMR). Nu hiu ng GMR c
dch sang ting Vit l T in tr
ln th CMR c gi l 'T in tr
Cu trc tinh th ca vt liu gm kiu perovskite c kh nng cho hiu ng CMR
khng l. y l vn mang tnh
cht ng ngha, khng lm thay i bn cht vt l ca hiu ng. V th, thun tin, nhng ngi lm cng tc
nghin cu vt l Vit Nam thng ch gi tt l Hiu ng CMR.
115
T in tr siu khng l
Nu v tr A ch c mt nguyn t kim loi kim th th khng c s pha trn ha tr ca cc in v tr B, do n
mang tnh phn st t. Nhng khi pha tp thm cc nguyn t t him (c ha tr 3) th s to ra s mt cn bng v
ha tr trong cc in B. Hn na, s pha tp ny to ra s bin dng ca mng tinh th (mo mng Jall-Teller). y
l c ch thay i tnh cht t ca perovskite. V nhiu tc gi cho rng hiu ng CMR bt ngun t c ch ny[2] .
Tuy nhin, c ch DE - SE thc ra cha l gii mt cch tha ng hiu ng CMR. Gn y, c tc gi li xut c
ch da trn polaron t[3] , [4] , cho rng: khi t t trng vo vt liu, kch thc ca cc polaron t pht trin dn
n s thay i kh nng tp trung cc in t trong qu trnh vn chuyn, hay ni n gin l s tng tc gia in
t vi cc polaron t do thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu. Nhn chung, c ch ca CMR cn gy nhiu tranh ci
trong cng ng vt l v do n tr thnh mt hiu ng hp dn c v mt nghin cu c bn ln kh nng ng
dng.
Cng vi cc hiu ng GMR v TMR, hiu ng CMR cng l mt nn tng cho s pht trin ca cng ngh
spintronic trong tng lai. Hin ti, CMR c s dng hiu qu trong cc cm bin i hi nhy cao v di lm
vic rng do s thay i in tr sut ln trong qu trnh t t trng.
Xem thm
Hiu ng t in tr
T in tr khng l
T in tr chui hm
Perovskite
116
117
Chng 3: ng dng
Thu knh t
Thu knh t (ting Anh: Magnetic
lens) l mt loi thu knh hay mt loi
thit b dng hi t hoc lm lch
chm ht mang in tch (v d nh
in t, in...) di tc dng ca lc t
do t trng trong thu knh tc dng
ln chm ht. Kh nng hi t hoc
lm lch chm ht c th thay i nh
vic thay i t trng trong thu knh.
Thu knh t c s dng trong cc
thit b iu khin chm ht, m nhiu
nht l trong cc knh hin vi in t,
ng tia catt...
Cu trc ct ngang ca mt thu knh t s dng trong knh hin vi in t truyn qua.
Thu knh t
Sc sai
Sc sai lin quan n s km n sc trong
bc sng ca chm ht mang in. Mt
chm ht mang in chuyn ng s tng
ng vi mt b sng c nhiu bc sng
khc nhau, hay bn cht l do mi ht mang
in s c ng nng khc nhau. Do , cc
sng c bc sng khc nhau s hi t ti
cc tiu im khc nhau, to ra mt a tn
rng ti thiu trn mt phng tiu (hiu
Hai loi quang sai, sc sai (a): chm ht c bc sng khc nhau do chm tia
dng) ca thu knh, thay v l chm tia
song song khng hi t ti mt im m to thnh mt a, cu sai (b): chm tia
song song hi t ti mt im nh nguyn l
cng xa trc chnh cng b km hi t.
ca quang hnh hc. Trn thc t, sc sai l
quang sai tn ti bt k dng thu knh no (k c thu knh thy tinh) do tnh cht khng n sc ca bc x.
Hin nay, ngi ta c nhiu cch khc nhau khc phc iu ny, v d nh s dng chm in t pht ra t
sng pht x trng c n sc rt cao, hoc s dng b lc nng lng, lm tn x i cc in t c nng lng
khng mong mun, do lm tng n sc ca sng.
Cu sai
Cu sai l dng quang sai ch c trong cc thu knh t do s phn b t trng khng hon ho. S km hon ho
ny dn n vic cc chm tia xa trc chnh s hi t km hn so vi cc chm tia i gn trc chnh v do cng
to ra mt a tn rng thay v hi t ti mt im.
Hin nay, vic loi tr cu sai ang l mt vn ln ca k thut hin vi in t nhm to ra cc knh hin vi in
t truyn qua c phn gii siu cao, di mc nguyn t.
118
Thu knh t
119
Xem thm
Knh hin vi in t
Nam chm in
in t hc spin
in t hc spin (ting Anh: spintronics) l mt ngnh a lnh vc m mc tiu chnh l thao tc v iu khin cc
bc t do ca spin trong cc h cht rn[1] . Ni mt cch n gin, spintronics l mt ngnh nghin cu mi nhm
to ra cc linh kin mi da trn vic iu khin v thao tc spin ca in t.
Spin ca in t
in t c hai c tnh rt quan trng l in tch v spin. in tch ca in t c gi l in tch nguyn t v c
gi tr c trng l e = 1,6.10-19 C (mang du m), v c con ngi khai thc t rt lu m c trng n gin
l dng in. Cc linh kin in t truyn thng s dng in trng iu khin in tch ca in t trong cc
linh kin.
Spin l mt c trng ca in t, c hiu mt cch n gin l to ra t vic in t (mang in tch) chuyn
ng quay quanh trc ca n ging nh Tri t v cc hnh tinh... to nn mmen ng lng spin v mmen t
spin. Spin ca in t c ln l
S ra i ca spintronics
S hnh thnh ca spintronics xut pht t nhng pht kin v hiu ng t in tr. Spintronics bt u ra i vi s
pht hin ca hiu ng t in tr khng l (giant magnetoresistance - GMR) c pht hin vo nm 1988, ng
thi bi 2 nhm nghin cu Php lnh o bi Albert Fert[2] v c do Peter Grnberg ng u[3] v hiu ng
t in tr chui hm (tunneling magnetoresistance - TMR) vo nm 1995[4] . Hai tc gi ng u hai nhm ny l
Albert Fert v Peter Grnberg nhn c gii thng Nobel Vt l nm 2007 cho nhng ng gp quan trng cho
s hnh thnh ca spintronics trn c s pht minh v hiu ng t in tr khng l.
in t hc spin
120
Mc tiu quan trng ca spintronics l hiu v c ch tng tc gia spin ca cc ht v mi trng cht rn, t
c th iu khin c v mt cng nh s chuyn vn (transportation) ca dng spin trong vt liu. Nhng cu hi
ln c t ra cho ngnh spintronics l:
Cch no hiu qu nht phn cc mt h spin?
Mt h spin c th nh trng thi nh hng trong bao lu?
Lm th no ghi nhn spin?
vi
Dng phn cc spin: L khi nim c xut nm 1935 bi Mott gii thch cc tnh cht bt thng ca
in tr trong cc kim loi st t. Mott cho rng nhit thp sao cho tn x trn magnon nh th cc
dng chuyn di in t chim a s (c spin song song vi t ) v thiu s (c spin i song song vi t ) s
khng b pha trn trong qu trnh tn x. S dn in c th coi l tng hp ca hai dng c lp v khng cn
bng ca hai loi spin c chiu khc nhau. chnh l khi nim v dng phn cc spin. V m hnh ca Mott
c gi l m hnh hai dng in, v sau c nhm ca Campel m rng vo nm 19367, v sau tip tc
c b sung hon thin v l mt khi nim quan trng m t hiu ng t in tr cng nh cc qu trnh
trong linh kin spintronics.
Tim spin, bm spin: Trong mt s cht trng thi st t, mt spin up v down l cn bng nhau v khng
to ra dng phn cc spin v khng hu ch cho cc linh kin spintronics. Ngi ta c th to ra cc dng phn
cc spin trong cc cht ny bng cch dng cc ngun a dng phn cc spin vo t bn ngoi, gi l qu
trnh tim spin (spin injection) hay bm spin (spin pumping).
Truyn dn spin
Tch ly spin
Vo thi im hin ti, cc nghin cu v spintronics c hai xu hng:
in t hc spin
121
in t hc spin
Xem thm
St t
T in tr
T in tr khng l
Spin
Lin kt ngoi
Room temperature spintronics consortium [8]
B nh RAM t tr [9]
122
Ton nh in t
123
Ton nh in t
Ton nh in t hay Ton k in t l mt k
thut phn tch cu trc in t ca vt rn, c
pht trin t knh hin vi in t truyn qua, da
trn nguyn tc ghi li nh ton k ca chm in
t tn x qua vt rn, vi chm in t gc ban u.
Nguyn l ca ton nh in t
Ton nh in t hon ton tng t vi php ton
nh quang hc (c pht minh bi Dennis Gabor),
ch c iu sng c s dng y l sng in t
v s tn x ca sng in t c ghi li l do s
tn x trn trng in t ca mu vt. thc hin
php ton nh in t, ngi ta ghi li s giao thoa
ca 2 chm in t kt hp c pht ra t cng
mt ngun (c chia thnh hai nh b lng knh
tch chm tia). to nh giao thoa cht lng cao,
in t c dng phi l sng in t c pht ra
t cc sng pht x trng (c n sc rt cao).
Khi mt chm in t chiu qua mu vt, sng in
t b lch pha do s tn x vi t trng v trng
tnh in ca mu vt. V s dch pha c cho bi
cng thc:
s hng u tin l thnh phn tn x trn trng tnh in, s hng th hai l tn x trn t trng. Cng thc c th
vit gn li thnh[1] :
vi
t;
l bc sng v th tng tc ca in
Ton nh in t
124
vi
Ton nh in t
125
[4] L. Allard, T. Nolan, D. Joy, Electron holography: A new view of materials structure, ORNL Review (http:/ / www. ornl. gov/ info/
ornlreview/ rev28-4/ text/ electron. htm)
Xem thm
Ton k
Knh hin vi in t truyn qua
Knh hin vi Lorentz
Knh hin vi lc t
Knh hin vi lc t (ting Anh: Magnetic
Force Microscope, thng vit tt l MFM)
l mt loi knh hin vi thuc nhm knh
hin vi qut u d (SPM), c s dng
xy dng hnh nh s phn b ca tnh cht
t trn b mt vt rn da trn vic ghi nhn
lc tng tc (lc t) gia mi d t tnh vi
b mt ca mu.
Nguyn l hot ng
V mt nguyn l, MFM hot ng tng t
nh AFM. Mi d qut trn b mt mu
c s dng l vt liu t tnh khi qut trn
b mt mu s c s tng tc vi cc thnh
phn t tnh trn b mt, qua v bn
phn b cc thnh phn t tnh b mt, m
c th y l cu trc men ca vt rn[1]
.
Lc tng tc t gia mi d v b mt vt
rn c xc nh bi[2] :
vi
mu vt.
Knh hin vi lc t
126
u im v hn ch
u im ca MFM: MFM l thit
b dng phn tch cu trc t ca
vt rn c nhiu u im. u im
u tin l c kh nng phn tch
cu trc t m khng i hi s ph
hy hay x l mu nh knh hin vi
Lorentz, ng thi phn gii
khng b gii hn bi hin tng
nhiu x, m ch ph thuc vo kch
thc v bc qut ca mi d trn
b mt mu vt.
Xem thm
Knh hin vi qut u d
Knh hin vi lc nguyn t
Knh hin vi Lorentz
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