QUANG HC

PHI TUYN
PGS. TS. Trn Th Tm
Khoa VLKT & CNNN
7Ung i hc Cng ngh, +4*H ni
drtranthitam@gmail.com
Quang phi tuy n

Cc nguyn l c bn ca
quang phi tuyn
v Lu bin quang

Quang phi tuy n

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Lp hc chuyn Php Vit. Cc Nguyn

l F bn ca Quang Ln t hc v Vin
thng Quang hc, 6Q 1-11 thng
11/2004. Bi ging ca GS. M. Dumont:
Nguyn l ca Quang hc phi tuyn, bin
Lu quang v Quang hc cc vt liu hu
F. P39-90.
2. Y. R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear
Optics. John Wiley & Sons, NY1984.
Quang phi tuy n

4. V Thanh Khit, L thuyt Ln t v s

truyn nh sng, i hc Quc gia H ni, Khoa
cng ngh, H ni 2002.
5. H Quang Qu, Quang phi tuyn ng dng,
NXB i hc Quc gia H ni, 2007
6. Frits Zernike, John E. Midwinter. Applied
Nonlinear Optics. John Wiley & Sons, NY1972.
Quang phi tuy n

Cc nguyn l c bn ca quang phi tuyn

v Lu bin quang
Dn nhp v quang phi tuyn.
1) Nhc li v quang tuyn tnh sng Ln t.

Cc

trnh truy n sng.

ng

H 3KQJ trnh Maxwell

3KQJ trnh lan truyn ca sng phng

Mi WUng d Kng tuyn tnh, khng mt mt.

Hin Wng Ong chit
Ellipsode chit xut

2) Cc hiu ng phi tuyn.

QuangLu
phi tuy bin
n
3) Cc hiu ng Ln quang.
nh sng.

Vi nt v l ch s quang h c
Bt u t thi c Hy lp:
Aristophanes (450? - 388? BC) trong quy n
sch Clouds c a mnh m t s ph n x c a
nh sng m t tr i.
Democritus (460 - 370 BC) v
Aristotle (384 -322 BC)
bn lu n v b n ch t c a vi c nhn th y.
Archimedes (290? - 212? BC), l y th u
knh h i t nh sng m t tr i vo tu ch, chi n
th ng trong tr n chi n Syracuse
213 BC
Quang phi tuy n

Th k th 17 v
1690 Christian Huygens l p lu n l
nh sng bao g m cc sng, trong khi Isac
Newton
1704 gi i thch r ng nh sng
c t o thnh t nh ng h t nh xu. Cc
th nghi m h tr c hai l thuy t c a h .
Quang hnh: nh lu t v khc x c a
1621, James Bradley
Willebrord Snell
1725
c quang sai c a nh
sng t cc v sao v v n t c nh sng
Quang phi tuy n

Quang h c sng:
Euler (1768) cho r ng sng nh sng lan truy n
trong mi
ng ch t l ng ete.
1801 th nghi m c a Thomas Young v hi n
ng giao thoa c a nh sng
qua hai khe
h p.
Malus (1908) v Brewster in 1811 - cc th
nghi m v phn c c.
Fresnel v Arago nghin c u hi n t ng giao
thoa c a nh sng phn c c k t lu n: cc
dao
ng sng ch c th l cc dao
ng
ngang.
Quang phi tuy n
Maxwell (1873) nh sng l sng
nt

Quang phi tuy n

Th
Th k
k 19,
19, Maxwell
Maxwell
thit
thit lp
lp cc
cc nh
nh lut
lut tng
tng
qut
qut v
v trng
trng in
in t
t v
v
a
a ra
ra kt
kt lun
lun rng:
rng:
nh
nh sng
sng l
l sng
sng in
in t.
t.

c
X

HP

1895
1895 -Thuyt
-Thuyt in
in t
t v
v cu
cu to
to vt
vt cht
cht ca
ca Lorentz
Lorentz

gii
gii thch
thch c
c s
s ph
ph thuc
thuc ca
ca hng
hng s
s in
in
mi
mi ca
ca mi
mi trtr ng
ng vo
vo tn
tn s.
s.
Quang phi tuy n

Quang phi tuy n

u th k 20 l thuy t

ng t

M. Plank
1900 thuy t v
ng t
ng, 1905 A. Einstein thuy t
ng t nh
sng photon nh sng c
ng tnh sngh t.
1913 Niels Bohr - c u trc nguyn t Hydro
1960 T. H. Maiman laser,C. H. Townes 1964
gi i
ng Nobel do lm ra
c lasers & A.
M. Prochorow, N. G. Basow. Cc laser u tin
ra
i nh d u m t giai
n m i c a khoa
h c v cng ngh .
Quang phi tuy n

Nhng ngun sng thng thng

a 104 W/m2
o cQJin trng a 10 100 V/m
o khi nh sng truyn trong mi WUng,
cc tnh cht ca mi WUng QK: chit
sut, h s hp th v.v.. Khng ph thuc
vo Fng nh sng o cc SKQJ trnh
ca WUng Ln t l cc SKQJ trnh
tuyn tnh o Quang hc tuyn tnh.
Quang phi tuy n

o ngun nh sng laser 1019 W/m2

o Fng Ln WUng t ti 1011V/m
o cc thng s quang hc ca mi WUng
ph thuc vo Fng nh sng, cc
SKQJ trnh ca WUng Ln t tr thnh
phi tuyn
o Quang hc phi tuyn
Quang phi tuy n

Quang phi tuyn l g?

S
p ng tuy n tnh trong
quang c
n
F

P(t)

P vFE
0

E(t)

E=E0cosZt

E=E0 e-DL/2 cos(Zt+M)

I = I0 e- DL
Quang phi tuy n

Quang phi tuyn l g?

S

p ng phi tuy n (bo ho)

PvFE
+F(3)E 3

+..

E=E0cosZt

F

P(t)

E=E0 e-DL/2 cos(Zt+M)

+ E3 cos(3Zt+M')
+ .......
Quang phi tuy n

E(t)

Quang phi tuyn l g?

S
p ng phi tuy n C A H KHNG C
TM
PvFE
+F(2)E 2

I X NG

F

+ .

P(t)

E=E0 e-DL/2 cos(Zt+M)

+ E2 cos(2Zt)
+ EDC
2
(cosZt) =(1+cos2Zt)/2
E=E0cosZt

E(t)

S to ra ho ba bc hai (GSH) v s chnh OX quang

Quang phi tuy n
hc

Quang phi tuyn l g?

Ch mt QP sau khi sng ch ra laser!

Quang phi tuy n

 ln ca Quang phi tuyn

ng n i phn t
1011 V/m.
ng
c a m t sng nh sng
ng v i
1019 W/m2.
Trn su t vng ph nhn th y, m t v t
t i 3000K cho 1.5 10 6 W/m2.
Cc hi u ng phi tuy n khng
ng k

F
P(t)

E(t)

M t xung laser 1 mJ
di 100 ps, h i t l i ( 10 m) cho m t
1018 W/m2.
Cc laser cho ta m t
ng t p trung
- theo ph (s k t h p theo th i gian)
- theo khng gian (s k t h p theo khng gian)
Quang phi tuy n
- lin t c theo th i gian (laser xung)

Nhc li v quang tuyn tnh

1) 3KQJ trnh lan truyn.

a. T WUng bin thin theo thi gian sinh ra Ln

WUng v QJc li. 1K vy: Ln WUng v t
WUng lin h cht ch vi nhau, chng ng thi
tn ti trong khng gian, to thnh WUng thng
nht l WUng Ln t.
b. 7Ung Ln t E: 9HFW Fng Ln WUng; l mt
khong khng gian, trong tn ti lc Ln v t.
7Ung Ln t ti mi Lm c c WUQJ bi:
D : 9HFW cm ng Ln;
H : 9HFW Fng t WUng;
B : 9HFW cm ng t Quang phi tuy n

H SKQJ trnh Maxwell (khi mi WUng Ln

mi khng c ht ti t do, = 0, J = 0):

wD
wt
wB
rotE 
wt
divD U
rotH

J

J YHFW mt dng Ln
mt khi ca Ln tch

divB 0
Quang phi tuy n

Khi kho st WUng Ln t trong mi WUng vt

cht, ta cn c cc SKQJ trnh vt cht:

D(E),

B B(H),

J(E),

T tt c cc SKQJ trnh trn rt ra c:

wU
 divJ 0
wt

3KQJ trnh lin tc

biu th nh lut bo
ton Ln tch
Quang phi tuy n

3KQJ trnh vt cht (mi WUng khng t

tnh, M=0) :
a. Trong chn khng:

D H 0 E,

P0 H

H0 = 8.85 1012 MKSA : hng s Ln mi ca

chn khng
Quang phi tuy n

b. Trong mi WUng ng Kng:

D H 0HE,

P 0 PH,

J VE,

hng s Ln mi ca mi WUng;
t thm (WQJ i) ca mi WUng
dn Ln ca mi WUng

Khi Ln WUng E p vo mi WUng to nn

mt Ong cc Ln P.

P H 0 FE
Quang phi tuy n

cm tuyn tnh

D H 0 E  P H 0 E  H 0 FE H 0 H E

H 1 F
Tng thnh phn ca E hoc H l li gii ca
3KQJ trnh sng
1 w 2U
2
Vn tc
ca nh
sng trong
mi WUng

U

c wt
2

c0
n

c
n

(H Quang
)1/ 2 phi tuy(1n F )1/ 2

Chit sut
ca mi
WUng

Trong phn ln cc WUng hp cc tham s v

m: , , c th xem QK khng ph thuc vo
Fng ca WUng. Khi cc h thc trn l
tuyn tnh mi WUng tuyn tnh.
Khi mi WUng c cc tham s trn ph thuc
vo Fng ca WUng mi WUng phi
tuyn.

D H 0H ( E )E,

J V ( E )E,
Quang phi tuy n

P 0 P ( H )H,

c. Trong mi WUng d Kng:

D H 0 H E,
7HQ[ Ln
thm

D v E khng song song vi nhau

Cc WHQ[ , , l hm ca ta v Fng
WUng Ln t.

Quang phi tuy n

1) 3KQJ tr
trnh lan truy
truyn.
H SKQJ trnh Maxwell
(mi WUng Ln mi khng c ht ti t do, U = 0,
&
&
&
& &
&
& & &
J = 0):
wD
k u H Z D
k .B 0
rotH u H
div B .B 0
wt
&
& & &
& & &
& &
&
& &
wB
k uE ZB
k.D 0
div D .D 0
rot E u E 

wt

SKQJ trnh vt cht (mi WUng khng t tnh, M=0):
&
&
&
& &
&
&
&
B P oH
D H oE  P H oE  H o F E H o H E


3KQJ trnh lan truyn WUng hp chung:

& & &

& & &

u u E


Sng ph
phng Q sc
&
Er, t

& &
Pr , t

& &
 i k


&

 .E  'E

>
&
e>P

1 w 2 & 1 &
E  H P
c 2 wt 2 
o 



&&
exp i k.r  i Zt

&
(Z, k )

&&
exp i k.r  i Zt

2S
O

1 F

Z 2 & 1
E  H
c 2 
o


&
2
k EA


&
P 



&(Z,&
k)

e E

w
wt

iZ

EA
S=ExH

@
Z

2S Q

Quang phi tuy n

B//H

3KQJ trnh lan truyn ca mt sng phng

trong mi WUng ng Kng

&
&
& &
P H 0 F .E P // E
= 1 + vn v l nhng i lng v hng

& Z2 &
k .E  2 .E
c

& H .Z 2 &
Z2 &
2
.P k .E  2 .E
2
c
H 0 .c

n : Chit xut

H .Z 2
k
2
c
Quang phi tuy n

Z
n.
c

H = n2

3KQJ trnh lan truyn ca mt sng

phng trong mi WUng bt ng Kng

&
&
P H 0 F .E
Pi

H 1 F

H 0 F ij .E j

H &F

& &
P // E

l nhng WHQ[

- Trong mi WUng khng c mt mt H l mt

WHQV hermit: Hij = Hji*
- Nu QK mi WUng khng phn cc t nhin
(khng c phn cc quay) H i xng v
thc: Hij= Hji & ij = ji
Quang phi tuy n

Cc trc bt k

Cc trc chnh
z

 D i 
 
D j 
 
D


 k 

 H ii

H o  H ij

H ik



H ij
H jj
H jk

H ik
H jk
H kk

 E i 
 
 E j 
 
E k 

 

y
x

H x

H o 0


0

D x 
 
D y 
 

D z 

Quang phi tuy n

0
Hy
0

0 E x 
 
0 E y 
 
H z 
E z 



N u
n
ng c a sng song song v i m t tr c chnh, I
Lan truy n gi ng
trong m t mi
ng ng
ng chi t
xu t nI
nX2 0
Dx 

 
2
0 nY
D
H
 y  o 

 
 0 0
Dz 
 



1

c th
d ng b c hai:

0 Ex 
 
0 Ey 
 
n2Z Ez 

 

Ex 
 
H o Ey 
 
Ez 
 

c bi u di n

x2

n x2

nX2

 0

 0



y2
n y2

2

nY
0

0 Dx 
 
0 Dy 

2  
nZ Dz 

 

z2
n 2z

z
k\ l elipxoit chit sut:
nx
x
Quang phi tuy n

nz

ny
y

&
ki

r
&
k

niZ
& ni
c

Phn cc nh sng c xc
&
nh bng 
D.
i vi tt c cc Kng lan
&
&
truyn 
k , c hai Kng phn
Dk ,e
cc vung gc m lan truyn
khng b mo dng.
c gi l cc ng trung
ho
& i vi Kng lan truyn
.
k
Cc ng trung ha l cc
trc ca ellipse to nn bi
mt ct ca ellipsode v mt
&
phng sng. di ca chng
Dk ,o
cho ta hai chit xut.
Quang phi tuy n

Hi

Tinh th
tr c :
nX = nY = no
Chi t xu t bnh
ng
nZ = ne
chi t xu t b t
ng
&
k b t k , Hai chi t xu t
iv im t
ng 
l:
& &
no ( D o // E o A z )
1

cos 2T

n 2e (T)

n 2o

sin 2T

Quang phi tuy n

n 2e

Mi

ng h p th (ho c khu ch

ng h p th &, trong m t
& dP
v th tch E.
dt

i)

v th i gian v m t

&
&
d W
dP
E
.
&
d 3r .dt
dt
&&
&&
&
1 &
E exp i.k. r - iZt  cc .  iZ.P exp i.k. r - iZt  cc
4
& &
1
1
iZ.E.P  cc
H 0Z iEi F ij E j  cc
4
4
1
H 0ZEi .E j iF ij  iF ij Quang phi tuy n
4
4

>

 @>

>

>

Mi

>

ng h p th (ho c khu ch
D x 
Hx
 

D y  H o 0
 

D z 
0
 


avec
Vi: :

0
H
y
0

Hi

i)

0 E x 
 
0 E y 
 
Hz E z 
 

H' i i H" i 1 F' i i F" i

V d
:
M t sng phn c c X, lan truy n theo

n~x2

nx  ikx 2

H~x o nx2

H cx ; kx
Quang phi tuy n

Fx
2n x

ng Z :

neu

kx  nx

E x  z , t  E x expin~k0 z  iZt 

E x expinx k0 z  iZt  exp kx k0 z 

I  z  I 0. exp D .z 
voi

k0

- h s
hp th nu
(x>0)

Z
c

&

1
2
.n.H 0 c. E
2

ZF cxc
c.nx

- h s
khuch i
nu (x<0)

Quang phi tuy n

H th c Kramers-Kronig.
F cZ 

F ccZ 
1
P.P.
dZ c
S
Zc  Z
f
f

F ccZ 

F cZ 
1
P.P.
dZ
S
Zc  Z
f
f

PP phn chnh
F'
F '0
F ''

i v i m t d i h p th :
Z
Quang phi tuy n

c m phi tuy n
F

F

P(t)
P(t)

f
& &
& &
P r , t  H 0 f E r , t  W  dW

E(t)

E(t)

f 1 & &
H 0 F W  E r , t  W dW
0
f
f
& &
& &
 dW F 2  W ,W c Er , t  W  E r , t  W  W cdW c
0

cf

& &
& &
& &
c
c
c
c
Quang
phi
tuy
n
 dW dW F W ,W ,W  E r , t  W  Er , t  W  W  Er , t  W  W c  W ccdW cc  ...@
3 

Nu WUng l mt tng ca cc sng phng:

Phn tch Fourier

Er, t 

EZ , k  expik.r - iZt 

Z
,k

Pr, t 

PZ , k  expik.r - iZt 

Z
,k

P 1 Z , k  H 0 F 1 k, Z EZ , k 
P 2  Z , k  H 0 F 2  k

P 3  Z , k  H 0 F 3  k

k1  k 2 , Z

Z1  Z2  : EZ1 , k1 EZ2 , k 2 

k1  k 2  k 3 , Z

? EZ1 , k1 E Z2 , k 2 E Z3 , k 3 
.........

Quang phi tuy n

Z1  Z2  Z3 

&(1)
B c 1: 
P khng ch a cc t n s c a cc
F

(1)

(quang tuy n tnh)

l m t
b c 2

Pi(1) (Z)
B

&(2)
c 2: 
P ch
F

ng

(2)

Ho

a t t c cc t n s (Zi

l m t

Pi(2) (Z)

Ho

F(1)
ij (Z) E j(Z)

b c3

jk

ho c m)

Z1  Z 2

F(2)
ijk (Z; Z 1 ,Z 2 ) E j (Z 1) E k (Z 2 )
Quy c v
kQuang
hiuphi tuy n

B c 3:

Pi

F
Pi

(3)

(Z)

(3)

Ho

(3)

ch a t t c cc t n s
Z Z1  Z 2  Z 3)

l m t

jkl

b c4

(3)

F ijkl(Z; Z 1,Z 2 ,Z 3 ) E j(Z 1) E k (Z 2 ) E l(Z 3 )

Quy c v
k hiu

Quang phi tuy n

P 2  Z3  F 2  E Z1 E Z2 

Cc Hi u ng b c hai
Cc hin Wng
Tng tn s
To ho ba bc hai
Hiu tn s
Chnh OX tn s
Hiu ng Ln
quang Pockels
To tham s (nu
c dao ng laser
OPO)
Khuch i tham
s (OPA)

7Ung ti

Z1 , Z2
Z
Z1 , Z2
Z
Z , E tnh
Ln
Z3

Z3 = Z1 + Z2
Z3 = Z +Z = 2Z
Z3 = Z1 - Z2
Z3 = Z - Z = 0
Z=Z+0o'n
Z1 , Z2 vi Z1 + Z2 = Z3
hiu ng QJc vi hiu ng
tng tn s

P 3 Z4  F 3 E Z1 E Z2 E Z3 

Cc hin Wng

7Ung ti

Bo ho cc hiu
ng tuyn tnh

Kt qu

/X

Z4 = Z - Z + Z = Z

Bo ho cho nhau
Z1 , Z2
To ho ba bc ba
Z
(TGH)
Z1 , Z2 , Z3
Trn bn sng

Hiu ng Ln
quang Kerr
Hiu ng Raman
(hay Brilloin)
Fng bc

/X

Z1 khuch i + Z2
Z1 + Z2= Z 3 ging h hiu tn
Z3 , Z1
s QKQJ ng ta ch quan tm
Quang phi tuy n
n Z1 m khng phi l Z2

Cc Hi u ng b c ba

Trn bn sng suy

bin

Kt qu

Z4 = Z1 - Z2 + Z2 = Z1
Z4 = Z + Z + Z = 3Z
Z4 = Z1 - Z2 + Z3

Z , k1z k2z
k3

Z4 = Z - Z + Z = Z

Z , E tnh
Ln

Z=Z+0+0o'n

ZZ

&
k4

& & &

k1  k 2  k3

ZS = Z - Zv ; ZA = Z + Zv
Zv tn s phn t

Quang phi tuy n

Cc quy

c v k hi u khc:

1) S d ng cc

ng th c:

Z ! 0 E(Zp ) cos(Zp t  Mp )

E(t)

Cc thnh ph n Fourier :

1
E (Z ) exp i Mp
2 j p

E j(Z p )

2
ijk R

1 2
F ijk
2

F Quang phi tuy n

3
ijk" R

2) S d ng cc h s nhn: Dn l s
v c a
ng
(2)

Pi (Z)

H oD 2

jk

(3)

HoD3

jkl

ng cc hon

(2)

D2 = 2 n u Z1 Z2

(3)

dijkl(Z;Z1,Z2 ,Z3)E j(Z1) Ek (Z2 ) El(Z3)

D3 = 1 n u Z1= Z2 = Z3 ;
D3 = 6 n u Z1 Z2 Z3
d(n)
ij..p (Z;Z1,Z 2,..,Z n )

1 3
F ijk"
4

d ijk (Z; Z 1 ,Z 2 ) E j (Z 1) E k (Z 2 )

D2 = 1 n u Z1= Z2 ;

Pi (Z)

E *j (Z p )

D3 = 3 n u Z1= Z2
1

2(ns1)Dn (Z1,Z2,..,Zn)
Quang phi tuy n

Z3 ;

F(n)
ij..p (Z;Z1,Z 2,..,Z n )

Cc
1)

i x ng khi hon v

i x ng n i

(2)

F ijk (Z 3; Z 1, Z 2 )

(2)

F ikj (Z 3 ; Z 2 ,Z 1 )

F ijk (Z 3 ; Z 1,Z 2 )

F ijk (Z 3 ; Z 1,Z 2 )

B cc a

(2)*

car :
Trong WUng
hp

(2)

E(Z)

E * (Z)

ng khng c ngh a v t l hon v :

(Z1,j) (Z2,k)

t o ho ba b c hai,

i ta c th hon v j v k :

(2)
F(2)
(2Z;Z,Z
)
F
ikj
ijk (2Z;Z,Z )
Quang phi tuy n

Thnh phn WHQ[ bc 3 t 27 cn 18; bc 4 t 81 cn 30

S gi m s

ng cc ch s chi t xu t

ij = xx

p = 1

yy

zz

yz = zy

xz = zx

xy = yx

dip

Px 
 
Py 
 
Pz 
 

d(2)
ijk

1 (2)
F (2Z;Z,Z )
2 ijk

d11 d12 d13 d14 d15


d 21 d 22 d 23 d 24 d 25

d 31 d 32 d 33 d 34 d 35


Quang phi tuy n

 Ex2 
 2 
 E 
d16  y 
 2 
d 26  E z 
2E zEy 

d 36 
2E zEx 


2ExEy 





Cc
2) Cc

i x ng khi hon v

i x ng c

u ki n :

N u
khng c m t mt,
i ta
c th hon v t t c cc t n s v i ch s
chi t xu t v k hi u :
d(2)
ijk (Z 3 ;Z1,Z 2 )

(2)*
d(2)
jik (Z1; Z 3 ,Z 2 ) d jik (Z1;Z 3 ,Z 2 )
(2)*
d(2)
(Z
;
Z
,Z
)
d
2
3 1
kij
kij (Z 2 ;Z 3 ,Z1 )

Quang phi tuy n

i x ng Kleinman:
N u khng c tn s c (cng m t ch s
chi t xu t cho Z v 2Z khi ta c th

hon v t t c cc ch s m khng c n
n t n s n a.
v d

d xyz

d yxz

d14

d 25

d zxy
d 36

WHQV bc ba ch cn 10 s hng v bc bn cn 15 s hng

Quang phi tuy n

Cc

i x ng lin quan n v t li u
( i x ng c a tinh th )

Trong khong vt hc v tinh th hc, mt cu trc

tinh th l mt s sp xSc bit ca cc nguyn t
trong tinh th. Mt cu trc tinh th gm c mt {Q
v v rt nhiu cc nguyn t sp xp theo mt cch
c bit; v tr ca chQJ c lp li mt cch tun
hon trong khng gian ba chiu theo mt mng
Bravais. KFKWKc cD{QY theo cc chiu khc
QKDX c gi l cc thng s mng hay hng s
mng. Ty thuc vo tnh chWi xng cD{QY
m tinh th thuc vo mt trong cc nhm khng
Quang phi tuy n
gian khc nhau.

H tinh th

H tinh th l mt nhPLm ca cc mng tinh th

(tp hp cc phSi xng quay vi xng phn x
m mW Lm ca mng tinh th khng biQ i). H
tinh th khng c cc nguyn t trong cF{QY. N
ch l nhng biu din hnh hc m thi.
Mng Bravais l mt tp hp cF Lm to thnh t
mWLm duy nht theo cFEc ri rc xFnh bi
cc vFWFV.
Cu trc tinh th l mt trong cc mng tinh th vi
mW{QY v cc nguyn t c mt ti cc nt mng
ca cF{QY ni trn.
Quang phi tuy n

NhPLm tinh th hc hoc lp tinh th l mt

tp hp cc phS i xng khng tnh tin m
Gi tc dng ca cc phSi xQJ, tinh th
tr li v trQKF. C tt c 32 lp tinh th.
Nhm khng gian ca mt cu trc tinh th
c to thnh t cc phSi xng tnh tin b
sung vo cc phSi xng ca cc nhPLm.
C tt c 230 nhPNK{QJJLDQQKYy.
Cu trc vi xng ca tinh th c vai tr rt
quan trng vi cc tnh cht lin kt, tnh cht
Ln, tnh cht quang,... ca tinh th.
Quang phi tuy n

H tinh th

Mng tinh th

tam t
(triclinic)
Q gin

tm mt y

Q t
(monoclinic)

Quang phi tuy n

( Simple)

(centered)

H thoi trc giao (orthohombic)

Q gin
(simple)

Tm khi
(body-centered)

Tm mt y
(base-centered)

Tm mt
(face-centered)

Quang phi tuy n

Lc gic
(hexagonal)

T gic
(Tetragonal
-simple)

T gic
(Tetragonal
-body-centered)

Tam gic
Quang phi tuy n
(Rhombohedral)

Lp SKQJ (Cubic)
Tm khi
(body-centered)

Q gin
(simple)
Tm mt
(face-centered)
Quang phi tuy n

Z
R

X
Y

x
F(2)
ijk

F(2)
IJK

RIi R Jj RKk F(2)

ijk
F(2)
i=I, j= J, k =K

N u
cc tnh ch t c a tinh th
gi ng nhau trong hai h to
:
V d: o chiu ca y
z
y
x

1 0 0


0 1 0



0 0 1


Z
Y
X

(2)

F xxy
(2)

F xyy

(2)

FXXY
(2)

Quang phiFXYY
tuy n

(2)

 F xxy
(2)

F xyy

(2)

F xxy
(2)

F xyy z 0

Cc v d
Niobate Lithium (LiNbO3):
Tinh th
tr c (nx = ny nz)
i x ng 3m
8 s h ng kh
khc khng
i x ng Kleinman
c tho
mn
KDP (KH2PO4)
Tinh th
tr c,
i x ng 42m
3 s h ng kh
khc khng
i x ng Kleinman khng ho
hon
to
ton tho mn
KTP (KTiOPO4)
Tinh th
ng tr c,
i x ng mm2
5 s h ng kh
khc khng
i x ng Kleinman khng
tho mn




d
d 

15
22



d 22 d 22 d15





d 31 d31 d33

















32

d
33

31

14

d14

d
15
d 24





d 

36 








Quang phi tuy n

Cc nguyn l c bn ca quang phi tuyn

v Lu bin quang
DDn
n nh
p vv
quang
n.
nhp
quangphi
phituy
tuyn.
1.
c lli
i vv
quang
n ttnh
nh ssng
ng L
n tt.
.
1. Nh
Nhc
quangtuy
tuyn
Ln

2.
c hi
u ng
ng phi
n.
2. CCc
hiu
phi tuy
tuyn.

nh
nhngha
nghav
v
cm
cmphi
phituyn
tuyn
i
i xxng
ng ::gi
m ss
O
ng ccc
c th
nh ph
n cca
a WHQ[
gi
O
th
ph
gim
Ong
thnh
phn
WHQ[
>> 3KQJ
nh lan
n
trtrnh
truy
3KQJtr
lantruy
truyn
VVn
n
WQJ
p pha
WQJhhp
pha(GSH)
(GSH)

M
nh ccc
c ssng
ng kkt
t hhp
p (GSH)
Mhhnh
(GSH)
M
nh ccc
c ssng
ng kkt
t hhp
p ((cho
cho 33ssng)
ng)
ng)
Mhhnh
Bi
n i
i o,
o, khu
ch i
i vv
dao
ng tham
(OPA
Bi
khu
Bin
khuch
daong
thamss
(OPA&&OPO)
OPO)
CCc
c hi

ng
b

c
ba.
.
Raman
F

ng
b

c
.
Tr

n
4
ng.
hi
ba
F
Tr
ng.
hiu ng bc ba. Raman Fng bc. Trn 4ssng.

tuy n
3.
c hi
u ng
ng L
n quang
. Quang
L
uphibi
n nh
nh ssng.
ng.
3. CCc
hiu
Ln
quang.
Lu
bin

Ti n
c a bin
ng phi tuy n
(trong

ng h p m t chi u).

E z, t
PZ

c a sng ph ng trong mi

E z expi k Z z  i Zt

PZL  PZNL

L thnh ph n ph thu c t n s
Z c a phn c c

d 2 E z, t  Z 2
1 w2
 2 E z, t 
P z, t 
2
2
2 Z
H 0c wt
dz
c

Z2
1
NL


H
F

k
,
Z

E

z
,
t


P
z  exp iZt 
0
Z
Z
2
H 0c
Quang phi tuy n

Php g n ng bin

bi n

i ch m:

d 2 E z 
dE z 
 k
2
dz
dz
d 2 E z 
dE  z 

O
dz 2
dz

 2
dE(z) Z 2 H
k
E(z)

2ik

E(z)
 Z
 expi k Z z 
Z
2
dz


c



dE(z)
dz

Z2
H oc 2

k0
PZNL (z) expi k Z zt
2H onZ
Quang phi tuy n

PZNL (z)

Php g n ng khi sng ngu n khng

(
khng suy hao)
N u sng ngu n

ng

l n

(EZ1 , EZ2 , EZ3 ... PZNL , Z Z 1  Z 2  Z 3 ....)

ng c a sng pht sinh Z l khng ng k , do
v y P NL khng ph thu c EZ
Z

EZ(L)

EZ(0)
z

EZ (z)  EZ (0)

k0
2 H onZ

= Thnh phn Fourier ca

0 PZNL(z' ) expi k Z z'dz'

NL

PZ ,

ti tn s khng gian

kZ

Quang phi tuy n

7Ung hp 3D: s dng bin i Fourier

ng t i
m r, pha ngoi i
ng phi
tuy n c& th bi u di n
t ng c a cc sng
n Z c ) cc nh
ph ng ( 
ng khc nhau
kZ u
u
&Z &
E (r , t)


Z

&
k
Z

Z
Z

&Z &
E (k Z,u )


&Z &
& &
2
E (k Z,u ) exp i k Z,u r  i Zt d u

T,M

&
r


i e

k0
H on u,Z

& &
& & &
e.PZNL(r ' ) exp i k Z r ' d 3 r '

Chng ta b qua ph n x Quang

c phia tuycn c m t giao nhau v
ng chi t

T o Ho ba b c hai (GSH, SHG in English)

V n

h p pha

P 2  r , z  H 0 d eff 2   2Z , Z , Z EZ expikZ z  iZt 

nZZ / c

kZ

E 2Z  z , t 

iZ
exp 2iZt  d eff2  EZ2 expi 2kZ  k 2Z z 'dz '
n2Z c
0
z

n2ZZ / c

k 2Z

2Z

(z)

Z
n 2Z c

(2)
d eff
'k

Quang phi tuy n

I 22ZZ  z 

22
1
n22ZZH 00c E 22ZZ  z 
2

1.0

0.8

'k

IZ

Z2

2k Z  k 2Z

expi'k z   1
'k
2Z

nZ  n 2Z  c

khng WQJ hp pha

22
2Z 22
22  2222 22 sin 'kz / 2 
I Z d eff z
n22ZZnZZ22H 00c 33 Z eff
'kz / 222

h p pha m t ph n

0.6

Lc ~10-100 m

0.4

0.2

Khng

0.0

Lc

h p pha
6

z Lc

S
Lc
'k
Quang phi tuy n

di k t h p

7Ung hp khi k 0, tc l gc khc gc WQJ hp pha

gia tia bnh WKng v tia bt WKng mt Ong = | g| ,
rt nh k() xp x bng:
k() = ke2() - 2ko2
vi l hng s ch ph thuc vo chit sut v k.L/2=L
Kt qu R thc nghim cng thot ca SHG vo :
P2

S ph
ph h p pha l khng c th trong
ng b i n2Z > nZ. C th trong mi
trong mi
ng
tr c m (ne < no)
Z

ne,2Z

SZ

ng h p mi
ng
ng
ng chi t. V d
k

7QJ hp pha
lo
loi I
E2ZAEZ

E2Z

SZ

EZ

n e,2Z (T)

ne,2ZT
no,Z

cos 2T

n 2e,2Z (T)

n 2o,2Z
(2)

d eff

no,2Z
M t ph ng chi t xu t :
n v ch theo
ng c a k
z
( ellipsode chi t xu t)

sin 2T

n 2e,2Z

n 2o,Z

(2)

sin T d zxx

i v i tinh th
tr c
(ne > no)

n o,2Z (T)
(2)

d eff
Quang phi tuy n

n o,Z

i x ng tr c c a F(2))

ne,Z

ng

n e,Z
( 2)

sin2T dxxz

S ph
ph h p pha l khng c th trong
b i n2Z > nZ. C th trong mi
ng
ng
tr c m (ne < no)
Z

SZ

ng h p mi
ng chi t. V d
k

7QJ hp pha
lo
loi I

E2Z

SZ

ng ng
ng
trong mi

E2ZAEZ

EZ

n e,2Z (T)

ne,2Z
no,Z

n o,Z

Bi to
ton "walkwalk-off"

Poynting c a chm b t
ng khng song song v i k
ne,Z

SZ

no,2Z
Mt phng chit xut :
n vch theo Kng ca k
( ellipsode chit xut)

SZ

cc chm tia tch ra

Quang phi tuy n

o
7QJ hp pha
lo
loi II

E2Z

n e,Z (T)  n o,Z

EZ

EZ,o

EZ,e

P (2) v EZ,o exp i n o,Z k 0 z

2 n o,2Z

(n u no < ne)

 EZ,e expi n e,Z (T) k 0 z 

e
E2Z
EZ,e

EZ
EZ,o

n e,Z (T)  n o,Z

2 n e,2Z (T)

(n u ne < no)

+ng WQJ hp pha bin i theo Ec sng ca

chm F bn -> v th cn ti X ho vic la chn tinh
Quang phi tuy n
th

G n

h p pha (Quasi(Quasi-Phase Matching,

Matching,

QPM)

h perfect
p pha
phase ng
matching
l

QPM

phase
lch
mismatch'k
pha
= S/Lc
0

z/Lc 6

EZ
Cc phn
c c
Quang
phixoay
tuy n chi u lin t c

h p pha v i sng d n (v d: dn sng phng gia hai JQJ hon ho

2

u ki n:

1)

h p pha d c : kx,2Z = 2 kx,Z

2) Tch phn che ph khc khng

h

0 P

(2)

(z) E 2Z (z) dz v sin 2 (p1 Sz / h) sin(p 2 Sz / h) dz z 0

0

p2=3
x

p1=1
b c c a mode :

QPM

Quang phi tuy n

p2=2

p1=1

h p pha "Cherenkov" :
h p pha gi a sng d n Z v
sng t do t i 2 Z


Quang phi tuy n

S PHT SHG TRONG LU KiN%0GiM DN

Trong WUng hp SHG ln mnh ln v sng chnh

gim dn, ta c h SKQJ trnh lin kt:

Q gin ta cho l c WQJ hp pha v s bin i

QQJ Ong:

Hay
I(2,l) = i(,0)tanh2(l)
Vi: = deffE0 / nc.
T I(2,l) + I(,l) = I(,0)
DQn
I(,l) = I(,0)sech2(l).

1.0

IZ

0.8

0.6

0.4

h p pha l

ng

(WUng hp WQJ hp
pha loi I : E2Z A EZ )

IZ

0.2

IZ

0.0
L

Tm

0.5

Khng

h p pha
1.5

1.0

c : A Z2 (z)  A 22Z (z)

z / KE

2
Z

2
A Z (0) (b o t n

2.
0

ng)

A 2Z (z) A Z (0) tanhK A Z (0) z 

A Z (z) A Z (0) coshK A Z (0) z 
Quang phi tuy n

Common SHG materials

806 nm light: lithium iodate (LiIO3)
860nm light: potassium niobate
(KNbO3)
980 nm light: KNbO3
1064nm light: monopotassium phos
phate (KH2PO4,
KDP), lithium
triborate (LBO) and -barium borate
(BBO).
1300 nm light: gallium selenide (GaSe) Dark-Red
1319 nm light : KNbO3, BBO, KDP, Gallium Selenide
potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), in its bulk form.
lithium niobate (LiNbO3), LiIO3, and
ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
(ADP)

Comparison of SHG with Multi Photon Microscope

gi tr d(2) b ng
php vn
Maker

V d Q gin:
- Tinh th Q trc
- quay xung quanh trc quang (z)

sinT i nZ sin T Z n 2Z sin T 2Z

& &
&
'k k 2Z - 2k Z
y n2Z cos T 2Z  2nZ cos TZ 
&ng sng ra tn s 2
bin i theo:

F eff sin 'k(T i ) L 2 

(2)

Quang phi tuy n

Cn phi thm voQuang

phicng
thc Fng
tuy n
v lm mt s hiu chnh tnh phn x.

3KQJ php mu bt
3KQJ php bt tinh th cho php xc nh nhanh tnh phi
tuyn ca mt tinh th mi.
Dng bt mn R ho ba bc hai theo tt c cc Kng, cc vi
tinh th nh theo cc Kng khc nhau -> thu c dng
trung bnh theo tt c cc Kng.
Nu kch WKc ht nh KQ Lc - di kt hp - mi tinh th
u c th pht ho ba ti 2.
Nu kch WKc ht ln KQ Lc - ch nhng vt liu c kh
nng tng hp pha mi pht ra ho ba.
Nu ta so snh hiu sut ca mt bt cha cc ht nh hn
Lc v bt khc c ht ln hn Lc, ta c th bit cc hng
tng hp pha c tn ti hay khng.
Quang phi tuy n

7Ung hp chung : ba sng kt hp Z 1  Z 2

Z2
Z1

Z3

Z2
Z1

Z2 Khu ch
Z3

Z2

T ng t n s

Z1

Z2
Z3

Z3

Z1

i tham s

Z2
Z1

Z3

Hi u t n s

Z3

Z3
Z1

Z2

Z2 Hu nh quang tham s
Z3

Z1

OPA (Optical Parametric Amplifier) - khu ch

Z2
Z3

Z1

i tham s quang h c

QuangphiDao
tuy nng tham s quang hc
OPO (Optical Parametric Oscillator)

M hnh sng k t h p, trong

h p pha m t ph n.

ng h p

- 3 sng cng lan truyn theo 1 Kng.

- Tho mn WQJ hp pha
- Khng c hp th

Z1  Z 2


Z3

&
k3

dE 2
dz


Z
i
e
cn 

dE 3*
dz

Z
( 2)*
i 3 e 3 .F
(Z 3 ; Z 1,Z 2 ) : e 1 e 2 E1* E 2*
c n3

dE1
dz


e E E

& &
k1  k 2

Z1
(2)
e 1.F (Z 1;  Z 2 ,Z 3 ) : e 2 e 3 E 2* E 3
c n1
2

2 .F

(2)

(Z 2; Z 3 , Z 1 ) : e 3

*
1

dA 1
dz
dA 2
dz
dA *3
dz

iKA *2A 3
iKA 1*A 3
iKA 1*A *2

phi
tuy
v bi
undin phn cc
e1 , e 2 , e3 - l cc YHFW QQuang

Mi WUng khng mt mt
bng nhau

Ai

ni
E ,
Zi i

b o ton thng

ni Ei

i xng: tt c F(2) u

1 Z 1Z 2Z 3
(2)
e 1.F (Z 1; Z 2 ,Z 3 ) : e 2 e 3
c n1n 2n 3

ng &

Cte

ng nh sng :
1
n H0 c
2

01 photon Z2 v 01 photon Z1 bi n m t khi 01

photon Z3 sinh ra

dA 1
dz

dA2
dz

dA3

dz

Quang phi tuy n

photons
(flux
Thngde ng
phtn Z i v A i

T ng t n s

Z2

(Bi n
Z3

Z1

Z2

dA 1
dz
dA 2
dz
dA 3
dz

o)
Z3

Z1

A1 c c m nh
s thay i khng ng k

iKA *2A 3
iKA1*A 3
iKA1 A 2

A3 z  iA2 0sin gz  &

A2  z 

v i

dA 2
dz
dA 3
dz
g

igA 3
igA 2

K A 1(0)

A2 0  cos gz 

Hiu tn s:
2 = 3 1

Z2
Z3

Z1

Z3

Z2

Z1

Ging QK WUng hp tng tn s

QKQJ lch L na chu k.
Quang phi tuy n

A 3 (z)

A 3 (z)

iA 2 (0) sin(gz)

A 2 (z)

A 2 (0) cos(gz)

I 3 (z)

I 2 (0) sin 2 (gz)

I 2 (z)

I 2 (0) cos 2 (gz)

L thuyt : dao ng.

khi I2=0, ta tm thy V
hiu tn s

I 3 (z)

I 2 (0)(gz)

pompe: I1

I2
0.0

I3
0.5

1.0

flux de photons
en theo
fonction
de z
Thng Ong
photon
Kng
z

Trn th c t g l nh :
Quang phi tuy n

1.5

Parametric amplification, amplification of a

signal input in the presence of a higherfrequency pump wave, at the same time
generating an idler wave (can be considered as
DFG);
Parametric oscillation, generation of a signal and
idler wave using a parametric amplifier in a
resonator (with no signal input);
Parametric generation, like parametric
oscillation but without a resonator, using a very
high gain instead;

Ln WUng ca sng chy:

Ti Lm x
Phn cc c dng:

Lu kin WQJ hp pha:

Bc x ngu nhin ca cc {L photons kt hp

Z2 Tn ti mt s lin tc cu cc {L
Z3

Z1

Z1  Z 2 Z 3
& &
&
k

k
k
1
2
3


&
k
1

&
k3


&
k2


Hnh cn ca hunh quang tham s

%P

Quang phi tuy n

Z2
Z3

Z1

Khuch i tham s

Trong WUng hp
Tn hiu
WQJ h pha mt
m (idler) phn

Z2

Z2
Z3

Z1

%P Z3
L thuyt :
ng dao
ng c a
thnh tn hi u v Tn hiu Z2
m (idler) Z1
m
Trn thc t, QJi ta khng bao gi thu c nh dao
ng ny V cho rng Fng EP l khng i

K A 3(0)

A 1(z)

iA 2 (0) sinh(gz)

dA 1
dz

*
igA 2

Quang phi tuy n

A 2 (z)

dA *2
dz

igA 1

A 2 (0) cosh(gz)

Z2

Hu nh quang tham s

Z3

Z1

Z
3

Z
1

B dao ng tham s (OPO).

1K tt c cc b khuch i, mt b khuch i tham s c
th dao ng, nu QK t n vo mt bung cng Kng.
1) Bung cng Kng laser cho Z1 v Z2 , EP
ng trc (2 BCH)
WQJ hp pha ng trc
Cc tn s Z1 v Z2 b p t theo nh Kng
ca tinh th.

Quang phi tuy n

k3
k1

k2

Theo V ny tia laser c tn s 3 c EP vo tinh th

phi tuyn c cc sng tn hiu tn s 1 v sng m tn s
2. Cc sng WQJ tc tha mn h thc:
3 = 1 + 2
Hai bung cng Kng tch bit. BCH pht tham s c
phm cht cao vi c hai 1 & 2.
Gn ng vi R1 R2 1 (R1&R2 h s phn x thc ti 1 &
2 ta c Lu kin QJng pht tham s vi hai BCH:

g L 
ng

2 1  R 1 1  R 2 

g h s khuch i
Quang phi tuy n

Ch : Phi tha mn nh lut bo ton QQJ Ong v bo

ton xung Ong:
3 = 1 + 2
k 3 = k1 + k2
khi s dng 2 BCH s n nh cc tham s ca 2 BCH l
rt quan trng: di BCH L, rung ng, nhit

dZ1
Z1

dZ2
Z2

dL
L

Trn thc t do s thay i n ~ 10-2-10-4 th ln KQ hng

WUP ln so vi khong ph t do ca BCH c/nL tn s s
pht trong di kh rng.
Quang phi tuy n

So snh hot ng laser v my pht tham s:

- Ging nhau:
+ My pht tham s c c ch ging nh laser
l s t ph hp trong BCH.
+ Cng lm vic khi c iu kin ngng
pht.
- Khc nhau:
+ Laser: tng bm trn mc ngng dn ti
tng nghch o tch lu v h s khuch i.
+ My pht tham s: S tng bm trn mc
ngng khng lm tng h s khuch i
Quang phi tuy n

S iu hng tn s (the frequency tuning in

parametric generation)
Mt trong nhng gi tr c bn ca OPO l kh
nng chuyn i c tn s. C hai loi c bn:
- Qu trnh chuyn i khng kt hp: cc sng
chuyn i tng tc thng qua hot cht hay
mi trng, chng khng tng tc trc tip m
c thi gian chm no .
- Qu trnh chuyn i kt hp: c s tng tc
trc tip ca cc sng trong chuyn i tng
tc tc thi. Mi trng c xem nh cht xc
tc.
Quang phi tuy n

Trong tng tc 3 sng pht tham s phi p ng:

- Bo ton nng lng 3 = 1 + 2
- Bo ton nng lng k3 = k1 + k2
Trong WUng hp ng pha, Lu kin bo ton xung Ong:

Z3 n3
c

Z1n1 Z2 n2

c
c

hay

Z3 n3 Z1n1  Z2 n2

thay i chit sut ta c th thay i tn s mt cch lin

tc.
thay i chit sut ta c th bin i gc nh Kng,
thay i nhit , p sut.
Quang phi tuy n

Thay i gc nh Kng
Gi thit 3 L vo tinh th l sng bt WKng:

Z3 n30 T 0  Z10 n10  Z20 n20

Gc vo 0 (so vi trc BCH) v ch s 0 ti thi Lm xut
pht. Khi quay gc thnh , = 0 +

n30 o n30  'n3 ;

n20 o n20  'n2 ;
n10 o n10  'n1 ;

Z30 o Z30 { Z
Z20 o Z20  ' Z2
Z10 o Z10  ' Z1

Do i xng nn: 1 = - 2 thay vo cng thc trn

Thay vo v b qua nhng s hng nh bc hai (2,

n2) ta c:

'Z1

Z3 'n3  Z10 'n1  Z20 'n2

n10  n20

Bi sng tn s 3 l sng bt WKng nn n3 l hm ca cn

hai sng kia l bnh WKng nn khng ph thuc vo m ch
ph thuc vo tn s nn:

'n1
'n3

dn1
'Z1 ; 'n2
dZ Z10
dn2
dT

dn2
dZ

'Z2 ;
Z 20

'T
T0

Thay vo, s dng h thc lin h gia no & ne v bin

i ta c:

dZ1
dT

1 2 1 2
3
Z3  Z3 sin 2T
 12 Z3 n30
ne no
dn1
dn2

 Z20
(n10  n20 )  Z10
dZ
dZ

Bng SKQJ php WQJ t c th tnh c s ph

thuc ca 1 vo: nhit , p sut, Ln WUng.

Z


h p pha
ng tr c tinh th
ADP (NH4-H2PO4)
T

ng cong thc
nghim v l thuyt
tnh theo cng thc
trn. %c sng
EP l 350 nm. Vi
mi gc c 2 tn s
ng vi tn hiu v
sng m

Z

Z

Quang phi tuy n

C mt vLV chn la phn cFFKRWQJ

hp pha. Nu tn hiu v m cng mt phn
cc, thc gi l "7QJKp pha loi-I", v
nu phn cc ca chng vung gc vi nhau gi
l " 7QJKp pha loi -II". Tuy nhin cc dng
khc vn c th thc hiQ c, danh sch cho
trong bng trang sau. Ch rQJEc sng ca
tn hiu ngQKQEc sng cDm.

Tinh th Q trc
m: ne < no: loi I
v loi II thch
hp KQ. Trong
tinh th Q trc
GQJ: loi VII v
VIII. Loi II v III
gn QK WQJ
QJ, ch c tn
hiu c Ec sng
di KQ m. Loi
V v VI khng
WKng xuyn QK
I v II.

)
Phase-matching types
Polarizations

Scheme

Pump

Signal

Idler

Type I

Type II (or IIA)

Type III (or IIB)

Type IV

Type V

Type VI (or IIB or IIIA)

Type VII (or IIA or IIIB)

Type VIII (or I)

B dao ng tham s (OPO).

2) Bu ng laser ch cho m t t n s duy nh t

h p phase khng ng tr c
Z3

Z1

k 3 = k1 + k2
Quang phi tuy n

Z2

Z3

Gn ng vi R1 1 (R2 = 0) ta c Lu kin QJng pht

tham s vi mt BCH:

g L 
ng

81  R 1 

So snh 2 WUng hp mt v hai BCH:

g L 
g L
ng

ng

2
1  R 2 

R2 ln nn (gngL)1 > (gngL)2 ngha l QJng ca V 1

BCH ln KQ 2 BCH rt nhiu.
Quang phi tuy n

Cc hiu ng bc ba
Cng Kng : Hp th bo ho

- 1QJ Ong m vt liu hp th khng cn WQJ

tuyn tnh vi Fng sng ti. 7Ung hp ch mt
tn s:


F   Z   G   Z I E

PZ  H 0 F 1 Z EZ  F 3   Z ; Z;Z , Z EZ EZ* EZ

H0

Quang phi tuy n

Hi n

ng h p th bo ha l m t
php nghin c u quang ph
quan tr ng, n u
ng
m nh,
Zp, v m t tn hi u d y u, Z


H F   Z   G   Z , Z 'I E

PZ  H 0 F 1 Z EZ  F 3  Z; Z ;Z p , Z p EZ EZ* p EZ p
1

Zp

Gn cng Kng: chit xut b thay i:

n0  n2 I

-Hi u ng Kerr quang h c

-T h i t : M t chm tia Gauss,

exp(r

t o ra hi u ng th u knh t hi t

ns

n 0,s  n 2,S P I P
Quang phi tuy n

w )

Hiu ng t hi t
Self-focusing is a non-linear optical process
induced by the change in refractive index of
materials exposed to intense electromagnetic
radiation. A medium whose refractive index
increases with the electric field intensity acts as
a focusing lens for an electromagnetic wave
characterised by an initial transverse intensity
gradient, as in a laser beam. The peak intensity
of the self-focused region keeps increasing as
the wave travels through the medium, until
defocusing effects or medium damage interrupt
this process.

Kerr-induced self-focusing
n = n0 + n2I,
where n0 and n2 are the linear and non-linear
components of the refractive index, and I is the
intensity of the radiation.
Self-focusing occurs if the radiation power is greater
than the critical power and focus length is:
"1

"1

n0
2 n2 I

is a constant which depends on the initial spatial distribution

of the beam

Fig. Nonlinear propagation of rays (horizontal lines) and phase

fronts (vertical lines) for Gaussian input beams.

Fig. Images of the input and output intensity beam profiles for
a 7-cm propagation distance (0.9 mm X 0.9 mm).
(a) Gaussian input profile, (b) output beam with the Gaussian
input and an input energy of E = 5.6 mJ,

The lower limit is 1.86225, which

corresponds to Townes beams, whereas for
a Gaussian beam 1.8962.
For air, n0 1, n2 410-23 m2/W for =
800 nm, and the critical power is Pcr 2.4
GW, corresponding to an energy of about
0.3 mJ for a pulse duration of 100 fs. For
silica, n0 1.453, n2 2.410-20 m2/W, and
the critical power is Pcr 1.6 MW

Self-phase modulation
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear
optical effect of light-matter interaction. An
ultrashort pulse of light, when travelling in a
medium, will induce a varying refractive index
of the medium due to the optical Kerr effect.
This variation in refractive index will produce a
phase shift in the pulse, leading to a change of
the pulse's frequency spectrum.
Self-phase modulation is an important effect in
optical systems that use short, intense pulses of
light, such as lasers and optical fibre
communications systems.

A pulse (top curve) propagating through a nonlinear medium undergoes

a self-frequency shift (bottom curve) due to self-phase modulation. The
front of the pulse is shifted to lower frequencies, the back to higher
frequencies. In the centre of the pulse the frequency shift is
approximately linear.

For an ultrashort pulse with a Gaussian shape and

constant phase, the intensity at time t is given by I(t):

where I0 is the peak intensity, and is half the pulse

duration.
If the pulse is travelling in a medium, the optical Kerr
effect produces a refractive index change with
intensity:

As the pulse propagates, the intensity at any one point

in the medium rises and then falls as the pulse goes
past. This will produce a time-varying refractive
index:

This variation in refractive index produces a shift in

the instantaneous phase of the pulse:

where 0 and 0 are the carrier frequency and

(vacuum) wavelength of the pulse, and L is the
distance the pulse has propagated.

The phase shift results in a frequency shift of the

pulse. The instantaneous frequency (t) is given
by:

and from the equation for dn/dt above, this is:

Plotting (t) shows the frequency shift of each part of

the pulse. The leading edge shifts to lower frequencies
("redder" wavelengths), trailing edge to higher
frequencies ("bluer") and the very peak of the pulse is
not shifted. For the centre portion of the pulse
(between t = /2), there is an approximately linear
frequency shift (chirp) given by:

Raman scattering
In 1922, Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light,"
the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators
which ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of
the radiation effect which bears his name. The Raman effect
was first reported by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, and
independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam,
in 1928. Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work
on the scattering of light. In 1998[2] the Raman Effect was
designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in
recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the
composition of liquids, gases, and solids.

Tn x Raman t pht :
- Vch Stoke: Hp th mt photon
Z1 v bc x mt photon
Z
Z

ZA

ZS

g'

H thng chuyn t trng thi g

sang trng thi g'
Z1  Zv
T l vi ng Z S
Zv

Z v: t n s
dao

ng

- Vch i-Stokes : Hp th mt
photon Z1 v bc x mt photon

ZA

Z1  Zv

H thng chuyn t trng thi g' sang

trng thi g
T l
vi n
Quang phi tuy ng'

Tn x Raman Fng bc:

Tt c hin Wng bc
x ngu nhin lun L
cng mt bc x Fng
bc khi c tia laser
mnh v mu dy.
(Lu ny QJi ta c
th phn tch bng l
thuyt Ln t c Ln.)
Quang phi tuy n

Z
A

Z
g'
g

Z
S

Z
v

- Vch Stokes : khuch i

>

v m F

(3)

- Vch i-Stokes :

>

v m F

(3)

(Z S; Z S , Z 1 ,Z 1) E1 ES v n g
2

(Z A; Z A , Z 1 ,Z 1) E1 EA v n g'

Thnh ph n n i k t h p, cho php th c hi n

khu ch i
i
u ki n
h p pha:

& & & &

F  Z A ,Z S , Z1 , Z1 E E exp i 2k1  k S  k A r
3 

2
1

*
S

Quang phi tuy n

Mi WUng l ng Kng v Lu kin WQJ hp pha

buc s bc x ca cc vch Stokes v i Stokes phi
theo 2 hnh nn, xung quanh Kng EP.
Khi Fng EP mnh, s c nhiu bc cao xut
hin:

ZSn

Z1  nZV ;

Z An

Z1  nZV

+Q na cc phn t c nhiu mc dao ng, lm cho

ph Raman tr nn rt phc tp.
ng thi c th nhiu hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra:
SRC, FWM, SPM.

CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering

Trong WUng hp c hai
sng ti, sng 1 cng c
vai tr QK sng th 3.
Sng 2 vch Stokes.
S khc bit vi hiu ng
SRS l bt buc phi c
sng th hai:

Z
Z
g'
g

Z$

ZS
Z

Raman Spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy has become an important analytical and
research tool. It can be used for applications as wide ranging
as pharmaceuticals, forensic science, polymers, thin films,
semiconductors and even for the analysis of fullerene
structures and carbon nano-materials.
Raman spectroscopy is a light scattering technique, and can
be thought of in its simplest form as a process where a photon
of light interacts with a sample to produce scattered radiation
of different wavelengths.
Raman spectroscopy is extremely information rich, (useful for
chemical identification, characterization of molecular
structures, effects of bonding, environment and stress on a
sample).

Enhancements of Raman Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman - can be used when the laser
wavelength utilized is close to the absorption
wavelength of the molecule. By irradiating the
sample with a wavelength close to this
wavelength an order of magnitude greater
detectivity may be achieved. Not all samples
will show resonance enhancement with common
Raman lasers, but generally species such as
porphyrins and those with a heavy central atom
can show such an enhancement.

SERS Raman - Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is

a spectroscopic technique which combines modern laser
spectroscopy with the exciting optical properties of metallic
nanostructures, resulting in strongly increased Raman signals
when molecules are attached to nanometre-sized gold and
silver structures. The effect provides the structural information
content of Raman spectroscopy together with ultrasensitive
detection limits, allowing Raman spectroscopy of single
molecules. Since SERS takes place in the local fields of
metallic nanostructures, the lateral resolution of the technique
is determined by the confinement of the local fields, which can
be two orders of magnitude better than the diffraction limit.
Moreover, SERS is an analytical technique, which can give
information on surface and interface processes.

Au

 phn tFK F FK WQJ WUng EM, mW SKQJ

phS Q JLQ c s Gng: gL thit rng ht KL
cha cF Ln tFK GQJ, cF Ln t Fy th chuyn
ng tdo. Khi hthng bphn cc vtGbi trng
EM, cF Ln t V chuyQ QJ p ng vi trng
EM, nKQJ cc hW QKkQ Ln tFK GQJ V gi
QJX\rQNK{QJWKD\i.
*L thit rng nh sng ti ht KL cXc bao bc
trong mi trng c hng s Ln mi 0 vi trng
(0YHFW E0Gc theo tUc z v khng ph thuc ta
cho khong cch cNtch thc ca qXcu. Ngi
ta c th[iFnh trng EM trong v ngoi qX cu
theo hSKQJtrnh gn tnh Maxwell.

Trng ngoi qXcu:

NKQQJSKkQFc ca KL
x, y, z WD
r NKRng cch
x, y, z cFYHFWQY
E0 -ln ca E0
Thnh phn thnht- trng p vo
Thnh phn th2 lng cc cm ng ca qXcu phn cc.
Nu qXcu KL c hng sLn mi: i = 1 + i2 v bn knh
R, tKuNKQQJSKkQFc sbng:
Vi:
Khi phn thc 1 = -20 v 2QK, g v
ln lm trng cm ng ln

.KLLu kin cng hng ph hp, QJKa l tn sinh

sng ph hp vi tn sGDRng tp thFDLn t,
WKuVxy ra hp tKinh sng, WQJng vi hp tK
plasmon b mt. Cng hng ny lj FK yu cho s
WQJSERS hiu qX.
1KQJFQOX rng cng hng plasmon khng ch
SKthuc vo i m cn 0. Khi hng sLn mi ca
mi trQJWQJOrQ0, Lu kin cng hng sGch
chuyQ WQJ ng 1=-2(0 +0). Do hng s Ln
mi ca KL trnn cng m khi bc sQJWQJ, nn
sWQJKng sLn mi ca mi trng bao bc ht
Vchuyn di cng hng plasmon sang phD.

CQJSERS:
7URQJ : gc giD YHFW WUng kch thch v moment
lng cc ca phn t c phn tch. Khi g ln, QJKa l khi
Lu kin cng hng to thnh. Th SKQJtrnh trn thnh:
cQJSERS ln nht khi = 0 hoc 180o.
NgoL WQJ GR WUng nh sng kch thch, cQ WQJ GR cc
photon dch do tn xRaman bKt ti hp tK, WQJv ti bc
[. Trng tng th do trng ti v tn xFy th c biu
din:

Active Substrates - a newer introduction to

enhanced Raman techniques is that of using an
active substrate, such as the SPECTRIM. Here
a specialized coating can be used to enhance the
sampling sensitivity of a liquid or solution
sample. The sample does not 'wet out' the
surface remaining in a concentrated microdroplet. Enhancements for such applications as
assay screening have been shown to be a likely
candidate for such technology.

Brillouin scattering
Qu trnh tn xNK{QJn hi nh sng vnguyn tFFEn
ging tn xRaman. /ch s, tn xBrillouinFt tn cho
tn x trn cc phonons m, trong khi tn x Raman lin quan
ti cFGDRng phn tYjFic phonons quang. Ngy nay s
khc nhau gia tn x Brillouin v tn x Raman nm trong
cc kthut thc nghim khc nhau vjGi tn skt qXNKic
nhau.
Ci tn tn x Brillouin gn cho nhng kt qX Gch chuyn
tn s thc nghiPWKXc bng giao thoa k, trong khi tn
[ Raman gn cho cc h sGng cc ph kFich t. Tn x
Brillouin vN thut bgii hn thu cho cc gLKt vi tn s
di 500 GHz, trong khi tn x Raman vi tn s FDRKQ c
thRc nm trong di THz.

Stimulated Brillouin scattering

i vi nhng chm tia mnh (e.g. laser light) lan

truyn trong nhng mi trQJQKVi quang, s bin
L Ln trng ca chm tia c th Wo nn cc dao
ng m trong mi trng qua co dQ GR Ln
(electrostriction). Chm tia s E Win x Brillouin bi
nhQJGDRng ny, thng ngc chiu vi chm tia
ti, hin tng n\c bit QQK tn x Brillouin
cng bc - stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).
i vi cht lng v cht kh, tn s Gc chuyQ c
WUQJ Ec 110 GHz (Gch chuyn bc sng ~110
pm i vi nh sng nhn thy). SBS l mt hiu ng
m WURQJ optical phase conjugation c th[y ra.

Spectrometer: In almost all Brillouin experiments,

the Fabry-Perrot interferometer has been instrument of
choice (Grimsditch, 2001). However, conventional
Fabry Perot interferometers do not achieve the contrast
needed to resolve the weak Brillouin doublets.
Principles
2d sin (/2) = o /n

Trn bn sng
Z1  Z 2  Z 3 Z 4
&
& & &

k

k
k
k
2
3
4
1
Z
Z
g'
g

Z

Z3
Z2
Z1

Z
Z

Z1
Z4
Z2
Z3

Z1 v Z2 t o nn m t s kch
thch k t h p c a dao ng
nguyn t ZV.
tc v i Z cho ra Z4
ZV
Quang phi tuy n

Four-wave mixing is an intermodulation distortion in

optical systems, similar to the third-order intercept
point in electrical systems.
Four-wave mixing can be compared to the
intermodulation distortion in standard electrical
systems. When three wavelengths (1, 2, and 3)
interact in a nonlinear medium, they give rise to a
fourth wavelength (4) which is formed by the
scattering of the incident photons, producing the
fourth photon. It is easier to illustrate this if we use
frequency instead of wavelength.
Given inputs f1, f2, and f3, the nonlinear system will
produce

Trn 4 sng suy bin

Z

Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
& & &
&
k

k

k
k
2
3
4
1
&(3) &
P
 (Z, k 4 )

&
( 3)
H o F (k 4

& & &

k 1  k 2  k 3 ,Z

Z


& & &* & & &

Z  Z  Z)E(Z, k 1 ) E (Z, k 2 ) E (Z, k 3 )

& & &

k1  k2

Cch t
K
c m ng :

x
z

Quang phi tuy n

Cu hnh lin hp pha

P2

P1
Sin
Sout

P (3)


P2

P1
Sin

/1

2S / k p  k s

/1

Sout

2S / k p  k s

& &
& &
& &
*
F( 3) (Z; Z,Z,Z) P1 exp(i
a k p r  iZt) S in exp(ik s r  iZt) Pb2 exp(ik p r  iZt)
& &
F( 3) P1 P2 S *in exp(ik s r  iZt)
Tn hi u ra k t h p v i sng

ng

vo.

k t h p pha

Quang phi tuy n

Figure.(a) The conventional geometry of phase

conjugation
through
FWM. (b) Beams 2 and 4
interfere to form an index
grating A2A4*. Beam 1 is
Bragg-diffracted from the
grating to yield the output
phase-conjugate of A4
(which is A3).
(c) Beams 1 and 4
interfere to form an index
grating A1A4*. Beam 2 is
Bragg-diffracted from the
grating to yield the output
phase-conjugate of A4
(which is A3).

Cc nguyn l c bn ca quang phi tuyn

v Lu bin quang
Dn nhp v quang phi tuyn.
1) Nh
Nhc li v quang tuy
tuyn tnh sng L
Ln t.
2) Cc hi
hiu ng phi tuy
tuyn.
3) Cc hi
hiu ng L
Ln quang.
quang. L
Lu bi
bin nh sng.
ng.
Hi
Hiu ng Pockels v hi
hiu ng Kerr: h s L
Ln - quang
L
Lu bi
bin bin
L
Lu bi
bin pha
Hi
Hiu ng p L
Ln (pi
(pizo
zolectrique) v quang n hi (lastolasto-optique)
Gi
Gii hn di truy
truyn
B bi
bin L
Lu sng ch
chy
B bi
bin L
Lu dng b dn sng (Mach(Mach-Zehnder)
Zehnder)
Quang phi tuy n

Hiu ng Ln quang (EO) l s thay i

chit sut Gi s tc ng ca Ln WUng xoay chiu
hoc tn s thp. Nu Ln WUng p vo vt liu EO
khng ng Kng bin i chit sut v do vy tc
ng ln nh sng phn cc.
Hnh. Mt Ln WUng
n nh p vo vt liu
EO lm thay i chit
sut. Chit sut li lm
thay i tc ng ca
vt liu ln nh sng L
qua n. Bi vy Ln
WUng Lu khin nh
sng.

Quang phi tuy n

Friedrich Pockels (1865-1913)

M t Hiu ng Ln quang tuyn Pht minh Hiu ng Ln quang
tnh u tin vo QP 1893.
bc hai u tin vo QP 1875.
Quang phi tuy n

S ph thuc ca chit sut vo Ln

WUng p vo c hai dng:
Chit sut thay i t l thun vi Ln WUng p
vo, trong WUng hp ny c bit n QK hiu ng
Ln-quang tuyn tnh, hoc l hiu ng Pockels.
Chit sut thay i t l vi bnh SKQJ Ln
WUng p vo, trong WUng hp ny c bit n
QK hiu ng Ln-quang bc hai, hoc l hiu ng
Kerr.
(Nu n = 10-5 vi d = 105 s dch pha bng 2.)
Quang phi tuy n

Vt liu c chit sut thay i theo Ln

WUng p vo hu dng cho vic ch to ra cc thit b
quang hc Lu khin bng Ln QK:
9 Thu knh lm bng vt liu EO l thu knh c
di tiu c Lu khin c.
9 /QJ knh vi kh QQJ Lu khin c Kng nh
sng c s dng lm thit b qut quang.
9 nh sng L qua tm trong sut c chit sut Lu
khin c s b dch pha c kim sot. Tm trong
sut c th c dng lm Lu bin pha quang.
Quang phi tuy n

:
9 Tinh th bt ng Kng, m chit sut ca n c
th thay i c dng QK b lm chm sng vi s
Lu khin s gi chm; n cng c th c dng
thay i phn cc ca nh sng.
9 B lm chm sng t gia hai tm phn cc vung
gc lm cho nh sng c th truyn qua c. &ng
ca nh sng truyn qua ph thuc vo chm
pha. truyn qua ca thit b c th Lu khin c
bng Ln, nn chng c th c dng vo Lu bin
Fng quang hoc b ng m quang.
Quang phi tuy n

Cc nguyn l

n-quang.

Hi u ng Pockel v hi u ng
Kerr.
Cc b
u bi n v cng t c
n-quang.
Qut
c sng.
B k t h p nh
ng.
u bi n nh sng theo khng
gian
Quang phi tuy n

Lu bin Ln quang
Quang hc phi tuyn
vi mt WUng nh
sng v mt WUng tnh
Ln

Pi
Pi

V
E(Z)
E

(2)

(Z)

2H o jk F ijk (Z; Z,0) E j(Z) E k (0)

( 2)

(3)

(Z)

3H o jkl F ijkl (Z; Z,0,0) E j (Z) E k(0) E l (0)

(3)

Quang phi tuy n

Hoc : quang hc tuyn tnh b thay i bng mt

WUng tnh Ln


H F

(1)

(2)

(3)

Pi(Z) Ho Fij 2Fijk (Z;Z,0)Ek(0) 3Fijkl(Z;Z,0,0)Ek(0) El(0) Ej(Z)

o

(1)
ij

'(2)Fij '(3)Fij Ej(Z)

( 2)

(3)

H ij(E)

H ij  ' H ij  ' H ij

'( 2) H ij

2 k F(ijk2)(Z; Z,0) E k

'( 3) H ij

Hiu ng Kerr
3 kl F(3)
ijkl (Z; Z,0,0) E k E l

Hiu ng Pockels

Quang phi tuy n

H thc gia h s Ln quang v

cm tuyn tnh
 1 
 2  [ ij
n ij

[ .H

H 1

>1@ '[ .H  [ .'H

'[ [ .'H .H 1 [ .'H .[

'[ ij [ ik .'H kl .[ lj
Khi s dng h to chnh (cho E=0)
( 2)

' [ ij

1
n 2i n 2j

(2)

' H ij

k rijk E k rijk

2
2

(2)

ni n j

s tuy n 
Quang phiijkl

F ijk (Z; Z,0)

3
n 2i n 2j

(3)

F ijkl(Z; Z,0,0)

Hnh. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut ca tinh th trigonal 3m

gy ra bi Ln WUng dc theo trc quang hc.
Quang phi tuy n

Hi u ng Pockel v hi u ng Kerr.
Chit sut ca mi WUng EO l hm ca n(E) ca
Ln WUng p vo. Do hm ny thay i theo E mt
mc khng ng k, nn c th khai trin thnh
chui Taylor gn E = 0:

1
n(E) n  a1E  a2 E2  ....
2
Trong cc h s trin khai l n = n(0); a1 =
(dn/dE)|E=0; a2=(d2n/dE2)|E=0. Do nhng l do s r
rng sau ny, WKng tin KQ vit CT trn vi hai h
s mi: = - 2a1/n3 v = - a2/n3.
Quang phi tuy n

EO, nn:

Hai h s v c bit n l cc h s
n(E) = n - n3E - n3E2 + .

S hng bc hai v bc cao KQ trong chui ny

WKng c ln nh KQ nhiu bc so vi n. Cc
thnh phn bc cao KQ na c th hon ton yn tm
b qua.
khng Ln = 0/ = 1/n2, ca mi WUng EO v
l hm ca E. Tham s hu dng trong m t cc
tnh cht quang hc ca mi WUng khng ng
Quang phi tuy n
Kng.

%c thay i = (d /dn)n = (-2/n3)(-

n3E - n3E2) = E + E2, do vy:
(E) + E + E2

Trong = (0). Cc h s EO v Q gin l cc

h s t l ca hai thnh phn WQJ ng ca vi E
v E2.
Gi tr ca v ph thuc vo Kng ca Ln WUng
p vo v phn cc ca nh sng. Ta s xem xt
phn sau.
Quang phi tuy n

Hiu ng Pockels:
Trong rt nhiu vt liu s hng th ba trong CT
(4.1.3) khng ng k so vi s hng th hai, do vy:
n(E) n - n3 E
Mi WUng c gi l mi WUng Pockels (hoc t
bo Pockels) - NH4H2PO4 (ADP); KH2PO4 (KDP);
LiNbO3; LiTaO3 & CdTe. H s - h s Pockels hoc
h s Ln-quang tuyn tnh.
Cc gi tr c WUQJ ca nm trong khong 10-12 n 10-10
m/V (1 100 pm/V). Khi E = 106 V/m (10 kV p ln t bo c
phi tuy
n
dy 1 cm. Th s hng thQuang
hai
trong
CT c 10-6 - 10-4.

Hnh 4.1.1. S ph thuc ca chit sut vo Ln WUng (a) Mi

WUng Pockels; (b) Mi WUng Kerr.
Quang phi tuy n

Hiu ng Kerr:
Nu vt liu i xng tm, QK trong WUng hp ca
cht kh, cht lng hoc mt s tinh th, n(E) phi l
hm i xng chn (h. 4.1.1b). Nn ta c:
n(E) = n - n3E2
Mi WUng mi WUng Kerr (hoc t bo Kerr).
Tham s l h s Kerr hoc h s Ln-quang bc
hai. Gi tr c WUQJ ca trong khong 10-18 10-14
m2/V2 trong tinh th v 10-2210-19 trong cht lng.
Vi E = 106V/m s hng n3E2 trong CT c bc 10-6
-10 -10-7 trong cht lng.
-10-2 trong tinh th v 10
Quang phi
tuy n

Cc b

u bi n v cng t c
quang.

n-

B bin Lu pha:

Khi chm nh sng L qua t bo Pockels c di L,

Ln WUng p vo E, pha s thay i = n(E) k0L =
2n(E)L/0, trong 0 l Ec sng trong chn
khng. Thay n(E) ta c:

M | M0  S
Trong 0 = 2nL/0.

n3EL

O0

Quang phi tuy n

Nu Ln WUng p vo thu c t hiu Ln

th V qua hai mt ca t bo cch nhau khong d, lc
E = V/d, th t CT trn ta c:

M
Trong :

VS

V
M0  S
VS
d O0
L n3

Lu bin pha
Hiu Ln th
na sng

Tham s V c gi l hiu Ln th na sng hiu

Ln th p vo lm pha dch L . Ph thuc vo vt
liu.
Quang phi tuy n

Hnh 4.1.2. (a) B Lu bin dc. Cc Ln cc c dng

vng m hoc di, hoc l cht dn Ln trong sut; (b) B Lu
bin ngang; (c) B Lu bin sng chy ngang.

VS

Quang phi tuy n

d O0
L n3

Tc m b Lu bin EO c th hot ng
b gii hn bi hiu ng Ln dung v bi thi gian lan
truyn ca nh sng qua vt liu. Nu E(t) thay i
ng k trong khong T, sng quang hc lan truyn s
b tc ng ca cc WUng Ln khc nhau trong thi
gian L qua tinh th. Pha b Lu bin ti thi Lm t
ca sng quang hc s t l vi gi tr trung bnh ca
Ln WUng E(t) trong khong t t - T n t. Kt qu l
rng di Lu bin gii hn bi thi gian truyn qua
s bng 1/T.

Quang phi tuy n

Hnh 4.1.3. B Lu bin pha tch phn quang s dng

hiu ng Ln quang .

LiNbO3

VS

d O0
L n3
Quang phi tuy n

B lm tr sng ng:
Trong mi WUng bt ng Kng c hai mode phn
cc thng vung gc, lan truyn vi cc tc khc
nhau c0/n1 v c0/n2. Nu mi WUng Pockels, khi c
Ln WUng E n nh, th hai chit sut bin i:
n1(E) n1 - 1n13 E
n2(E) n2 - 2n23 E
Trong 1 v 2 l cc h s Pockels thch hp. Sau
khi lan truyn mt khong cch L hai mode ni trn c
s chnh nhau v pha. Quang phi tuy n

tr pha gia sng ny v sng kia bng

k0 >n1 E   n2 E @L

k0 n1  n2 L  12 k0

1 n13 

2 n23 EL

Nu E thu c khi p hiu Ln th V gia hai mt

ca mi WUng cch nhau d, CT trn c th vit gn
tr pha
Gi dng:
V

VS

*0  S

VS

0=k0(n1-n2)L - tr
pha khi khng c Ln
WUng.
Hiu Ln th tr
na sng
3

O0
d
L r1 n13  r2 n2
Quang phi tuy n

B Lu bin Fng : s dng b bin

Lu pha trong mt giao thoa k:

M M0  S

V
VS

Hnh 4.1.4. B Lu bin pha c t trong mt nhnh ca giao

thoa k Mach-Zehnder c th c dng QK mt b Lu bin
Fng . truyn qua ca giao thoa k T(V) = I0/Ii thay i theo
chu k cng vi hiu Ln th p vo V. Bi lm vic ch xung quanh
Lm B, nn thit b hot ng QK mt b Lu bin Fng tuyn
tnh. Nu V chuyn gia Lm A v C, thit b hot ng QK mt b
Quang phi tuy n
cng tc quang.

&ng nh sng truyn qua I0 so vi

chm ti Ii:

I0

1
2

I i  12 I i cos M

I i cos 2 M2

Vi =1-2 l s khc nhau gia hai s dch chuyn

pha gia hai nhnh khi nh sng L qua. truyn qua
ca giao thoa k bng: T = I0/Ii=cos2(/2).
Do b Lu bin pha nm trong nhnh 1, ph hp vi
CT ta c 1=10-V/V, nn c Lu khin bi hiu
Ln th p vo V ph hp vi h thc tuyn tnh
=1-2=0-V/V, trong hng s 0=10-2 ph
thuc vo s khc nhauQuang
caphiqung
ng quang hc.
tuy n

 truyn qua ca thit b bng:

T V 

M0 S V
cos 
2 2 VS
2

truyn qua

Hnh 4.1.5. B Lu bin

Fng tch phn
quang (hoc b cng tc
quang). Giao thoa k
Mach-Zehnder v b Lu
bin pha EO c lm s
dng ng dn sng quang
lm t vt liu, v d QK
LiNbO3.
Quang phi tuy n

B Lu bin bng dn sng quang .

Giao thoa k Mach-Zehnder

Quang phi tuy n

Vn ca phn cc

V d b Lu bin khng
ph thuc vo phn cc
(c thc hin vi cc
polymre): 2 h Ln cc
I i v r33 Vi L "
I v r31 Vi L "
 i

ng quang h c d c (// E)
ng quang h c ngang (AE)

Quang phi tuy n

B bin Lu Fng s dng b lm tr

gia hai tm phn cc vung gc:
Nu b lm tr sng nm kp gia hai tm phn cc
vung gc, t nghing 450 so vi trc tr, truyn
qua s bng T = sin2(/2). i vi t bo Pockels, p
dng cng thc cho ta c truyn qua:

T V 

*0 S V
sin 
2 2 VS
2

Quang phi tuy n

truyn qua

Hnh 4.1.6. (a) B Lu bin Fng s dng t bo

Pockels t gia hai tm phn cc vung gc.; (b) truyn qua
quang theo hiu Ln th p vo cho gi tr 0; hot ng tuyn
tnh t bo c thin p gn Lm B.

Quang phi tuy n

Bng cch chn 0 = /2 v V << V:

T V 

S S V

sin 
4 2 VS
dT
| T 0 
V
dV V 0
2

(4.1.14)

1 S V

2 2 VS

1K vy T(V) th hin nhy ca b Lu bin.

tr pha 0 c th Lu chnh hoc bng quang hc hoc
bng Ln.
T s gia cc i v cc tiu truyn qua c gi l
t s tiu hy ( extinction).
Quang phi tuy n

Qut

c sng.

Gc un lch do OQJ knh c gc nh v chit sut

n D vo l (n-1). S thay i WQJ ln ca chit
sut n do Ln WUng E p vo gy ra WQJ ng vi
s thay i WQJ ln ca gc un lch:

'T

D'n  12 D n 3 E

 12 D n 3

V
d

thay i nh sng ti c qut.

c WUQJ cho b qut l phn gii, ngha l cc vt
khng ph thuc nhau m n c th qut.
Quang phi tuy n

Hnh 4.1.7. (a) /QJ knh EO. Gc un lch c Lu khin bi

Ln WUng. (b) /QJ knh EO p.

Quang phi tuy n

 phn k ca chm tia quang hc

0/D. gim gc ny chm tia cn rng nht c th.
i vi hiu Ln th cc i V cho WUc WQJ ng
vi gc qut , s Ong Lm khng ph thuc bng
3
1
'T

D
n
V /d
2
(4.1.16)
N|

GT

O0 / D 

Lp L/D v V = (d/L)(0/n3) ta thu c

V
N|
2VS

(4.1.17)

V 2NV. l mtQuang
ktphiqu
lm nn lng.
tuy n

Hnh 4.1.8. Cng tc tt m v tr da trn b lm

tr pha EO v Ong chit.

Quang phi tuy n

B k th p

nh

ng.

ng dn sng c di L0 v 0, t s
truyn cng sut T = P2(L0)/P1(0) l hm s ca
khng ph hp pha L0:
2 1/ 2

'EL0
S
2 1
sin c 1 

2
2 S
2

sinc(x) = sin (x)/(x).

dch pha L0 =n(2L0/0)= -(/0)n3L0E.

n = -1/2n3E, l h s Pockels.
Quang phi tuy n

Hnh 4.1.9. (a) S trao i cng sut gia hai ng dn

sng song song kt hp yu, chng ging nhau v c
cng hng s lan truyn . Ti z = 0 tt c NL trong
ng dn sng s 1. Ti z = L0 tt c NL chuyn sang
ng dn sng s 2. (b) S ph thuc ca t s truyn
cng sut T = P2(L0)/P1(0) trn tham s khng ph
Quang phi tuy n
hp pha L0.

Hai tham s Lu khin ln ca qu trnh

kt hp:
H s kt hp C (ph thuc vo kch WKc, Ec
sng, v chit sut).
khng ph hp ca hng s lan truyn:
= 1-2 = 2n/0
trong n l s khc nhau gia chit sut ca cc
ng dn sng.
Nu hai ng dn sng ging nhau = 0 v P2(0) = 0,
th ti khong cch z = L0 = /2C, c gi l khong
cch truyn hoc di kt hp, NL chuyn hon ton
t ng dn sng 1 sang ng dn sng 2. Ngha l
P1(L0)=0 v P2(L0)=P1(0).
Quang phi tuy n

Hnh 4.1.10. B kt hp nh Kng EO tch phn. Hiu

Ln th p vo V to nn Ln WUng E V/d trong mt
ng dn sng v V/d trn ng kia

2n = - n3(V/d),
L0 = - (2/0)n3(L0/d)V.

Quang phi tuy n

Hiu Ln th V0 cn thit chuyn mch

cng sut quang l hiu Ln th |L0|= 3 bng

V0

d
O0
L0 2n 3

3 CO0 d
S n3

L0 = /2C v C l h s kt hp. k\ l hiu Ln th

chuyn mch.
Do |L0|= 3 V/V0 CT trn cho:
2 1/ 2 Hiu sut

V
S
2 1
sin c 1  3 kt hp
2
V0
2

Quang phi tuy n

Hnh 4.1.11. S ph thuc ca hiu sut kt hp

vo hiu Ln th p vo V. Khi V = 0, tt c
cng sut quang kt hp t ng dn sng 1 sang
ng dn sng 2; Khi V = V0, tt c cng sut
li trong ng dn sng 1.

Quang phi tuy n

Bi tp 4.1.1. PT 4.1.19 cho thy rng th chuyn mch V0 t

l vi Ec sng. Gi thit rng hiu Ln th p vo V = V0
cho Ec sng O , ngha l hiu sut kt hp T = 0 ti O0 .
0
Nu thay vo , sng ti c Ec sng 0, hy v hiu sut
kt hp T l hm ca O0  O0 . Gi thit rng h s kt hp C
v tham s ca vt liu n v l khng ph thuc vo Ec
sng mt cch WQJ i.

Quang phi tuy n

u bi n nh sng theo khng gian

Hnh 4.1.12. B Lu
bin nh sng theo
khng gian.

I0(x,y) = Ii(x,y)T(x,y)

E(x,y) T(x,y)
Hnh 4.1.13. Chui c kh
QQJ nh a ch bng
Ln ca B Lu bin EO
dc.
Quang phi tuy n

B bin Lu EO nh sng theo khng gian

c nh a ch bng quang hc:
Hnh 4.1.14. B Lu
bin nh sng theo
khng gian EO s
dng vt liu quang
dn to ra phn b
khng gian ca Ln
WUng c s dng
Lu khin vt liu
EO.

Mu hnh khng gian ca dn

G(x,y) v IW(x,y)

E(x,y) v 1/G(x,y) v 1/IW(x,y)

Quang phi tuy n

B bin Lu quang hc c ra Pockels :

Hnh 4.1.15. B bin Lu quang hc - c ra Pockels (PROM).

BSO - oxide silic bismuth,

Bi12SiO20

Quang phi tuy n

PROM hot ng QK sau:

Trang b thng tin: Hiu Ln th ln ( 4 kV) p
vo cc Ln cc v t Ln c np (khng c dng
d bi tinh th l cht Ln mi tt trong bng ti).
Vit: nh sng mu xanh GQJ vi phn b Fng
IW(x,y) chiu vo tinh th. Kt qu l mu hnh
khng gian G(x, y) v IW(x, y) c to nn, th qua
tinh th b thp L c chn la, v Ln WUng gim
L t l ti tng v tr, nn E(x, y) v 1/G(x, y)v 1/ IW(x,
y). Do tc ng ca hiu ng EO, chit sut ca BSO
thay i v hnh mu khng gian ca s thay i chit
sut n(x, y) v 1/ IW(x,y) c to ra v OX tr trong
Quang phi tuy n
tinh th.

c: nh sng ng nht c dng c

n(x, y) QK vi b Lu bin Fng EO bnh
WKng. (xem hnh 4.1.6a) vi b chia chm tia phn
cc ng vai tr cc tm phn cc vung gc.
Xa: Hnh mu ca chit sut c xa L s dng
nh sng chp chiu mu xanh GQJ. Tinh th li
c trang b thng tin bng p th 4 kV, v vng mi
li tip tc.
Quang phi tuy n

B chuyn i quang hc
khng kt hp kt hp:
Trong b Lu bin nh sng theo khng gian nh a
ch quang hc, QK PROM, nh sng c s dng
vit hnh mu khng gian vo b Lu bin khng cn
l kt hp do vt liu quang dn nhy cm vi Fng
quang hc. Hnh mu quang hc khng gian (hnh
nh) c th c vit dng nh sng khng kt hp, v
c dng nh sng kt hp. Qu trnh bin i thi
gian thc phn b khng gian ca nh sng khng kt
hp t nhin thnh phn b khng gian t l ca nh
sng kt hp rt hu dng trong nhiu ng dng d
phi.tuy n
liu quang v x l hnhQuang
nh

4.2 Cc hi u ng
n quang
trong cc mi
ng khng
ng
ng.
Hi u ng Pockel v hi u ng
Kerr.
Cc b
u bi n.

Quang phi tuy n

Quang hc v tinh th: nhc li mt cht t:

Cc tnh cht quang hc ca mi WUng khng ng
Kng c c WUQJ bi vic xy dng hnh hc
elipsoid chit sut:

x xj

ij i

1,

i, j 1,2,3,...

ij

Trong ij = ji l cc yu t ca WHQ[ khng Ln

=0-1. Cc trc F bn ca hnh elipsoid l cc trc
quang hc chnh ca mi WUng; cc kch WKc F
bn dc theo cc trc ny l cc chit sut chnh n1, n2,
n3. (hnh 4.2.1)
Quang phi tuy n

Hnh 4.2.1. Elipsoid

chit sut. Cc ta
(x, y, z) l cc trc F
bn v n1, n2, n3 l
cc chit sut chnh.
Cc chit sut ca
mode trc giao vi
sng lan truyn theo
Kng k l na v nb.

Quang phi tuy n

Hi u ng Pockel v hi u ng
Kerr.
Khi mt Ln WUng n nh E vi cc
thnh phn (E1, E2, E3) p vo tinh th,
cc yu t ca WHQ[ thay i, nn tng
yu t trong 9 yu t ij tr thnh hm
ca E1, E2 v E3, ngha l ij = ij(E). Kt
qu l elipsoid b bin dng. Khi ta bit
hm ij(E) ta c th xc nh
elipsoid chit sut v cc tnh cht Hnh 4.2.2. Elipsoid
quang hc ti bt k Ln WUng E chit sut b bin dng
khi ta p mt Ln
p vo no. 1KQJ .
WUng n nh.
Quang phi tuy n

Mi mt yu t ij(E) l hm ca 3 bin s E
= (E1, E2, E3), m c th khai trin vo chui Taylor
ti E = 0,

[ ij E  [ ij 
k

ijk Ek 

9
k"

ijk"

Ek E" ,

i, j, k, = 1, 2, 3,..

2
Trong ij= ji(0), ijk = wij/wEk, 9ijk
ijk = w ij/wEkE, v cc
vi phn c nh gi ti E = 0. PT ny l tng qut ha,
trong c thay bng 33 = 27 h s {ijk} v 9 c thay
bng 34 = 81 h s {9ijk
ijk}. H s {ijk}cc h s EO tuyn
tnh (Pockels). Chng to nn WHQ[ bc 3. Cc h s {9ijk
ijk} l
cc h s EO bc hai (Kerr). Chng to nn WHQ[ bc 4.
Quang phi tuy n

S i xng:
Bi l i xng (ij = ji), v 9 khng thay i khi
hon v cc ch s i v j, ngha l ijk = jik v 9ijk
ijk =
2
9jik
jik. Cng QK vy h s 9ijk
ijk = w ij/wEkwE khng
thay i khi hon v k v (bi s khng thay i ca
th t vi phn), nn 9ijk
ijk = 9ij
ijk. Bi v s i xng ca
php hon v ny 9 s kt hp ca i v j to nn 6 thay
v 9 cc yu t khng ph thuc. Cng gim QK vy
i vi cc ch s k v . Bi vy ijk c 6 x 3 yu t
khng ph thuc, trong Quang
khiphi9ijk
ijkn c 6 x 6 yu t.
tuy

Bng 4.2.1 Bng tra cu ch s I WQJ

ng vi 1 cp cc ch s (i, j)a
j

i: 1

aV

d: Cp (i, j) = (3, 2) c gn cho I = 4

Quang phi tuy n

i xng ca tinh th:

S i xng ca tinh th thm vo nhng hn ch cho
s tip nhn ca ma trn v 9. Mt vi yu t bng 0,
v mt s khc bng nhau, hoc bng nhau v ln
QKQJ QJc du nhau, hoc lin quan vi nhau thng
qua nhng nguyn tc khc na. i vi tinh th c
tm i xng th bin mt v ch cn hiu ng Kerr.
Cc gi tr ca v 9 cho 32 nhm tinh th ta c th
tm c trong mt s sch tham kho. Trong Bng
4.2.2 v 4.2.3 cho mt sQuang
vphidtuyntiu biu.

Quang phi tuy n

Hiu ng Pockels:
C Ln WUng E = (E1, E2, E3), tm cc tnh cht
QH, cn:
Tm cc trc F bn v cc chit sut chnh n1, n2,
v n3 khi khng c E.
Xc nh cc yu t ca WHQ[ khng Ln, s dng
ij(E) = ij(0) + kijkEk

Trong ij(0) l ma trn ng cho vi cc yu t

1/n1, 1/n2 v 1/n3.
Quang phi tuy n

Vit SKQJ trnh cho elipsoid chit sut bin dng

ijij(E)xixj = 1
Xc nh cc trc F bn ca elipxoid chit sut
bin dng bng cch ng cho ha ma trn ij(E), v
tm cc ch s chit sut chnh WQJ ng n1(E), n2(E)
v n3(E).
Cho Kng lan truyn nh sng, tm cc mode trc
giao v cc chit sut UQJ ng bng cch s dng
elipsoid chit sut.
Quang phi tuy n

V d 4.2.1. Tinh th trigonal 3m (v d: LiNbO3 v LiTaO3).

Tinh th trigonal 3m l Q cc (n1 = n2 = n0, n3 = ne) vi ma
trn cho trong Bng 4.2.2. Gi thit rng E = (0, 0, E), ngha
l Ln WUng ch dc theo trc quang hc (hnh 4.2.3), ta tm
thy elipsoid chit sut bin dng bng:

2
1
2
1
2
2  r13 E x1  x2  2  r 33 E x3

ne

n0

k\ l elipsoid xoay vng, cc trc F bn ca n khng ph

thuc vo E. Chit sut bnh WKng v bt WKng n0(E) v
ne(E) bng: 1
1
1
1
(4.2.4)

n E 
2
0

2
0

 r13 E &
Quang phi tuy n

n E 
2
e

(4.2.5)

2
e

 r 33 E

Hnh 4.2.3. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut ca tinh th trigonal

3m gy ra bi Ln WUng dc theo trc quang hc.
Quang phi tuy n

Bi cc thnh phn 13E v 33E trong CT Gi

WKng l nh, nn WKng dng php gn ng (1 + )-1/2 1, khi || nh, thu c:

n0 E  | n0  12 n03r13 E

ne E  | ne  12 ne3r 33 E

Ta L n kt lun rng khi Ln WUng p vo dc theo trc

quang hc ca tinh th Q trc, th n gi nguyn Q trc,
QKQJ chit sut ca n b thay i (Hnh 4.2.3). /X s
ging nhau gia cc cng thc ny v Ct gc.
Quang phi tuy n

V d 4.2.1. Tinh th t din (tetragonal) 42m (v d: KDP v

ADP). Nhc li nhng Ec cho tinh th Q trc ny v gi
thit rng E = (0, 0, E), ngha l Ln WUng ch dc theo trc
quang hc (hnh 4.2.4), ta tm thy SKQJ trnh cho elipsoid
chit sut bng:
2
2
2

 x2
x3

 2r 63 Ex1 x2
2
2
n0
ne

Cc trc F bn bin dng thu c bng cch quay h ta

45o theo trc z. Thay u1 = (x1 x2)/ 2 , u2 = (x1+ x2)/ 2 , u3 =
x3 vo CT trn ta thu c: u 2
u2
u2
1

n E  n E  n E 
2
1

Quang phi tuy n

2
2

2
3

Hnh 4.2.4. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut c to ra bi Ln

WUng E dc theo cc trc quang hc ca tinh th Q trc
tetragonal 42m.
Quang phi tuy n

vi:

1
n12 E 

1
 r 63 E
2
n0

1
n22 E 

1
 r 63 E
2
n0

n3 E  ne

Dng php gn ng (1 + )-1/2 1- , thu c:

1K vy tinh th ban u
Q trc tr thnh Ong
trc khi Ln WUng p
vo n dc theo Kng
trc quang hc.

n1 E  | n0  12 n03r 63 E

n2 E  | n0  12 n03r 63 E

n3 E  ne
Quang phi tuy n

V d 4.2.3. Tinh th lp SKQJ (cubic) 43m (v d: GaAs,

CdTe v InAs). Cc tinh th ny ng Kng (n1 = n2 = n3 =
n). Khng nh mt L tnh chung, h ta c th chn la
sao cho Ln WUng p vo L theo trc z (hnh 4.2.5). Nhc li
cng cc Ec QK trn ta tm thy SKQJ trnh cho elipsoid
chit sut bng:
x12  x22  x32

 2r 41 Ex1 x2

n2

Cng ging QK v d 4.2.2, cc trc F bn mi thu c

bng cch quay h ta 45o theo trc z. Cc chit sut chnh
bng:
n E  | n  1 n 3r E
1K vy Ln WUng p vo 1
lm tinh th ban u ng
n E
Kng tr thnh tinh th 2
Quang phi tuy n
Ong trc. (H4.2.5)
n E

41

  | n  12 n3r 41E
n
3 

Hnh 4.2.5. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut c to ra bi Ln

WUng E vo tinh th lp SKQJ (cubic) 43m.
Quang phi tuy n

Hiu ng Kerr:
Cc tnh cht quang hc ca mi WUng Kerr c th
xc nh c bi s dng qu trnh ging h QK cho
mi WUng Pockels, ngoi tr h s ij(E) by gi
ij(E) = ij(0) + k 9ijk
ijkEkE.
V d 4.2.4. Mi WUng ng Kng. S dng h s Kerr 9IK
trong Bng 4.2.3 cho tinh th ng Kng, v ly trc z dc
theo Ln WUng p vo E, ta d dng tm thy SKQJ trnh
cho elipsoid chit sut bng:
(4.2.16)

 9 12 E 2 x12  x22  1  9 11 E 2 x32

n2

n2

Quang
phi
tuy
n

k\ l SKQJ trnh ca elipsoid quay trn m trc

quay l trc z. Cc chit sut chnh n0(E) v ne(E) c xc
nh t:
1
1
2
(4.2.17)

9
E
12
2
2
n0 E  n

1
1
 9 11 E 2
(4.2.18)
2
2
ne E  n
/X rng thnh phn th hai trong hai CT trn nh, nn
dng php gn ng (1 + )-1/2 1- , khi || <<1, thu c:
1K vy khi Ln WUng E p
vo mi WUng ng Kng n E
0
bin n thnh tinh th Q trc,
vi trc quang hc dc theo n E
Kng ca E. Cc chit sut n0 e
v ne hm gim theo E bc haiQuang
. phi tuy n

  | n  12 n 39 12 E 2 (4.2.19)
  | n  12 n 39 11E 2 (4.2.20)

Cc b

u bi n.

B Lu bin pha:
Cc mode bnh WKng c c WUQJ bi chit sut
n(E) n n3E, trong n v l chit sut v h
s Pockels thch ng, v E = V/d l Ln WUng thu
c khi p mt Ln th V qua khong cch d. Sng
lan truyn qua khong L, thay i pha:
V
M M0  S
d O0
VS
V
Trong 0 = 2nL/0 v th na sng
S
L r n3
Cc h s thch ng ban u gi l n v c th
(4.2.22)
d dng c xc nh trong v d sau k\.
Quang phi tuy n

V d 4.2.5. Tinh th trigonal 3m (LiNbO3 v LiTaO3). Khi

Ln WUng L dc theo trc quang hc ca loi tinh th Q
trc ny, tinh th vn nguyn l Q trc vi cng cc trc F
bn c. (Hnh 4.2.3). Cc chit sut chnh c cho bng cc
cng thc (4.2.6) v (4.2.7). Tinh th c th dng QK b Lu
bin pha trong mt t hai loi sau k\:
Lu bin dc: Nu sng quang hc phn cc thng L dc
theo Kng trc quang hc (// vi Ln WUng), cc tham s
thch ng cho b Lu bin pha l n = n0, = 13 v d = L. i
vi LiNbO3, 13 = 9,6 pm/V v n0 = 2,3 ti 0 = 633 nm. PT
(4.2.22) cho ta V=5,41 kV, nn cn c 5,41 kV thay i
pha bng .
Quang phi tuy n

 B Lu bin ngang: Nu sng lan truyn theo Kng x v

phn cc theo Kng z, cc tham s thch ng l n = ne v =
33. rng d ni chung khng bng chiu di L. i vi
LiNbO3 ti 0 = 633 nm, 33 = 30,9 pm/V, v ne = 2,2, cho th
na sng V = 1,9(d/L) kV. Nu d/L = 0,1, ta thu c V
190 V, thp KQ rt nhiu so vi th na sng ca b Lu bin
dc.

Quang phi tuy n

B Lu bin Fng :
Hai mode trc giao ca t bo Pockels c chit sut
ph thuc vo Ln WUng p vo khc nhau cho ta
tr ph thuc vo th:
V

Trong

*0

*0  S

2S n1  n2 L
O0

VS
& VS

d / L O0
r1n13  r 2 n23

Nu t bo t gia hai tm phn cc vung gc, h

thng hot ng QK b Lu bin Fng .
Quang phi tuy n

V d 4.2.6. Tinh th t din (tetragonal) 42m (v d: KDP v

ADP). 1K trong v d 4.2.2, Ln WUng ch dc theo trc
quang hc ca tinh th Q trc ny v bin n thnh Ong
trc. Cc trc F bn mi chnh l cc trc nguyn bn quay L
45o. Gi thit rng cu hnh bin Lu dc (d/L=1) trong
sng lan truyn dc theo trc quang hc. Hai mode trc giao
c chit sut cho theo cng thc (4.2.9) v (4.2.10). Cc h s
thch hp s dng trong (4.2.25) bi vy n1 = n2 = n0, 1 =
63, 2 = -63 v d = L nn 0= 0 v:
O0
VS
(4.2.26)
3

i vi KDP 0 = 633 nm, V = 8,4 kV

2r 63 n0

Quang phi tuy n

Bi tp 4.2.1. ADP Lu bin Fng s dng hiu ng

Kerr. S dng (4.2.19) v (4.2.20) xc nh biu thc cho
dch pha , v tr pha , trong b Lu bin Kerr dc
lm t vt liu ng Kng, l hm s ca th p vo V. Tnh
ra biu thc cho th na sng V trong tng WUng hp.

Quang phi tuy n