QUANG HC

PHI TUYN
PGS. TS. Trn Th Tm
Khoa VLKT & CNNN
Trng i hc Cng ngh, HQG H ni
drtranthitam@gmail.com
Quang phi tuyn

Cc nguyn l c bn ca
quang phi tuyn
v iu bin quang

Quang phi tuyn

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Lp hc chuyn Php Vit. Cc Nguyn

l c bn ca Quang in t hc v Vin
thng Quang hc, Sn 1-11 thng
11/2004. Bi ging ca GS. M. Dumont:
Nguyn l ca Quang hc phi tuyn, bin
iu quang v Quang hc cc vt liu hu
c. P39-90.
2. Y. R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear
Optics. John Wiley & Sons, NY1984.
Quang phi tuyn

4. V Thanh Khit, L thuyt in t v s

truyn nh sng, i hc Quc gia H ni, Khoa
cng ngh, H ni 2002.
5. H Quang Qu, Quang phi tuyn ng dng,
NXB i hc Quc gia H ni, 2007
6. Frits Zernike, John E. Midwinter. Applied
Nonlinear Optics. John Wiley & Sons, NY1972.
Quang phi tuyn

Cc nguyn l c bn ca quang phi tuyn

v iu bin quang
Dn nhp v quang phi tuyn.
1) Nhc li v quang tuyn tnh sng in t.

Cc phng trnh truyn sng.

ng
H Phng trnh Maxwell
Phng trnh lan truyn ca sng phng

Mi trng d hng tuyn tnh, khng mt mt.

Hin tng lng chit
Ellipsode chit xut
2) Cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
Quangiu
phi tuyn
3) Cc hiu ng in quang.
bin nh sng.

Vi nt v lch s quang hc
Bt u t thi c Hy lp:
Aristophanes (450? - 388? BC) trong quyn
sch Clouds ca mnh m t s phn x ca
nh sng mt tri.
Democritus (460 - 370 BC) v
Aristotle (384 -322 BC)
bn lun v bn cht ca vic nhn thy.
Archimedes (290? - 212? BC), ly thu
knh hi t nh sng mt tri vo tu ch, chin
thng trong trn chin Syracuse nm 213 BC
Quang phi tuyn

Th k th 17 v
Nm 1690 Christian Huygens lp lun l
nh sng bao gm cc sng, trong khi Isac
Newton nm 1704 gii thch rng nh sng
c to thnh t nhng ht nh xu. Cc
th nghim h tr c hai l thuyt ca h.
Quang hnh: nh lut v khc x ca
Willebrord Snell nm 1621, James Bradley
nm 1725 o c quang sai ca nh
sng t cc v sao v vn tc nh sng
Quang phi tuyn

Quang hc sng:
Euler (1768) cho rng sng nh sng lan truyn
trong mi trng cht lng ete.
Nm 1801 th nghim ca Thomas Young v hin
tng giao thoa ca nh sng i qua hai khe
hp.
Malus (1908) v Brewster in 1811 - cc th
nghim v phn cc.
Fresnel v Arago nghin cu hin tng giao
thoa ca nh sng phn cc kt lun: cc
dao ng sng ch c th l cc dao ng
ngang.
Quang phi tuyn
Maxwell (1873) nh sng l sng in t

Quang phi tuyn

Th
Th k
k 19,
19, Maxwell
Maxwell
thit
thit lp
lp cc
cc nh
nh lut
lut tng
tng
qut
qut v
v trng
trng in
in t
t v
v
a
a ra
ra kt
kt lun
lun rng:
rng:
nh
nh sng
sng l
l sng
sng in
in t.
t.

c
n

1895
1895 -Thuyt
-Thuyt in
in t
t v
v cu
cu to
to vt
vt cht
cht ca
ca Lorentz
Lorentz

gii
gii thch
thch c
c s
s ph
ph thuc
thuc ca
ca hng
hng s
s in
in
mi
mi ca
ca mi
mi trng
trng vo
vo tn
tn s.
s.
Quang phi tuyn

Quang phi tuyn

u th k 20 l thuyt lng t
M. Plank nm 1900 thuyt v lng t nng
lng, 1905 A. Einstein thuyt lng t nh
sng photon nh sng c lng tnh snght.
1913 Niels Bohr - cu trc nguyn t Hydro
1960 T. H. Maiman laser,C. H. Townes 1964
gii thng Nobel do lm ra c lasers & A.
M. Prochorow, N. G. Basow. Cc laser u tin
ra i nh du mt giai on mi ca khoa
hc v cng ngh.
Quang phi tuyn

Nhng ngun sng thng thng

104 W/m2
cng in trng 10 100 V/m
khi nh sng truyn trong mi trng,
cc tnh cht ca mi trng nh: chit
sut, h s hp th v.v.. Khng ph thuc
vo cng nh sng cc phng trnh
ca trng in t l cc phng trnh
tuyn tnh Quang hc tuyn tnh.
Quang phi tuyn

 ngun nh sng laser 1019 W/m2

cng in trng t ti 1011V/m
cc thng s quang hc ca mi trng
ph thuc vo cng nh sng, cc
phng trnh ca trng in t tr thnh
phi tuyn
Quang hc phi tuyn
Quang phi tuyn

Quang phi tuyn l g?

S p ng tuyn tnh trong
quang c in

P(t)

P E
0

E(t)

E=E0cost

E=E0 e-L/2 cos(t+)

I = I0 e- L
Quang phi tuyn

Quang phi tuyn l g?

S p ng phi tuyn (bo ho)

PE
+(3)E 3

P(t)

+..
+

E=E0cost

E=E0 e-L/2 cos(t+)

+ E3 cos(3t+')
+ .......
Quang phi tuyn

E(t)

Quang phi tuyn l g?

S p ng phi tuyn CA H KHNG C I XNG
TM
PE
+(2)E 2

+ .
E=E0 e-L/2 cos(t+)
+ E2 cos(2t)
+ EDC
(cost)2=(1+cos2t)/2

P(t)

E=E0cost

E(t)

S to ra ho ba bc hai (GSH) v s chnh lu quang

Quang phi tuyn
hc

Quang phi tuyn l g?

Ch mt nm sau khi sng ch ra laser!

Quang phi tuyn

 ln ca Quang phi tuyn

Trng ni phn t 1011 V/m. Trng
ca mt sng nh sng tng ng vi
1019 W/m2.
Trn sut vng ph nhn thy, mt vt
en ti 3000K cho 1.5 10 6 W/m2.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn khng
ng k

P(t)

E(t)

Mt xung laser 1 mJ di 100 ps, hi t li ( 10 m) cho mt

1018 W/m2.
Cc laser cho ta mt nng lng tp trung
- theo ph (s kt hp theo thi gian)
- theo khng gian (s kt hp theo khng gian)
Quang phi tuyn
- lin tc theo thi gian (laser xung)

Nhc li v quang tuyn tnh

1) Phng trnh lan truyn.
a. T trng bin thin theo thi gian sinh ra in
trng v ngc li. Nh vy: in trng v t
trng lin h cht ch vi nhau, chng ng thi
tn ti trong khng gian, to thnh trng thng
nht l trng in t.
b. Trng in t E: Vect cng in trng; l mt
khong khng gian, trong tn ti lc in v t.
Trng in t ti mi im c c trng bi:
D : Vect cm ng in;
H : Vect cng t trng;
B : Vect cm ng t Quang phi tuyn

H phng trnh Maxwell (khi mi trng in

mi khng c ht ti t do, = 0, J = 0):

D
rotH J
t
B
rotE
t
divD

J vect mt dng in
mt khi ca in tch

divB 0
Quang phi tuyn

Khi kho st trng in t trong mi trng vt

cht, ta cn c cc phng trnh vt cht:

D D(E),

B B(H),

J J(E),

T tt c cc phng trnh trn rt ra c:

divJ 0
t

Phng trnh lin tc

biu th nh lut bo
ton in tch
Quang phi tuyn

Phng trnh vt cht (mi trng khng t

tnh, M=0) :
a. Trong chn khng:

D 0 E,

B 0 H

0 = 8.85 1012 MKSA : hng s in mi ca

chn khng
Quang phi tuyn

b. Trong mi trng ng hng:

D 0E,

B 0 H,

J E,

hng s in mi ca mi trng;
t thm (tng i) ca mi trng
dn in ca mi trng

Khi in trng E p vo mi trng to nn

mt lng cc in P.

P 0 E
Quang phi tuyn

cm tuyn tnh

D 0 E P 0 E 0 E 0 E

1
Tng thnh phn ca E hoc H l li gii ca
2
Phng trnh sng
1 U
2
U

Vn tc
ca nh
sng trong
mi trng

c t

c0
c
n
1/ 2

1/ 2

n ( Quang
) phituyn
(1 )

Chit sut
ca mi
trng

Trong phn ln cc trng hp cc tham s v

m: , , c th xem nh khng ph thuc vo
cng ca trng. Khi cc h thc trn l
tuyn tnh mi trng tuyn tnh.
Khi mi trng c cc tham s trn ph thuc
vo cng ca trng mi trng phi
tuyn.

D 0 ( E )E,

B 0 ( H )H,

J ( E )E,
Quang phi tuyn

c. Trong mi trng d hng:

D 0 E,
Tenx in
thm

D v E khng song song vi nhau

Cc tenx , , l hm ca ta v cng
trng in t.

Quang phi tuyn

1) Phng trnh lan truyn.

H phng trnh Maxwell
(mi trng in mi khng c ht ti t do, = 0,

J = 0):
D
k H D
k .B 0
rotH H
div B .B 0
t

B
k.D 0
rot E E
div D .D 0
k E B
t

phng trnh vt cht (mi trng khng t tnh, M=0):

B oH
D oE P oE o E o E

Phng trnh lan truyn trng hp chung:

1 2 1
E .E E 2 2 E P
o
c t

Sng phng n sc

(,

k)
Er, t e E
exp i k.r i t

Pr , t eP

(, k )

i k

2
k

exp i k.r i t

i
t

2 1
k E 2 E
o
c

D
E
E
2

S=ExH

Quang phi tuyn

B//H

Phng trnh lan truyn ca mt sng phng

trong mi trng ng hng

P 0 .E P // E
= 1 + vn v l nhng i lng v hng
2
2
2

.
2
2
k .E 2 .E
.P k .E 2 .E 0
2
c
0 .c
c
2

k 2 k n.
c
c
2

n : Chit xut

Quang phi tuyn

= n2

Phng trnh lan truyn ca mt sng

phng trong mi trng bt ng hng

P 0 .E

&

P // E

l nhng tenx

Pi 0 ij .E j
- Trong mi trng khng c mt mt l mt
tens hermit: ij = ji*
- Nu nh mi trng khng phn cc t nhin
(khng c phn cc quay) i xng v
thc: ij= ji & ij = ji
Quang phi tuyn

Cc trc bt k

Cc trc chnh
z

ii
D i

D j o ij

ik
D k

ij
jj
jk

ik
jk
kk

E i

E j

E k

y
x

D x
x

y
o 0

D z

Quang phi tuyn

0
y
0

0 E x

0 E y

z

E z

Nu nh in trng ca sng song song vi mt trc chnh, I

Lan truyn ging nh trong mt mi trng ng hng chit
xut nI
nX2 0
Dx

2
0 nY
Dy o

0 0
Dz

0 Ex

0 Ey

2
nZ Ez

Ex nX

o Ey 0

Ez 0

x2

Tens c th c biu din di

dng bc hai:

n x2

0
2

nY
0

y2
n y2

0 Dx

0 Dy

2
nZ Dz

z2
n 2z

z
y l elipxoit chit sut:
nx
x
Quang phi tuyn

nz

ny
y


ni
ki
& ni i
c

Phn cc nh sng c xc

nh bng
D.
i vi tt c cc hng lan

truyn
, c hai hng phn
k
Dk ,e
cc vung gc m lan truyn
khng b mo dng.
c gi l cc ng trung
ho
i vi hng lan truyn
.
k
Cc ng trung ha l cc
trc ca ellipse to nn bi
mt ct ca ellipsode v mt

phng sng. di ca chng

Dk ,o
cho ta hai chit xut.
Quang phi tuyn

Tinh th n trc :
nX = nY = no
Chit xut bnh thng
nZ = ne
chit xut bt thng

k bt k, Hai chit xut

i vi mt hng
l:

no ( D o // E o z )
1
n 2e ()

cos 2
n 2o

sin 2

Quang phi tuyn

n 2e

Mi trng hp th (hoc khuch i)

Nng lng hp th, trong mt n v thi gian v mt
dP
n v th tch E.
dt

4
dP
d W
E.
3
d r .dt
dt

E exp i.k. r - it cc . i.P exp i.k. r - it cc

4

1
1
i.E.P cc 0 iEi ij E j cc
4
4
1

0Ei .E j i ij i ij Quang phi tuyn

4

Mi trng hp th (hoc khuch i)

x
D x

D y o 0

D z
0

avec
Vi: :

0
y
0

0 E x

0 E y

z E z

i ' i i " i 1 ' i i " i

V d nh:
Mt sng phn cc X, lan truyn theo hng Z :

x
2
2
2
~
~
nx nx ikx x nx x ; kx
2n x
Quang phi tuyn

neu

kx nx

~
E x z , t E x expin k0 z it
E x expinx k0 z it exp kx k0 z
I z I 0. exp .z
voi

k0
c

- h s
hp th nu
(x>0)

&

c.nx
Quang phi tuyn

1
2
I .n. 0 c. E
2
- h s
khuch i
nu (x<0)

H thc Kramers-Kronig.
1

P.P.
d

1

P.P.
d

PP phn chnh
'
'0
''

i vi mt di hp th:

Quang phi tuyn

 cm phi tuyn

P(t)
P(t)

P r , t 0 f E r , t d

E(t)

E(t)

1
0 E r , t d
0

2
d , Er , t E r , t d
0

d d , , E r , t Quang
Ephir ,tuyn
t Er , t d ...

Nu trng l mt tng ca cc sng phng:

Phn tch Fourier

Er, t E , k expik.r - it
,k

Pr, t P , k expik.r - it
,k

P 1 , k 0 1 k, E , k
P 2 , k 0 2 k k1 k 2 , 1 2 : E1 , k1 E2 , k 2
P 3 , k 0 3 k k1 k 2 k 3 , 1 2 3
E1 , k1 E 2 , k 2 E 3 , k 3
.........

Quang phi tuyn

(1)
Bc 1:
P khng cha cc tn s ca cc trng

(1)

(quang tuyn tnh)

l mt tens bc 2
(1)

Pi () o

(1)
ij ()
j

E j()

(2)
Bc 2:
P cha tt c cc tn s (i dng hoc m)

Pi

(2)

(2)

l mt tens bc 3

() o

1 2

(2)
ijk (; 1 , 2 ) E j ( 1)
jk

Quy c v
kQuang
hiuphi tuyn

E k ( 2 )

Bc 3:

Pi

Pi

(3)

(3)

() o

(3)

cha tt c cc tn s
1 2 3)

l mt tens bc 4

(3)
ijkl(; 1, 2 , 3 ) E j( 1)
jkl

Quy c v
k hiu

Quang phi tuyn

E k ( 2 ) E l( 3 )

Cc Hiu ng bc hai
Cc hin tng
Tng tn s
To ho ba bc hai
Hiu tn s
Chnh lu tn s
Hiu ng in
quang Pockels
To tham s (nu
c dao ng laser
OPO)
Khuch i tham
s (OPA)

Trng ti

1 , 2

1 , 2

, E tnh
in
3

Kt qu

E 1 E 2
Lu

3 = 1 + 2
3 = + = 2
3 = 1 - 2
3 = - = 0
=+0n
1 , 2 vi 1 + 2 = 3
hiu ng ngc vi hiu ng
tng tn s

1 khuch i + 2
1 + 2= 3 ging h hiu tn
3 , 1
s nhng ng ta ch quan tm
Quang phi tuyn
n 1 m khng phi l 2

Cc Hiu ng bc ba

Cc hin tng

Trng ti

Bo ho cc hiu
ng tuyn tnh

Bo ho cho nhau
1 , 2
To ho ba bc ba

(TGH)
1 , 2 , 3
Trn bn sng

E 1 E 2 E 3

Kt qu

Lu

4 = - + =
4 = 1 - 2 + 2 = 1
4 = + + = 3
4 = 1 - 2 + 3

Trn bn sng suy

bin

, k1 k2
k3

4 = - + =

Hiu ng in
quang Kerr
Hiu ng Raman
(hay Brilloin)
cng bc

, E tnh
in

=+0+0n

k 4 k1 k 2 k3

S = - v ; A = + v
Quang phi tuyn
v tn s phn t

Cc quy c v k hiu khc:

1) S dng cc trng thc:

E(t)

0 E(p ) cos(p t p )
p

Cc thnh phn Fourier :

1
*
E j( p ) E j(p ) exp i p E j ( p )
2

2
ijk R

1 2
ijk
2

F Quang phi tuyn

3
ijk R

1 3
ijk
4

2) S dng cc h s nhn: Dn l s lng cc hon

v ca trng
(2)
Pi ()

oD 2

(2)
d ijk (; 1 , 2 ) E j ( 1)
jk

D2 = 1 nu 1= 2 ;
(3)
Pi ()

oD3

E k ( 2 )

D2 = 2 nu 1 2

(3)
dijkl(;1,2 ,3)E j(1) Ek (2 ) El(3)
jkl

D3 = 1 nu 1= 2 = 3 ;
D3 = 6 nu 1 2 3
(n)
dij..p (;1,2,..,n )

D3 = 3 nu 1= 2 3 ;
1

2(ns1)Dn (1,2,..,n)
Quang phi tuyn

(n)
ij..p (;1,2,..,n )

Cc i xng khi hon v

1) i xng ni
(2)

(2)*

(2)

(2)

ijk ( 3 ; 1, 2 ) ijk ( 3; 1, 2 )
ijk ( 3 ; 1, 2 ) ikj ( 3 ; 2 , 1 )

car :
Trong trng
hp

E() E * ()

Bc ca trng khng c ngha vt l hon v :

(1,j) (2,k)
to ho ba bc hai, ngi ta c th hon v j v k :

(2)
ikj (2;, )

(2)
ijk (2;, )

Quang phi tuyn

Thnh phn tenx bc 3 t 27 cn 18; bc 4 t 81 cn 30

S gim s lng cc ch s chit xut

ij = xx

p = 1

yy

zz

yz = zy

xz = zx

xy = yx

dip

Px

Py

Pz

(2)
dijk

1 (2)
ijk (2;, )
2

d11 d12 d13 d14 d15

d 21 d 22 d 23 d 24 d 25

d 31 d 32 d 33 d 34 d 35

Quang phi tuyn

Ex2
2
Ey

d16
E 2z

d 26
2E zEy

d 36
2E zEx

2ExEy

Cc i xng khi hon v

2) Cc i xng c iu kin :
Nu nh khng c mt mt, ngi ta
c th hon v tt c cc tn s vi ch s
chit xut v k hiu :
(2)
dijk (3 ;1, 2 )

(2)
djik (1; 3 ,2 )

(2)
dkij (2 ; 3 ,1 )

Quang phi tuyn

(2)*
d jik (1;3 , 2 )

(2)*
dkij (2 ; 3 ,1 )

 i xng Kleinman:
Nu khng c tn sc (cng mt ch s
chit xut cho v 2 khi ta c th
hon v tt c cc ch s m khng cn
n tn s na.
v d nh:

d xyz d yxz d zxy

d14 d 25 d 36

tens bc ba ch cn 10 s hng v bc bn cn 15 s hng

Quang phi tuyn

Cc i xng lin quan n vt liu

(i xng ca tinh th)

Trong khong vt hc v tinh th hc, mt cu trc

tinh th l mt s sp xp c bit ca cc nguyn t
trong tinh th. Mt cu trc tinh th gm c mt n
v v rt nhiu cc nguyn t sp xp theo mt cch
c bit; v tr ca chng c lp li mt cch tun
hon trong khng gian ba chiu theo mt mng
Bravais. Kch thc ca n v theo cc chiu khc
nhau c gi l cc thng s mng hay hng s
mng. Ty thuc vo tnh cht i xng ca n v
m tinh th thuc vo mt trong cc nhm khng
Quang phi tuyn
gian khc nhau.

H tinh th
H tinh th l mt nhm im ca cc mng tinh th
(tp hp cc php i xng quay v i xng phn x
m mt im ca mng tinh th khng bin i). H
tinh th khng c cc nguyn t trong cc n v. N
ch l nhng biu din hnh hc m thi.
Mng Bravais l mt tp hp cc im to thnh t
mt im duy nht theo cc bc ri rc xc nh bi
cc vc t c s.
Cu trc tinh th l mt trong cc mng tinh th vi
mt n v v cc nguyn t c mt ti cc nt mng
ca cc n v ni trn.
Quang phi tuyn

Nhm im tinh th hc hoc lp tinh th l mt

tp hp cc php i xng khng tnh tin m
di tc dng ca cc php i xng , tinh th
tr li v tr nh c. C tt c 32 lp tinh th.
Nhm khng gian ca mt cu trc tinh th
c to thnh t cc php i xng tnh tin b
sung vo cc php i xng ca cc nhm im.
C tt c 230 nhm khng gian nh vy.
Cu trc v i xng ca tinh th c vai tr rt
quan trng vi cc tnh cht lin kt, tnh cht
in, tnh cht quang,... ca tinh th.
Quang phi tuyn

H tinh th

Mng tinh th

tam t
(triclinic)
n gin

tm mt y

n t
(monoclinic)

Quang phi tuyn

( Simple)

(centered)

H thoi trc giao (orthohombic)

n gin
(simple)

Tm khi
(body-centered)

Tm mt y
(base-centered)

Tm mt
(face-centered)

Quang phi tuyn

Lc gic
(hexagonal)

T gic
(Tetragonal
-simple)

T gic
(Tetragonal
-body-centered)

Tam gic
Quang phi tuyn
(Rhombohedral)

Lp phng (Cubic)
Tm khi
(body-centered)

n gin
(simple)
Tm mt
(face-centered)
Quang phi tuyn

Z
y

R
X
Y

x
(2)
ijk

(2)
(2)
IJK RIi R Jj RKk ijk

(2)
i=I, j= J, k =K

Nu nh cc tnh cht ca tinh th

ging nhau trong hai h to :
V d: o chiu ca y
z
y

1 0 0

R 0 1 0

0
0
1

Z
Y
X

(2)

xxy
(2)

xyy

(2)

(2)

(2)

XXY xxy xxy 0

(2)

(2)

(2)

Quang phiXYY
tuyn xyy xyy 0

Cc v d
Niobate Lithium (LiNbO3):
Tinh th n trc (nx = ny nz)
i xng 3m
8 s hng khc khng
i xng Kleinman c tho
mn
KDP (KH2PO4)
Tinh th n trc,
i xng 42m
3 s hng khc khng
i xng Kleinman khng hon
ton tho mn

d
d

15
22

d
d

22 22

15

d
d
d

31

31 33

14

d14

KTP (KTiOPO4)

d

15
Tinh th lng trc,

d 24

i xng mm2

5 s hng khc khng

d 31 d 32 d33
i xng Kleinman khng c
Quang phi tuyn
tho mn

36

Cc nguyn l c bn ca quang phi tuyn

v iu bin quang
DDn
n nh
p vv
quang
n.
nhp
quangphi
phituy
tuyn.
1.
c lli
i vv
quang
n ttnh
nh ssng
ng i
n tt.
.
1. Nh
Nhc
quangtuy
tuyn
in

2.
c hi
u ng
ng phi
n.
2. CCc
hiu
phi tuy
tuyn.
nh
nhngha
nghav
v
cm
cmphi
phituyn
tuyn
i
i xxng
ng ::gi
m ss
l
ng ccc
c th
nh ph
n cca
a tenx
gim
lng
thnh
phn
tenx
>> Phng
nh lan
n
Phngtrtrnh
lantruy
truyn
VVn
n
tng
p pha
tnghhp
pha(GSH)
(GSH)
M
nh ccc
c ssng
ng kkt
t hhp
p (GSH)
Mhhnh
(GSH)
M
nh ccc
c ssng
ng kkt
t hhp
p ((cho
cho 33ssng)
ng)
Mhhnh
Bi
n i
i o,
o, khu
ch i
i vv
dao
ng tham
(OPA
Bin
khuch
daong
thamss
(OPA&&OPO)
OPO)
CCc
c hi

ng
b

c
ba
.
Raman
c

ng
b

c
.
Tr

n
4
s

ng
.
hiu ng bc ba. Raman cng bc. Trn 4 sng.
Quang phi tuyn
3.
C

c
hi

ng
i

n
quang
.
u bi
n nh
nh ssng.
ng.
3. Cc hiu ng in quang.i
iu
bin

Tin ca bin ca sng phng trong mi

trng phi tuyn
(trong trng hp mt chiu).

E z, t E z expi k z i t
P

L
P

NL
P

L thnh phn ph thuc tn s

ca phn cc

d E z, t
1
2 E z, t
P z, t
2
2
2
dz
c
0c t
2

2
1
NL

0 k , E z , t P z exp it
2
0c
Quang phi tuyn

Php gn ng bin bin i chm:

d E z
dE z
k
2
dz
dz
2
d E z
dE z

2
dz
dz
2

dE(z) 2
2 NL
2 E(z) expi k z
P (z)
k E(z) 2ik
2
dz

c
oc

dE(z)
k0
NL
i
P (z) expi k zt
dz
2 on
Quang phi tuyn

Php gn ng khi sng ngun khng i

(bm khng suy hao)
Nu sng ngun cng ln

(E1 , E2 , E3 ... PNL , 1 2 3 ....)

Nng lng ca sng pht sinh l khng ng k, do
vy P NL khng ph thuc E

E(L)

E(0)
z

k0
E (z) E (0) i
2 on

PNL(z' ) expi k z'dz'

NL
= Thnh phn Fourier
ca P , ti tn s khng gian

Quang phi tuyn

Trng hp 3D: s dng bin i Fourier

Trng ti im r, pha ngoi i tng phi

tuyn c th biu din nh tng ca cc sng
n c ) cc nh hng khc nhau
phng (
k u
u

E (r , t)

E
(
k
)
exp
i
k
r

i
t
d
u
,u
,u

k0
E (k ,u ) i e
on u,

NL
3
e .P (r ' ) exp i k r ' d r '

Chng ta b qua phn xQuang

cphia tuyn
cc mt giao nhau v
lng chit

To Ho ba bc hai (GSH, SHG in English)

Vn tng hp pha
P

r , z 0 d eff 2 , , E expik z it

k n / c
z

i
2 2
E 2 z , t
exp 2it d eff E expi 2k k 2 z 'dz '
n2 c
0
k 2 n2 / c
E

(z)

n 2 c

(2)
d eff

expik z 1
k

2
c
khng tng hp pha

k 2k k 2 n n 2
Quang phi tuyn

22
22
2
22
2

1
2

sin
kz / 2
22
22 22 22

I 22 z n22 00c E z
I d eff
z
eff
22
22
33
2
n22n 00c
kz / 2
1.0

0.8

k 0

Tng hp pha mt phn

0.6

Lc ~10-100 m

0.4

0.2

Khng tng hp pha

0.0

Lc

z Lc

Lc
k
Quang phi tuyn

di kt hp

Trng hp khi k 0, tc l gc khc gc tng hp pha

gia tia bnh thng v tia bt thng mt lng = | g| ,
rt nh k() xp x bng:
k() = ke2() - 2ko2
vi l hng s ch ph thuc vo chit sut v k.L/2=L
Kt qu o thc nghim cng thot ca SHG vo :
P2

S ph hp pha l khng c th trong trng hp mi trng ng

hng bi n2 > n. C th trong mi trng lng chit. V d nh
trong mi trng n trc m (ne < no)
k

E2

ne,2

Tng hp pha
loi I
E2E

n e,2 () n o,

ne,2
no,

1
n 2e,2 ()

cos 2
n 2o,2

sin 2
n 2e,2

(2)

1
n 2o,

(2)

d eff sin d zxx

(i xng trc ca (2))

ne,
no,2

i vi tinh th n trc
dng (ne > no)

n o,2 () n e,

Mt phng chit xut :

n vch theo hng ca k
( ellipsode chit xut)

(2)

( 2)

d eff sin2 dxxz

Quang phi tuyn

S ph hp pha l khng c th trong trng hp mi trng ng hng

bi n2 > n. C th trong mi trng lng chit. V d nh trong mi
trng n trc m (ne < no)
k

E2

E2E

n e,2 () n o,

ne,2
no,

Tng hp pha
loi I

Bi ton "walk-off"

Vect Poynting ca chm bt

thng khng song song vi k
ne,
no,2
Mt phng chit xut :
n vch theo hng ca k
( ellipsode chit xut)

S
S

cc chm tia tch ra

Quang phi tuyn

o
Tng hp pha
loi II

E2

n e, () n o, 2 n o,2

E,o

E,e

P (2) E,o exp i n o, k 0 z

(nu no < ne)

E,e expi n e, () k 0 z

e
E2
E,e

E,o

n e, () n o, 2 n e,2 ()

(nu ne < no)

Hng tng hp pha bin i theo bc sng ca

chm c bn -> v th cn ti u ho vic la chn tinh
Quang phi tuyn
th

Gn tng hp pha (Quasi-Phase Matching,

QPM)

Tng hp
pha
perfect
phase
matching
l
tng

QPM

phase
lch
mismatchk
pha
= /Lc
0

E
Cc phn
cc
Quang
phixoay
tuyn chiu lin tc

z/Lc 6

Tng hp pha vi sng dn (v d: dn sng phng gia hai gng hon ho

2 iu kin:

1) Tng hp pha dc : kx,2 = 2 kx,

2) Tch phn che ph khc khng
h

(2)

(z) E 2 (z) dz sin 2 (p1 z / h) sin(p 2 z / h) dz 0

0

p2=3
x

p1=1
bc ca mode :

QPM

Quang phi tuyn

p2=2

p1=1

Tng hp pha "Cherenkov" :

tng hp pha gia sng dn v
sng t do ti 2

Quang phi tuyn

S PHT SHG TRONG iU KiN BM GiM DN

Trong trng hp SHG ln mnh ln v sng chnh

gim dn, ta c h phng trnh lin kt:

n gin ta cho l c tng hp pha v s bin i

nng lng:

Hay
I(2,l) = i(,0)tanh2(l)
Vi: = deffE0 / nc.
T I(2,l) + I(,l) = I(,0)
Dn n
I(,l) = I(,0)sech2(l).

1.0

0.8

Tng hp pha l tng

0.6

(trng hp tng hp
pha loi I : E2 E )

0.4

I
0.2

Khng tng hp pha

0.0
L
c

0.5

1.0

1.5

z / KE

2.
0

Tm c : A 2 (z) A 22 (z) A 2 (0) (bo tn nng lng)

A 2 (z) A (0) tanhK A (0) z

A (z) A (0) coshK A (0) z
Quang phi tuyn

Common SHG materials

806 nm light: lithium iodate (LiIO3)
860nm light: potassium niobate
(KNbO3)
980 nm light: KNbO3
1064nm light: monopotassium phos
phate (KH2PO4,
KDP), lithium
triborate (LBO) and -barium borate
(BBO).
1300 nm light: gallium selenide (GaSe) Dark-Red
1319 nm light : KNbO3, BBO, KDP, Gallium Selenide
potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), in its bulk form.
lithium niobate (LiNbO3), LiIO3, and
ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
(ADP)

Comparison of SHG with Multi Photon Microscope

o gi tr d(2) bng
phng php vn
Maker

V d n gin:
- Tinh th n trc
- quay xung quanh trc quang (z)

sin i n sin n 2 sin 2

k k 2 - 2k
y n2 cos 2 2n cos
Cng sng ra tn s 2
bin i theo:
(2)
2
eff sin

Quang phi tuyn

k( i ) L 2

Cn phi thm voQuang

phicng
thc cng
tuyn
v lm mt s hiu chnh tnh phn x.

Phng php mu bt
Phng php bt tinh th cho php xc nh nhanh tnh phi
tuyn ca mt tinh th mi.
Dng bt mn o ho ba bc hai theo tt c cc hng, cc vi
tinh th nh theo cc hng khc nhau -> thu c dng
trung bnh theo tt c cc hng.
Nu kch thc ht nh hn Lc - di kt hp - mi tinh th
u c th pht ho ba ti 2.
Nu kch thc ht ln hn Lc - ch nhng vt liu c kh
nng tng hp pha mi pht ra ho ba.
Nu ta so snh hiu sut ca mt bt cha cc ht nh hn
Lc v bt khc c ht ln hn Lc, ta c th bit cc hng
tng hp pha c tn ti hay khng.
Quang phi tuyn

Trng hp chung : ba sng kt hp 1 2 3

Tng tn s

2
1

2
1

Hiu tn s

2 Khuch i tham s
2
2
1
3
1

3
1

2 Hunh quang tham s

3

2
1

OPA (Optical Parametric Amplifier) - khuch i tham s quang hc

QuangphiDao
tuynng tham s quang hc
OPO (Optical Parametric Oscillator)

M hnh sng kt hp, trong trng hp tng

hp pha mt phn.
- 3 sng cng lan truyn theo 1 hng.
- Tho mn tng hp pha
- Khng c hp th

1 2 3

k 3 k1 k 2

dE1
1
(2)
i
e 1. ( 1; 2 , 3 ) : e 2 e 3 E 2* E 3
dz
c n1
dE 2
dz
dE 3*
dz

i
e

cn
2

2 .

(2)

( 2; 3 , 1 ) : e 3

e E E
*
1

3
( 2)*
e 3 .
( 3 ; 1, 2 ) : e 1 e 2 E1* E 2*
c n3

dA 1
iKA *2A 3
dz
dA 2
iKA 1*A 3
dz
dA *3
iKA 1*A *2
dz

phi
tuyn
v bi
u din phn cc
e1 , e 2 , e3 - l cc vect nQuang

Mi trng khng mt mt
bng nhau

Ai

ni
Ei ,
i

i xng: tt c (2) u

1 1 2 3
(2)
K
e 1. ( 1; 2 , 3 ) : e 2 e 3
c n1n 2n 3

bo ton thng lng & nng lng nh sng :

ni Ei

Cte

1
n 0 c
2

01 photon 2 v 01 photon 1 bin mt khi 01

photon 3 sinh ra

dA 1
dz

dA2

dz

dA3

dz

(fluxThngdelngphotons
phtn

Quang phi tuyn

i Ai

Tng tn s

2
1

dA 1
iKA *2A 3
dz
dA 2
iKA1*A 3
dz
dA 3
iKA1 A 2
dz

(Bin i o)
3

A1 cc mnh
s thay i khng ng k

vi

A3 z iA2 0sin gz &

dA 2
igA 3
dz
dA 3
igA 2
dz
g K A 1(0)

A2 z A2 0 cos gz

Hiu tn s:
2 = 3 1

2
1

3
1

Ging nh trng hp tng tn s

nhng lch i na chu k.
Quang phi tuyn

A 3 (z) 0

A 3 (z) iA 2 (0) sin(gz)

A 2 (z) A 2 (0) cos(gz)

I 3 (z) I 2 (0) sin 2 (gz)

I 2 (z) I 2 (0) cos 2 (gz)

L thuyt : dao ng.

khi I2=0, ta tm thy s
hiu tn s

I 3 (z) I 2 (0)(gz)

pompe:
Bm I1

I2
0.0

I3
0.5

1.0

flux de photons
en theo
fonction
de z
Thng lng
photon
hng
z

Trn thc t g l nh:

Quang phi tuyn

1.5

Parametric amplification, amplification of a

signal input in the presence of a higherfrequency pump wave, at the same time
generating an idler wave (can be considered as
DFG);
Parametric oscillation, generation of a signal and
idler wave using a parametric amplifier in a
resonator (with no signal input);
Parametric generation, like parametric
oscillation but without a resonator, using a very
high gain instead;

in trng ca sng chy:

Ti im x
Phn cc c dng:

iu kin tng hp pha:

Bc x ngu nhin ca cc i photons kt hp

2 Tn ti mt s lin tc cu cc i
3

1 2 3

k1 k 2 k 3

k1

k3

k2

Hnh cn ca hunh quang tham s

Bm

Quang phi tuyn

2
3

Khuch i tham s
Trong trng hp
Tn hiu
tng h pha mt
m (idler) phn

2
3

Bm 3

L thuyt :
Nng lng dao
ng ca bm
thnh tn hiu v Tn hiu 2
m (idler) 1
m

Trn thc t, ngi ta khng bao gi thu c nh dao

ng ny V cho rng cng bm l khng i

g K A 3(0)

dA 1
*
igA 2
dz

A 1(z) iA 2 (0) sinh(gz)

Quang phi tuyn

dA *2
igA 1
dz

A 2 (z) A 2 (0) cosh(gz)

Hunh quang tham s

B dao ng tham s (OPO).

Nh tt c cc b khuch i, mt b khuch i tham s c
th dao ng, nu nh t n vo mt bung cng hng.
1) Bung cng hng laser cho 1 v 2 , bm
ng trc (2 BCH)
tng hp pha ng trc
Cc tn s 1 v 2 b p t theo nh hng
ca tinh th.

Quang phi tuyn

k3
k1

k2

Theo s ny tia laser c tn s 3 c bm vo tinh th

phi tuyn c cc sng tn hiu tn s 1 v sng m tn s
2. Cc sng tng tc tha mn h thc:
3 = 1 + 2
Hai bung cng hng tch bit. BCH pht tham s c
phm cht cao vi c hai 1 & 2.
Gn ng vi R1 R2 1 (R1&R2 h s phn x thc ti 1 &
2 ta c iu kin ngng pht tham s vi hai BCH:

g L 2 1 R 1 R
ng

g h s khuch i
Quang phi tuyn

Ch : Phi tha mn nh lut bo ton nng lng v bo

ton xung lng:
3 = 1 + 2
k 3 = k1 + k2
khi s dng 2 BCH s n nh cc tham s ca 2 BCH l
rt quan trng: di BCH L, rung ng, nhit

d1 d2
dL

1
2
L
Trn thc t do s thay i n ~ 10-2-10-4 th ln hn hng
trm ln so vi khong ph t do ca BCH c/nL tn s s
pht trong di kh rng.
Quang phi tuyn

So snh hot ng laser v my pht tham s:

- Ging nhau:
+ My pht tham s c c ch ging nh laser
l s t ph hp trong BCH.
+ Cng lm vic khi c iu kin ngng
pht.
- Khc nhau:
+ Laser: tng bm trn mc ngng dn ti
tng nghch o tch lu v h s khuch i.
+ My pht tham s: S tng bm trn mc
ngng khng lm tng h s khuch i
Quang phi tuyn

S iu hng tn s (the frequency tuning in

parametric generation)
Mt trong nhng gi tr c bn ca OPO l kh
nng chuyn i c tn s. C hai loi c bn:
- Qu trnh chuyn i khng kt hp: cc sng
chuyn i tng tc thng qua hot cht hay
mi trng, chng khng tng tc trc tip m
c thi gian chm no .
- Qu trnh chuyn i kt hp: c s tng tc
trc tip ca cc sng trong chuyn i tng
tc tc thi. Mi trng c xem nh cht xc
tc.
Quang phi tuyn

Trong tng tc 3 sng pht tham s phi p ng:

- Bo ton nng lng 3 = 1 + 2
- Bo ton nng lng k3 = k1 + k2
Trong trng hp ng pha, iu kin bo ton xung lng:

3 n3 1n1 2 n2

c
c
c

hay

3 n3 1n1 2 n2

thay i chit sut ta c th thay i tn s mt cch lin

tc.
thay i chit sut ta c th bin i gc nh hng,
thay i nhit , p sut.
Quang phi tuyn

Thay i gc nh hng
Gi thit 3 i vo tinh th l sng bt thng:

3 n30 0 10 n10 20 n20

Gc vo 0 (so vi trc BCH) v ch s 0 ti thi im xut
pht. Khi quay gc thnh , = 0 +

n30 n30 n3 ;
n20 n20 n2 ;
n10 n10 n1 ;

30 30
20 20 2
10 10 1

Do i xng nn: 1 = - 2 thay vo cng thc trn

Thay vo v b qua nhng s hng nh bc hai (2,

n2) ta c:

3 n3 10 n1 20 n2
1
n10 n20
Bi sng tn s 3 l sng bt thng nn n3 l hm ca cn
hai sng kia l bnh thng nn khng ph thuc vo m ch
ph thuc vo tn s nn:

dn1
dn2
n1
1 ; n2
d 10
d
dn2
n3
d

2 ;
20

Thay vo, s dng h thc lin h gia no & ne v bin

i ta c:
2

1 1
3
1
2 3 n30 3 3 sin 2
ne no
d1

dn1
dn2
d

(n10 n20 ) 10
20

Bng phng php tng t c th tnh c s ph

thuc ca 1 vo: nhit , p sut, in trng.

Tng hp pha
ng trc tinh th
ADP (NH4-H2PO4)

ng cong thc
nghim v l thuyt
tnh theo cng thc
trn. Bc sng
bm l 350 nm. Vi
mi gc c 2 tn s
ng vi tn hiu v
sng m

Quang phi tuyn

C mt vi s chn la phn cc cho tng

hp pha. Nu tn hiu v m cng mt phn
cc, th c gi l "Tng hp pha loi-I", v
nu phn cc ca chng vung gc vi nhau gi
l " Tng hp pha loi -II". Tuy nhin cc dng
khc vn c th thc hin c, danh sch cho
trong bng trang sau. Ch rng bc sng ca
tn hiu ngn hn bc sng ca m.

Tinh th n trc
m: ne < no: loi I
v loi II thch
hp hn. Trong
tinh th n trc
dng: loi VII v
VIII. Loi II v III
gn nh tng
ng, ch c tn
hiu c bc sng
di hn m. Loi
V v VI khng
thng xuyn nh
I v II.

)
Phase-matching types
Polarizations

Scheme

Pump

Signal

Idler

Type I

Type II (or IIA)

Type III (or IIB)

Type IV

Type V

Type VI (or IIB or IIIA)

Type VII (or IIA or IIIB)

Type VIII (or I)

B dao ng tham s (OPO).

2) Bung laser ch cho mt tn s duy nht
Tng hp phase khng ng trc
Bm 3

k 3 = k1 + k2
Quang phi tuyn

Gn ng vi R1 1 (R2 = 0) ta c iu kin ngng pht

tham s vi mt BCH:

g L 81 R
ng

So snh 2 trng hp mt v hai BCH:

g L
g L
ng

ng

1 R 2

R2 ln nn (gngL)1 > (gngL)2 ngha l ngng ca s 1

BCH ln hn 2 BCH rt nhiu.
Quang phi tuyn

Cc hiu ng bc ba
Cng hng : Hp th bo ho

- Nng lng m vt liu hp th khng cn tng

tuyn tnh vi cng sng ti. Trng hp ch mt
tn s:

E ;;, E

I E

P 0
0

Quang phi tuyn

E E

Hin tng hp th bo ha l mt
phng php nghin cu quang ph
quan trng, nu bm cng mnh,
p, v mt tn hiu d yu,

E ;; , E E
, 'I E

P 0

*
p

E p

Gn cng hng: chit xut b thay i:

n n0 n2 I
-Hiu ng Kerr quang hc
-T hi t : Mt chm tia Gauss,

exp(r

to ra hiu ng thu knh t hi t

n s n 0,s n 2,S P I P
Quang phi tuyn

w )

Hiu ng t hi t
Self-focusing is a non-linear optical process
induced by the change in refractive index of
materials exposed to intense electromagnetic
radiation. A medium whose refractive index
increases with the electric field intensity acts as
a focusing lens for an electromagnetic wave
characterised by an initial transverse intensity
gradient, as in a laser beam. The peak intensity
of the self-focused region keeps increasing as
the wave travels through the medium, until
defocusing effects or medium damage interrupt
this process.

Kerr-induced self-focusing
n = n0 + n2I,
where n0 and n2 are the linear and non-linear
components of the refractive index, and I is the
intensity of the radiation.
Self-focusing occurs if the radiation power is greater
than the critical power and focus length is:
1

n0
1 w
2 n2 I
is a constant which depends on the initial spatial distribution
of the beam

Fig. Nonlinear propagation of rays (horizontal lines) and phase

fronts (vertical lines) for Gaussian input beams.

Fig. Images of the input and output intensity beam profiles for
a 7-cm propagation distance (0.9 mm X 0.9 mm).
(a) Gaussian input profile, (b) output beam with the Gaussian
input and an input energy of E = 5.6 mJ,

The lower limit is 1.86225, which

corresponds to Townes beams, whereas for
a Gaussian beam 1.8962.
For air, n0 1, n2 410-23 m2/W for =
800 nm, and the critical power is Pcr 2.4
GW, corresponding to an energy of about
0.3 mJ for a pulse duration of 100 fs. For
silica, n0 1.453, n2 2.410-20 m2/W, and
the critical power is Pcr 1.6 MW

Self-phase modulation
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear
optical effect of light-matter interaction. An
ultrashort pulse of light, when travelling in a
medium, will induce a varying refractive index
of the medium due to the optical Kerr effect.
This variation in refractive index will produce a
phase shift in the pulse, leading to a change of
the pulse's frequency spectrum.
Self-phase modulation is an important effect in
optical systems that use short, intense pulses of
light, such as lasers and optical fibre
communications systems.

A pulse (top curve) propagating through a nonlinear medium undergoes

a self-frequency shift (bottom curve) due to self-phase modulation. The
front of the pulse is shifted to lower frequencies, the back to higher
frequencies. In the centre of the pulse the frequency shift is
approximately linear.

For an ultrashort pulse with a Gaussian shape and

constant phase, the intensity at time t is given by I(t):

where I0 is the peak intensity, and is half the pulse

duration.
If the pulse is travelling in a medium, the optical Kerr
effect produces a refractive index change with
intensity:

As the pulse propagates, the intensity at any one point

in the medium rises and then falls as the pulse goes
past. This will produce a time-varying refractive
index:

This variation in refractive index produces a shift in

the instantaneous phase of the pulse:

where 0 and 0 are the carrier frequency and

(vacuum) wavelength of the pulse, and L is the
distance the pulse has propagated.

The phase shift results in a frequency shift of the

pulse. The instantaneous frequency (t) is given
by:

and from the equation for dn/dt above, this is:

Plotting (t) shows the frequency shift of each part of

the pulse. The leading edge shifts to lower frequencies
("redder" wavelengths), trailing edge to higher
frequencies ("bluer") and the very peak of the pulse is
not shifted. For the centre portion of the pulse
(between t = /2), there is an approximately linear
frequency shift (chirp) given by:

Raman scattering
In 1922, Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light,"
the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators
which ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of
the radiation effect which bears his name. The Raman effect
was first reported by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, and
independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam,
in 1928. Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work
on the scattering of light. In 1998[2] the Raman Effect was
designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in
recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the
composition of liquids, gases, and solids.

Tn x Raman t pht :
- Vch Stoke: Hp th mt photon
1 v bc x mt photon

g'

H thng chuyn t trng thi g

sang trng thi g'

S
1
v
T l vi ng
v

v: tn s
dao ng

- Vch i-Stokes : Hp th mt
photon 1 v bc x mt photon

A 1 v
H thng chuyn t trng thi g' sang
trng thi g
T l
vi n
Quang phi tuyng'

Tn x Raman cng bc:

Tt c hin tng bc
x ngu nhin lun i
cng mt bc x cng
bc khi c tia laser
mnh v mu dy.
(iu ny ngi ta c
th phn tch bng l
thuyt in t c in.)
Quang phi tuyn

g'

- Vch Stokes : khuch i

(3)

( S; S , 1 , 1) E1 ES n g

- Vch i-Stokes :

(3)

( A; A , 1 , 1) E1 EA n g'

Thnh phn ni kt hp, cho php thc hin

khuch i di iu kin tng hp pha:

3
2 *
A , S , 1 , 1 E1 ES exp i 2k1 k S k A r

Quang phi tuyn

Mi trng l ng hng v iu kin tng hp pha

buc s bc x ca cc vch Stokes v i Stokes phi
theo 2 hnh nn, xung quanh hng bm.
Khi cng bm mnh, s c nhiu bc cao xut
hin:
n
S

1 nV ;

n
A

1 nV

Hn na cc phn t c nhiu mc dao ng, lm cho

ph Raman tr nn rt phc tp.
ng thi c th nhiu hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra:
SRC, FWM, SPM.

CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering

Trong trng hp c hai

sng ti, sng 1 cng c
vai tr nh sng th 3.
Sng 2 vch Stokes.
S khc bit vi hiu ng
SRS l bt buc phi c
sng th hai:

g'
g

Raman Spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy has become an important analytical and
research tool. It can be used for applications as wide ranging
as pharmaceuticals, forensic science, polymers, thin films,
semiconductors and even for the analysis of fullerene
structures and carbon nano-materials.
Raman spectroscopy is a light scattering technique, and can
be thought of in its simplest form as a process where a photon
of light interacts with a sample to produce scattered radiation
of different wavelengths.
Raman spectroscopy is extremely information rich, (useful for
chemical identification, characterization of molecular
structures, effects of bonding, environment and stress on a
sample).

Enhancements of Raman Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman - can be used when the laser
wavelength utilized is close to the absorption
wavelength of the molecule. By irradiating the
sample with a wavelength close to this
wavelength an order of magnitude greater
detectivity may be achieved. Not all samples
will show resonance enhancement with common
Raman lasers, but generally species such as
porphyrins and those with a heavy central atom
can show such an enhancement.

SERS Raman - Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is

a spectroscopic technique which combines modern laser
spectroscopy with the exciting optical properties of metallic
nanostructures, resulting in strongly increased Raman signals
when molecules are attached to nanometre-sized gold and
silver structures. The effect provides the structural information
content of Raman spectroscopy together with ultrasensitive
detection limits, allowing Raman spectroscopy of single
molecules. Since SERS takes place in the local fields of
metallic nanostructures, the lateral resolution of the technique
is determined by the confinement of the local fields, which can
be two orders of magnitude better than the diffraction limit.
Moreover, SERS is an analytical technique, which can give
information on surface and interface processes.

Au

 phn tch c ch tng trng EM, mt phng

php n gin c s dng: gi thit rng ht KL
cha cc in tch dng, cc in t c th chuyn
ng t do. Khi h thng b phn cc v d bi trng
EM, cc in t s chuyn ng p ng vi trng
EM, nhng cc ht nhn in tch dng s gi
nguyn khng thay i.
Gi thit rng nh sng ti ht KL cu c bao bc
trong mi trng c hng s in mi 0 vi trng
EM vect E0 dc theo trc z v khng ph thuc ta
cho khong cch c kch thc ca qu cu. Ngi
ta c th xc nh trng EM trong v ngoi qu cu
theo h phng trnh gn tnh Maxwell.

Trng ngoi qu cu:

kh nng phn cc ca KL
x, y, z ta
r khong cch
x, y, z cc vect n v
E0 - ln ca E0
Thnh phn th nht- trng p vo
Thnh phn th 2 lng cc cm ng ca qu cu phn cc.
Nu qu cu KL c hng s in mi: i = 1 + i2 v bn knh
R, th kh nng phn cc s bng:
Vi:
Khi phn thc 1 = -20 v 2 nh, g v
ln lm trng cm ng ln

Khi iu kin cng hng ph hp, ngha l tn s nh

sng ph hp vi tn s dao ng tp th ca in t,
th s xy ra hp th nh sng, tng ng vi hp th
plasmon b mt. Cng hng ny l ch yu cho s
tng SERS hiu qu.
Nhng cn lu rng cng hng plasmon khng ch
ph thuc vo i m cn 0. Khi hng s in mi ca
mi trng tng ln 0, iu kin cng hng s dch
chuyn tng ng 1=-2(0 +0). Do hng s in
mi ca KL tr nn cng m khi bc sng tng, nn
s tng hng s in mi ca mi trng bao bc ht
s chuyn di cng hng plasmon sang pha .

Cng SERS:
Trong : gc gia vect trng kch thch v moment
lng cc ca phn t c phn tch. Khi g ln, ngha l khi
iu kin cng hng to thnh. Th phng trnh trn thnh:

cng SERS ln nht khi = 0 hoc 180o.

Ngoi tng do trng nh sng kch thch, cn tng do cc
photon dch do tn x Raman b ht ti hp th, tng v ti bc
x. Trng tng th do trng ti v tn x c th c biu
din:

Active Substrates - a newer introduction to

enhanced Raman techniques is that of using an
active substrate, such as the SPECTRIM. Here
a specialized coating can be used to enhance the
sampling sensitivity of a liquid or solution
sample. The sample does not 'wet out' the
surface remaining in a concentrated microdroplet. Enhancements for such applications as
assay screening have been shown to be a likely
candidate for such technology.

Brillouin scattering
Qu trnh tn x khng n hi nh sng v nguyn tc c bn
ging tn x Raman. Lch s, tn x Brillouin c t tn cho
tn x trn cc phonons m, trong khi tn x Raman lin quan
ti cc dao ng phn t v cc phonons quang. Ngy nay s
khc nhau gia tn x Brillouin v tn x Raman nm trong
cc k thut thc nghim khc nhau v di tn s kt qu khc
nhau.
Ci tn tn x Brillouin gn cho nhng kt qu dch chuyn
tn s thc nghim thu c bng giao thoa k, trong khi tn
x Raman gn cho cc h s dng cc ph k cch t. Tn x
Brillouin v k thut b gii hn thu cho cc gi ht vi tn s
di 500 GHz, trong khi tn x Raman vi tn s cao hn c
th o c nm trong di THz.

Stimulated Brillouin scattering

i vi nhng chm tia mnh (e.g. laser light) lan
truyn trong nhng mi trng nh si quang, s bin
i in trng ca chm tia c th to nn cc dao
ng m trong mi trng qua co dn do in
(electrostriction). Chm tia s b tn x Brillouin bi
nhng dao ng ny, thng ngc chiu vi chm tia
ti, hin tng ny c bit n nh tn x Brillouin
cng bc - stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).
i vi cht lng v cht kh, tn s dc chuyn c
trng bc 110 GHz (dch chuyn bc sng ~110
pm i vi nh sng nhn thy). SBS l mt hiu ng
m trong optical phase conjugation c th xy ra.

Spectrometer: In almost all Brillouin experiments,

the Fabry-Perrot interferometer has been instrument of
choice (Grimsditch, 2001). However, conventional
Fabry Perot interferometers do not achieve the contrast
needed to resolve the weak Brillouin doublets.
Principles
2d sin (/2) = o /n

Trn bn sng
1 2 3 4

k1 k 2 k 3 k 4

g'
g

3
2
1

1
4
2
3

1 v 2 to nn mt s kch
thch kt hp ca dao ng
nguyn t V.
V tng tc vi cho ra 4
Quang phi tuyn

Four-wave mixing is an intermodulation distortion in

optical systems, similar to the third-order intercept
point in electrical systems.
Four-wave mixing can be compared to the
intermodulation distortion in standard electrical
systems. When three wavelengths (1, 2, and 3)
interact in a nonlinear medium, they give rise to a
fourth wavelength (4) which is formed by the
scattering of the incident photons, producing the
fourth photon. It is easier to illustrate this if we use
frequency instead of wavelength.
Given inputs f1, f2, and f3, the nonlinear system will
produce

Trn 4 sng suy bin

1 2 3 4

k1 k 2 k 3 k 4

(3)

*
( 3)
P (, k 4 ) o (k 4 k 1 k 2 k 3 , )E(, k 1 ) E (, k 2 ) E (, k 3 )

Cch t
K k1 k2

cm ng :

y
x
z

Quang phi tuyn

Cu hnh lin hp pha

P1

P2

Sin
Sout

(3)

P2

P1
Sin

1 2 / k p k s

1 2 / k p k s

Sout

*
(; ,,) P1 exp(i
a k p r it) S in exp(ik s r it) Pb2 exp(ik p r it)

( 3)
*
P1 P2 S in exp(ik s r it)
Tn hiu ra kt hp vi sng i

( 3)

Gng thng

Gng kt hp pha

Quang phi tuyn

vo.

Figure.(a) The conventional geometry of phase

conjugation
through
FWM. (b) Beams 2 and 4
interfere to form an index
grating A2A4*. Beam 1 is
Bragg-diffracted from the
grating to yield the output
phase-conjugate of A4
(which is A3).
(c) Beams 1 and 4
interfere to form an index
grating A1A4*. Beam 2 is
Bragg-diffracted from the
grating to yield the output
phase-conjugate of A4
(which is A3).

Cc nguyn l c bn ca quang phi tuyn

v iu bin quang
Dn nhp v quang phi tuyn.
1) Nhc li v quang tuyn tnh sng in t.
2) Cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
3) Cc hiu ng in quang. iu bin nh sng.
Hiu ng Pockels v hiu ng Kerr: h s in - quang
iu bin bin
iu bin pha
Hiu ng p in (pizolectrique) v quang n hi (lasto-optique)
Gii hn di truyn
B bin iu sng chy
B bin iu dng b dn sng (Mach-Zehnder)
Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng in quang (EO) l s thay i

chit sut di s tc ng ca in trng xoay chiu
hoc tn s thp. Nu in trng p vo vt liu EO
khng ng hng bin i chit sut v do vy tc
ng ln nh sng phn cc.
Hnh. Mt in trng
n nh p vo vt liu
EO lm thay i chit
sut. Chit sut li lm
thay i tc ng ca
vt liu ln nh sng i
qua n. Bi vy in
trng iu khin nh
sng.

Quang phi tuyn

Friedrich Pockels (1865-1913)

M t Hiu ng in quang tuyn Pht minh Hiu ng in quang
tnh u tin vo nm 1893.
bc hai u tin vo nm 1875.
Quang phi tuyn

S ph thuc ca chit sut vo in

trng p vo c hai dng:
Chit sut thay i t l thun vi in trng p
vo, trong trng hp ny c bit n nh hiu ng
in-quang tuyn tnh, hoc l hiu ng Pockels.
Chit sut thay i t l vi bnh phng in
trng p vo, trong trng hp ny c bit n
nh hiu ng in-quang bc hai, hoc l hiu ng
Kerr.
(Nu n = 10-5 vi d = 105 s dch pha bng 2.)
Quang phi tuyn

Vt liu c chit sut thay i theo in

trng p vo hu dng cho vic ch to ra cc thit b
quang hc iu khin bng in nh:
Thu knh lm bng vt liu EO l thu knh c
di tiu c iu khin c.
Lng knh vi kh nng iu khin c hng nh
sng c s dng lm thit b qut quang.
nh sng i qua tm trong sut c chit sut iu
khin c s b dch pha c kim sot. Tm trong
sut c th c dng lm iu bin pha quang.
Quang phi tuyn

:
Tinh th bt ng hng, m chit sut ca n c
th thay i c dng nh b lm chm sng vi s
iu khin s gi chm; n cng c th c dng
thay i phn cc ca nh sng.
B lm chm sng t gia hai tm phn cc vung
gc lm cho nh sng c th truyn qua c. Cng
ca nh sng truyn qua ph thuc vo chm
pha. truyn qua ca thit b c th iu khin c
bng in, nn chng c th c dng vo iu bin
cng quang hoc b ng m quang.
Quang phi tuyn

Cc nguyn l in-quang.
Hiu ng Pockel v hiu ng
Kerr.
Cc b iu bin v cng tc
in-quang.
Qut bc sng.
B kt hp nh hng.
iu bin nh sng theo khng
gian
Quang phi tuyn

iu bin in quang
Quang hc phi tuyn
vi mt trng nh
sng v mt trng tnh
in

Pi

(2)

Pi

(3)

V
E()
E

()

( 2)
2 o jk ijk (; ,0) E j()

()

(3)
3 o jkl ijkl (; ,0,0) E j ()
Quang phi tuyn

E k (0)
E k(0) E l (0)

Hoc : quang hc tuyn tnh b thay i bng mt

trng tnh in

(1)
Pi() o ij
(1)
o ij

E ()

(2)
(3)
2ijk (;,0)Ek(0) 3ijkl(;,0,0)Ek(0) El(0)

(2)ij (3)ij Ej()

( 2)

(3)

ij(E) ij ij ij
( 2)

ij
( 3)

ij

( 2)
2 k ijk (; ,0) E k
(3)
3 kl ijkl (; ,0,0) E k
Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng Pockels

E l Hiu ng Kerr

H thc gia h s in quang v

cm tuyn tnh
1
2 ij
n ij

. 1 . .
1

. . . .
ij ik . kl . lj
Khi s dng h to chnh (cho E=0)
( 2)

ij

1
n 2i n 2j

ij k rijk E k rijk
(2)

(2)
(; ,0)
2 2 ijk
ni n j

Quang phiijkl
tuyn

(3)
(; ,0,0)
2 2 ijkl
ni n j

Hnh. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut ca tinh th trigonal 3m

gy ra bi in trng dc theo trc quang hc.
Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng Pockel v hiu ng Kerr.

Chit sut ca mi trng EO l hm ca n(E) ca
in trng p vo. Do hm ny thay i theo E mt
mc khng ng k, nn c th khai trin thnh
chui Taylor gn E = 0:

1
2
n(E) n a1E a2 E ....
2
Trong cc h s trin khai l n = n(0); a1 =
(dn/dE)|E=0; a2=(d2n/dE2)|E=0. Do nhng l do s r
rng sau ny, thng tin hn vit CT trn vi hai h
s mi: = - 2a1/n3 v = - a2/n3.
Quang phi tuyn

Hai h s v c bit n l cc h s
EO, nn:
n(E) = n - n3E - n3E2 + .
S hng bc hai v bc cao hn trong chui ny
thng c ln nh hn nhiu bc so vi n. Cc
thnh phn bc cao hn na c th hon ton yn tm
b qua.
khng in = 0/ = 1/n2, ca mi trng EO v
l hm ca E. Tham s hu dng trong m t cc
tnh cht quang hc ca mi trng khng ng
Quang phi tuyn
hng.

Bc thay i = (d /dn)n = (-2/n3)(-

n3E - n3E2) = E + E2, do vy:
(E) + E + E2

Trong = (0). Cc h s EO v n gin l cc

h s t l ca hai thnh phn tng ng ca vi E
v E2.
Gi tr ca v ph thuc vo hng ca in trng
p vo v phn cc ca nh sng. Ta s xem xt
phn sau.
Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng Pockels:
Trong rt nhiu vt liu s hng th ba trong CT
(4.1.3) khng ng k so vi s hng th hai, do vy:
n(E) n - n3 E
Mi trng c gi l mi trng Pockels (hoc t
bo Pockels) - NH4H2PO4 (ADP); KH2PO4 (KDP);
LiNbO3; LiTaO3 & CdTe. H s - h s Pockels hoc
h s in-quang tuyn tnh.
Cc gi tr c trng ca nm trong khong 10-12 n 10-10
m/V (1 100 pm/V). Khi E = 106 V/m (10 kV p ln t bo c
phi tuyn
dy 1 cm. Th s hng thQuang
hai
trong CT c 10-6 - 10-4.

Hnh 4.1.1. S ph thuc ca chit sut vo in trng (a) Mi

trng Pockels; (b) Mi trng Kerr.
Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng Kerr:
Nu vt liu i xng tm, nh trong trng hp ca
cht kh, cht lng hoc mt s tinh th, n(E) phi l
hm i xng chn (h. 4.1.1b). Nn ta c:
n(E) = n - n3E2
Mi trng mi trng Kerr (hoc t bo Kerr).
Tham s l h s Kerr hoc h s in-quang bc
hai. Gi tr c trng ca trong khong 10-18 10-14
m2/V2 trong tinh th v 10-2210-19 trong cht lng.
Vi E = 106V/m s hng n3E2 trong CT c bc 10-6
-10 -10-7 trong cht lng.
-10-2 trong tinh th v 10
Quang phi
tuyn

Cc b iu bin v cng tc inquang.

B bin iu pha:
Khi chm nh sng i qua t bo Pockels c di L,
in trng p vo E, pha s thay i = n(E) k0L =
2n(E)L/0, trong 0 l bc sng trong chn
khng. Thay n(E) ta c:

n3EL

Trong 0 = 2nL/0.
Quang phi tuyn

Nu in trng p vo thu c t hiu in

th V qua hai mt ca t bo cch nhau khong d, lc
E = V/d, th t CT trn ta c:

V
0
V
Trong :

d 0
V
3

L
n

iu bin pha

Hiu in th
na sng

Tham s V c gi l hiu in th na sng hiu

in th p vo lm pha dch i . Ph thuc vo vt
liu.
Quang phi tuyn

Hnh 4.1.2. (a) B iu bin dc. Cc in cc c dng

vng m hoc di, hoc l cht dn in trong sut; (b) B iu
bin ngang; (c) B iu bin sng chy ngang.

d 0
V
3

L
n

Quang phi tuyn

Tc m b iu bin EO c th hot ng
b gii hn bi hiu ng in dung v bi thi gian lan
truyn ca nh sng qua vt liu. Nu E(t) thay i
ng k trong khong T, sng quang hc lan truyn s
b tc ng ca cc trng in khc nhau trong thi
gian i qua tinh th. Pha b iu bin ti thi im t
ca sng quang hc s t l vi gi tr trung bnh ca
in trng E(t) trong khong t t - T n t. Kt qu l
rng di iu bin gii hn bi thi gian truyn qua
s bng 1/T.

Quang phi tuyn

Hnh 4.1.3. B iu bin pha tch phn quang s dng

hiu ng in quang .

LiNbO3

d 0
V
3

L
n
Quang phi tuyn

B lm tr sng ng:
Trong mi trng bt ng hng c hai mode phn
cc thng vung gc, lan truyn vi cc tc khc
nhau c0/n1 v c0/n2. Nu mi trng Pockels, khi c
in trng E n nh, th hai chit sut bin i:
n1(E) n1 - 1n13 E
n2(E) n2 - 2n23 E
Trong 1 v 2 l cc h s Pockels thch hp. Sau
khi lan truyn mt khong cch L hai mode ni trn c
s chnh nhau v pha. Quang phi tuyn

 tr pha gia sng ny v sng kia bng

k0 n1 E n2 E L
k0 n1 n2 L k0
1
2

3
1 1

3
2

2 n EL

Nu E thu c khi p hiu in th V gia hai mt

ca mi trng cch nhau d, CT trn c th vit gn
tr pha
di dng:
V

0=k0(n1-n2)L - tr
pha khi khng c in
trng.
Hiu in th tr
na sng
3

d
0
V
3
L r1 n1 r2 n2
Quang phi tuyn

B iu bin cng : s dng b bin

iu pha trong mt giao thoa k:

V
0
V

Hnh 4.1.4. B iu bin pha c t trong mt nhnh ca giao

thoa k Mach-Zehnder c th c dng nh mt b iu bin
cng . truyn qua ca giao thoa k T(V) = I0/Ii thay i theo
chu k cng vi hiu in th p vo V. Bi lm vic ch xung quanh
im B, nn thit b hot ng nh mt b iu bin cng tuyn
tnh. Nu V chuyn gia im A v C, thit b hot ng nh mt b
Quang phi tuyn
cng tc quang.

Cng nh sng truyn qua I0 so vi

chm ti Ii:
1
2

1
2

I 0 I i I i cos I i cos

2
2

Vi =1-2 l s khc nhau gia hai s dch chuyn

pha gia hai nhnh khi nh sng i qua. truyn qua
ca giao thoa k bng: T = I0/Ii=cos2(/2).
Do b iu bin pha nm trong nhnh 1, ph hp vi
CT ta c 1=10-V/V, nn c iu khin bi hiu
in th p vo V ph hp vi h thc tuyn tnh
=1-2=0-V/V, trong hng s 0=10-2 ph
thuc vo s khc nhauQuang
caphiqung

ng
quang
h

c
.
tuyn

 truyn qua ca thit b bng:

0 V
T V cos
2 2 V
2

Hnh 4.1.5. B iu bin

cng tch phn
quang (hoc b cng tc
quang). Giao thoa k
Mach-Zehnder v b iu
bin pha EO c lm s
dng ng dn sng quang
lm t vt liu, v d nh
LiNbO3.
Quang phi tuyn

truyn qua

B iu bin bng dn sng quang .

Giao thoa k Mach-Zehnder

Quang phi tuyn

Vn ca phn cc

V d b iu bin khng
ph thuc vo phn cc
(c thc hin vi cc
polymre): 2 h in cc
i r33 Vi L

trng quang hc dc (// E)

i r31 Vi L

trng quang hc ngang (E)

Quang phi tuyn

B bin iu cng s dng b lm tr

gia hai tm phn cc vung gc:
Nu b lm tr sng nm kp gia hai tm phn cc
vung gc, t nghing 450 so vi trc tr, truyn
qua s bng T = sin2(/2). i vi t bo Pockels, p
dng cng thc cho ta c truyn qua:

0 V
T V sin
2 2 V
2

Quang phi tuyn

truyn qua

Hnh 4.1.6. (a) B iu bin cng s dng t bo

Pockels t gia hai tm phn cc vung gc.; (b) truyn qua
quang theo hiu in th p vo cho gi tr 0; hot ng tuyn
tnh t bo c thin p gn im B.

Quang phi tuyn

Bng cch chn 0 = /2 v V << V:

V
(4.1.14)

T V sin
4 2 V
dT
1 V
T 0
V
dV V 0
2 2 V
Nh vy T(V) th hin nhy ca b iu bin.
2

tr pha 0 c th iu chnh hoc bng quang hc hoc

bng in.
T s gia cc i v cc tiu truyn qua c gi l
t s tiu hy ( extinction).
Quang phi tuyn

Qut bc sng.
Gc un lch do lng knh c gc nh v chit sut
n a vo l (n-1). S thay i tng ln ca chit
sut n do in trng E p vo gy ra tng ng vi
s thay i tng ln ca gc un lch:

V
n n E n
d
1
2

1
2

thay i nh sng ti c qut.

c trng cho b qut l phn gii, ngha l cc vt
khng ph thuc nhau m n c th qut.
Quang phi tuyn

Hnh 4.1.7. (a) Lng knh EO. Gc un lch c iu khin bi

in trng. (b) Lng knh EO p.

Quang phi tuyn

 phn k ca chm tia quang hc

0/D. gim gc ny chm tia cn rng nht c th.
i vi hiu in th cc i V cho trc tng ng
vi gc qut , s lng im khng ph thuc bng
3
1

n V /d
2
N

(4.1.16)

0 / D

Lp L/D v V = (d/L)(0/n3) ta thu c

V
N
2V

(4.1.17)

V 2NV. l mtQuang
ktphiqu
lm nn lng.
tuyn

Hnh 4.1.8. Cng tc tt m v tr da trn b lm

tr pha EO v lng chit.

Quang phi tuyn

B kt hp nh hng.
ng dn sng c di L0 v 0, t s
truyn cng sut T = P2(L0)/P1(0) l hm s ca
khng ph hp pha L0:
2 1/ 2

L0

2 1
T sin c 1

2
2
2

sinc(x) = sin (x)/(x).

dch pha L0 =n(2L0/0)= -(/0)n3L0E.
n = -1/2n3E, l h s Pockels.
Quang phi tuyn

Hnh 4.1.9. (a) S trao i cng sut gia hai ng dn

sng song song kt hp yu, chng ging nhau v c
cng hng s lan truyn . Ti z = 0 tt c NL trong
ng dn sng s 1. Ti z = L0 tt c NL chuyn sang
ng dn sng s 2. (b) S ph thuc ca t s truyn
cng sut T = P2(L0)/P1(0) trn tham s khng ph
Quang phi tuyn
hp pha L0.

Hai tham s iu khin ln ca qu trnh

kt hp:
H s kt hp C (ph thuc vo kch thc, bc
sng, v chit sut).
khng ph hp ca hng s lan truyn:
= 1-2 = 2n/0
trong n l s khc nhau gia chit sut ca cc
ng dn sng.
Nu hai ng dn sng ging nhau = 0 v P2(0) = 0,
th ti khong cch z = L0 = /2C, c gi l khong
cch truyn hoc di kt hp, NL chuyn hon ton
t ng dn sng 1 sang ng dn sng 2. Ngha l
P1(L0)=0 v P2(L0)=P1(0).
Quang phi tuyn

Hnh 4.1.10. B kt hp nh hng EO tch phn. Hiu

in th p vo V to nn in trng E V/d trong mt
ng dn sng v V/d trn ng kia

2n = - n3(V/d),
L0 = - (2/0)n3(L0/d)V.

Quang phi tuyn

Hiu in th V0 cn thit chuyn mch

cng sut quang l hiu in th |L0|= 3 bng

d
0
V0 3
3
L0 2n

3 C0 d

3
n

L0 = /2C v C l h s kt hp. y l hiu in th

chuyn mch.
Do |L0|= 3 V/V0 CT trn cho:

V

2 1
T sin c 1 3
2
V0
2
2

Quang phi tuyn

2 1/ 2

Hiu sut
kt hp

Hnh 4.1.11. S ph thuc ca hiu sut kt hp

vo hiu in th p vo V. Khi V = 0, tt c
cng sut quang kt hp t ng dn sng 1 sang
ng dn sng 2; Khi V = V0, tt c cng sut
li trong ng dn sng 1.

Quang phi tuyn

Bi tp 4.1.1. PT 4.1.19 cho thy rng th chuyn mch V0 t

l vi bc sng. Gi thit rng hiu in th p vo V = V0
cho bc sng , ngha l hiu sut kt hp T = 0 ti 0 .
0
Nu thay vo , sng ti c bc sng 0, hy v hiu sut
kt hp T l hm ca 0 0 . Gi thit rng h s kt hp C
v tham s ca vt liu n v l khng ph thuc vo bc
sng mt cch tng i.

Quang phi tuyn

iu bin nh sng theo khng gian

Hnh 4.1.12. B iu
bin nh sng theo
khng gian.

I0(x,y) = Ii(x,y)T(x,y)

E(x,y) T(x,y)
Hnh 4.1.13. Chui c kh
nng nh a ch bng
in ca B iu bin EO
dc.
Quang phi tuyn

B bin iu EO nh sng theo khng gian

c nh a ch bng quang hc:
Hnh 4.1.14. B iu
bin nh sng theo
khng gian EO s
dng vt liu quang
dn to ra phn b
khng gian ca in
trng c s dng
iu khin vt liu
EO.

Mu hnh khng gian ca dn

G(x,y) IW(x,y)

E(x,y) 1/G(x,y) 1/IW(x,y)

Quang phi tuyn

B bin iu quang hc c ra Pockels :

Hnh 4.1.15. B bin iu quang hc - c ra Pockels (PROM).

BSO - oxide silic bismuth,

Bi12SiO20

Quang phi tuyn

PROM hot ng nh sau:

Trang b thng tin: Hiu in th ln ( 4 kV) p
vo cc in cc v t in c np (khng c dng
d bi tinh th l cht in mi tt trong bng ti).
Vit: nh sng mu xanh dng vi phn b cng
IW(x,y) chiu vo tinh th. Kt qu l mu hnh
khng gian G(x, y) IW(x, y) c to nn, th qua
tinh th b thp i c chn la, v in trng gim
i t l ti tng v tr, nn E(x, y) 1/G(x, y) 1/ IW(x,
y). Do tc ng ca hiu ng EO, chit sut ca BSO
thay i v hnh mu khng gian ca s thay i chit
sut n(x, y) 1/ IW(x,y) c to ra v lu tr trong
Quang phi tuyn
tinh th.

c: nh sng
n(x, y) nh vi

ng nht c dng c
iu bin cng EO bnh

thng. (xem hnh 4.1.6a) vi b chia chm tia phn

cc ng vai tr cc tm phn cc vung gc.
Xa: Hnh mu ca chit sut c xa i s dng
nh sng chp chiu mu xanh dng. Tinh th li
c trang b thng tin bng p th 4 kV, v vng mi
li tip tc.
Quang phi tuyn

B chuyn i quang hc
khng kt hp kt hp:
Trong b iu bin nh sng theo khng gian nh a
ch quang hc, nh PROM, nh sng c s dng
vit hnh mu khng gian vo b iu bin khng cn
l kt hp do vt liu quang dn nhy cm vi cng
quang hc. Hnh mu quang hc khng gian (hnh
nh) c th c vit dng nh sng khng kt hp, v
c dng nh sng kt hp. Qu trnh bin i thi
gian thc phn b khng gian ca nh sng khng kt
hp t nhin thnh phn b khng gian t l ca nh
sng kt hp rt hu dng trong nhiu ng dng d
phi.tuyn
liu quang v x l hnhQuang
nh

4.2 Cc hiu ng in quang

trong cc mi trng khng
ng hng.
Hiu ng Pockel v hiu ng
Kerr.
Cc b iu bin.

Quang phi tuyn

Quang hc v tinh th: nhc li mt cht t:

Cc tnh cht quang hc ca mi trng khng ng
hng c c trng bi vic xy dng hnh hc
elipsoid chit sut:

x x j 1,

ij i

i, j 1,2,3,...

ij

Trong ij = ji l cc yu t ca tenx khng in

=0-1. Cc trc c bn ca hnh elipsoid l cc trc
quang hc chnh ca mi trng; cc kch thc c
bn dc theo cc trc ny l cc chit sut chnh n1, n2,
n3. (hnh 4.2.1)
Quang phi tuyn

Hnh 4.2.1. Elipsoid

chit sut. Cc ta
(x, y, z) l cc trc c
bn v n1, n2, n3 l
cc chit sut chnh.
Cc chit sut ca
mode trc giao vi
sng lan truyn theo
hng k l na v nb.

Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng Pockel v hiu ng

Kerr.
Khi mt in trng n nh E vi cc
thnh phn (E1, E2, E3) p vo tinh th,
cc yu t ca tenx thay i, nn tng
yu t trong 9 yu t ij tr thnh hm
ca E1, E2 v E3, ngha l ij = ij(E). Kt
qu l elipsoid b bin dng. Khi ta bit
hm ij(E) ta c th xc nh
elipsoid chit sut v cc tnh cht Hnh 4.2.2. Elipsoid
quang hc ti bt k in trng E chit sut b bin dng
khi ta p mt in
p vo no. Nhng .
trng n nh.
Quang phi tuyn

Mi mt yu t ij(E) l hm ca 3 bin s E
= (E1, E2, E3), m c th khai trin vo chui Taylor
ti E = 0,

ij E ij
k

ijk Ek

ijk

Ek E ,

i, j, k, = 1, 2, 3,..

Trong ij= ji(0), ijk = ij/Ek, ijk = 2ij/EkE, v cc

vi phn c nh gi ti E = 0. PT ny l tng qut ha,
trong c thay bng 33 = 27 h s {ijk} v c thay
bng 34 = 81 h s {ijk}. H s {ijk}cc h s EO tuyn
tnh (Pockels). Chng to nn tenx bc 3. Cc h s {ijk} l
cc h s EO bc hai (Kerr). Chng to nn tenx bc 4.
Quang phi tuyn

S i xng:
Bi l i xng (ij = ji), v khng thay i khi
hon v cc ch s i v j, ngha l ijk = jik v ijk =
jik. Cng nh vy h s ijk = 2ij/EkE khng
thay i khi hon v k v (bi s khng thay i ca
th t vi phn), nn ijk = ijk. Bi v s i xng ca
php hon v ny 9 s kt hp ca i v j to nn 6 thay
v 9 cc yu t khng ph thuc. Cng gim nh vy
i vi cc ch s k v . Bi vy ijk c 6 x 3 yu t
khng ph thuc, trong Quang
khiphiijk
c 6 x 6 yu t.
tuyn

Bng 4.2.1 Bng tra cu ch s I tng

ng vi 1 cp cc ch s (i, j)a
j

i: 1

aV

d: Cp (i, j) = (3, 2) c gn cho I = 4

Quang phi tuyn

i xng ca tinh th:

S i xng ca tinh th thm vo nhng hn ch cho
s tip nhn ca ma trn v . Mt vi yu t bng 0,
v mt s khc bng nhau, hoc bng nhau v ln
nhng ngc du nhau, hoc lin quan vi nhau thng
qua nhng nguyn tc khc na. i vi tinh th c
tm i xng th bin mt v ch cn hiu ng Kerr.
Cc gi tr ca v cho 32 nhm tinh th ta c th
tm c trong mt s sch tham kho. Trong Bng
4.2.2 v 4.2.3 cho mt sQuang
vphidtuyn
tiu biu.

Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng Pockels:
C in trng E = (E1, E2, E3), tm cc tnh cht
QH, cn:
Tm cc trc c bn v cc chit sut chnh n1, n2,
v n3 khi khng c E.
Xc nh cc yu t ca tenx khng in, s dng
ij(E) = ij(0) + kijkEk

Trong ij(0) l ma trn ng cho vi cc yu t

1/n1, 1/n2 v 1/n3.
Quang phi tuyn

Vit phng trnh cho elipsoid chit sut bin dng

ijij(E)xixj = 1
Xc nh cc trc c bn ca elipxoid chit sut
bin dng bng cch ng cho ha ma trn ij(E), v
tm cc ch s chit sut chnh tng ng n1(E), n2(E)
v n3(E).
Cho hng lan truyn nh sng, tm cc mode trc
giao v cc chit sut rng ng bng cch s dng
elipsoid chit sut.
Quang phi tuyn

V d 4.2.1. Tinh th trigonal 3m (v d: LiNbO3 v LiTaO3).

Tinh th trigonal 3m l n cc (n1 = n2 = n0, n3 = ne) vi ma
trn cho trong Bng 4.2.2. Gi thit rng E = (0, 0, E), ngha
l in trng ch dc theo trc quang hc (hnh 4.2.3), ta tm
thy elipsoid chit sut bin dng bng:

1
2
1
2
2
2 r13 E x1 x2 2 r 33 E x3 1
n0

ne

y l elipsoid xoay vng, cc trc c bn ca n khng ph

thuc vo E. Chit sut bnh thng v bt thng n0(E) v
ne(E) bng: 1
1
1
1
(4.2.4)

n E
2
0

2
0

r13 E &
Quang phi tuyn

n E
2
e

(4.2.5)

2
e

r 33 E

Hnh 4.2.3. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut ca tinh th trigonal

3m gy ra bi in trng dc theo trc quang hc.
Quang phi tuyn

Bi cc thnh phn 13E v 33E trong CT di

thng l nh, nn thng dng php gn ng (1 + )-1/2 1, khi || nh, thu c:

n0 E n0 n r E
1
2

3
0 13

1 3

ne E ne 2 ne r 33 E

Ta i n kt lun rng khi in trng p vo dc theo trc

quang hc ca tinh th n trc, th n gi nguyn n trc,
nhng chit sut ca n b thay i (Hnh 4.2.3). Lu s
ging nhau gia cc cng thc ny v Ct gc.
Quang phi tuyn

V d 4.2.1. Tinh th t din (tetragonal) 42m (v d: KDP v

ADP). Nhc li nhng bc cho tinh th n trc ny v gi
thit rng E = (0, 0, E), ngha l in trng ch dc theo trc
quang hc (hnh 4.2.4), ta tm thy phng trnh cho elipsoid
chit sut bng:
2
2
2

x2
x3
2 2r 63 Ex1 x2 1
2
n0
ne

Cc trc c bn bin dng thu c bng cch quay h ta

45o theo trc z. Thay u1 = (x1 x2)/ 2 , u2 = (x1+ x2)/ 2 , u3 =
2
2
x3 vo CT trn ta thu c: u 2
u
u
1

n E n E n E
2
1

Quang phi tuyn

2
2

2
3

Hnh 4.2.4. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut c to ra bi in

trng E dc theo cc trc quang hc ca tinh th n trc
tetragonal 42m.
Quang phi tuyn

vi:

1
1
2 r 63 E
2
n1 E n0
1
1
2 r 63 E
2
n2 E n0
n3 E ne

Dng php gn ng (1 + )-1/2 1- , thu c:

Nh vy tinh th ban u
n trc tr thnh lng
trc khi in trng p
vo n dc theo hng
trc quang hc.

n1 E n0 n r E
1
2

3
0 63

n2 E n0 12 n03r 63 E
n3 E ne
Quang phi tuyn

V d 4.2.3. Tinh th lp phng (cubic) 43m (v d: GaAs,

CdTe v InAs). Cc tinh th ny ng hng (n1 = n2 = n3 =
n). Khng nh mt i tnh chung, h ta c th chn la
sao cho in trng p vo i theo trc z (hnh 4.2.5). Nhc li
cng cc bc nh trn ta tm thy phng trnh cho elipsoid
2
2
2
chit sut bng:
x1 x2 x3

2r 41 Ex1 x2 1

Cng ging nh v d 4.2.2, cc trc c bn mi thu c

bng cch quay h ta 45o theo trc z. Cc chit sut chnh
1 3
bng:
n E n n r E
Nh vy in trng p vo 1
lm tinh th ban u ng
n
E
2
hng tr thnh tinh th
tuyn
lng trc. (H4.2.5) Quang phi n
E

41

n 12 n3r 41E
3 n

Hnh 4.2.5. S bin i ca Elipsoid chit sut c to ra bi in

trng E vo tinh th lp phng (cubic) 43m.
Quang phi tuyn

Hiu ng Kerr:
Cc tnh cht quang hc ca mi trng Kerr c th
xc nh c bi s dng qu trnh ging h nh cho
mi trng Pockels, ngoi tr h s ij(E) by gi
ij(E) = ij(0) + k ijkEkE.
V d 4.2.4. Mi trng ng hng. S dng h s Kerr IK
trong Bng 4.2.3 cho tinh th ng hng, v ly trc z dc
theo in trng p vo E, ta d dng tm thy phng trnh
cho elipsoid chit sut bng:
(4.2.16)

1
2
1
2
2
2
2
12 E x1 x2 11 E x3 1
n2

n2

Quang phi tuyn

y l phng trnh ca elipsoid quay trn m trc

quay l trc z. Cc chit sut chnh n0(E) v ne(E) c xc
nh t:
1
1
2
(4.2.17)

E
12
2
2
n0 E n

1
1
2

E
(4.2.18)
11
2
2
ne E n
Lu rng thnh phn th hai trong hai CT trn nh, nn
dng php gn ng (1 + )-1/2 1- , khi || <<1, thu c:
Nh vy khi in trng E p
vo mi trng ng hng n E
0
bin n thnh tinh th n trc,
vi trc quang hc dc theo n E
hng ca E. Cc chit sut n0 e
v ne hm gim theo E bc haiQuang
. phi tuyn

n 12 n 3 12 E 2 (4.2.19)
2 (4.2.20)
1 3
n 2 n 11E

Cc b iu bin.
B iu bin pha:
Cc mode bnh thng c c trng bi chit sut
n(E) n n3E, trong n v l chit sut v h
s Pockels thch ng, v E = V/d l in trng thu
c khi p mt in th V qua khong cch d. Sng
lan truyn qua khong L, thay i pha:
V
0
d 0
V
Trong 0 = 2nL/0 v th na sng V
L r n3
Cc h s thch ng ban u gi l n v c th
(4.2.22)
d dng c xc nh trong v d sau y.
Quang phi tuyn

V d 4.2.5. Tinh th trigonal 3m (LiNbO3 v LiTaO3). Khi

in trng i dc theo trc quang hc ca loi tinh th n
trc ny, tinh th vn nguyn l n trc vi cng cc trc c
bn c. (Hnh 4.2.3). Cc chit sut chnh c cho bng cc
cng thc (4.2.6) v (4.2.7). Tinh th c th dng nh b iu
bin pha trong mt t hai loi sau y:
iu bin dc: Nu sng quang hc phn cc thng i dc
theo hng trc quang hc (// vi in trng), cc tham s
thch ng cho b iu bin pha l n = n0, = 13 v d = L. i
vi LiNbO3, 13 = 9,6 pm/V v n0 = 2,3 ti 0 = 633 nm. PT
(4.2.22) cho ta V=5,41 kV, nn cn c 5,41 kV thay i
pha bng .
Quang phi tuyn

 B iu bin ngang: Nu sng lan truyn theo hng x v

phn cc theo hng z, cc tham s thch ng l n = ne v =
33. rng d ni chung khng bng chiu di L. i vi
LiNbO3 ti 0 = 633 nm, 33 = 30,9 pm/V, v ne = 2,2, cho th
na sng V = 1,9(d/L) kV. Nu d/L = 0,1, ta thu c V
190 V, thp hn rt nhiu so vi th na sng ca b iu bin
dc.

Quang phi tuyn

B iu bin cng :
Hai mode trc giao ca t bo Pockels c chit sut
ph thuc vo in trng p vo khc nhau cho ta
tr ph thuc vo th:
V

Trong

2 n1 n2 L
0
0

V
&

d / L 0
3
1 1

3
2 2

r n r n

Nu t bo t gia hai tm phn cc vung gc, h

thng hot ng nh b iu bin cng .
Quang phi tuyn

V d 4.2.6. Tinh th t din (tetragonal) 42m (v d: KDP v

ADP). Nh trong v d 4.2.2, in trng ch dc theo trc
quang hc ca tinh th n trc ny v bin n thnh lng
trc. Cc trc c bn mi chnh l cc trc nguyn bn quay i
45o. Gi thit rng cu hnh bin iu dc (d/L=1) trong
sng lan truyn dc theo trc quang hc. Hai mode trc giao
c chit sut cho theo cng thc (4.2.9) v (4.2.10). Cc h s
thch hp s dng trong (4.2.25) bi vy n1 = n2 = n0, 1 =
63, 2 = -63 v d = L nn 0= 0 v:
0
V
(4.2.26)
3

2r 63 n0

i vi KDP 0 = 633 nm, V = 8,4 kV

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Bi tp 4.2.1. ADP iu bin cng s dng hiu ng

Kerr. S dng (4.2.19) v (4.2.20) xc nh biu thc cho
dch pha , v tr pha , trong b iu bin Kerr dc
lm t vt liu ng hng, l hm s ca th p vo V. Tnh
ra biu thc cho th na sng V trong tng trng hp.

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