QUANG

PHI TUYN
B MT
PGS. TS. Trn Th Tm
Khoa VLKT & CNNN
Trng i hc Cng ngh, HQG H ni
drtranthitam@gmail.com
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CC HIN TNG QUANG HC PHI TUYN B MT

Kh nng ca chng ta nghin cu, m t cc tnh cht

b mt tc ng trc tip ln s tin b ca ngnh
Khoa hc b mt, mt lnh vc c ngha quan trng
to ln i vi rt nhiu ngnh t vt l, ha hc n
khoa hc cuc sng v k thut in t hin i.
Nm trong s nhng tnh cht b mt khc nhau ,
nh hng phn t l iu ng quan tm c bit do
c lin quan n nhiu hin tng hay ho nh: cc
cht bm dnh, lp du m, cc cht xc tc v cc
chc nng ca mng sinh hc. . .
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Cc phng php nghin cu b mt:

Tn x in t hay quang ph o mt mt nng lng ca
in t i hi chn khng cao.
Tn x ntron, nhiu x tia X i hi nhiu trang thit b
hoc nghin cu b mt i hi s kt tinh c quy m nht
nh.
K thut gc Brewster cng i hi s kt tinh c quy m
nht nh.
Cc phng php quang hc khc nh: k thut hng ngoi,
tn x Raman, quang ph UV-VIS, ellipsometry c th ng
dng cho bt k mt phn cch no m nh sng c th i ti,
nhng chng thng khng cho (ln) cc c tnh ring
bit ca b mt phn bit vi cc mu khi.
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Hin nay, SHG v SFG c pht trin thnh nhng php o

phn tch b mt rt hu dng. SFG vng IR&VIS cho php
NC cng hng dao ng b mt.
u im: khng ph hy mu, nhy cao c v khng gian,
thi gian v phn gii ph.
Chng c ng dng vi tt c cc mt phn cch m nh
sng c th ti.
L nhng hiu ng phi tuyn bc 2, chng vn khng tn ti
trong cc mi trng c i xng o (i xng tm), nhng
li c tn ti ti cc mt phn cch m ti i xng o
b ph v. Cho nn, chng cho c tnh b mt ni ca nhng
mt phn cch gia cc mi trng i xng o. Nu tn s
vo hoc ra i qua im cng hng th li ra (output) c k
phi tuyn
4
vng l cng hng tng cQuang
ng.

Nguyn l la chn i xng, vn khng cho php cc tnh

cht phi tuyn bc hai trong vng khng gian c phn b o,
gii hn s p ng SHG v SFG ca vt liu ng hng ti
cc vng kch thc c nguyn t ti cc mt ngn cch. Biu
thc cho phn cc phi tuyn bc hai:

Trong mi trng i xng tm, ng dng ton t o ln

vect phn cc v d nh phn cc in bc hai s to ra
phng trnh sau:

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O(r) l ton t tc ng ln cc vect th to ra vect mi c

chiu ngc so vi hng ban u, v d nh Pnl(r,) v
E(r,), trong khi ln cc i lng v hng nh (2) khng
b tc ng.

Khng tc ng.
Tuy nhin, vng gip gii gia hai mi trng ng hng li
khng c i xng tm bi n tch bit hai vt liu khng
ging nhau. Do vy SHG v SFG c th tn ti, do i xng
ti lp phn cch gia hai vt liu ng hng.
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Quang phi tuyn

Di cc iu kin cng hng ny, cm bc hai ca cht

bm b mt (2) c dng sau:

Trong Ai v Mi l cc ma trn chuyn di IR v Raman

tng ng, cho mode dao ng th i vi tn s i v rng
i, N l mt cht bm thnh lp trn b mt. Bi tn hiu
SFG t l vi bnh phng cm phi tuyn, p ng phi
tuyn s t l bc 4 vi che ph b mt ca cht bm.
nhy vi dao ng ca quang ph ny lm SFG rt ging hp
th IR hoc tn x Raman khi cc cng hng phi tuyn i
cng vi cc mode dao ng ca cc cht bm b mt.
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8

Ch k dao ng ca cht bm dnh cho php xc nh c

trng mi trng vt l cng nh ha hc ti lp b mt cng
nh nh hng trung bnh ca cht bm dnh. Khng ging
nh cc k thut Raman v IR khng th phn bit gia cc
mu phn t trong dung dch hay trn b mt, nguyn tc chn
la i xng o cho bit trc rng tn hiu SFG phi bin
mt khi cc phn t mu b ly ra khi b mt. Nh vy SFG
cho php c trng c phn t c b mt.
Trong phn ln cc th nghim SFG IR-VIS, mt trong hai
trng ti l ngun laser VIS c bc sng c nh, trong khi
chm tia th 2 l laser IR tunable cng sut cao.
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Figure. IRVIS SFG

spectra from ethanol
adsorbed on a zirconia
surface. The results
show the surface
sensitivity of SFG
measurements at an
interface between isotropic media. The SFG
response is plotted
against the frequency
of the IR laser source.
Peaks occur when the
IR beam is tuned
through a CH vibration in the ethanol
molecule. The number
to the right of each
spectrum is the water:
ethanol ratio in the solution that is in contact
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with the zirconia.

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Figure. Square root

of the SFG signal at
an IR frequency of
2930 cm-1. The data
are plotted as a
function
of
the
ethanol and water
con- centrations in the
solution phase in
contact
with
the
zirconia surface. The
curve represents the
behavior
of
a
Langmuir isotherm
for adsorption at12 the
surface.

SHG trong ng dn quang bn dn

Vic tp trung quan tm n quang phi tuyn ca cc mng
mng bn dn khi ng dng trong cu trc dn quang mt
hoc hai chiu. Cc thit b tch phn s dng cc vt liu phi
tuyn cho li th u vit trong lnh vc cng ngh nh trong
trn v iu bin quang, x l tn hiu v quang in t.
Thnh cng trong lnh vc ng dng ny ph thuc vo: (1)
S hiu bit c bn v cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong ng dn
quang, (2) s pht trin cc loi vt liu mi cho cm phi
tuyn bc hai tng i ln, v (3) d dng to nn mng
mng ng nht.
May mn rng, phn ln cc cht bn dn III-V v II-VI v k
thut l phi tuyn ni, vi cm phi tuyn bc hai ln v
khng b hoc rt t b tc dng khi chiu bc x laser cng
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13
sut ln.

Schematic of (a) planar and (b) channel waveguide structures

on a dielectric substrate. The
shaded region is the confining
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14
thin-film deposit.

(c) Counterpropagating geometry used to produce SHG in a

direction normal to the surface of the waveguide. The
triangular features are coupling
prisms to the waveguide. 15
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Magnitude of the nonlinear

susceptibility xzx(2), in GaN.
The arrow denotes the position of the fundamental band
edge Eg. The schematic
shows the incident () and
transmitted (2) directions
with respect to the GaN
sample. The shaded region
represents the GaN film
deposited on a sapphire
surface. Susceptibility
is measured in electrostatic
units (e.s.u.).
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Hin tng phn x phi tuyn

Trong quang hc, nh lut Snell cho nh sng phn x v
khc x:

sin i sin r ;

Nu mi trng (2) phi

tuyn, trong phn x s c cc
thnh phn ha ba phi tuyn,
cng ca chng ph thuc
vo gc ti i , s nh hng
ca phn cc v chit sut phi
tuyn ca mi trng.

n1 sin i n2 sin t
(1)
k 2

(1)

(1)
k

i r

x
t
(2)

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( 2)
k 2

( 2)
k
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( 2)
2

(1)
2

( 2)

sin t 2 n sin r2 n
(1)

(1)
2

sin r2 n

sin i
n

or

(1)

sin t n sin i
(1)

sin r2 sin i n n

(1)
sin i
n2

(1)
2

Nu cc gc u nh c th ng nht sin v gc:

r2 i

(1)

(1)
2

tgi

Vi i sin i tg i; n(1)=n(1)- n2(1).

Quang phi tuyn

Nu (1) l khng kh th
n(1)=10-5 do i r2 ->
khng pht hin c.
Nhng nu (1) l CS2 hoc
benzol th n(1)= 10-1 vi i
45o do r2 i c vi
c th quan st c 18