BG Hoa DC 1

CHNG I
CU TO NGUYN T
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I. Cc cu t chnh:
1. Cc ht c bn:
Nguyn t
Electron(e)
-1
Nhn Proton(p) +1 1dvc

Neutron(n) 0 1dvc
me/mp = 1/1840 Kl(ng.t) = Kl(nhn)
2. K hiu nguyn t:
A
Z
12
6
Z: Bc s ng.t= p trong nhn

A= S khi = p + n
p = 6
n = 12 6 = 6
Nguyn t trng thi c bn trung

ha in
e = p =6
3. Ng.t ng v: Cng Z, khc A

1 protn. C 0; 1; 2
1
2
3
1H 1H 1H
neutron
12
6
35
17
Cl
13
6
37
17
Cl
6 proton. C 6; 7; 8
neutron
17 proton. c 18; 19; 20
neutron
Cc ng.t ng v c cng Z e bng

nhau ha tnh ging nhau.
4. Nguyn t nguyn t:
*1 ng.t x.nh khi c 1 gi tr Z x.nh.
*Trong 1 ng.t c th gm nhiu ng. t
ng v vi thnh phn xc nh
1
2
H
gm:
H(99,985%)
v
H(0,015%)
*1
*17Cl gm: 35Cl(75,4%) v 37Cl(24,6%)
*6C gm: 12C(98,982%) v 13C(1,108%)
Ai .%(i )
*Klnt (ng.t) =
100
35.75,4 + 37.24,6
= 35,453
Td: klnt(Cl) =
100
II. Cu to ng.t theo thuyt c lng t.

e di chuyn trn cc orbital ng.t (AO)
* V ph.d vt l: AO:vng k.g quanh nhn
trn x.s tm thy e cc i t 9099%
*V ph.d ton hc: AO c biu din bi
hm s n,l,m :nghim ca p.t Schrodinger
2 2 2 82m
+ + + (E V) = 0
x2 y2
z2
h2
Gii p.t ny cc cp nghim E;
1. H 1 electron:
1H : nhn 1+ v 1e di chuyn quanh nhn
+
He
He
+e : nhn 2+ v 1e quanh nhn
2
2
2+
Li
Li
+2e: nhn 3+v 1e quanh nhn
3
3
H 1e Nhn c Z+ v 1(e) quanh nhn
Gii p.t Schrodinger p dng cho h 1(e)
Cc hm n,l,m biu din cc AO,v En
AO c dng x.nh khi hm n,l,m x.nh.
n,l,m xc nh khi cc s lng t n,l,m c
gi tr xc nh
a. Cc s lng t:
. S l.t chnh n: lp m e di chuyn trn
, v kch thc ca AO..
n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7..
Lp K L M N O P Q
Z
En = 13,6. eV
n
En< 0 v En khi n
nkch thc AO
2
1
E1 = 13,6. = 13,6eV
1
Td: 1H:
2
n=1E = 13,6. 1 = 3,4eV
2
2
2
n =1=>E1 = 13,6 = 54,4eV
1
2
2
+
E2 = 13,6 = 13,6eV
2He (Z=2): n =2=>
2
2
2
n =3=>E3 = 13,6 = 6,05eV
3
n+
X
:
Z
n=
Z
E = 13,6 = 0eV

. S lng t ph l: Vi1gi tr n
l c n tr s: 0;1;2; 3; 4; 5;; n-1.
Slt ph l: hnh dng ca AO v phn lp
c trong 1 lp th n ca nguyn t.
l
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.
Ph.l s p d f g h i j..
. S lng t t m (ml):
Vi 1 gi tr ca l m c (2l+1) tr s:
m = -l; -(l-1); -(l-2); ..; 0; 1; 2; ..; +l
S lng t t m cho bit s nh hng
ca AO trong khng gian
n l
m
n,l,m
(nl)
AO
1,0,0
1s
1s
1 0
0
lp K(n=1) c1 phn lp(1s) v ch c
1AO(1s)
n,l,m
(nl) AO
2,0,0
2s
2s
0
0
2
2px
-1 2,1,-1
2p
1 0
2,1,0
2py
+1
2pz
2,1,+1
lp L(n=2) c 2 phn lp: 2s c 1 AO (2s)
v 2p c 3 AO ( 2px; 2py; 2pz )
0
1
2
0
-1
0
+1
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
n,l,m nl
3,0,0
3s
3,1,-1
3p
3,1,0
3,1,+1
3,2,-2
3,2,-1
3,2,0
3,2,+1
3,2,+2
3d
AO
3s
3px
3py
3pz
3dxy
3dyz
3dz2
3dxz
3dx2 y2
lp M(n=3) c 3 phn lp: 3s (1AO);

3p(3AO) ; 3d(5AO)
n = 4 l= 0;1;2;3 c 4 phn lp:

4s;4p;4d;4f
Phn lp 4f (l=3) =>m c (2.3+1)=7 gi tr
7AO
Lp th n c n phn lp: ns;np;nd;nf;
. S lng t spin ms
Trng thi chuyn ng ca elctron cn
c biu din bi mt slt th t l ms: khi
di chuyn quanh nhn electron c th t
quay quanh trc i xng theo 2 chiu tri
nhau( thun v ngc chiu kim ng h)
1
1
Slt ms c 2 gj tr : ms = v ms = +
2
2
Trng thi chuyn ng ca e c xc

nh bi 4 s lng t: n,l,m,ms.Mi e
b. Ghi ch: *trong h 1(e)

Cc ph.l 1 lp c En bng nhau
*e c th di.ch bt k lp no t n=1
*Khi e di chuyn lp noEn ca lp
2
Z
En = 13,6. eV
n
* tr.th c bn: H c E nh nht e n=1
*e t n=1n=2 E12=E2E1>0
*e t n=2n=1 E21=E1-E2<0
*e t Enthp Encao H nhn nng lng
*e t Encao Enthp H pht nng lng
2. H nhiu electron:
Gm cc nguyn t cha t 2e tr ln:
e y ln nhau
cc
phn lp trong
* Cc
cng 1 lp c E khc nhau
* Cc e di chuyn quanh nhn cng trn
cc lp v phn lp tng t trng hp
h 1e.
* Trng thi chuyn ng ca cc e trong
h nhiu e phi tun theo cc nguyn l
ca c lng t.
a. Cc nguyn l ca c lng t:
. Nguyn l ngoi tr Pauly:
Trong 1 ng.t nhiu e, khng c cp e no
c 4 s lng t hon ton ging nhau.
* S e ti a trong 1AO:
Cc e di chuyn trn cng 1AO(n,l,m) phi
c 3 slt n,l,m ging nhau ms khc nhau
V ms ch c 2 gi tr: - 1/2 v + 1/2
1AO ch c ti a 2e vi ms ngc chiu
ms =+1/2 ms = -1/2
AO cha 2e
Cn
S electron ti a trong 1 phn lp:

Trong1ph.l th l: C (2l+1) AOc2(2l+1)e
Ph.lp s(l=0) ti a 2(2.0+1)=2e s2
6
ti
a
2(2.1+1)
=
6e
p
Ph.lp p(l=1)
Ph.lp d(l=2) ti a 2(2.2+1) = 10ed10
Ph.lp f (l=3) ti a 2(2.3+1) =14e f14
ns: s0 ; s1 ; s2
np: p0; p1 ; p2 ; p3 ; p4 ; p5 ; p6
nd: d0; d1; d2; d3; d4; d5; d6 ; d7 ; d8 ; d9 ; d10
nf:f0; f1; f2; f3; f4; f5; f6; f7; f8; f9; f10; f11; f12;
f13; f14
*
S electron ti a trong 1 lp
Trong lp th n: Cha ti a (2.n2 )e

n=1 ti a 2.12= 2 e
n=2 ti a 2.22 = 8e
n=3 ti a 2.32 = 18 e
n=4 ti a 2.42 = 32 e
n=5 ti a 2.52 = 50 e
n=6 ti a 2.62 =72 e
n=7 ti a 2.72 = 98 e
. Nguyn l vng bn
Trong 1 nguyn t nhiu electron,cc
electron di chuyn quanh nhn nh th
no nng lng ca h l nh nht.
* Cc phn lp nl: C (n + l) E
Td: 3s(3 + 0)< 3p(3 + 1) E3s < E3p
* Trng hp 2 ph.lp c (n + l) bng nhau:
Phn lp no c n En
Td: 3d(3 + 2) v 4p(4 + 1) E3d < E4p
4p(4 + 1) v 5s(5 + 0) E4p < E5s
Quy tc Kleckowski:
Trong 1 ng.t nhiu e, cc e ln lt vo
chim cc ph.l c E nh nht trc(mi AO
ch cha ti a 2e vi spin ngc
chiu).Khi no ph.l c E nh hn bo
ha e,th e tip theo mi vo chim ph.l c
E cao hn k tip. Th t tin E ca cc
ph.l c xc nh bi qui tc KlecKowski.
Th t tin nng lng ca cc phn lp:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s
4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
*
Quy tc Kleckowski:
. Quy tc Hund:
Trng hp ph.l c nhiu AO ng nng:

e ln lt vo chim
p.l: npx
m = -1 0 +1
cc AO nh th no :

p.l: ndx
ms cc i
-2 -1
+2
0 0+1+1
+2
mlm =-2
-1
m cc tiu
P1
d1
d6
P2
2
7

d
d
P3
3
8

d
d
4
P
4
9

5
d
d
P
p6 d5 d10
. Ghi ch:
* Cc phn lp p v d: Cu hnh bn nht l
cu hnh bo ha v cu hnh bn bo ha
p.l p Bn l p6 v p3
p.l d Bn l d10
v d
b. Cu hnh electron:
1
H(1s
):
1
2
He(1s
)
2
2
1
Li(1s
2s
)
3
2
2
Be(1s
2s
)
4
2
2
1
B(1s
2s
2p
)
5
2
2
2
C(1s
2s
2p
)
6
2
2
3
N(1s
2s
2p
)
7
2
2
4
O(1s
2s
2p
)
8
2
2
5
F(1s
2s
2p
)
9
2
2
6
Ne(1s
2s
2p
)
10
C th vit cu hnh electron ca cc

nguyn t nu bit Z
1
2
2
6
1
(KL
3s
)
11Na (1s 2s 2p 3s )
2
6
2
6
(KL3s
3p
4s
3d
)
Fe
26
2
6
2
9
Cu
(KL3s
3p
4s
3d
)
29
Nhng:c cu d9 khng bn bng c cu d10
Cu s hiu chnh thnh c cu 4s1 3d10
2
6
1
10
Cu(KL3s
3p
4s
3d
)
29
c. Hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp:

.Trong ng.t nhiu e,khi di chuyn
ej b cc ei cn li y mt lc y
tng cng l Sj
Sj: hiu ng chn ca cc ei tc
dng ln ej
e(j) b nhn ht < tr.hp ng.t ch c 1e(j)
1ei s gy1hiu ng chn ij ln ej(Sj =ij)
* ej cng xa nhnSj ;ej cng gn nhnS
j
: i cng gn nhnij
* ei cng xa nhn ije
s
p
d
f
Trong cng 1 lp:
ij
. Hiu ng xm nhp:
Cc e khi di chuyn, do lc ht ca nhn
tc dng ln to nn hiu ng xm nhp
(e xm nhp vo gn nhn hn)
to hiu ng chn mnh hn
Trong cng 1 lp
h. xm nhp
III. Bng phn loi tun hon.
1. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng

phn loi tun hon.
L xc nh chu k v phn nhm ca ng.t:
Chu k:s lng t chnh n ln nht ca
ng.t
Phn nhm:
Phn nhm chnh A

Phn nhm ph B
Nguyn t thc phn nhm chnh A:

L ng.t m e cui cng ang x.d ph.lp ns
hoc np v ph.lp (n-1)d khng cha hoc
x ns1 p.nh I
cha bo ha e ns :
A
H
S
2
ns p.nh IIA
ns2 npy ns2 np1p.nh IIIA
ns2 np2 p.nh IVA
ns2 np3 p.nh VA
H P
ns2 np4 p.nh VIA
ns2 np5 p.nh VIIA
ns2 np6 kh tr
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Nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph B:

Ng.t m e cui cng ang x.d ph.lp (n-1)d
ns2 d1 p.nh IIIB
d2 p.nh IVB
d3 p.nh VB
d4 p.nh VIB
d5 p.nh VIIB
H
D
6
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d
d7 p.nh VIIIB
d8
1
10
ns
(n-1)d
p.nh
I
9
B
d
10 p.nh IIB
d
2. Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t:

a. Tnh kim loi v phi kim:
. K.l: l ng.t m e lp ngoi cng 3
K.l gm:ph.nh IA; IIA; IIIA v cc p.nh B
. Phi kim:l ng.t me lp ngoi cng 4
phi kim gm:phn nhm IVA;VA;VIA;VIIA
*Ng.t thuc ch.k ln ca p.nh IVA;VAl k.l
b.Soh (+) cao nht v soh (-) thp nht
* Soh (+) cao nht ca 1 ng.t = e ha tr
ca ng.t
e ha tr l e c th tham gia to lin kt
Cc
ng.t phn nhm chnh A c soh(+)

cao nht = ct phn nhm ca ng.t .
2
y
(6-y)2
6
X
(ns
np
)
+
(6-y)e
X
{ns
np
}
* Z
S oxyd ha (-) thp nht = e ha tr - 8
Kim loi ch c s oxyd ha (+)
phi kim c : s oxyd ha (+) v (-)
b.Nng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca ng.t
I1 ca 1 ng.t l n.l cn thit m ng.t nhn
vo tch 1e ra khi ng.t ion M+.
M M+ + e I1 = EM+ - EM I1 > 0
I1 ng.t cng kh ion ha,tnh kh v
tnh Kl
c. i lc electron:
i lc electron l nng lng trao i khi 1
ng.t nhn thm 1e ion XX + e X-A1=EX-- EX (A1: <0 hoc >0)
A1 cng<0 nhn e tnh oh,a,pk
d. Bn knh ng.t
* Trong cng 1 ph.nh,khi i t trn xung
s lng t chnh nbn knh ng.t
*Cng1chu k: cc ng.t thuc ph.nh A,
khi i t tri sang phi Zrng.t
rng.t,tnh kh, kl ,I1
rng.t, oh,pk,a
CHNG II
LIN KT HA HC
I. Cc c trng ca lin kt ha hc
1. di lin kt::khong cch ngn nht ni
2 ht nhn ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt
Lin kt HF HCl HBr HI
d(Ao)
0,92
1,28
1,42
1,62
2. Gc lin kt:
Gc to thnh bi 2 on thng ni lin
ng.t vi 2 nhn ca 2 ng.t lin kt vi n.
Cl
111.4o
Cl
C O
124.3o
3. Bc lin kt:
S mi l.kt c hnh thnh gia 2 ng.t

Etan
H3CCH3
blk = 1
Eten
H2C = CH2
blk = 2
Etin
HC CH
blk =3
4. Nng lng lin kt
a. Phn t 2 nguyn t:AB(k) Q A(k)+B(k)
: Q l nhit hp thu ca p Q>0 EAB = Q
b. Phn t nhiu nguyn t:
1
CH4(k) Q C(k) + 4H(k) ECH = 4 Q
EAB > 0 v EAB bn lin kt
Blk EAB, blk, nhng dAB

5. Cc loi lin kt.

Gm:
Lin kt ion
Lin kt cng ha tr
Lin kt Hidro
Cc loi lin kt
Lc Van Der Walls
yu
Lin kt trong phc cht
phn bit lk ion v lkcht:cn c vo
m in ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt.
0 A - B< 1,7 lkcht
Lk (AB)
A B 1,7 lk ion
II. LIN KT CNG HA TR

1. Nguyn tc:
Lin kt AB: 0 A B < 1,7 lkcht
*2 ng.t A v B tin li gn nhau, cc AOht
tin li gn nhau, n 1 khong cch x
cc AO ca chng s che ph ln nhau
cc Orbital ph.t:Molecular Orbital (MO)
:vng
khng
gian
quanh
2
nhn,
trn
MO
*
xc sut tm thy e cc i t 9099%
Mi MO cng ch cha ti a 2e vi spin
ngc chiu.
AO(A) AO(B) MO(AB)
Lin kt phi tr
+
(cho
nhn)
+
Ch c cc AO ha tr(AO cha cc e ha
tr) mi tham gia che ph to lin kt.
Qui tc che ph hu hiu
*Che ph cc i:cc AO tin li vi nhau
theo hng nh th no ccAO che
ph ph ln nhau cng nhiu cng tt
* E2AO
Che ph hu hiu bn lk
Cc kiu xen ph : s to lin kt ,
Lin kt sigma ma: Hnh thnh do s

xen ph trc, tc l s xen ph xy ra
dc theo trc lin kt gia 2 nguyn t
K hiu
s-s
s-p
p-d
Slide 51 of 48
General Chemistry:
p-p
d-d
HUI 2006
Lin kt : Hnh thnh do xen ph

bn, K hiu
p-d
Slide 52 of 48
d-d
General Chemistry:
HUI 2006
2. Cc th d:
H(1s1)
* H2
H(1s1)
H(1s )
* HF
F(1s2 2s2 2p5)
H2 H:H HH
Cl(
3s
3p
)
Cl
*
2
Cl( 3s2 3p5)
2
MO s
2s
2p
sp
H:F:HF
2
2
3
N(1s
2s
2p
)
N
* 2
N(1s2 2s2 2p3)
NN
y
z
X
x
y
x
y
H2O
H(1s1)
O(1s2 2s2 2p4)
H(1s1)
L thuyt: HOH=900
nhng thc nghim:= 104,50
OH
3H(1s )
N(1s2 2s2 2p3)

1
NH3:
H
H
L thuyt: HNH= 900

nhng thc nghim= 1070

CH
4H(1s
)
*
4
C(1s2 2s2 2p2)C*(1s2 2s1 2p3)
H
H
C
H

1
L thuyt: CH4 gmH 2 loi lin kt CH

3 CH to thnh tam din vung,
CH th t khng nh hng
Thc nghim: CH4 c dng t din u,
gc HCH=109,50
3. Thuyt lai ha cc AO
Trc khi to lin kt,1 ng.t t che ph
cc AO ha tr nhng AO lai ha c hnh
dng, kch thc, E hon ton ging nhau.
Sau , n dng cc AO l.ha ny che ph
vi cc AO ca nhng ng.t khc to l.k
a. Cc trng thi lai ha:
. Lai ha sp:1(s) + 1(p) 2(sp)
Trng thi lai ha sp dng gii thch c

cu ca cc phn t thng hng.
Trong ha hu c, lai ha sp dng gii
thch c cu ca carbon lin kt ba (C )
sp
sp sp
Td: O=C=O ; HCCH
Td: BeH2: Be(2 + 2.1=4)=> Be(sp)

phan t BeH2
BeCl2: Be(2 + 2.1 = 4)=> (sp)
.Trng thi lai ha sp2: 1(s) + 2(p) 3(sp2)

C c cu tam gic u: tm l nhn ng.t,
3 trc .x ca 3(sp2) hng ra 3 nh ca
Trng thi lai ha
sp2 dng gii
thch cc ph.t c
dng hoc
gc.Trong ha hu
c: gii thch c
cu ca C lin kt
i (C = )
. Trng thi lai ha sp3:

1(s) + 3(p) 4(sp3) :t din u,4 trc x
Hng ra 4 nh ca t din u
Trng thi lai ha sp3 c dng gii
thch c cu ca phn t c dng t din,
thp tam gic,gc.Trong ha hu c,dng
gii thch c cu ca C ni n.
. Trng thi lai ha dsp3;

1(s) + 3(p) + 1(d) 5(dsp3)
Dng hnh 6 mt ( lng thp y tam gic)
. Trng thi lai ha d2sp3

1(s) + 3(p) + 2(d) 6(d2sp3)
C dng hnh 8 mt
(lng thp y
hnh vung)
4. D on c cu lp th ca ha cht
Xem cht: MLn ; MLnx+ ; MlnyM:ng.t tr.tm(ng.t c s ng.t nh nht.)
L:ligand(cc ng.t chung quanh l.k vi M)
n; ch s ligand ( n 2)
X+: ,t(+) ca cation. Y- :.t (-) ca anion
xc nh dng lp th:
ehtlh(M) =ehtcb(M)+e: cc L(1L gp
1e tr O;S = 0e)
+ y(e) nu l anion
- x(e) nu l cation
Xc nh trng thi lai ha ca (M) v

dng lp th
ehtlh: AOlh: tr.thi lh dng lp th
4
2
sp
thng hng
6
3
sp2
tam gic; gc
8
4
sp3
t din, thp,
gc
10
5
dsp3 lng thp y
12
6
d2sp3
hnh bt din
*Cc cp e ha tr phi c phn b cch

xa nhau nht c c lc y nh nht
gia chng
* Hiu ng lp th gim dn: Cp e khng
lin kt(K) > cp e lin kt(L) > e khng
lin kt [K(1)]
*Lc y ca cc cp e gim dn theo th
t sau: KK > KL > LL > K(1)L
*e trong lin kt bi y > e

lin kt n.
Slide 76 of 48
Cl
111.4o
Cl
General Chemistry:
C O
124.3o
HUI 2006
Td: CO2: C(4 + 2.0 = 4) sp O =C = O

O
C
O
BeCl2:Be(2+2.1=4)=> sp
BeH2: Be(2+2.1=4)=> sp
z
x
2.2e
Blk = 1( ) +
( ) = 2
2
phan t BeH2
Blk= 1
CHCH
CO32-: C (4 + 3.0 + 2 =6) sp2
1.2(e)
Blk = 1() + () = 1,33
3.2
BF3: B(3+3.1=6e)=> sp2

..
..
..
1.2(e)
Blk = 1() + () = 1,33
3.2
CH2=CH2 :C(sp2)
BCl3: 3+3.1=6=> sp2

3p
Cl
3p
3p
sp
Cl
3p
B
sp2
2p
Cl
3p
3p
1.2e
Blk = 1( ) +
( ) = 1,33
3.2
Slide 84 of 48
General Chemistry:
HUI 2006
CH4 ehtlh = 4 + 4.1= 8lh sp3 Blk CH = 1

NO2: ehtlh = 5 + 2.0 = 5 lh sp2

1.2e
Blk=1()+
()
=
1,5
N
O
2.2
O
ONO>120o
NO2- : ehtlh = 5 + 2.0 +1 = 6 lh sp2

2.2e
Blk = 1() + () = 1,5

N
O
2.2
O
ONO < 120o
NO2+ : ehtlh = 5 + 2.0 1 = 4lh sp

2.2e
Blk = 1() + () = 2
ONO
2.2
NO2+ thng hng
NH3: ehtlh = 5 + 3.1 = 8 lh sp3

Blk = 1;HNH < 109,5o
NH4+ : ehtlh = 5 + 4.1 -1 = 8

3 :Blk = 1; HNH=109,5o
lh sp
NO3- : ehtlk = 5 + 3.0 +1 = 6 lh sp2
1.2e
Blk=1()
+
()
NO
3.2
=o 1,33
ONO = 120
H2O : ehtlh = 6 + 2.1 = 8sp3
O
H
H
HOH<109,5o
SO2: ehtlh = 6 + 2.0 = 6 lh sp2
SO
O
1.2e
Blk = 1() + () = 1,5
2.2
OSO < 120o
H
C
H
H
H
O
109.5
N
H
H
H
107O
H
H
O
104.5
SO3: ehtlk = 6 + 3.0 = 6 sp2

O
SO
O
1.2e
Blk = 1() + () = 1,33
3.2
OSO = 120o
SO32- :ehtlh = 6 + 3.0 +2 =8 lh sp3
OSO < 109,5o
SO42- : ehtlh = 6 + 4.0 + 2 = 8 lh sp3

2-
O
O
S
O
OSO = 109,5o
PCl5 : ehtlh = 5 + 5.1 =10 lh dsp3
5. Tnh cht:
a. Cng ha tr ca 1 nguyn t l s lin
kt cng ha tr xut pht t nguyn t .
Td: HOH {cht(H) = 1; cht(O) = 2 }
b. Bn knh ca 1 ng.t: l di lin kt
n to bi 2 ng.t ca ng.t .
Td:N-NcdN-N=1,45ArN=1,45/2=0,725A
c. Lkcht c tnh bo ha, nh hng, c

th khng phn cc hoc phn cc.
Lk: AB c A B = 0 AB khng
phn cc; AB =0
Td: H2 c = 0
0<A B<1,7AB phn cc; AB 0

Td: HF c F > H
d
HF
HF= 4,8.dHF. (Deby)
phn cc
HF
Trng hp ph.t nhiu ng.t:MLn mi l.k

ML c 1 ga tr ML MLn = hp lc ca
nML
Td: NH3 v NF3
CH4 c = 0
III. LIN KT ION

1. Nguyn tc:
A + B nuA - B 1,7 lk ion
nA
+
ne
A
A > B
nm+
mA
+nB
AmBn
m+
B B
+ me
Cc ion An- v Bm+ phi c cu hnh e bn

* Cu hnh e bn ca cc ion:
c cu 8e :(ns2 np6): ng.t p.nh chnh A
C cu 18e(.ns2 np6 nd10): p.nh ph B
C cu ns2 (.ns2)(thng gp cc
ng.t chu k ln phn nhm IVA,VA )
Td:
2.
Tnh cht:
a. Bn knh ion:
Xem phn t AB: A-B+
A + e A- rA- > rA
dAB= rA- +
+
r
r
B B +e B < B
Trong dy ion ng e:
N3-; O2-; F-; Ne; Na+; Mg2+; Al3+
rB+
Z rion
P3-; S2-; Cl-; Ar; K+; Ca2+;

Z rion
Trong cc ion ng e:
Ion no c Zrion
b. Tnh cng ha tr ca lin kt ion ( tnh

ion ca lin kt cng ha tr).
rM+ Tnh
m+
Cation M c tnh phn
m(+)
cht
cckhi
Anion An- c tnh b phn n(-) Tnh
rA- ion
cc khi
100% ion
lkcht ph.cc lkcht khng cc
Tnh cht bn; t0s , t0nc
Trng hp 2 cation c bn knh v in

tch bng nhau, tnh phn cc tng theo th
t:
(ns2np6) < (ns2np6nd(x<10)) < (ns2np6nd10)
IV: Cc loi lin kt yu:

1. Lin kt Hydro:
L l.k to thnh bi ng.t H linh ng( l H
l.k vi 1 ng.t hay 1 nhm ng.t c m
din ln nh: O, F, Cl, CC) vi 1 ng.t
hay nhm c m in ln v c cc cp
e khng lin kt. AH+ BR
Td: HF HF
a. Phn loi
C 2 loi: lkH lin phn t v lkH ni phn
t
. Lin kt Hydro lin phn t:

c to thnh bi cc p.t ring bit nhau;
Td: H2O
HOHO
H
C2H5OHO
. Lin kt Hydro ni phn t:

c to thnh trong chnh bn thn 1 phn
O
H
O
O
t
H
H
N
b. Tnh cht
. Lin kt hydro cng bn khi H cng linh
ng v tm B cng giu e.
Td: C2HOHO
H
bn hn C2H5O
HOH
H
. Nhit si, nhit nng chy:

Ha cht no cho l.k(H) l.p.t th t0s, t0nc, .
Td: C2H5OHO C2H5 bn hn CH3O CH3

H
Cht no cho lin kt Hydro ni phn t

cng mnh th tos , tonc, cng thp
Td:
OH
c tos, tonc>
OH.
...
O
N
O
O
. tan
Cht no cho c l.k(H) l.p.t vi d.mi
cng th tan cng trong d,mi .
Td: C2H5OH tan trong H2O > CH3OCH3
b. Lc Van Der Walls (VDW)
L lc lin ph.t, c to thnh ga cc
ph.t trung ha, lc VDW c dng
gii thch s c th ha lng ca cht kh,
hoc c th ng c ca cht lng.
. Phn loi:
Lc VDW gm cc loi:
Lc nh hng:
c to thnh bi cc ph.t lun phn cc.
*
Lc cm ng:
c to thnh bi 1 phn t phn cc v 1
phn t khng phn cc.
*
Lc khuch tn.
To thnh bi cc cht khng phn cc
*
He
.
=0
Lc nh hng > lc cm ng > lc khuch

tn
Lc VDW r(phn t)
M
. Tnh cht
o
o
Cht
no
cho
lc
VDW
t
,
t
*
s
nc
Td:
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 tos , tonc
Cc cht c phn cc ging nhau

ha tan tt vo nhau, v ngc li.
Td: HCl ha tan trong H2O tt hn CH4
CH4 ha tan trong CCl4 tt hn HCl
*
CHNG III: NHIT HA HC

I. Cc khi nim c bn:

1. H:
L 1 phn ca v tr c gii hn trong
phm vi ang kho st v phng din ha
hc. Phn cn li ca v tr quanh h c
gi l mi trng ngoi (mtng) i vi h.
Td: 1 cc cha nc y kn: phn bn
trong cc l h, cn thnh cc v khong
khng gian quanh cc l (mtng).
. H h: C th trao i E,vt cht vi(mtng)

* H kn: ch trao i E nhng khng trao
i cht vi (mtng)
* H c lp: khng trao i E v vt cht
vi (mtng)
Td: Cc cha dd ha cht khng y np l
h h, cn trong bnh y kn l h kn,
trong bnh cch nhit y kn l h c lp.
*H ng th: Ch c 1 pha,cn t 2 pha tr
ln l h d th [H gm nc(l) ng.cht l
ng th, nc(l) v nc l d th]
*
2. Thng s trng thi v hm trng thi;

a. Thng s trng thi:
Cc i lng vt l nh:(p),(V),(T),(n)
dng biu din trng thi ca h c
gi l thng s trng thi
Gia cc thng s trng thi c 1f.t lin h:
p: (atm),V:(lit),T:(oK)
pV= nRT
0,082 l.atm.mol-1
Pt trng thi R 1,987cal.mol-1
hs klt
8,3 j.mol-1
Khi x c 3 tr s,tr s th 4 c x.
Do : thng dng 3 thng s: p,V,T
b. Hm trng thi:Trng thi ca h thay i

khi ch cn 1 thng s trng thi thay i
Hm trng thi l 1 i lng c gi tr ch
ph thuc vo cc thng s trng thi ca h.
c. Qu trnh: Xem1h tr.thi (1): (p1,V1,T1),
1 thng s tr.thi thay i tr.thi (2):
(p2,V2,T2) h thc hin 1 qu trnh t t
thi(1)trng thi(2)
*1 (p1,V1,T1) *2 (p2,V2,T2)
Q.t ng p: p khng i( p=0;p=const)
Q.t ng tch:V khng i(V=0;V=const)
Q.t ng nhit:T khng i(T=0;T=const)
Q.t on nhit: khng trao i nhit (Q=0)

Q.t tn: kh nng xy ra theo chiu thun
hay chiu nghch l nh nhau().Q.t ch
xy ra 1 chiu l qt t nhin ( )
c. Nhit v cng
Khi thc hin q.t t tr.th(1) n tr.th (2), h
c th trao i E vi mtng di 2 dng:
nhit v cng.
m: khi lng (gam)
. Nhit: Q = mcT c: nhit dung
T= T2 T1
m=1g ; T=1 c=Q c: nhit dung ring
m=M, T= 1 Q= Mc = cc: nhit dung mol

C n mol cht Q = nc T
. Cng
*
Cng
thay
i
th
tch
h
Cng A
* Cng ha hc
Trng hp ch c cng thay i th tch:
A = pngoi . V { V = V2 V1}
png=0(q.t xy ra chn khng)A = 0
V=V2 - V1=0(q.t ng tch)A = 0
Qu trnh ng p hoc thun nghch:
png = ph = p A = p.V
Qui c v du: Q < 0 pht nhit

Q > 0 nhn nhit
A< 0 nhn cng
A> 0 sinh cng
II. p dng nguyn l I nhit ng lc hc.
1. Nguyn l I v ni nng
Xem h thc hin q.t t tr.th (1) n tr.th (2)
c th theo nhiu ng q.t khc nhau:
Q 1 , A1
Q2 , A2
Q3 ,A3
Qn ,An
Q1 Q2 Q3 Qn;A1 A2 A3 An
Q1-A1=Q2-A2=Q3- A3=Qn-A=hs= U
* U= U2 - U1( U1 v U2 ni nng ca h
trng thi (1) v (2).
U = Q - A
Ni nng U l tt c cc dng nng lng
tch cha bn trong h.
A = png.V U = Q png.V
Trong trng hp h thc hin 1 chu trnh:
U = U2 U1 = Q A = 0
1*2
Q=A
Q > 0A > 0: h nhn nhitsinh cng

A < 0 Q < 0: h nhn cngpht nhit
2. Entalpi: 1 p thng c thc hin theo

1 trong 2 cch sau:
* Bnh kn,Vh=Vbnhq.t ng tch(V=0)
U=Q-A=Q-pngVU=QV: nh ng tch
QV>0U>0h nhn nhitU2>U1 h
nng ln
QV<0U<0h pht nhitU2<U1:
h lnh i
Bnh h, p tc dng ln h l p kh quyn =

1atm qu trnh ng p
U = Q A = Q - pV Q =U + pV
Qp=U2-U1+p(V2 V1) =(U2+pV2)-(U1+pV1)
t: H2 = U2 + pV2 ; H1 = U1 + pV1
L Entalpi ca h trng thi (2) v (1)
Vi H = U + pV
H = H2 H1 = Qp nhit ng p
Qp>0H>0h nhn nhit:H2>H1h
nng ln
Qp<0H<0h pht nhit:H2<H1h
*
3. Hiu ng nhit
Hiu ng nhit ca 1 p. l Q trao i gia
p vi mtng iu kin V=0 hoc p = 0.
*V=0:U=QV: hiu ng nhit ng tch.
* p=0H = Qp : hiu ng nhit ng p.
S lin quan gia H v U
Ta c: H = U + pV H = U + pV
H = U + p(V2 V1) = U + pV2 pV1
H=U+ n2RT n1RT = U + (n2 n1)RT
H =U + n.RT n=n(k)(sp)-n(k)(tc)
Trong qu trnh: Qp = QV + n.RT
Td: 2NH3(k) + 3/2 O2(k) N2(k) + 3H2O(k)

H =U+n.RT = U+ RT
a. Nhit to thnh v nhit phn hy
. Nhit to thnh mol tiu chun
L hiu ng nhit ca phn ng to thnh
1 mol ha cht t cc n cht bn iu
kin chun (p=1atm, T = 298oK{25oC}
Td: H2(k) + O2 (k) H2O(l)
Ho298 = Hott,298 [H2O(l)]
H0tt,298 thng <0 v H0tt,298 cng bn
H0tt,298 [n cht] = 0
. Nhit phn hy mol tiu chun

L nhit trao i khi phn hy hon ton 1
mol ho cht thnh cc n cht bn kc
H2O(l) H2(k) + O2(k)
H0298 = H0ph,298 [H2O(l)]
H0ph,298 thng>0 v H0ph,298cng bn
b. Nhit t chy mol tiu chun.
L hiu ng nhit ca p t chy hon
ton 1 mol ho cht bng O2(k),sn phm
to thnh l cc oxyt bn ca cc nguyn t
to thnh ho cht kc.
H2(k) + O2(k) H2O(l)

H0298 = H0ch,298 [H2(k)]
Hoch,298 thng < 0
v Hoch,298
[n cht] 0
4. nh lut Hess v h qu.

a. nh lut Hess
Mt p c th xy ra theo nhiu giai on,
hiu ng nhit tng qut bng tng hiu
ng nhit ca cc giai on trung gian. V
hiu ng nhit tng qut ch ph vo trng
thi u v trng thi cui ca p
I + J
H1
H2
A+BC+D
H3 H4
E+FG+H
H5
H0298=H1+H2=H3+H4+H5
H CO (k)
C(tc) + O2 (k)
2
H1
H2
CO(k)
H0298 = H1 + H2
C th biu din nh lut Hess di dng:

C(tc) + O2 (k) CO(k) (1) H1
CO(k) + O2(k) CO2(k) (2) H2
(1)+(2)(3) C(tc)+O (k)CO (k)
2
2
H3=H1+H2
b. H qu:
. Phn ng thun nghch
H = Hth + Hng = 0
H
A+B C+D
H
Hth = - Hng
th
ng
. Tnh h. nhit ca p theo nhit to thnh

AB
CD
H1
H2
A+B
C+D
AC + BD
H3
H = H1 + H2 + H3
H1 = -1.H0tt,298[AB]
H2 = -1.H0tt,298[CD]
H3 = + 1.H0tt,298[AC] + 1.H0tt,298[BD]
H= {1.H0tt,298[AC] + 1.H0tt,298[BD]}
- {1.H0298[AB] + 1.H0298[CD]}
Xem p tng qut

mA + nB pC + qD
H0298 = {mH0tt,298[C] + nH0tt,298[D] }
- { pH0tt,298[A] + qH0tt,298[B] }
H0298 = H0tt,298[s.p] - H0tt,298[t.c]

Td: 2NH3(k)+3/2O2(k) N2(k) + 3H2O(k)
H0298=3H0tt,298[H2O(k)]-2H0tt,298[NH3(k)]
H0298= 3.(-241,8) - 2.(- 46,2) = - 633kj
. Tnh h. nhit ca p theo nhit chy.

Xem p:H2C=CH2(k) +H2(k) H3C-CH3(k)
C2H4(k) +3O2(k) 2CO2(k)+2H2O(l) (1) H1

H2(k) +1/2 O2(k) H2O(l)
(2) H2
C2H6(k) +7/2O2(k)2CO2(k) +3H2O(l) (3) H3
(1) + (2) (3) p cn phi tnh

Ho298= H1 + H2 - H3
Ho298= 1.Hoch,298[C2H4(k)] + 1.Hoch,298[H2(k)]

- 1.Hoch,298[C2H6(k)]
Ho298= Hoch,298[tc] - Hoch,298[sp]
. Tnh hiu ng nhit theo nng lng lk.

Xem p: H2C=CH2(k) + H2(k) H3CCH3(k)

H1
H2
H3
2C(k) + 4H(k) 2H(k)

Ho298= H1 + H2 + H3
H1= EC=C + 4ECH
H2= EH-H
H3= -EC-C + -6EC-H
Ho298= {EC=C + 4EC-H +EH-H } - {EC-C + 6EC-H}
Ho298= Et - Erp
Xt du Ho298 ca phn ng:

Ho298 < 0 p pht nhit: p d xy ra.
Ho298 > 0 p thu nhit: p kh xy ra.
Ho298 = 0 p on nhit: p kh xy ra.
P c H cng < 0 cng d xy ra.
Td: p: H2 + X2 2HX
X( halogen)
F2
Cl2 Ho p cng kh xr
298
Br2
I2
III.Ng.l 2 nhit ng lc hc - chiu q.t

1. Nguyn l 2 nhit ng lc hc Entropi
(1)
nAmol Chn
khng
kh
VA
VB
T nhin
(2)
nAmol kh
V = VA + VB
Khi h thc hin qu trnh t(1) (2) :

:( t do, xo trn, bt trt t), xc sut
hin din phn t kh
Trong q.t t nhin,h lun i t trng thi c
t do ,xs hin din p.t kh thp n trng
thi c t do, xs hin din ph.t kh cao.
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TB
; Thon
A tai
nA
nA
QA >
xt,td (A) = (B)
nA
QB
nA
xt,td (A) > (B)
Bin thin ca xt,td ca h t l thun

vi lng nhit Q trao i ca h.
VA = VB ; TA > TB
nA
nA
td(A) > (B)
QA = QB
nA
nA
td(A) < (B)
td ca h t l nghch vi nhit
Vy: Mi trng thi ca h c biu din

bi 1 h.s x.s entropi S (S l h.s biu din
t do,xo trn,bt trt t,v x.s hin din
ph.t ca h),m bin thin ca S c cho
bi h thc:
Q Q.t thun nghchSh=Qtn/T
S
T Q.t t nhin Sh >Qktn/T
Mi ha cht u c 1 gi tr So298 > 0 x. .
Ha cht c S t do
Vi 1 ha cht: Sk > Sl > Sr
2. Tnh bin thin entropi ca 1 phn ng.

Xem p: mA + nB pC + qD
So298 ={ pSo298[C]+qSo298[D]}-{mSo298[A]+nSo298[B]}
So298 = So298[sp] - So298[tc]
Td: CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k)
So298=1.So298[CaO(r)]+1.So298[CO2(k)]
-1.So298[CaCO3(r)]
So298 = 39,7 + 213,7 88,7 = 164,7 kj/oK

* C th d on du ca S da vo n ca p:
n > 0 S > 0; n<0S<0; n=0tnh c th
N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k) c n= 2-1-3=-2S<0
3. Xt du S ca p:
S > 0 d xy ra. S
Mt p c: S = 0 kh xy ra. d
S < 0 kh xy ra. xr
4. Chiu ca p
Ng.l 1; 2 khng kt lun c p xy ra
c hay khng. Do phi kt hp 2 ng.l
G=H-TS (G: hm Gibb, nng lng t do)
Khi h thc hin qu trnh t (1) (2):
G= G2 G1 = (H2 TS2) (H1 TS1)
G=(H2 H1) T(S2 S1)= H - TS
GoT = HoT - TSoT
Gott,298 [ha cht]: Go298 ca p to thnh 1

mol ha cht t cc n cht bn kc.
H2(k) + O2(k) H2O(k)
Go298 = Gott,298[H2O(k)]
. Gott,298[n cht] = 0
Go298 = {pGott,298[C] + qGott,298[D]}
- {mGott,298[A] + nGott,298[B]}
Go298 = Gott,298[sp] - Gott,298[tc]
G = H - TS
* H<0, S>0 G<0: p t xy ra ()
* H>0,S<0G>0: p t xy ra ()
H>TSG<0: ().
H<0,
H<TSG>0:
().
S<0:
H=TSG=0:()
H>0,
S>0:
H<TSG<0: ()
H>TSG>0: ()
H=TSG=0:()
V ng biu din G theo T ta c:
H > 0 ; S < 0
G
H > 0; S >0
H > 0 ; S = 0
H < 0 ; S < 0
H < 0 ; S > 0
T
H < 0 ; S = 0
H = 0 ; S < 0
H = 0 ; S > 0
H = 0 ; S = 0
CHNG IV
TC P-CN BNG HA HC
I. Tc phn ng
1. Biu thc tc phn ng
Xem p: m A + nB pC + qD
k:hs tc p;k> 0;k=f(T)
v=k(CA)m(CB)n Bc m theo A,bc n theo B
P bc (m + n) tng qut
* m,n l cc tr s thc nghim: c th l s
nguyn, thp phn
* m,n h s p,ch i vi p n gin( ch
Trng hp cc cht tham gia p l cht

kh, ta c th dng nng hoc p sut.
v = kCAm.CBn hoc v = kpAm.pBn
* trng hp cc cht p gm(lng v rn)
Ta c: v=kS.Cim : Si l b mt hot ng ca
cht rn.
* Trng hp cc cht p gm kh v rn,
ta ch ch n cht kh: v = kpim
*
2. Cc yu t nh hng n tc p
a. nh hng ca nng (T= const)
mA + nB pC +qD: p n gin.
v1 = kCAm.CBn : CA= xCA v CB= yCB
v2=k(CA)m.(CB)n = k(xCA)m.(yCB)n
=kxmynCAmCBn v2/v1= xm.yn
* Hn hp p l cht kh: C th dng p sut
v1= kpAm.pBn ;v2= k(xpA)m.(ypB)n
v2/v1= xm.yn
Td1:p: 2A + B C :CA= 2CA; CB= CB

v = kCA2.CB :x=2; y=1;v2/v1= x2.y1=22.11=4
Td2; mA + nB pC + qD :V = kCAm.CBn
.CA=2CA;CB=CB:v2/v1=4=2m.1n=2mm=2
. CA=CA; CB=2CB:v2/v1=2=1m.2n=2nn=1
v = kCA2CB
Td3:2NO(k)+O2(k)2NO2(k) :v = kpNO2.pO2
Khi tng Vbnh ln 2 lnp sut cc kh
gim 2 ln
pA =pA; pB= pB:v2/v1=(1/2)2.(1/2)1=1/8
b. nh hng ca nhit .(nng khng

i)
. H thc Vant Hoff
T1v1,k1,t1; T2v2,k2,t2
v1= k1CAmCBn ;v2= k2CAmCBn
v = k = t =
v k t
T
10
: h s nhit ca k,
>1
1
1
2
T = T2 T1
T = 100 => v2/v1 =
2
*Td1: T1=20oCT2=50oC; =3
v2/v1=3(50-20)/10=27
*Td2: T1=20oCT2=50oC;
v2/v1=8=(50-20)/10=3=2
*Td3: T1=20oC,t1=3hT2=400C;=3t2=?
. t1/t2=(40-20)/10=2=32=9 = 180/t2
t2=180/9= 20
Td4: T1=20oC,t1=3h,=3t2=20 T2=?
.t1/t2=T/10=3T/10=180/20=9T/10=2
T2=40oC
. H thc Arhnius
Ea:nng lng hot ha p
k = .e-Ea/RT =hs: tha s tn s.
Ea>0; Ea=>k
TEa/RT0 k= (hs tc T=)
lnk = -Ea/RT+ln ;v lnk = f(1/T)
lnk
lnk nghch bin vi 1/T

lnk ng bin vi T
Tk; Tk
1/T
T1,k1lnk1=-Ea/RT1+ln
T2,k2lnk2=-Ea/RT2+ln
Ea 1 1
lnk2 lnk1= - -
R T2 T1
k 2 Ea 1 1
ln = - -
k 1 R T 2 T1
c. nh hng ca cht xc tc(cxt)

Cxt l cht c cho vo p vi lng rt
nh, lm v hoc nh hng p theo chiu
mong mun.Sau p, cxt c hon tr li mt
H
Td: RCOOH + ROH RCOOR + H2O
N2(k) + H2O(l)
,xt NO(k) + H O(l)
2
NH3(k)+O2(k)
. Xt ng th: cxt v cht p cng 1 pha
. Xt d th: cxt v cp 2 pha khc nhau
. Cxt lm v l do lm gim Ea ca p
II. Cn bng ha hc.

1. Hng s cn bng
v ,k
Xem p tn: mA +. nB v ,k pC + qD
vth= kthCm.CBn
v
=
v
v
tq
th
ng
p
q
vng = kngCC .CD
th
th
ng
ng
vtq= kthCAm.CBn - kngCCp.CDq

. t t0: CA v CB >> CC v CD
vth>>vngv>>0
. t:CA v CB; CC v CDvth; vngvtq
. vth = vng vtq = 0p t trng thi cn

bng (tcb)
tcb: kth[A]m[B]n = kng[C]p[D]q
kth [C]p[D]q KC:hs cb ;KC=f(T)
KC= = KC>0;KC,cb >thun
kng [A]m[B]n KC, cb > nghch
. Khi phn ng t trng thi cb, trong hn
hp p cn cc cht c thnh phn c
xc nh bng biu thc hng s cb.
. Khi hn hp p l cht kh:c th dng Kp

(pC)p.(pD)q
Kp: hs cb p sut.
Kp;cb>thun.
Kp =
(pA)m.(pB)n cb Kp;cb>nghch
Kp=KC.(RT)n; Kp = f(T)
. 2NO(k) + O2(k) 2NO2(k) (1): K1
a.(1)=>2aNO(k)+aO2(k)2aNO2(k)(2): K2
(pNO2)2
(pNO2)2a
K1= ; K2 =
(pNO)2(p O2)
(pNO)2a(pO2)a
=> K2 = (K1)a
. C(tc) + O2(k) CO(k) (1) K1

CO(k) + O2(k) CO2(k) (2) K2
(1)+(2)(3): C(tc) + O2(k) CO2(k) (3)K3
K3 = K1.K2
. 2NO2(k) N2O4(k) (1) K1
N2O4(k) 2NO2(k) (2) K2
(1) v (2): th v ng K1.K2 = 1
. P c mt cc cht (r,l,k), ta dng Kp v
ch ghi p sut cht kh trong biu thc Kp.
.P c mt cc cht (l,r), ta dng KC v ch
ghi nng cht lng trong biu thc KC.
2. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng.
a. nh lut Le Chtelier
Khi p t trng thi cb, nu ta thay i 1
yu t tc dng ln h,th cb s dch chuyn
theo chiu ngc li vi s thay i .
b. nh hng ca nng .
A+B C+D
. + A vo h: CA cb > CA: thun()
. - A ra: CA cb > CA: nghch()
. + D vo h: CD cb > CD: nghch()
. - D ra: CD cb > CD: thun()
c. nh hng ca p sut
p sut ch nh hng n cb nu trong h
c mt cht kh.
Xt n = n kh (sp) - n kh (tc) ca p:
Khi p cb > n < 0 ; khi p cb > n > 0
Td:N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k): n= -2
p cb > n < 0 : thun()
p cb > n > 0: nghch()
nu n = 0 cb khng dch chuyn.
d. nh hng ca nhit .
Khi T cb > thu nhit(H > 0)
Khi T cb > pht nhit(H < 0)
Nu H = 0 cb khng dch chuyn
Td: CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) H > 0
T cb > H > 0 ; thun()
T cb > H < 0 : nghch()
e. nh hng ca cht xc tc.
Trong p cb, thm cht xt ,n lm vthng
thi lm vng; vth=vng. cht xt khng
lm dch chuyn mc cb m ch lm p
nhanh chng t trng thi cb.
Td:
A+B C+D
t0
kxt: tcb
C xt: tcb
1
1
0,3 0,3
0,3 0,3
0
0
0,7 0,7 tcb= 10h
0,7 0,7 tcb = 1h
3. S lin h gia G0298 v K ca p

Ta cng tnh cH0298,S0298,G0298,v K
G0T = - RTlnK G0lnKK
Td: A + B C + D G0298 = - 10kj
G0298 - 10.1000
lnK= - = - = 4 K= 54,6
RT
8,3.298
ng lng gam ca 1 cht l s phn

khi lng ca cht c th kt hp, thay
th vi 1 phn khi lng Hydro(lg=1)
hoc 8 phn khi lng Oxy(lg=8)
MA(g)
A: ng.t MA: ng.t gam
A=
A: p.t MA: p.t gam
n
. A: nguyn t; n: ha tr ca nguyn t .
Td1: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
*
n = 2 lg(Fe) = 56/2 = 28g
Td2: Fe + 3/2Cl2 FeCl3
n = 3 lg(Fe) = 56/3 = 18,7g
A: hp cht
Acid:
n = H+ = OH- trao i
Baz
Td:H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
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n=2
n=1
Mui n = (+) = (-) ca cng thc

Oxyt phn t .
Td: NaCl:(n=1); Na2SO4(n=2); MgO(n=2)
Cht oxy ha kh:n= e trao i
5Fe2++MnO4- +8H+ 5Fe3+ +Mn2+ + 4H2O
n= 1
n=5
Vi 1 ha cht A c khi lng mA(g):

mA
NA mA/A MA
mA
nA= ; NA= = = = n NA= n.nA
A
nA mA/MA A
MA
NA
CN NA/V
nA
CM = ;CN = = = n CN= nCM
V
CM nA/V
V
Td: ha tan 4,9g H2SO4 vo nc to thnh 1l dd.

4,9/98
CM = = 0,05M CN = 2CM = 2.0,05 = 0,1N
1
2. Dd khng in ly dd in ly.
* Dd khng in ly l dd m cht tan l cht
khng in ly(l cht khi ha tan trong
nc khng phn ly thnh cc ion tri du).
* Dd in ly l dd: cht tan l cht .ly(khi
HO
cc ion tri du)
. Cht .l mnh: phn ly hon ton , qu
trnh phn ly l 1 chiu()
HCl H+ + Cl- ;
NaCl Na+ + Cl-
. Cht in ly yu: ch phn ly 1 phn, qu

trnh phn ly l thun nghch()
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
. in ly ca cht .ly l t s gia s

mol .ly v s mol ban u ca cht .ly.
x x: s mol(hay nng ) .ly
=
a: s mol(hay nng ) ban u
0 x a => 0 1
v 1cht in ly cng mnh
v 0 cht in ly cng yu
. tin so snh, ngi ta qui c:
> 0,3 cht in ly mnh
< 0,03 cht i ly yu
0,03 0,3 cht din ly trung bnh
II. TNH CHT DUNG DCH IN LY

1. S in ly ca nc ch s pH v pOH
Nc nguyn cht l cht in ly yu.
H2O
H+ + OHKly
[H+][OH-]
Kly = = 1,8.10-16
[H2O]
250C
V lng H2O .ly rt nh so vi lng

H2O ban u [H2O] xem nh khng i.
Kn=Kly[H2O]=(1000/18).1,8.10-16 = 10-14
Vy Kn = [H+][OH-] = 10-14 250C
Kn: tch ion ca H2O
Vi 1 dd (dm l H2O) bt k,ta vn c:

Kn = CH+.COH- = 10-14
250C
-lgKn = -lgCH+ -lgCOH- = 14
t: pKn=-lgKn;pH=-lgCH+; pOH= -lgCOH pKn = pH + pOH = 14 250C
. Mi trng trung tnh: CH+ = COH- = 10-7
pH = pOH = -lg10-7 = 7
. Mi trng axit: CH+ > COH- CH+ > 10-7
pH = -lgCH+ < 7 ; pOH > 7
. Mi trng baz: CH+<COH- CH+< 10-7M
pH > 7 ; pOH < 7

*
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch axit- baz

a. nh ngha axit-baz
. Quan im Arhnius
AHn An- + nH+
B(OH)m Bm+ + mOH. Dm = H2O;
. Axit: n chc; baz: m chc
.CH+axit;COH-baz
Td:HCl(k) + NH3(k) NH4Cl(r):
khng l p(a-b)
. Quan im Bronsted
AHn An- + nH+
B + mH+ [B(OH)m]m+
. Dm khng bt buc l H2O
. Axit n chc, baz m chc
. Phng thch H+axit
. Nhn H+baz
H+
Td: HCl(k) + NH3(k) NH4Cl(r)

axit
baz
+
H
baz1
axit2
xem p: AH + BOH A- + BOH2+

axit1
baz2
H+
AH A-+H+;AH/A-:cp axit/baz lin hp(1

BOH2+ BOH+H+
BOH2+/BOH: cp a/b lin hp(2)
p(a-b) phi c s tham gia ca 2 cp a/b
lin hp.
. Quan im Lewis
Axit + ne . + e axit
Baz me . e baz
b. pH ca dung dch axit

. Dung dch axit mnh
AHn An- + nH+ CH+ = nCA
t0 CA(M) 0
0 CN = nCA
t 0
CA nCA =>CH+ = CN = nCM
pH = -lgCH+ = -lg(nCA)
. HCl 0,1N: CH+= CN= 0,1(iong/l)pH= -lg0,1= 1

. HCl 0,1M:n=1CH+=CN=CM=0,1(iong/l)pH=1
. H2SO4 0,1NCH+= CN=0,1(iong/l)pH= -lg0,1=1
. H2SO4 0,1M: n=2CH+=CN=2CM=2.0,1=0,2(iong/l)
Vy: pH= -lg0,2= 0,67
. Dung dch axit yu

* Dung dch axit yu n chc
AH A- + H+ = x =>x=C
t0 C a
0
0
a
C
AH
tcb C+ a x
[
H
]
[
A
]
Ca
.
Ca
Ca
=
=
=
:<< 1 1- = 1
K
[ AH ]
Ca(1 ) 1
2
Ka
a
Ka = 2Ca =
Ca Ca ; Ca
Ka
+
= Ka.Ca
[H ] = x = Ca = Ca
Ca
1
pH = lg Ka.Ca =
( lg Ka lg Ca )
2
1
t: pKa= - lgKa :Ka pKa pH = 2 ( pKa lgCa)
Td: dd CH3COOH 0,1M, Ka = 10-5 c:

Ka
10
=
= 10
=
Ca 10
1
pH = 2 ( pKa lg Ca)
1
= 10 =
1
= (5
2
0.01
1
lg10 ) = 3
Dung dch axit yu a chc
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Ka1 = [H+][H2PO4-]/[H3PO4]= 10-2,1

H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Ka2 = [H+][HPO42-]/[H2PO4-]= 10-7,2
HPO42- H+ + PO43Ka3 = [H+][PO43-]/[HPO42-] = 10-12,3
4
trng
hp
tng
qut:
K
/K
/K
10
*
a1
a2
a3
ch ch chc th nht, xem nh l axit yu
n chc c K =K
Vi : H3PO4 c: Ka1/Ka2/Ka3 = 10-2,1/10-7,2/10-12,3=105

1
= ( pKa
2
1
= (
2
pH
lg Ca)
lg10 lg10 ) = 1,55
c. pH ca dung dch baz
. Dung dch baz mnh
B(OH)n Bn+ + nOHt0
t
Cb
0
0
Cb
2 ,1
0
nCb
COH- = nCb ; CN= nCM COH- = CN = nCM

pOH = -lgCOH- pH = 14 - pOH
Vy pH = 14 (- lgCOH-)
Dd NaOH 0,1 N
COH-=CN=0,1iong/l pH =14-(-lg0,1)=13
* Dd NaOH 0,1 M
COH-= CN= CM = 0,1iong/l pH = 13
* Dd Ba(OH)2 0,1 N
COH- = CN = 0,1iong/l
pH= 14 (-lg0,1) = 13
* Dd Ba(OH)2 0,1 M
COH- = CN = 2CM = 2.0,1 = 0,2iong/l
pH = 14 (-lg0,2) = 13,33
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. Dd baz yu
* Dung dch baz yu n chc
BOH B+ + OHDownload nhieu hon tai dethinonglam.wordpress.com
t 0 Cb
tcb Cb - x
= x
Cb
+
0
x
0
x
= Cb
[
B
]
[
OH
]
CC = C
=
=
K
C (1 ) 1
[ BOH ]
<< 11 - = 1 Kb = 2Cb=>
2
K
C
b
b
K
= K C
[OH ] x
C
C
1
pOH = lg[OH ] = lg K C = 2 ( lg K lg C )
1
t pKb = -lgKb=> pOH = 2 ( pK lg C )
Cb =
pH = 14 pOH=> pH = 14 [
1
(
pK
b
2
lg C )]
b
Td: dung dch NH4OH 0,1 M c pKb = 5

1
pH = 14 [ 2 (5 lg10 )] = 11
*Baz yu a chc: nu Kb1/Kb2/Kb3104
ta ch ch n chc th nht,v xem n
nh l 1 baz yu n chc vi K = K .
1
c. pH ca dung dch mui

Mui c xem l sp ca p gia axit v baz
Axit + Baz Mui + H2O
m
m
4 loi mui
y
y
. Mui to thnh bi axit (m) v baz (m)
mAHn + nB(OH)m AmBn + m.nH2O
AmBn mAn- + nBm+
An- v Bm+ l gc ca axit v baz mnh
khng b thy phn : dung dch c pH = 7
Td: NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, KCl, KNO3,
K SO .
. Mui ca axit (y) v baz (m) (n chc)

AH + BOH AB + H2O
AB A- + B+
t0
t
Cm
0
0
Cm
0
Cm
A- + H2O AH + OH- pH > 7
pH =
1
+
(
pK
n
2
pK + lg C )
a
Td: dd CH3COONa 0,1 M
pH =
1
+
(
14
2
5 + lg 0,1 )= 9
. Mui ca baz yu v axit mmh

AH + BOH AB + H2O
AB A- + B+
B+ + H2O BOH + H+ pH < 7
Gi Cm l nng mui ban u
pH =
(
pK
n
2
pK lg C )
b
Td: dd NH4Cl 0,1 M, pKb = 5
pH =
(
14
2
5 lg 0,1 )= 5
. Mui to bi axit yu v baz yu

AH + BOH AB + H2O
AB A- + B+
pH dd ty thuc
A- + H2O AH + OH- vo s so snh
B+ + H2O BOH + H+ gia Ka v Kb
pH =
1
+
(
pK
n
2
pK
pK )
b
Ka > Kb pKa < pKb pH < 7

Ka < Kb pKa > pKb pH > 7
Ka = Kb pKa = pKb pH = 7
d. Dung dch n
Dung dch n l dd c pH thay i khng
ng k, khi thm vo dd 1 lng nh axit
mnh hay baz mnh, hoc pha long dd.
. Dd n to bi 1 axit yu v mui ca n
vi baz mnh( dd n axit yu).
Xem dd n ( CH3COOH + CH3COONa)
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
+
+
+
+
H
cb
>
nghch(H
);
H
b p htpH khng i
*
+
+
+
OH
:
OH
+
H
H
OC
;
cb>thun(H
)
*
2
H+
OH- b p ht=> pH khng i.
Gi Ca v Cm l nng d ca axit yu v mui;

CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
t0
Cm
0
0
t
0
Cm
Cm
pH < 7
t0
Ca
0
0
tcb
Ca x
x
x
[CH3COOH] = Ca x = Ca ;[CH3COO-] = Cm + x = Cm
[H ] [CH COOH ] [H+] = Ka. [CH COOH ]
Ka =
[CH COO ]
[CH COOH ]
Ca
Ca
pH = lg( Ka
) = lg Ka lg
Cm
Cm
3
Ca * C = C => pH = pK
pH = pKa lg
a
m
a
Cm
Td: dd n (CH3COOH 0,1 M v CH3COONa 0,01M)

pH = 5 lg(0,1/0,01) = 5 lg10 = 4
.dd n to bi baz (y) v mui ca n vi

axit (m)
Xem dd n( NH4OH v NH4Cl): dd n axit yu
NH4Cl NH4+ + ClNH4OH NH4+ + OH-
pH > 7
Thm H+ : H+ + OH- H2O OH- : cb>

thun (OH-) H+ b p ht pH khng i.
Thm OH-OH- cb> nghch(OH-) OHb p ht pH khng i.
Gi Cb v Cm l nng ca NH4OH v
NH4Cl, chng minh tng t trng hp dd
n axit:
Cb
pH = 14 ( pKb lg
Cm
= Cm pH = 14 - pKb
Td: dd n: NH4OH 0,1 M v NH4Cl 0,1 M
c:
pH = 14 ( 5 lg 0,1/0,1) = 5
. Cb
3. Chun Axit - Baz

Axit{Ca,Va}? + Baz{Cb,Vb} bit Mui + H2O

Baz{Cb,Vb}? + Axit{Ca,Va} bit Mui + H2O
Dd cn ch.
dd chun
s ch.
(c th mnh
(mnh)
hoc yu)
* Cht cn chun : bnh
tam gic.
* Dung dch chun: ng nh
git.
a. phn ng :
AHn + NaOH NaA + H2O

Ca,Va Cb,Vb
Vi Ca,Cb: nng (CN)
* Ti im tng ng (l thi im m lng cht
cn chun p va ht vi lng cht chun nh t
ng nh git xung).
Theo nh lut ng lng ta c:
NA = NB CaCa = CbVb
b. xc nh im tng ng: dng cht ch
th mu.
Cht ch th mu l cht cho vo dd cn chun
.Ti im tng ng: mu ca dd thay i.
Cht ch th mu thng l 1 axit hoc baz yu, m

mu ca dd thay i ty theo pH ca dd.
Mi cht ch th mu c 1 khong pH i mu xc
nh.
*
c. Cc th d:
Td1: Chun 10ml dd HCl phi dng ht 12ml
dd NaOH 0,1 N CHCl = ?
Ti im tng ng:
Cb.Vb 0,1.12
= 0,12 N
CaVa = CbVb Ca =
=
Va
10
Td2: Chun 10ml dd NaOH phi dng ht 15
ml dd HCl 0,1N , CNaOH = ?
Ca.Va 0,1.15
CaVa = CbVb Cb =
= 0,15 N
=
Vb
10
Td3: nh 1 git metyl da cam vo nc , c mu ?
Nc c pH = 7, khong pH i mu ca metyl
da cam t 3,3 4,4 mu vng
4. Trn ln dd axit baz.

a. Trn ln dd axit mnh v baz mnh
mAHn + nB(OH)m AmBn
+ m.nH2O
(Na=CaVa) = (Nb=CbVb)
M(trung tinh)pH = 7
CaVa
<
CbVb
CaVa
>
CbVb
B(OH)m
pH > 7
AmBn
AHn
pH < 7
AmBn
b. Trn ln dd axit yu v baz mnh

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
CaVa
=
CbVb
M[a(y)+b(m)] pH>7
NaOH
pH>7
CaVa
<
CbVb
CH3COONa
dd n axit
CH
COOH
3
CaVa
>
CbVb
CH3COONa pH< 7
c. Trn ln dd baz yu v axit mnh
NH4OH
+ HCl NH4Cl
+ H2O
CbVb
=
CaVa
M[b(y)+a(m)]pH< 7
HCl
pH < 7
CbVb
<
CaVa
NH4Cl
NH4OH Dd n baz
CbVb
>
CaVa
pH > 7
NH Cl
III. Cn bng ha tan ca cht kh tan(tch s tan)

1. Tch s tan.
em ha tan cht kh tan AmBn(r) vo nc:
lng ha tan rt nh, Dd rt long:
phn ha tan xem nh din ly hon ton: c cb
AmBn mAn- + nBm+ : dd bo ha AmBn/H2O
t0 a
0
0
Nng ca dd bo ha
tcb -S
mS
nS
gi l tan(S) ca AmBn.
Kc = [An-]m[Bn+]n = (mS)m(nS)n = mmnnS(m+n)
Kc = T
=m nS
m
AmBn
(m+ n)
S AmBn =
(m+ n)
T
mn
AmBn
m
n
T
S
* Cc cht c cng thc tng t nhau(A mBn CmDn)

cht no c T S
Td: AgX
TAgX
SAgX = (TAgX)1/2 (M)
AgCl
10-10
10-5
AgBr
10-13
10-6,5
AgI
10-16
10-8
* Cc cht c cng thc khng tng ng(A mBn
v CpDq), phi tnh c th
Td: AgCl
TAgCl = 10-10 SAgCl = 10-5
* Download
AmBn
AmBn
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12
4
.
10
Ag2CrO4 T = 4.10
S=
= 10
21
Pha
long
ddtan
nhiu
hn
*
-12
2 1
un si:H2O bay hiC(ion) kt ta nhiu hn
2. iu kin c kt ta
a. Ha tan 1 lng xc dnh cht kh tan A mBn
* Nu tan ht :
AmBn mAn- + nBm+
t -C0
mC0
nC0 Vi C0 = m0/MAmBn
TAmBn = (mC0)m.(nC0)n
So snh TAmBn v TAmBn: ta c
T < T dd cha bo ha: tan ht
T = T dd bo ha: tan ht
T > T dd qu bo ha: tan 1 phn, c (r l)
Td: ha tan 10-3 mol Ag2CrO4(r) vo nc 1l dd
Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO42C0=10-3M T=(2.10-3)2.(10-3) =4.10-9 >Ttan 1 phn
b. Trn ln 2 dd:
dd(1)An-{C1,V1} + dd(2)Bm+{C2,V2} dd(3) c?
mAn- + nBm+ AmBn dd(3){C1,C2,V3=V1+V2)
* Sau khi trn ln nhng cha p:
.V 2
.V 1
n1=C1V1=n1=C1V3
C
C
2
1
;
C
C
=
2 =
1
V3
V3
n2=C2V2=n 2=C 2V3
TAmBn = (An-)m.(Bn+)n ; so snh vi TAmBn
T < T dd cha bo ha cha c
T = Tdd bo hacha c
T > Tdd qu bo ha c
10ml dd(1) AgNO3(2.10-3 M) +10ml dd(2) Na2CrO4(2.10-3M)

CAg+ = 2.10-3.10/20 = 10-3M
;CCrO4 = 2.10-3.10/20 = 10-3M
TAg2CrO4 = (10-3)2.(10-3) = 10-9 > Tag2CrO4 c

BG Hoa DC 1

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CHNG I

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Nhn Proton(p) +1 1dvc

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Z: Bc s ng.t= p trong nhn

Nguyn t trng thi c bn trung

3. Ng.t ng v: Cng Z, khc A

Cc ng.t ng v c cng Z e bng

II. Cu to ng.t theo thuyt c lng t.

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lp M(n=3) c 3 phn lp: 3s (1AO);

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n = 4 l= 0;1;2;3 c 4 phn lp:

Trng thi chuyn ng ca e c xc

b. Ghi ch: *trong h 1(e)

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S electron ti a trong 1 phn lp:

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Trong lp th n: Cha ti a (2.n2 )e

4p(4 + 1) v 5s(5 + 0) E4p < E5s

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C th vit cu hnh electron ca cc

c. Hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp:

to hiu ng chn mnh hn

III. Bng phn loi tun hon.

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1. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng

Phn nhm chnh A

Nguyn t thc phn nhm chnh A:

Nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph B:

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2. Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t:

ng.t phn nhm chnh A c soh(+)

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S mi l.kt c hnh thnh gia 2 ng.t

5. Cc loi lin kt.

II. LIN KT CNG HA TR

AO(A) AO(B) MO(AB)

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Cc kiu xen ph : s to lin kt ,

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Lin kt sigma ma: Hnh thnh do s

Lin kt : Hnh thnh do xen ph

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L thuyt: HNH= 900

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