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EE 448
Lab Experiment No. 1
03/24/2008
I.
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES:
Study the concept of real power (P), reactive power (Q), apparent
power(S) and power factor (cos).
Identify a method to improve the line side power factor with the help
of a capacitor bank.
BACKGROUND SUMMARY:
AC circuit elements consist of resistors (R), inductors (L) and
capacitors(C) which can be fed from either a 3 phase or 1 phase 60 Hz,
120V source. Resistor and inductor combination connected to a single
phase AC source results in a lagging current with respect to voltage. If R &
L are connected in series, the phasor sum of the voltages across L and R
equals the source voltage. In contrast if they are connected in parallel the
phasor sum of the currents drawn by R & L equals the source current.
Power factor of any load (source) is defined as the cosine of the angle
between the load(source) current and corresponding load(source) voltage.
By connecting a capacitor bank in parallel with such a RL circuit can
improve the power factor which in turn reduces the current drawn from
the source for a given power drawn by the resistor.
Power relations in a single phase system
Real power =Vrms *Irms cos in watts (where is angle between V and I)
Reactive power = Vrms *Irms * sin() in VARs
Apparent power = Vrms *Irms in VA
INSTRUMENTS and COMPONENTS:
Power Supply Module EMS 8821
AC Voltmeter Module EMS 8426
AC Current Meter ModuleEM.S 8428
Resistance Module
EMS 8311
Inductance Module EMS 8321
Capacitance Module EMS 8421
PRELAB EXERCISES
1. The machines we will be working with in this lab have these
resistances: R1 = 300, R2 = 600 and R3 = 1200. Identify the
parallel combinations of two of the resistors at a time to get equivalent
resistances of 200, 240 and 400. This will make using the lab
equipment easier.
2. If R1= 300 is connected in series with an inductive reactance of X1 =
j300, what will be the impedance angle of this series combination?
3. In Fig. 2, If R1 and X1 are connected in parallel across a single phase
source. What capacitance C value should be connected in parallel to
get unity p.f. Assume the frequency of supply is 60Hz.
4. Draw the phasor diagrams for the voltages in figure 1. Take voltage
across the resistor (Vr) as the reference vector.
1
300
V1
120Vrms
60Hz
j300
2
Figure 1
5. For the circuit in Fig.2, draw the phasor diagram for the three currents
1
Il
V1
120Vrms
60Hz
300
j300
2
Figure 2
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Ir
Ic
2
V1
120Vrms
60 Hz
j300
300
-j200
1
Figure 3
III.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
NOTE:
Whenever an ammeter is used to measure current in a circuit, one should
try to get the most accurate reading. To get a more accurate measurement
the DMM(Digital Multi-Meter) should be used. However the DMM is only
rated for 3 AMPS MAX! The Lab-Volt ammeters are rated for 8 amps. In
most of our circuits the current is below 3 amps, but be sure to check your
calculations of the circuit to determine whether to use the DMM or LabVolt ammeter for your measurements.
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4. The transformer is necessary
to isolate the scope ground from the line voltage.
Xi
Xc
300
600
1200
600
600
j300
j300
j300
j300
j600
-j300
-j300
p.f.
Q=S*sin
Figure 4
+
1
Ammeter
R1
300
L1
j300
As
Voltmeter
3
4
Digital
Ammeter
Ar
Al
Ammeter
120 V 2
AC Source
3
8821
Figure 5
+
1
Digital
Ammeter
Wattmeter
2
120 V 2
AC Source
3
8821
Voltmeter
R1
300
L1
j300
Figure 6
Resistor Module 8311
Inductor Module 8321
Capacitor Module 8331
AC Source 8821
C1
-j300