Introduction to Electric Machine and Power

System
Lab Report 1 & 2
Ravikumar a/l Subramaniam
1106371
MH

Lab 1 : Load test on DC shunt motor

Objective

To understand the load characteristics of dc shunt motors.

To understand the performance such as torque, speed, current and efficiency
of dc shunt
motors.

Introduction
Shunt DC motor works on direct current. In electrical terminology, a parallel
connection is termed shunt. In a shunt DC motor, the armature and field windings
are connected in parallel. This type of winding is called shunt winding and the motor
shunt DC motor. It has the fundamental components armature, field windings and
commutator which required for the operation of a motor. In a shunt DC motor, a
rotational torque is produced as a result of the interaction between the magnetic
field produced around the current carrying armature and the magnetic field
established around the field windings. Current is supplied from the stationary
housing to the rotating armature through commutator & brushes arrangement. As
the field windings are stationary, power is applied directly to it.
Equipments
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

WSM6-02(Starting resister module)

WSM6-03(Field Resister module)
WSM6-07(DC compound power module)
WSM6-14(Speed & torque measurements module)
WSM6-34(DC compound motor connection module)
WSM6-M05(DC compound motor)
WSM6-53(DC voltmeter module)
WSM6-54(DC Amperemeter module)
Electric machine assembly frame
Coupling
Connection Cord

Procedure

1. The starting resistance(WSM6-02) was adjusted to the maximum value

2. The field resistance(WSM6-03) was adjusted to the minimum value
3. The connection made according to Figure 1 was checked by the lab
supervisor
4. The power switches for all modules were turned on. Brake DC motor strong
was connected. The knob of electrodynamometer(WSM6-14) was adjusted to
0 position
5. The motor was started when the DC voltage achieved 50V. Then the DC
voltage is adjusted to 200V by increasing the power of WSM6-07

6. The field resistor was turned clockwise direction until the machine rotates at
1500 rpm.
7. The control knob of WSM6-14 was adjusted in steps of 0.03 to 0.21.
8. Data was collected for each steps conducted. Data for the speed, line current,
field current and terminal voltage.
9. The knob of WSM6-02 was adjusted to maximum value while WSM6-03 to its
minimum value.
10.Power supplies were switched off.
11.The armature resistance(Ra) was measured.

Results
Specification of Induction Motor
Output
Voltage
Current
Speed
Type

360 W
200 V
2.818 A
1500 rpm
Compound

Voltag
e
(V)

Line
Curren
t (A)

Field
Curren
t (A)

Torqu
e
(kg/m
)
0.001

Arm
Current
(A)

Pin
(W)

Pd
(W)

Pd/Pin
(%)

Pout
(W)

Pout/Pin
(%)

0.24

Spee
d
(rpm
)
1500

200

0.39

0.15

78

1.973

0.24

1488

0.03

0.34

116

45.81

200

0.76

0.24

1474

0.06

0.52

152

38.09
2
57.34
5
66.44

1.54

0.58

29.71
2
66.52

200

200

0.95

0.24

1460

0.09

0.71

190

200

1.14

0.24

1447

0.12

0.90

228

71.34
1
74.4

134.8
5
178.2

39.49
3
59.71
2
70.97

200

1.33

0.24

1431

0.15

1.09

266

200

1.52

0.24

1424

0.18

1.28

304

200

1.71

0.24

1410

0.21

1.47

342

76.23
8
77.31
2
77.87
7

220.2
9
263.0
5
303.8
7

Ra=12.8 ohm

100.5
39
135.5
48
169.6
32
202.7
92
235.0
28
266.3
40

90.76

78.16
82.82
86.53
88.85

Scaling down the values for graph

Speed =1500rpm
Pin = (2.18 x 200) = 436W
Pout = 360W
Efficiency=100%

Speed(rp
m)
1
0.992
0.983
0.973
0.965
0.954
0.949
0.94

Pin(W)

Pout(W)

0.18
0.27
0.35
0.44
0.52
0.61
0.70
0.78

0.004
0.13
0.25
0.37
0.50
0.61
0.73
0.84

Efficiency(
%)
0.02
0.39
0.60
0.71
0.78
0.82
0.87
0.89

2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
Torque(Nm)

1.2

Speed(rpm)

1.1

Pin(W)

Pout(W)
Efficiency(%)

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

Discussion
The field flux of DC shunt motor is said to be constant and the torque is
proportional to load current. When the value of load current increased from 0.15
A to 1.47 A, the torque was increased gradually from 0.001kg/m to 0.21 kg/m.
Torque increases as the square of armature current. DC shunt motors requires a
high starting torque due to magnetic saturation. DC shunt motors speed
decreases in a minor state. It is from 1500rpm to 1410rpm. This decrement can
be assumed that DC shunt motor works in a constant speed as the speed drop is
very small. It is because when a DC shunt motor reaches its full speed, the
armature current is directly related to the motor load. Since load is very small in
a shunt motor, armature current is also very low. Once the motor reaches its full
speed, it remains constant. The resistance of the shunt windings in a Shunt DC
motor is very high. As a result, when electric voltage is supplied to the Shunt DC
motor, very low amount of current flows through the shunt coil. Armature draws
enough current to produce a strong magnetic field. Due to the interaction of
magnetic field around armature and the field produced around the shunt field,
the motor starts to rotate. When the armature starts turning, it produces a back
EMF. The polarity of this generated back EMF is such that it opposes the
armature current. So, as the motor turns, armature current is controlled by the
back EMF and is kept low. Hence, the efficiency of the motor is affected by the
armature current. As per data recorded, when the armature current increases
gradually from 0.15A to 1.47A, the efficiency of the motor escalated.

Conclusion
The speed of DC shunt motor can be controlled by varying the amount of current
supplied to the armature. In other word, speed is inversely propotional to
armature current. While torque is propotional to armature current. DC shunt
motor is widely used because if the main feature of acquiring constant speed.

Lab 2 : Load test on 3-phase induction motor(Slip-ring /

Phase wound)
Objective

To understand the load characteristics of 3-phase slip ring induction motors.

To understand the performance such as torque, speed, current, power-factor,
slip and efficiency of 3-phase slip ring induction motor in loaded
configuration.

Introduction
Three phase induction motor type of motor does not require any starting device or
we can say they are self starting induction motor. This Motor consists of two major
parts which is rotor and stator. Stator of three phase induction motor is made up of
numbers of slots to construct a 3 phase winding circuit which is connected to 3
phase AC source. The three phase winding are arranged in such a manner in the
slots that they produce a rotating magnetic field after AC is given to them. While the
Rotor of three phase induction motor consists of cylindrical laminated core with
parallel slots that can carry conductors. Conductors are heavy copper or aluminum
bars which fits in each slots & they are short circuited by the end rings. The slots
are not exactly made parallel to the axis of the shaft but are slotted a little skewed
because this arrangement reduces magnetic humming noise & can avoid stalling of
motor. The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical
angle of 120. When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase AC
source, it establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous
speed.
Equipments
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

WSM6-14(Speed & torque measurement module)

WSM6-27(Secondary resistance starer module)
WSM6-39(Three-phase winding induction motor connection module)
WSM6-M03(Three-phase slip ring induction motor0
WSM6-51(AC voltmeter module)
WSM6-52(AC Amperemeter module)
WB-311(3 phase power supply)
Electric machine assembly frame
Connecting cord
Three phase wattmeter

Procedure

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Connection was made according to Figure 2.

The starting resistance was made sure at the maximum resistance.
The lab supervisor checked the circuit connections
The power switches of all modules was turned on
The brake of the motor was connected and the brake exciting resistor RB of
speed and torque measurement module(WSM5-14) was adjusted to 0
position
6. The power of three-phase power module was turned ON. The supply voltage
was increased gradually to 220 ac. The motor was started.
7. The starting resistance(WSM6-27) was gradually reduced.
8. All the minimum load data were recorded. Data for no-load current, voltage,
power input, torque and speed.
9. The control knob of WSM6-14 was adjusted to increase the torque in steps of
0.03 kg/m to 0.18 kg/m.
10.When data collection is completed, the control knob of the
electrodynamometer(WSM6-14) was turned slowly in CCW direction.
11.All relevant power supplies were switched off.
12.The starting resistors(WSM6-27) were returned to original position.
Result
Specification of DC Motor

Output
Voltage
Current
Speed
Type

360 W
220 V
3.38 A
1453 rpm
Wound rotor

Volatg
e
(V)

Line
Current(
A)

Pin
(W)

Speed
(rpm)

220
220
219
219

3.36
3.33
3.31
3.28

241.5
250.2
257.8
265.6

1493
1481
1468
1456

Torqu
e
(kg/m
)
0.006
0.03
0.06
0.09

218

3.27

272.6

1440

0.12

217

3.25

279.6

1426

0.15

216

3.23

287.1

1410

0.18

Pout
(W)

9.22
45.6
90.39
134.4
8
177.3
4
219.5
2
218.0

Efficien
cy
Pout/Pin
(%)
3.82
18.23
35.06
50.63

Power
Factor(
%)

Slip
%

18.86
19.72
20.53
21.35

0.47
1.27
2.13
2.93

65.06

22.08

78.51

22.90

4.93

75.93

23.76

Scaling down the values for graph

Speed = 1453 rpm
Pin = (3.38 x 220) = 743.6W
Pout = 360W
Efficiency, Power factor & Slip = 100%

Pout(W)

Pin(W)

0.03
0.13
0.25
0.37
0.49
0.61
0.61

0.32
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

Speed(rp
m)
1.028
1.019
1.01
1
0.99
0.98
0.97

Efficiency
(%)
0.04
0.18
0.35
0.51
0.65
0.79
0.76

Slip(%)
0.005
0.013
0.021
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06

Power
factor(%)
0.19
0.2
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.1
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6

Pin(W)
Speed(rpm)

0.55

Efficiency(%)
Slip(%)

0.5

Power factor(%)

0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7

Discussion
Starting torque is the torque produced by induction motor when it is started is
almost zero. As per data recorded, the torque is 0.006kg/m. The
rotor resistance, rotor inductive reactance and synchronous speed
of induction motor remains constant . The supply voltage to the three phase
induction motor is usually rated and remains constant so the stator emf also
remains the constant. The transformation ratio is defined as the ratio of rotor
emf to that of stator emf. So if stator emf remains constant then rotor emf
also remains constant. The maximum torque is independent of
rotor resistance. The slip at which maximum torque occur depends upon
rotor resistance. So, by varying the rotor resistance, maximum torque can be
obtained at any required slip. A three phase induction motor is basically a
constant speed motor so its somewhat difficult to control its speed. As per
data recorded, the drop of the speed decreases when the torque increases
from 0.006 kg/m to 0.18kg/m. The power factor of an AC electric power
system is defined as the ratio of the active (true or real) power to
the apparent power. The power factor increases from 18.86% to 23.75% when
the input power increases. For high power factor, inductive loads require a
current flow to create magnetic fields to produce the desired work.

Conclusion
Three phase induction motor is self starting motor which doesnt require starting torque.
If the speeds equals, no emf induction in the rotor and no current would be flowing, and
therefore no torque would be generated. The torque is inversely propotional to speed.

Lab Questions
DC Shunt Machines
1. Discuss the torque-speed curve of the DC shunt motor. What is the
decrement of motor speed from no-load to full-load in percentage?
Ans : The torque is inversely proportional to the speed. For a given motor with a
constant input voltage, the speed of the motor is going to be determined by the
load on the motor shaft. For a given load, the only way to increase the speed is to
increase the voltage. And this increase in speed will require some more torque to
accelerate but after it reaches its new speed, the torque will back off to its original
torque. The percentage of decrement of the speed is approximately 6%.
2.
Discuss the output power-speed curve. Why the output power at no-load is
low? Why the
motor still consume power at no-load?
Ans : The output power of DC shunt motor increases as the speed decreases. The
output power is inversely proportional to speed. The output power at no-load is low
because the losses occur in the motor is smaller due to its smaller current. The
motor still consume power at no-load because there is still current flowing across
the armature winding as the motor still runs. So, there are losses in the armature at
no-load.

AC Induction Machines
1. Discuss the torque-speed curve of the AC induction motor. What is the
decrement of motor speed from no-load to full-load in percentage?
Ans : The torque is inversely proportional to the speed of motor. The motors speed
decreases when the torque increases. The maximum torque is directly proportional
to square of rotor induced emf at the standstill. For a three-phase AC induction
motor, the rotating magnetic field must rotate faster than the rotor to induce
current in the rotor. As a motor accelerates to speed from a standstill, the changing
impedances result in the torque speed-curve. The percentage decrement of the
speed is approximately 5.6%

2. Discuss the efficiency-speed curve. When does the motor efficiency saturate?
What is the motor efficiency?
Ans : The efficiency of motor is inversely proportional to the motor speed. As the
speed increases, the efficiency decreases. There are many factors that affect the
efficiency drop. Losses such as hysteresis would make the efficiency of the motor
reduced. The motor efficiency saturate at breakdown torque. The motor efficiency is
approximately 48.41%.