PHN I : THIT B IN .

I. c quy .
II. My bin p .
III. My ct in .
IV. Dao cch ly .
V. My bin dng in .
VI. My bin dng in .
VII. T in .
VIII. ng c khng ng b .
IX. Cc thit b chng st ?
X. ng c ng b
PHN II : MCH IU KHIN , O LNG .
1. Mch nht th l g ? Mch nh th l g ?
2. Cc chc nng ca mach iu khin , o lng trong trm bin p ?
3. V sao mch nh th ( iu khin, bo v ) s dng ngun in 1 chiu
thay v mch xoay chiu ?
4. Cc loi s in trong trm bin p, k hiu trong mch in ?
PHN III : RLE BO V .
1. Cng dng v cc yu cu ca rle ?
2. Th no l bo v chnh, bo v d phng ?
3. Lit k cc rle bo v cho my bin p, my pht in, ng dy, thanh
gp.
4. Nguyn l bo v qu dng in.
5. Nguyn l bo v so lch.
6. Nguyn l bo v khong cch.

PHN I : THIT B IN
I. c quy .
1. Cu to ca c quy axit, c quy kim ?
c quy l thit b bin i nng lng in nng thnh ho nng ( khi
np in vo c quy ) v bin i ho nng thnh in nng ( khi cho c quy
phng in ). c quy cung cp in mt chiu cho ph ti .
1. Cu to ca c quy : Gm ba phn chnh :
* V bnh : thng lm bng thu tinh, nha, cht tng hp chu c
Act, kim .
* in cc :
+ in cc dng :
- Vi c quy Axit : lm bng PbO 2 p cht trong khung hnh t ong lm
bng ch .
- Vi c quy Kim : lm bng Ni(OH) 2 nn cht trong cc khung c
khoan nhiu l nh lm bng thp m kn .
+ in cc m :
- i vi c quy Axit lm bng Pb p nh trong khung in cc dng .
- i vi c quy Kim lm bng Fe(OH) 2 nn nh trong khung in cc
dng .
* Dung dch in phn :
+ c quy Axit l dung dch H2SO4.
+ c quy Kim l dung dch KOH.
2. ng dng ca c quy trong trm bin p v u im ca n ?
* Trong trm bin p , c quy c dng lm ngun thao tc mt chiu ,
gi nhim v cung cp in cho cc thit b nh th nh : iu khin, tn hiu, r
le t ng ho, nh sng s c, cc c cu t dng quan trng
* u im :
- Tin cy v h thng c quy c lp vi li in trong trm .
- Kh nng cho php qu ti ngn hn rt ln .

II. My bin p .
1. My bin p l g ? Phn loi my bin p ?
My bin p l thit b in t tnh lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t,
bin i mt h thng dng in xoay chiu in p ny thnh h thng dng
in xoay chiu in p khc vi tn s khng i .
Theo cng dng, my bin p c phn loi nh sau :
1. My bin p lc : Dng truyn ti v phn phi cng sut trong h
thng in.

2. My bin p chuyn dng : Dng cho l luyn kim, cho cc thit b

chnh lu, my bin p hn
3. My bin p t ngu : bin i in p trong mt phm v khng ln
lm dng m my cc ng c in xoay chiu
4. My bin p o lng : Dng gim in p v dng in ln a
vo cc ng h o .
5. My bin p th nghim : Dng th nghim cc in p cao.
Phn loi theo cu to :
+ My bin p 2 dy cun , my bin p 3 dy cun .
+ My bin p t ngu : Gia cun s v th cp khng nhng lin h vi
nhau v t m cn lin h vi nhau v in .
2. Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p ?
My bin p gm mch t v cc cun dy nh hnh v :

y l my bin p mt pha hai dy cun . Dy cun 1 c w 1 vng dy v

day cun 2 c w2 vng dy c cun trn li thp . Khi t mt in p xoay
chiu u1 vo dy cun 1, trong s sinh ra t thng mc vng vi c hai dy
cun 1 v 2 cm ng tra cc sc in ng e 1 v e2 . Dy cun 2 c s s sinh
ra dng in i2 a ra ti vi in p l u 2 (nu khng ti i2 = 0 ). Nh vy nng
lng ca dng in xoay chiu c truyn t dy cun 1 sang dy cun 2.
Gi s in p xoay chiu t vo l mt hm s hnh sin, th t thng do
n sinh ra cng l hm s hnh sin .
= msin t .
Do theo nh lut cm ng in t, s cm ng tronmg cc dy cun
1 v 2 s l :

e1 = 2E1sin (t-/2 )
e2 = 2E2sin (t-/2 )
Trong :
E1 = 4,44w1m
E2 = 4,44w2 m
L tr hiu dng ca cc s cm ng trong dy cun w 1 v dy cun w2 . Sc
in ng cm ng ny chm pha vi t thng sinh ra n mt gc /2
Nu chia E1 cho E2 ta c t s bin i ca my bin p nh sau :
E1
w1
K = ------- = -------E2
w2
Nu khng k in p ri trn dy cun coi U1 = E1 , U2 = E2 do k l t s
bin p gia cun dy w1 v cun dy w2 .
3. Cc t u dy ca my bin p 3 pha ?
T ni dy ca my bin p, c hnh thnh do s phi hp kiu u dy
s cp v kiu u dy th cp. N biu th gc lch pha gia s dy s cp v
s dy th cp ca my bin p. Gc lch pha ny ph thuc vo cc yu t
sau :
- Chiu cun dy .
- Cch k hiu cc u dy.
- Kiu u dy cun s cp v th cp .

Tu theo cc yu t trn ta c cc dng t u dy : Y/ (m) v Y/Y (n), / (n )

Vi :

m : ch cc s l 1,3,5,7,9,11
n : Ch s chn 2,4,6,8,10,12
K hiu A,B,C : ch cc u u ca cun dy s cp.
K hiu X,Y,Z : ch cc u cui ca cun dy s cp.
K hiu a, b, c : ch cc u u ca cun dy th cp
K hiu x, y, z : ch cc u cui ca cun dy th cp.
V d: t ni dy: Y/ (11)

4. ngha cc thng s k thut c bn ca my bin p ?

i vi MBA cn lu cc thng s k thut c ban sau y :
- Um : in p lm vic nh mc ca cc cun dy ca MBA.
+ U1m : in p lm vic nh mc ca cun s cp.
+ U2m : in p lm vic nh mc ca cun dy th cp .
- Im : Dng in nh mc ca cc cun dy MBA .
- fm : Tn s lm vic nh mc ca MBA .
- Sm : Cng sut nh mc ca MBA trong iu kin lm vic nh mc.
- Y/Y(m), / (m) hoc Y/ (n) : T u dy ca MBA.
- Un% : Tr s tng i ca tr s ngn mch ca MBA.
- Ikt ( hoc Pkt ) : dng in khng ti hoc tn tht khng ti ca MBA.
Ngoi ra, trn nhn my cn ghi mt s thng s khc nh : trng lng
tng cng , trng lng du, ch lm mt, s nc iu chnh di ti
5. Cu to cc thit b chnh ca my bin p ?
Cc b phn chnh ca my bin p gm :
+ Mch t ( gng t ) : c ch to t cc tm tole silic dy 0,35mm c
sn ph ct cch in, c ghp li vi nhau lm nhim v dn truyn t thng
trong my bin p .

+Cun dy : c ch to bng dy ng hoc dy nhm c bc

cch in, c cun ng tm, cun in p cao thng c cun bn ngoi
cun dy mang in p thp, lm nhim v dn truyn dng in trong my bin
p.

+ V my: dng c nh mch t, cha ton b mch t; cun dy v

du cch in .
+ S xuyn: c nh v a cc u dy ra ngoi v my .
+ Du cch in : va lm nhim v tng cng cch in phn mang
in vi phn khng mang in trong my, va lm nhim v truyn nhit gia
phn cun dy , mch t ra ngoi v my .
6. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic cc thit b ph ca bin p? Vai tr ca n
trong my bin p?
Cc thit b ph ca my bin p lm mt kiu ONAN bao gm :
1. H thng lm mt my bin p : c lm bng cch ghp cc ng trn
hoc dt, ni vo thn my bin p bng cc mt bch ni (c gi l cch tn
nhit). Nhim v lm tng tit din tip xc ca lng du cch in trong thn
my bin p vi khng kh tn nhanh nhit cho my bin p .
2. B i nc my bin p :
+ B i nc khng ti : dng iu chnh in p ra trong phm vi no
khi my bin p c ct in .
+ B i nc di ti : dng iu chnh in p ra trong phm v no
khi my bin p vn ang mang in vi gi tr dng ti no .
3. B phn phng n : l mt mt bch c bt kn bng mt ming
nhm hay php mng, gii thot nhanh p sut sinh ra trong my bin p khi

c s c xy ra bn trong my bin p . Hin nay ngi ta thay knh phng n

bng mt van p lc . Khi s c bn trong my bin p, p sut trong my bin
p tng cao n mt gi tr no c chnh sn, van p lc s tc ng lm
gim nhanh p sut trong my v du c pht ra ngoi qua van p lc.
4. H thng th , gin n theo nhit ca du trong my bin p : gm
mt bnh du ph chnh ni xung thn my bin p v cc b phn cch ly gin
tip ( loi thng du ph c ba ngn hc c thng ni ) hay cch ly trc tip
( thng du ph c mng ni ) vi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi my bin p lm
vic ng vi nhit du no , lng du trong thn my chnh gin n
( hoc co li ) ra s c dn ln ( hoc h thp ) trong bnh du ph, nh b
phn cch ly nn du v cun dy my bin p khng b nhim m t mi
trng bn ngoi .
5. B lc xi phng nhit : l mt bnh rng c cha cht lc sch du
thng l ht silicagen to, (c gi li trong bnh bng cc tm li ) , nh i
lu nhit, du trong thn my bin p trong qu trnh lm vic s c dn tun
hon qua b lc v s c b lc gi li cc cht bn ( sinh ra trong qu trnh
my bin o lm vic ).
7- quy trnh vn hnh my bin p, S: 623/VN/KTN H Ni,
ngy 23 thng 5 nm 1997
A- NHNG YU CU CHUNG V LP T MY BIN P
iu 24:
Mi my bin p phi c nhng ti liu k thut sau y:
a. L lch k thut ca nh ch to i km theo my.
b. Cc bin bn th nghim, nghim thu, bn giao...
c. S ghi chp nhng cng vic sa cha, ci tin, th nghim nh k
thc hin trong qu trnh qun l.
d. S nht k vn hnh ca my bin p (ph ti, in p, dng in, nc
in p, nhit du v.v...) ti ch t my bin p hoc ch lm vic ca
nhn vin trc ca.
B- KIM TRA MY BIN P
TRONG VN HNH BNH THNG
iu 27:
ph ti nh mc nh ch to khng quy nh nhit du th nhit du
lp trn khng c cao qa:
a. 750C i vi my bin p lm mt kiu du tun hon cng bc- qut
gi cng bc (KD).
b. 900C i vi my bin p lm mt t nhin bng du (D) v i vi my
bin p lm mt theo kiu (QD).
c. 700C i vi nhit d du trc bnh lm mt du ca cc my bin p
lm mt kiu du tun hon cng bc nc lm mt cng bc (ND)
iu 29:
Cho php my bin p c vn hnh vi in p cao hn nh mc ca
nc bin p ang vn hnh.
a. Lu di 5% khi ph ti nh mc v 10% khi ph ti khng qu 0,25 ph
7

ti nh mc.
b. Ngn hn 10% (di 6 gi mt ngy) vi ph ti khng qu nh mc.
iu 30:
Cc my bin p lc cho php qu ti bnh thng, thi gian v mc qu
ti ph thuc vo th ph ti ngy, nhit mi trng lm mt v mc
non ti khi thp im. C th cn c vo cc bng 2 v 3 nh gi mc
qu ti cho php.
Thi gian qu ti cho php i vi my bin p lm mt kiu D v QG:
Thi gian qu ti (gi-pht) vi nhng mc tng nhit ca
Bi s qu ti
lp du trn cng so nhit khng kh trc khi qu ti, 0C
theo nh mc
13,5
18
22,5
27
31,5
36
1,05
Lu di
1,10
3-50
3-25
2-50
2-10
1-25
1-10
1,15
2-50
2-25
1-50
1-20
0-35
1,20
2-05
1-40
1-15
0-45
1,25
1-35
1-15
0-50
0-25
1,30
1-10
0-50
0-30
1,35
0-55
0-35
0-15
1,40
0-40
0-25
1,45
0-25
0-10
1,50
0-15
iu 31 :
Cc my bin p vi mi kiu lm mt khng ph thuc thi
gian v tr s
ca ph ti trc khi s c, khng ph thuc nhit mi
trng lm mt, khi
s c u c php qu ti ngn hn cao hn dng in nh
mc theo cc gii
hn sau y:
i vi my bin p du:

Cc my bin p u c php qu ti cao hn dng in nh mc ti

40% vi tng s thi gian khng qu 6 gi trong mt ngy m trong 5 ngy
lin tip, vi iu kin h s ph ti ban u khng qu 0,93 (khi phi tn
dng ht kh nng mi trang b lm mt ca my bin p).
iu 33:
cn bng ph ti gia cc my bin p ang lm vic song
song c in
p ngn mch khc nhau, cho php thay i t s bin p trong
gii hn nh
bng cch thay i nc in p vi iu kin khi khng c
8

my bin p no
qu ti
iu 34:i vi my bin p c cc cun dy u theo s sao- sao pha
in p thp c im trung tnh ko ra ngoi, dng in qua im trung tnh
khng c vt qu 25% dng in pha nh mc
iu 40:
Ni dung cng vic kim tra, xem xt bn ngoi cc my bin p bao gm:
1 . Kim tra b mt cc s cch in, s u vo (c rn nt, bn, chy du).
2. Kim tra v my bin p c nguyn vn v c b r du khng.
3. Kim tra mu sc du trong bnh du ph, mc du trong bnh du ph v
cc s c du, p lc du trong cc s p lc.
4. Kim tra tr s ca nhit k, p k.
5. Kim tra cc trang b lm mt v cc trang b ti sinh du lin tc.
6. Kim tra r le hi, van an ton, mt knh ng phng n, v tr ca van gia
rle v bnh du ph.
7. Kim tra cc thit b bo tn hiu
8. Kim tra cc u cp, thanh dn, cc im ni xem tip xc c b pht
nng khng.
9. Kim tra h thng ni t.
10.Kim tra ting ku ca bin p c bnh thng khng.
11.Kim tra mu sc ca ht ht m trong bnh th.
12.Kim tra tnh trng bung bin p: ca s, ca ra vo, l thng hi, n
chiu sng, li chn...
13. Kim tra cc trang b phng, cha chy
iu 44:
Vic ng in vo my bin p phi tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
1 . Trc khi ng in vo my bin p phi kim tra cn thn, tho g ht
cc dy ni t, xem li bin bo, ro ngn tm thi. Cc phiu cng tc cho
php lm vic phi thu hi.
2. Nu t ln th nghim sau cng n khi ng in thi gian qu 3 thng
th phi tin hnh o in tr cch in, tng gc tn tht in mi (i vi cp
in p cao hn 35kV), ly mu du phn tch gin n theo cc mc t 1,6,10
(xem ph lc 1). Ring i vi cc my bin p c np ni t hoc c mng cht
do bo v du th th thm mc 11.
Nu my bin p ni vi dy cp ngm khng qua dao cch ly th c th o
in tr cch in my bin p cng vi cp nhng khi o phi ct my bin p
o lng (nu c).
3. Kim tra tr s cc nhit k, p k, kim tra mc du.
4. Kim tra xem trong r le c kh khng, van ct nhanh, cc van ng ng
dn du, van h thng lm mt van ln r le hi c m khng.
Kim tra v tr nc b iu chnh in p xem c ng vi phiu chnh nh
9

khng.
Kim tra xem trn my bin p c d vt khng.
5. Kim tra ni t v my v c vt chy du trn my khng.
6. Kim tra xem cc u ra v trung tnh ca my bin p c c u vo
chng st van nm trong s bo v my khng.
7. ng in vo my bin p theo cc quy nh ti iu 46
iu 46:
Khi thao tc ng v ct my bin p cn theo cc quy nh di y:
1 . ng in vo my bin p phi tin hnh t pha cung cp in n c
trang b bo v tnh trng sn sng ct khi my bin p s c.
2. Nu c my ct phi dng my ct ng hoc ct.
3. Hin nay hu ht cc trm u thc hin ng in vo MBT bng my
ct.
Nu khng c my ct c th dng dao cch ly 3 pha c b truyn ng c
kh hoc b truyn ng in ng ct dng din khng ti cc my bin p
theo bng 7. Cc dao cch ly 3 pha thng dng kiu trong nh hoc ngoi tri
cp in p t 10kV tr xung cho php ng ct khng ti my bin p theo
bng 7. Cc dao cch ly 3 pha thng dng kiu trong nh hoc ngoi tri cp
in p t 10kV tr xung cho php ng ct khng ti my bin p t 1 000
kVA tr xung.
Dng t ho ti a cho php ng ct ca my bin p c xc nh da
trn iu kin qu p cho php vn hnh n 105% in p ng vi nc in p
tng ng v khi dng din t ho bin p tng ln 1,5 ln so vi nh mc.
Bng 7:

4. Vic ct dng in khng ti ca my bin p c cun dp h quang

trung tnh ch c tin hnh sau khi ct cc cun dp h quang ny.
5. i vi nhng my bin p u theo s khi my pht- bin p khi
ng vo vn hnh nn dng my pht in tng in p ln dn dn n in
p nh mc.
6. i vi cc my bin p c b iu chnh in p di ti (AT) sau khi
10

ct cc ph ti pha h tiu th th nn tng h s bin p trc khi dng dao

cch ly ct pha ngun cung cp.
iu 48:
i vi nhng my bin p khng c b AT, trc khi thay i
nc phi
ct in v phi tin hnh theo phiu cng tc.
i vi nhng my bin p t 1000 kVA tr ln sau khi chuyn
nc cn
kim tra li in tr mt chiu cc cun dy. i vi nhng my
bin p di
1000kVA sau khi chuyn nc cn kim tra thng mch.
iu 52:
My bin p c php lm vic song song vi cc iu kin sau:
a. T u dy ging nhau.
b. T s bin p bng nhau hoc chnh lch khng qu 0,5%
c. in p ngn mch chnh lch khng qu 10%.
d. Hon ton ng v pha.
iu 53:
i vi my bin p sau khi lp xong hoc sau khi tin hnh
nhng cng
vic c th lm thay i v tr pha th trc khi a vo vn
hnh tr li phi th
ng pha vi li hoc vi my bin p khc s lm vic song
song.
iu 54:
Khi mc du trong my bin p ln cao qu mc quy nh phi
tm ra
nguyn nhn. Khi cha tch ri mch ct ca r le hi th khng
c m cc
van tho du v van x kh, khng c lm nhng thao tc
khc trnh r le
hi tc ng nhm.
C-X L MY BIN P VN HNH KHNG BNH THNG V S C
iu 55:
Trong khi vn hnh nu thy my bin p c nhng hin tng khc thng
nh chy du, thiu du, my b nng qu mc, c ting ku khc thng, pht
nng cc b u ct s, b AT hot ng khng bnh thng... phi tm mi
bin php gii quyt, ng thi bo co vi cp trn v ghi nhng hin
tng,
nguyn nhn vo s nht k vn hnh.
iu 56:
My bin p phi c a ra khi vn hnh trong cc trng hp sau y:
1 . C ting ku mnh khng u v ting phng din bn cnh my.
2. S pht nng ca my tng ln bt thng v liu tc trong iu kin lm
11

mt bnh thng, ph ti nh mc.

3. Du trn ra ngoi my qua bnh du ph, v knh phng n hoc du phun
ra qua van an ton.
4. Mc du h thp di mc quy nh v cn tip tc h thp.
5. Mu sc ca du thay i t ngt.
6. Cc s b rn, v, b phng in b mt, p lc du ca cc s kiu kn
khng nm trong quy nh ca nh ch to. u ct b nng .
7. Khi kt qu phn tch du cho thy du khng t cc tiu chun ca ph
lc1, hoc khi chp chy gim qu 50C so vi ln th nghim trc.
iu 58:
Khi nhit du trong my bin p tng ln qu mc gii hn, nhn vin
trc ca phi tm nguyn nhn v bin php gim bt nhit bng cch:
1 . Kim tra ph ti ca my bin p v nhit mi trng lm mt.
2. Kim tra thit b lm mt, tnh hnh thng gi ca bung t my.
Nu nhit ca my bin p ln cao do thit b lm mt b hng m c
iu kin ct my sa cha th nn ct my sa cha, khi iu kin vn
hnh khng cho php ct my hoc khi khng cn ct my vn c th sa cha
c th ch cn ngng ring thit b lm mt, ng thi nhn
vin
trc
ca
phi
iu chnh gim bt ph ti cho ph hp vi cng sut ca my
bin
p
trong
iu kin vn hnh khng c thit b lm mt.
iu 59:
Nu mc du h thp mc quy nh th phi b sung du. Trc khi b sung du
phi sa cha nhng ch r, b chy du.Nu v nhit tng cao m mc du
trong my bin p ln cao qu vch quy nh th phi tho bt du khi my.
Nu mc du trong cc s c du h thp gn ht ng thu ch mc du hoc
khi p lc du trong cc s kiu kn thp di mc quy nh th phi np b
sung du v tm nguyn nhn khc phc. Khi b sung du phi theo ng quy
nh ca nh ch to trnh lt kh vo s.

III. My ct in .
1. My ct in l g ?
My ct in l thit b in dng ng ct mch in mi ch
vn hnh: ch khng ti, ch ti nh mc, ch s c, trong ch
ng ct dng ngn mch l ch nng n nht.
2. Phn loi my ct in, u khuyt im ca tng loi ?
Da vo cu tao ca MC ngi ta chia thnh cc loi MC sau:
1. MC nhiu du: Du lm nhim v cch in v dp h quang
u im: Nguyn l cu to n gin, d ch to v r tin.
Nhc im: - Thi gian ct ln c 0,15 0,2s
- Kch thc v khi lng ln
- Bo dng v sa cha phc tp, du cn lm sch sau mt
s ln ct dng in ln nht nh (nh), d gy chy n, ngy nay MC du t
c ch to.
12

2. MC t du: Du ch lm nhim v dp h quang.

u im: Nguyn l cu to n gin, d ch to v r tin.
- V kch thc v khi lng, thi gian ng ct nh hn MC
du.
Nhc im:
- Cng sut ct ngn mch nh hn MC du. Mt khc v t du
nn du mau b bn, cht lng du gim nhanh. Do khng c
thit b hm nng du nn khng th t ni c nhit thp.
Hin nay s lng MC ny ang t dn do khng cnh tranh
c vi cc MC tin tin khc.
3. MC khng kh nn: Khng kh c nn li p sut cao thi h quang.
u im: Kh nng ct ln c th t ti 100kA, thi gian ct b nn tip
im c tui th cao. Loi MC ny khng d chy n nh MC du.
Nhc im: Loi MC ny c thit b nn kh i km nn thng ch s
dng ti cc trm c s lng MC ln.
4. MC kh SF6 : Kh SF6 trong my ngt lm nhim v cch in v dp h
quang .
u im: - kh SF6 c bn in cao
- H s dn nhit ca kh SF6 cao gp 4 ln khng kh v vy c th tng
mt dng in trong mch dn in ca MC, gim khi lng ng.
- Kh nng dp h quang ca bung dp kiu thi dc kh SF6 cao gp 6
ln MC khng kh v vy gim c thi gian chy ca h quang tng tui th
ca tip im.
- Kh SF6 l loi kh tr, kh chy, khng mi, khng c hi nn kh b
thay i tnh cht.
- c ch to mi cp in p t 3kV 800kV, kh nng ct ln, kch
thc nh gn, an ton v tin cy cao, tui th cao v chi ph bo dng
thp.
Nhc im:
- Kh SF6 c nhit ho lng thp v vy loi kh ny ch dung p
sut khng cao trnh phi dng thit b hm nng. Mt khc kh ch c th
m bo cht lng khi khng c tp cht.
5. MC chn khng:
My ngt chn khng l h quang c dp tt trong mi trng chn
khng .
u im: Kch thc nh gn, khng gy ra chy n, tui th cao khi
ng ct dng in nh mc, gn nh khng cn bo dng nh k, thi gian
ng ct nh. Dng rng ri li in trung p vi dng nh mc ti 5000A.
Nhc im: Gi thnh cao
3. Cc thng s chnh v yu cu ca my ct din ?
Cc thng s chnh ca my ct:
+ in p nh mc: L in p cao nht m MC c th lm vic lu di. N
khng nhng quyt nh cch in gia cc pha, pha - t m cn quyt nh
cu to ca bung dp h quang v khong cch gia cc u tip xc.

13

in p nh mc ca MC khng c nh hn in p danh nh ca
mng: UdmMC Udd
+ Dng in nh mc: L dng in ln nht (tr s hiu dng) c th truyn
qua MC mt cch lin tc trong cc iu kin lm vic cho trc.
MC khng b pht nhit khi lm vic th dng in lm vic ln nht
qua MC (ICB) khng c vt qu dng in nh mc (Idm)
IdmMC ICB
+ Dng in n nh ng nh mc: iodd ( dng in nh nh mc) l gi tr
tc thi ln nht u tin ca dng in trong giai on qu c th truyn
qua MC khi v tr ng. Ni cch khc l tr s tc thi ln nht ca dng in
ngn mch chu k u c th chy qua MC m khng lm cho n b h hng do
tc ng c hc ca dng in.
+ Dng in ct nh mc: l dng in ln nht I Cdm (tr s hiu dng) m MC
c th ct mch mt cch an ton khi ngn mch, nhiu ln trong gii hn quy
nh. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng khi nim cng sut ct nh mc:
Sc.dm = 3 UdmMC. ICdm
iu kin dng ngn mch 3 pha nh hn dng ct nh mc.
+ Dng in ng nh mc: l gi tr nh ln nht ca dng in m
MC c th ng mch mt cch an ton trong thao tc ng mch.
Thng dng in ng nh mc ca MC bng dng n nh in ng nh
mc
+ Dng nh v thi gian n nh nhit nh mc:
L cc i lng c trng cho kh nng chu tc ng nhit ngn hn ca
dng in ngn mch.Theo tnh ton v th nghim nh sn xut cho dng n
nh nhit nh mc v thi gian n nh nhit tng ng. Vi mi thit b in
c th c nhiu tr s v thi gian n nh nhit nh mc khc nhau. Mt s
my ct c dng in nh mc ln ngi ta khng cho cc tham s ny do kh
nng n nh nhit ca chng rt ln v khng cn kim tra iu kin ny khi
chn.

IV. Dao cch ly .

1. Dao cch ly l g ?
Dao cch ly l kh c in dung ng ct mch in khng c dng
in hoc dng in nh hn dng in nh mc nhiu ln v to nn khong
cch cch in an ton c th thy c.
Dao cch ly c th ng ct dng in dung ca ng dy hoc cp
khng ti, dng in khng ti ca MBA . trng thi ng dao cch ly phi
chu c dng in nh mc di hn, dng s c ngn hn nh dng n nh
nhit, dng xung kch.
2. Cc thng s k thut ca dao cch ly ?
Cc thng s chnh v chn dao CL phi tho mn cc tiu chun sau y:
- in p nh mc Udm: m bo cho h thng cch in c lm vic lu
di, to ra mt khong cch an ton yu cu th in p nh mc ca dao cch
ly phi khng nh hn in p danh nh ca mng.
Udm Uddm
14

- Dng in nh mc Idm: m bo dao CL khng b pht nng qu mc khi

lm vic lu di th dng in lm vic ln nht qua dao CL (I CB) khng c
vt qu dng in nh mc ca dao
Idm ICB
- Dng in n nh ng I: m bo bn c hc ca dao CL di tc
dng c hc ca dng in ngn mch gy ra th tr s dng ngn mch ln nht
qua dao (dng xung kch iXK) khng c vot qu dng n nh ng ca dao:
I iXK
- Dng n nh nhit Iodnh: m bo dao CL khng b pht nng qu mc cho
php khi c dng ngn mch i qua trong mt thi gian no (t nh.dm) th nng
lng nhit do dng ngn mch sinh ra trong thi gian tn ti ca n ( B N)
khng c vt qu nhit lng nh mc ca dao CL (Bnh. dm):
Bnh.dm = I2odnh. tnh.dm BN
iu kin ny thng tho mn vi cc kh c in c dng in cho php ln.
Do vy vi cc dao CL c dng nh mc 1000A th khng cn kim tra iu
kin ny.

V. My bin in p .
1. My bin in p l g ? Phn loi my bin in p ?
My bin in p ( BU ) l mt thit b c tc dng cch ly phn s cp
vi th cp, nhim v bin i in p li t tr s cao xung tr s thp, cung
cp cho thit b o lng, bo v, t ng ho. Thng cng sut ca ti my
bin in p rt b ( vi chc n vi trm VA ), ng thi tng tr mch ngoi
rt ln c th xem nh my bin in p thng xuynlm vic khng ti.
Phn loi my bin in p BU : BU kh, BU du, BU 1 pha, BU 3 pha
* BU kh : thng c s dng cp in p 35kV tr xung.
* BU du : S dng cho mi yu cu .
Vi cp in p cao ngi ta ch to theo kiu phn cp , phn p .
* Phn cp bng cun dy: Gm nhiu tng li t, cun dy s cp c
chia u trn cc li, cun th cp ch c cun trn li cui cng .
* Phn p bng t: Dng b phn p bng t ly mt phn in p cao
vo cun s cp .
2. Cc thng s c bn ca my bin in p ?
* T s bin i nh mc :
U1dm
Kdm = --------U2dm

U1dm : in p nh mc s cp.
U2dm : in p nh mc pha th cp

* Sai s in p U% :
Kdm.U2 - U1
U% = --------------- . 100%
U1

15

* Cp chnh xc : L sai s ln nht v tr s in p khi n lm vic

trong iu kin :
- f = 50 Hz.
- U1 = 0,9 - 1,1 Udm
- Ph ti th cp thay i t 0,25 n nh mc .
- Cos = 0,8.
Cp chnh xc c ch to theo 1 trong cc mc sau : 0,2 ; 0,5 ; 1,0 ;
3,0 . * Ph ti ca BU : L cng sut biu kin mch th cp vi gi thit
in p th cp l nh mc.
U2dm
S = ------------ Vi Z = r2 + x2 l tng tr ngoi ca BU.
Z

VI. My bin dng in .

1. My bin dng in l g ?
My bin dng in ( BI hoc TI ) c tc dng cch ly gia phn s cp
vi th cp, c nhim v dng bin i dng in t tr s ln xung tr s
nh hn cung cp cho cc dng c o lng, bo v , t ng ho. Thng
BI c dng nh mc th cp l 1; 5A hoc 10A.
2. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca my bin dng in ?
* Cu to : Gm mt mch t trn qun cun dy s cp ( thng
thng ch 1 vi vng ) ni tip vi mch in cao th, v mt vi cun th cp
ly tn hiu ra cung cp cho cc thit b o lng, bo v Ton b c c
sn bng vt liu cch in ( thng t cp in p nh hn hoc bng 66kV ),
hoc c t c nh trong cc ng s cch in cha y du cch in ( c
in p trn 66kV ).
* Nguyn l lm vic : Lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t, thng
qua mch t li thp bin i dng in ln pha cao p sang dng in nh
cung cp cho ph ti th cp. Tng tr mch ngoi ca BI rt b nn c th xem
nh BI lun lm vic ch ngn mch.
3. Cc thng s c bn ca my bin dng in ?
* T s bin i dng in :
I1dm
Kdm = ----------I2dm
Vi I1dm, I2dm l dng in nh mc s cp v th cp ca BI.
* Sai s ca BI :
+ V gi tr :
Kdm.I2 - I1
I% = ------------- . 100
I1
+ Sai s gc 1 : L gc lch pha gia dng in s cp v dng in th cp
( c th dng hoc m )

16

+ Cp chnh xc : L sai s ln nht v gi tr dng in khi BI lm vic trong

iu kin :
- f = 50 Hz
- Ph ti th cp bin thin t 0,25 n nh mc .
- Dng s cp bin thin t 100% n 120%.Idm
Cp chnh xc ca BI c cc mc 0,2 ; 0,5 ; 1,0 ; 3,0 ; v 10,0.
+ Ph ti ca BI : L cng sut biu kin mch th cp vi gi thit dng in
th cp l nh mc .
S = Z.I22dm Trong Z l tng tr ngoi ca BI.
4. Phn loi v ch lm vic ca my bin dng in ?
C hai loi chnh : Bin dng kiu xuyn v bin dng kiu .
* Bin dng kiu xuyn : Cun s cp c mt thanh dn thng xuyn qua li t,
trn li t qun cun th cp cv c bc bng nha cch in, thng c
dng cp in p thp .
* Bin dng kiu : Cun s cp khng c b tr thng, c un xuyn
qua mch t c qun cun th cp c nh v phn BI, ton b cc cun
dy v mch t c ngm trong du cch in.
Vi in p cao vic cch in gia cun s , th cp gp nhiu kh khn
nn ngi ta b tr bin dng dng phn cp, mi cp c mt li thp ring.
Vn an ton i vi BI : trnh vic chm chp gia cun s cp
mang in p cao vi cun th cp v v thit b, ngi ta tuyt i tun th u
tip t thit b v mt u cun th cp trc khi ng in vn hnh.
Do bin dng vn hnh trng thi gn nh ngn mch nn khng c
php h mch th cp; nu khng c ti phi c ni tt trnh qu in
p c th lm hng bin dng .

VII. T in .
1. Cng dng ca t in cao th ?
Cng dng ca t in cao th :
- Cung cp cng sut phn khng Q cho li in, nh nng cao h s cng
sut Cos trn li , dn n gim tn tht in nng trn li.
- Gp phn iu chnh in p v n nh in p cho mng in .
2. Cu to ca t in cao th ?
T in cao th co to gm c 2 bn cc bng l nhm mng, c lt
cch in bng cc lp giy cch in mng, c cun trn ( hoc dt ), c
t trong mt v thng hn kn bng thic mng cha ngp du cch in c
bit, cc u dy c hn trn hai bn cc v c a ra ngoi bng hai s
xuyn cch in bt trn u v thng. Thng cc t in cao th c ch to
t vi chc n vi trm KVAR in p t 3-35-110kV.
3. Cc thng s ca t in cao th ?
Cc thng s ca t in l :
Udm : in p lm vic nh mc ca t in . ( kV )
Cdm : in dng ca t in ( F )
fdm : Tn s lm vic nh mc ( Hz )

17

Qdm : Cng sut phn khng nh mc ( KVAR )

4. B dc l g, tc dng ca b dc ?
- B dc l phng php ni tip cc thit b b thng l t in tnh
( hoc my b ng b ) chen vo cc ng dy ti in dng trong h thng
truyn ti xa .
- Tc dng ca b dc l nhm thay i gi tr in khng ca ng dy,
mc ch gim tn tht in p trn ng dy v gip tng n nh in
p ca h thng khi c s c.
5. B ngang l g, tc dng ca b ngang ?
- B ngang l bin php ni r cc thit b b ( b t in tnh, hoc my
b ng b ) vo trn li truyn ti v phn phi in .
- Tc dng ca b ngang l nhm b cng sut phn khng trn ng
dy, nng cao h s cng sut Cos, dn n tng kh nng ti cng sut tc
dng trn ng dy, gip gim tn tht truyn ti v gp phn iu chnh v n
nh in p ca li in cung cp in .
6. Bo v cho cc t in cao th, nhng lu khi lm vic vi t in cao
th ?
Tu theo s thit k ban u v vic lp t, nhng thng hiu qu
nht l mi t in khi u trn dy pha c t bo v bng cu ch t ri, vi
dng in nh mc ca dy chy bo v khng vt qu 110% dng in nh
mc ca t in. Nu t in c u ni trn li qua my ct in th dng
in chnh nh cho bo v cho c nhm t in c chnh nh khng vt
qu 120% dng in nh mc ca c nhm t in.

VIII. ng c khng ng b .
1. Cu to ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha, 1 pha ?
1. Cu to ng c khng ng b 3 pha : Gm 2 phn chnh.
a. Phn tnh : Gm 3 phn : Li thp, dy qun, v v my.
- Li thp : c c lm bng cc l thp k thut in c dp nng thnh
hnh trn ghp li, gia cc l thp c sn ph cch in hn ch dng
in xoy ( Fuco ), trn cc l thp c x cc rnh t ba b dy qun lch
nhau 1200 v in to ra t trng quay .
- Dy qun : dng dy ng hoc dy nhm qun theo kiu ng tm, ng
khunc t cch in trong cc rnh ca li thp to ra t trng quay
lm quay rto.
- V my : bo v v c nh li thp, hai u v my c cc np my, c bi
hoc trt trc rto, ngoi ra cn c hp u dy gn trn v my.
Hnh v ng c khng ng b r to lng sc .

18

b. Phn quay : ( Rto )

Phn quay gm c li thp, dy qun v trc .
- Li thp gm cc l thp k thut in ghp li vi nhau nh Stato, mt ngoi
c rnh t dy qun, gia c l lp trc, cc my cng sut ln cn c
cc l thng gi c b tr dc trc; c hai loi rto l rto dy qun v rto
lng sc.
- Rto dy qun : Trong rnh rto c t dy qun 3 pha nh stato, thng u
Y, ba u dy ca n c ni n 3 vng tip xc bng ng gn trn u trc
rto, c cch in vi trc, bn ngoi t 3 chi than t ln 3 vng tip xc
ni ra bin tr bn ngoi m my hoc iu chnh tc .
- Rto lng sc : Dy dn gm nhng thanh dn bng ng hoc bng nhm,
c t trong rnh, hai u cc thanh dn c ni vi hai vng ng hoc
vng nhm gi l vng ngn mch.
2. Cu to ng c khng ng b mt pha.
Khc vi ng c khng ng b 3 pha l :
- Dy qun stato c hai b cun dy l cun chy ( cun lm vic ), v cun
khi ng (hay cun ph ) , t lch nhau 900 v in , cun khi ng c
u ni tip vi mt t khi ng v mt b phn ngt mch khi tc ng c
t trn 60% tc nh mc .
- Rto : Vi loi rto dy qun ch c 1 b dy qun v cng c a ra ngoi
bng vnh gp v chi than. i loi lng sc tng t nh ca 3 pha.
- ng c khng ng b mt pha c vng ngn mch :
Dy qun stato ch c mt cun dy, phn khi ng y l mt vng
ngn mch gn trn rnh x 1/3 din tch mch cc to ra t trng chm sau
so vi t trng cun dy v t trng quay tng hp trong my .
2. ng dng ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha , 1 pha trong cc trm bin
p?
ng c khng ng b v c cu to n gin, nn c dng ph bin
rng ri trong cc trm phn phi v trm truyn ti in .
Loi ng c 3 pha: thng dng cho cc loi bm, qut lm mt, qut
thng gi, i nc my bin p, ng c ln dy ct ca my ngt, my cng c,
thng t nhng ni c sn ngun 3 pha hoc cn dng cng sut ln .

19

Loi ng c 1 pha : thng dng cho cc bm, qut gi, my nn kh ..

cng sut b. Vi loi 1 pha rto dy qun, thng c dng trong cc t iu
khin MC , t np l xo ng MC ( loi ny lc khi ng mang ti nng ).

IX. Cc thit b chng st

1. Cc loi chng st trong li in ?
Thit b chng st c rt nhiu loi, tu theo phm vi s dng v cng
ngh ch tao chng ta c cc loi sau :
- Chng st sng hay cn gi l khe h phng in, thng dng lm bo v
ph hoc lm mt b phn trong chng st khc.
- Chng st ng : c dng bo v cc ng dy khng treo dy chng st
hoc bo v ph cho cc trm bin p..
- Chng st van dng bo v chnh chng sng qu in p truyn t ng dy
vo trm, trn thanh ci, my bin p .
- Kim thu st thng c b tr nhiu kim bo v st nh trc tip vo trm
bin p.
- Dy thu st : b tr dc tuyn dy dn ( hoc an cho thnh li trn phm vi
trm bin p ) bo v dc chiu di cc ng dy dn in ( hoc khu vc
trm ).
2. Cc thng s ca thit b chng st ?
- in p nh mc.
- in p cho php ln nht.
- in p nh thng ( ca chng st van ).
3. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca cc loi chng st van ?
1. Cu to :
Chng st van thng c 3 phn chnh : cc khe h phng in, v ccc
nam chm vnh cu chuyn dch h quang, mt s chng st van ch c hai
thnh phn l cc khe h phng in, cc in tr lm vic .
Khe h phng in ca chng st van l mt chui cc khe h nh bnh
thng cc khe h s cch ly, khi qu in p cc khe h phng in
in tr lm vic l loi in tr phi tuyn, c tc dng hn ch dng
in qua chng st van khi c sng qu in p chc thng ccc khe h phng
in, gi tr in tr phi tuyn gim khi in p t vo tng v gi tr in tr
tng khi in p gim xung bng in p ca li in .
2. Nguyn l lm vic :
Khi sng qu in p truyn t ng dy vo trm, chng st van s
hot ng do gi tr ca in tr phi tuyn gim, ng thi cc khe h phng
in lm vic, a dng xung kch ca sng qu in p ( v mt phn dng
in ca li ) xung t, h thp c bin ca sng qu in p n gi tr
an ton cho cc thit b c bo v. Khi sng qu in p mt i, gi tr in
tr phi tuyn tng khin chng st van tr thnh cch in i vi t .
X- ng c ng b.
1- ng dng:

20

- Hu ht cc ngun in xoay chiu cng nghip v dn

dng u c sn xut t my pht in ng b.
- ng c ng b c dng trong cc ti ln v c th pht ra
cng sut phn khng
- My b ng b nng cao h s cng sut
2. Phn loi
Theo kt cu cc t: + My cc n(2p = 2); My cc li (2p
4)
Da theo chc nng: + My pht (Tuabin nc; tuabin hi;
dizen);
+ ng c ( P 200 KW); myb ng b
a) Kt cu my ng b cc n

R to my ng b cc n c lm bng thp hpkim, gia

cng thnh hnh tr v phay rnh b tr dy qun kch
thch. Phn khng phay rnh to nn mt cc ca my. Mt
ct ngang ca li thep rto nh hnh 1-3.V my cc n c
2p = 2, (n = 3000 vg/ph) nn hn ch lc ly tm D 1,1 1,15 m, tng cng sut ta tng chiu di rto l n 6,5m.
Dy qun kch thch thng l dy ng trn tit din
hnh ch nht, qun theo chiu dt thnh tng bi, gia cc
vng dy c mt lp cch in bng mica mng. Cc bi dy
c p cht trong cc rnh rto sau ming rnh c kn
bng thanh thp khng t tnh. Hai ud ra ca dy qun
kch thch c ni vi 2 vnh trc gn trn trc. My pht
kch thch thng c ni cng trc vi rto.
b) Kt cu my cc li.

21

My cc li thng quay vi tc thp nn ng knh rto

c th ln ti 15m, trong khi chiu di li b. Thng l/D = 0,15
- 0,2. Vi cc my nh v va rto c lm bng thp c, gia
cng thnh khi lng tr trn c cc cc t, hnh 1-4. Vi cc
my cng sut ln rto c ghp t cc l thp dy t 1-6 mm,
dp nh hnh v ghp trn gi rto. Cc t t trn rto
ghp bng cc l thp dy t 1-1,5 mm. Dy qun kch thch
c qun nh hnh v lng vo thn cc t, hnh 1.4 Trn
b mt cc t c mt b dy qun ngn mch, nh dy
qun lng sc ca m..k..b. Vi my pht in y l dy
qun cn vi ng c l dy qun m my, nh hnh 1.5
Dy qun m my c in tr ln hn dy qun cn.

3- H thng kch t.
3.1. Yu cu i vi h kch t.
- Khi lm vic bnh thng c kh nng iu chnh c
dng in kch t It = Ut/rt duy tr in p nh mc.
- C kh nng cng bc dng kch t tng nhanh khi in p
li gim thp do c ngn mch xa. Thng trong khong 0,5
giy phi t
, nh hnh 1-6.
- Trit t kch thch khi c s c bng in tr trit t RT

22

3.2. Cc h thng kch t ca my in ng b.

a) Kch t bng my pht in mt chiu gn cng trc vi
my ng b. My phtin 1 chiu kch thch thng c 2
cun dy kch thch: 1 cun song song Ls dng t kch
thch v 1 cun c lp Ln, hnh 1.7.
b) Kch t bng my pht kch t xoay chiu c chnh lu,
hnh 1.8a l my kch t c phn cm quay v phn ng tnh
v hnh 1-8b l my pht kch t c phn cm tnh v phn
ng quay
c) H thng t kch thch hn hp, hnh 1-9, theo s ny
in p v dng in kch t s t l vi UT v UI ca bin
in p TU v bin dng in TI.

23

4- Nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my in ng b
Khi ta a dng in kch thch mt chiu i t vo dy qun
kch thch t trn cc t,dng in i t s to nn mt t thng
t. Nu ta quay rto ln n tc n (vg/ph), th t trng
kch thch t s qut qua dy qun phn ng v cm ng nn
trong dy qun S.. v dng in phn ng bin thin vi
tn s f1=p.n/60. Trong p l s i cc ca my.Vi my
in ng b 3 pha, dy qun phn ng nisao (Y) hoc ni
tam gic () nh hnh 1.10. Khi my lm vic dng in phn
ng I chy trong dy qun 3 pha s to nn mt t trng quay
( bit phn 2 M). T trng ny quay vi tc ng b
n1
=60.f1/p.
Nh vy my in ng b ta thy: n = n1 chnh v vy m
ta gi n l my in ng b.

5- Cc tr s nh mc.
Kiu my; s pha; tn s (Hz); cng sut nh mc (kW hay
KVA); in p dy (v); S du dy stato; Cc dng in

24

stato v rto; H s cng sut; Tc quay (vg/ph); Cp cch

in.
6- Cc phng php ha in:
6.1 phng php ha ng b chnh xc:
C 3 phng php ha ng b chnh xc my pht in:
a-Ha ng b kiu ni ti:

b-Ha dng b kiu nh sng n quay.

c-Ha ng b kiu in t.
Ha ng b kiu in t c s dng cho cc my pht cng sut ln. ct
ng b gm cc dng c:
- 2 ng h vn ch in k: 1 ch UF, 1 ch UL
- 2 tn s k ch tn s: 1 ch fF, 1 ch fL;
- 1 ng b k theo nguyn l t trng quay.
Tc quay ca kim ph thuc vo tr s fF-fL v chiu quay ca kim
thun hoc ngc chiu kim ng h ty theo fL ln hn fF hoc ngc li. Khi

25

t fF = fL v kim quay tht chm (fF gn bng fL) th ng ngt in D2 lc

kim trng vi v tr thng ng (12 gi).
trnh thao tc sai, c th s dng mch ha in t ng.
2- Phng php t ng b:
Quy my pht in khng c kch thch (UF = 0) vi dng kch thch
c ni tt qua in tr dit t n tc sai bit tc ng b khong 2%
ri khng cn kim tra tn s, tr s, gc pha ca in p, ng my ct ghp
my pht vo li in, lp tc cho kch thch my pht v do tc dng ca
mmen ng b, my pht in c ko vo tc ng b (fF = fL), qu
trnh ha in c hon thnh. Phng php ny s dng khi Ixg <3,5Im.
7- Cc thao tc ha in ti trm:
7.1 Thay i in p UF ca my pht bng cch thay i dng in kch
thch ca my.
7.2 Thay i tn s fF ca my pht bng cch thay i momen hoc tc
quay ca ng c s cp ko my.
7.3 S trng pha v in p my pht vi h thng kim tra bng n vn
mt c ch s 0 hoc ng b k.
7.4 Th t pha ca my pht c kim tra sau khi lp rp v a v li
in ln u.

PHN II : MCH IU KHIN , O LNG.

1. Mch in nht th l g ?
Mch in nht th l mch in tip nhn cc ngun in cao p n
trm, bin i in p ca ngun in nhn c, sau phn phi i ngun
in c in p bin i . Mch nht th gm c cc cp dn n v i ( cp trn
khng hoc cp ngm )ni vo cc thanh ci ( thanh gp ) thng qua cc my
ct in v dao cch ly ; in p ca ngun in nhn c bin i nh cc
my bin p lc; c cc thit b bo v cao p ( cu ch cao p, chng st van
); c cc my bin dng in bin i dng in cao p thnh dng in
h p c cng dng in nh hn ( cung cp tn hiu dng in cho cc thit
b o m v rle bo v ); c cc my bin in p bin i in p cao
thnh in p h p ( cung cp tn hiu in p cho cc thit b o m in v
rle bo v ); c my bin p t dng bin i in p cao thnh in p h
p ( ngun in h p t dng cung cp cho mch in nh th, mch in
chiu sng ). Ngoi ra trong mch nht th ca trm bin p c th c cc
my b ng b, cc t in b . Mch in nht th m vic in p cao ( cp
in p l 6kV, 10kV, 22kV, 35kV, 110kV, 220kV )
Mch in nh th l g ?
Mch nh th gm cc mch in c chc nng kim sot s vn hnh
ca mch nht th (iu khin, ch th trng thi, o m thng s in v bo
v mch in nht th ). Mch in nh th c cc cp nh th, cc dy dn
26

in, cc thit b nh th ( thit b o m in, thit b iu khin, rle bo v

) c ni mch theo trnh t nht nh. Mch nh th lm vic in p
thp, dng dng in mt chiu ( chim phn ln ca mng in nh th trong
trm) v dng in xoay chiu ( chim phn nh ca mng in nh th). Mch
in nh th c lp t trong cc t bng in; trong cc t truyn ng iu
khin thit b in, trong mng cp ng cp v hp cp .
Ngoi ra mch in nh th trong trm bin p cn c cc mch in h
p khc l mch in chiu sng, mch in thit b thng tin lin lc .
2. Cc chc nng ca mch in nh th trong trm bin p ?
a. Chc nng iu khin:
Mch in nh th dng iu khin s lm vic ca cc thit b in
nht th. y l loi mch iu khin. : Mch iu khin ng , ct my ct
in, iu khin ng m dao cch ly, mch iu khin cc thit b lm mt v
b iu p di ti my bin p. Ngun cp in cho iu khin ng ct my
ct, dao cch ly thng dng ngun mt chiu cung cp c lp t cc dn c
quy 48V, 110V, 220V t ti trm .Ch c mt s t trng hp dng ngun xoay
chiu iu khin .
b. Chc nng o m:
Mch in nh th dng o, m cc thng s vn hnh in . C hai
loi mch in thc hin chc nng o m in, l : mch bin dng in
v mch bin in p. Hai mch ny ring r khng ni vi nhau, tuy c th
cng ni in cp tn hiu dng v p cho mt thit b o m. Mch dng
in mc ni tip te cun dy th cp ca my bin dng in n cc cun
dy dng in ni tip ca cc thit b o m . Mch bin in p mc song
song cun dy th cp ca my bin in p ni vi ccc cun dy in p ca
cc thit b o m .
Mch o cng dng in ( A, kA ) ca cc ng dy nhn in v
pht in; o in p ( V, kV ) ca cc thanh ci, ca ng dy; o cng sut
tc dng ( kW, MW ), cng sut phn khng ( kVAR, MVAR ) ca my bin p,
ng dy; o tn s dng in ( Hz ), o h s cng sut ( cos ) .
m in nng tc dng (kWh, MWh ) in nng phn khng (kVARh,
MWRh )truyn ti qua my bin p, in nng nhn hoc pht ca cc ng
dy .
c. Chc nng bo v rle :
Mch ny dng bo v mch in nht th, bng cch cung cp lin
tc cc thng s vn hnh ( tn hiu dng in v in p ) trm cho cc rle
bo v, cc rle tc ng ct cc my ct in, ct in loi tr cc phn t
mch in nht th b s c trong khi ang vn hnh ra khi li in, m bo
cho cc phn t khc lin tc vn hnh bnh thng .
Mch rle bo v gm mch bin dng in v mch bin in p cp tn
hiu cho rle v tip im ca rle v ni mch in tc ng ct my ct . Cc
rle bo v kiu in t cn c mch in cp ngun nui .

27

Mch bin dng mc ni tip cun day th cp ca my bin dng qua

cc cun dy dng in ca rle bo v. Mch in p ni song song cun dy
th cp ca my bin in p vi cc cun dy in p ca rle bo v .
Mch tc ng ca rle c ni t tip im ca rle n mch iu
khin ct my ct in t ng ct my ct khi c s c .Mch dng v p l
loi mch cp tn hiu xoay chiu cho rle th mch cp ngun nui cho rle l
mc dng in mt chiu cp t dn c quy ca trm .
d. Chc nng ch th trng thi v bo hiu s c :
Mch ny dng ch trng thi lm vic ca thit b in nht th
( mch ch th trng thi ) khi vn hnh bnh thng v bo hiu khi s c
( mch in bo s c ).
Mch in ch trng thi thng dng n bo trng thi lm vic ca
thit b nh :
- Trng thi my ct in " ng "( n sng ), " ct " ( n xanh sng)
- n ch th trng thi " ng " hoc " ct " ca dao cch ly .
- n ch th ch lm vic ca thit b lm mt my bin p .
Mch bo hiu s c dng m thanh ( chung, ci in ) bo ng khi
c s c trong trm bin p ( nh s c rle bo v tc ng ct my ct ; s c
ca thit b nht th : my bin p, my ct ) v dng n bo s c ch th
thit b c s c, pha ( A,B hoc C ) b s c .
e. Mch truyn tn hiu xa :
Mch ny c chc nng truyn tn hiu xa : tn hiu bo v, tn hiu o
lng c s dng trong h thng SCADA .
3. V sao mch in nh th (iu khin, bo v) s dng ngun in mt
chiu thay ngun in xoay chiu ?
Nu mch nh th dng ngun in xoay chiu th khi s c mt in ton
trm hoc mt in t dng, s khng c ngun in cung cp cho mch, trong
khi ngun in mt chiu ti trm bin p c cung cp t dn bnh c quy
c tnh cht n nh v tin cy cao .
Nu trm mt ngun in xoay chiu, in mt chiu t c quy vn cn
lm nhim v bo v, iu khin khng gy nguy him cho trm .
Vi ch c dn c quy cung cp ch sau mt thi gian dung lng ca
n s gim v s c lc ngun mt chiu ny khng cung cp ngun cho
mch nh th. V vy my np ti trm lm nhim v bin i ngun in xoay
chiu thnh mt chiu cung cp cho mch v np cho c quy .
4. Cc loi s in trong trm bin p ?
a. S mt si ( One- line diagram ) :
Ch v mt mch ch mch in xoay chiu ba pha, nhng trn s
vn v y tt c cc thit b ( d c thit b y ch ni mch trn mt pha
hoc ni mch trn ba pha ) v cch ni mch lin kt cc thit b .
- Nu s mt si ch v cc thhit b nht th v mch in nht th th c s
mt si nht th .

28

- Nu s mt si v mch in nht th v v thm cc mch nh th, bin

dng in, bin in p ni thit b o m, rle bo v th c s mt si nht
nh th .
Trn s mt si c ghi cc thng s k thut nh mc v ch tn vn
hnh cc thit b .
b. S ba si :
V ba mch ch mch in xoay chiu ba pha, th hin tt c cc
thit b ( mt pha , ba pha ) v cch ni mch in lin kt cc thit b in .
S ba si c th v mch in ba pha nht th hoc v mch in ba
pha nh th bin dng in, bin in p v cng c th v c mch ba pha nht
th, nh th trn cng mt s .
Trn s ba si, c ghi cc thng s k thut nh mc v ch tn vn
hnh cc thit b in .
c. S nguyn l . ( Schematic diagram )
V mch in ni cc thit b theo qui lut nht nh, nhm trnh by r
rng nguyn l vn hnh ca mt hay nhiu mch in .
- S nguyn l hp nht .
- S nguyn l dangh khai trin .
d. S ni dy :
S ny thngv dng chi mch nh th. S ch dn ni hai u dy
ca mi dy dn in ( c ghi s hiu dy dn, mu v bc, tit din dy ) v tr
ni cp in ( c ghi s hiu cp, tit din cp, s li cp ) ni n cc thit b
in nh th v cc trm ni dy nhm thc hin mch in c xc nh
theo s nguyn l .
S ni dy c th c thay th bng cc bng ni dy, bng ni cp
gm cc chi tit ni hai u dy dn, hai u li cp ghi trong cc ct , cc
hng ca bng .
e. S khi :
Trng hp thit b in gm nhiu phn t c kt ni bi nhiu mch
in phc tp ta phi trnh by di dng s khi .
g. S b tr thit b :
S v s b tr thit b trn mt bng , trn t bng in, v tr lp t cp
in trong mng cp, ng cp trn mt bng trm .

29

PHN III : RLE BO V

1. Cng dng v cc yu cu ca rle ?
a) Cng dng ca RLBV
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng in c th xy ra cc s c v tnh
trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca thit b. Trong phn ln cc trng hp,
cc s c xy ra km theo hin tng dng in tng cao v in p gim kh
thp c bit l cc s c ngn mch. Vic dng in chy qua thit b in tng
cao pht nng qu mc cho php dn n cch in b gi ha, h hng thit b.

30

in p gim thp dn n thit b in khng lm vic bnh thng ca cc

thit b (tc ng c gim, gim kh nng truyn ti ca cc ng dy, ...).
Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng lm cho in p v tn s lch ra
khi gii hn cho php v nu ko di tnh trng ny c th xut hin s c.
Ni tm li, cc s c lm ri lon s hot ng bnh thng ca h thng
ni chung v cc h tiu th in ni ring, cn cc ch lm vic khng bnh
thng c th to nguy c xut hin s c.
Do , duy tr hot ng bnh thng ca h thng v cc h tiu th
khi xut hin s c cn phi pht hin v loi tr cng nhanh cng tt im s
c ra khi h thng. Ch c thit b t ng bo v mi c th thc hin tt cc
yu cu trn. Thit b ny c gi l bo v rle.
Cc h thng hin i khng th lm vic n nh nu thiu cc thit b
bo v Rle , cc bo v ny theo di lin tc tnh trng v ch lm vic ca
tt c cc phn t trong h thng. Khi xut hin s c, bo v role pht hin v
tch im s c nh cc my ct in. Khi xut hin ch lm vic khng bnh
thng, cc bo v s pht hin v ty thuc vo yu cu c th tc ng
khi phc ch lm vic bnh thng hoc bo tn hiu cho nhn vin trc vn
hnh.
b) Yu cu i vi thit b bo v
1. Tin cy
L tnh nng m bo cho thit b bo v lm vic khi xy ra s c, phn bit:
- tin cy tc ng: L kh nng lm vic ng khi xy ra s c trong phm
vi c xc nh ca bo v.
- tin cy khng tc ng: Mc chc chn rng Role hoc h thng rle
khng lm vic sai l kh nng trnh lm vic nhm ch lm vic bnh
thng hoc s c xy ra ngoi phm vi c xc nh cua bo v.
2.Chn lc
L kh nng ca bo v c th pht hin v loi tr ng phn t b s c
ra khi h thng, da vo nguyn l lm vic cc bo v c phn ra: bo v
c chn lc tuyt i, bo v c chn lc tng i
Chn lc tuyt i: L bo v ch tc ng khi c s c xy ra trong mt phm
vi hon ton xc nh, khng lm nhim v d phng cho cc phn t ln cn.
V d : Bo v so lch.
- Chn lc tng i: Ngoi nhim v bo v cho i tng c bo v cn c
th thc hin chc nng d phng cho cc phn t ln cn. thc hin c
chc nng ny cn phi phi hp cht ch c tnh lm vic ca cc cc bo v
trong h thng.
3. Tc ng nhanh
gim nh hng ca dng ngn mch ln thit b, tng kh nng ng
tr li cc ng dy v thanh ghp bng cc thit b TL, gim thi gian cc
h tiu th phi lm vic vi in p thp... cc thit b bo v phi tc ng
cng nhanh cng tt. Tuy nhin vic ci t thi gian tc ng cho thit b cn
phi hp cht ch vi yu cu chn lc.

31

Bo v chnh thng thng c thi gian khong 0,2 1,5s, bo v d

phng khong 1,5 n 2s.
4. nhy
c trng cho kh nng cm nhn s c ca Role hoc h thng role bo
v, n c biu din bng h s nhy:
Kn =

Gi tr tc ng ti thiu
Gi tr t

Cc bo v chnh thng c nhy t 1,5 2, d phng 1,2 1,5.

5. Tnh kinh t
i vi li cao p ( 110kV) vic trang b cc thit b bo v thng
ch chim mt vi phn trm gi tr ca cng trnh v vy thng thng gi c
thit b bo v khng phi l yu t quyt nh trong la chn chng loi hoc
nh cp hng cho thit b bo v m yu t cn c quan trng la chn l bn
yu cu k thut nu trn. Nu khng tha mn cc yu cu s dn ti cc
hu qu rt xu ti h thng in.
i vi li trung p, h p do s lng cc phn t cn c bo v ln,
v yu cu i vi cc thit b bo v khng cao bng cc thit b bo v nh
my in, li truyn ti cao p v siu cao p do vy cn tnh n yu t kinh
t trong vic la chn thit b bo v sao cho m bo c cc yu cu k thut
vi mc chi ph nh nht.
2. Th no l bo v chnh, bo v d phng ?
- Bo v chnh: l loi bo v thc hin tc ng nhanh khi xy ra s c trong
phm vi hay i tng cn bo v c xc nh th n phi tc ng u
tin.
- Bo v d phng: l loi bo v thay th cho bo v chnh trong trng hp
bo v chnh khng lm vic hoc trong tnh trng sa cha nh v khi bo v
chnh khng tc ng th n c nhim v tc ng loi tr im s c ra khi h
thng. Bo v d phng phi tc ng vi thi gian ln hn tc ng ca bo
v chnh, nhm cho bo v chnh loi tr phn t b s c ra khi h thng
trc khi bo v ny tc ng .
3. Lit k cc rle bo v cho my bin p, my pht, ng dy, thanh gp
3.1 Bo v ng dy:
- Bo v qu dng: c thi gian; ct nhanh; qu dng c kha in p thp; qu
dng in c hng; qu dng ct nhanh c hng.
- Bo v s lch dng in: c hm; dng dy dn ph; so snh pha dng in.
- Bo v khong cch:
- Bo v so snh hng
- Bo v chng chm t trong li in c dng chm t b.
3.2 Bo v my pht in ng b
- Bo v chng chm t cun dy Stato.
- Bo v chng ngn mch gia cc pha.
- Bo v chng chm chp cc vng dy trong mt pha ca cun STATO
- Bo v chng dng in th t nghch.

32

- Bo v chng mt kch t
- Bo v chng qu ti cho cun dy Stato v Roto my pht in.
- Bo v chng qu in p.
- Bo v chng tn s gim thp.
- Bo v chng lung cng sut ngc.
3.3 Bo v my bin p v my bin p t ngu
- Bo v so lch dc
- Bo v qu dng in
- Bo v khong cch
- Bo v Rle kh
- Bo v chng chm t ca MBA.
- Bo v qu nhit cho MBA.
3.4 Bo v cc h thng thanh gp
- Bo v so lch ton phn.
- Bo v so lch khng ton phn.
4- Nguyn l bo v qu dng in.
4.1 Bo v dng in cc i.
a, Chn dng in khi ng ca bo v dng in cc i.
Theo nguyn tc tc ng, dng in khi ng ca bo v phi ln hn
dng in ph ti cc i ILv.max ca ng dy c bo v. Tuy nhin vic
chn dng in khi ng cn ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin nng n hn.
Xt trng hp chn dng in khi ng cho bo v s 1 t trn on
AB ca mng in trn hnh 2-1. Bnh thng mng in lm vic vi ph ti
cc i, dng in qua bo v l ILv.max. Ti thi im t1 xy ra ngn mch ti
im N, cc bo v 1 v 2 cng khi ng. n thi im t 2 bo v 2 tc ng
(v t2 < tl) ct ngn mch. in p trn thanh gp B c phc hi, mt s ng
c t gn y t hm trong thi gian ngn mch do in p st, li t m my
v qua bo v 1 c dng in t m my Im.m.max ln hn dng in Ilvmax :
Im.m.max = km.m Ilvmax ;
Trong : km.m - h s t m my ca cc ng c c tr s ph thuc vo
loi ng c, v tr tng i gia ch t bo v v cc ng c, s mng
in v mt s yu t khc. Thng km.m = 2 3
Tuy c dng in Im.m.max chy qua ti thi im t 2, bo v 1 vn phi tr v.
Mun vy, dng in tr v ca bo v phi ln hn dng in m my cc i,
ngha l:
ITrV = kat km.m Ilv.max
Trong kat - h s an ton, thng ly kat = 1,1 1,2.
IV

T quan h gia dng in tr v IV v dng in khi ng Ik : I =

Kd
kTV
Tnh c dng in khi ng ca bo v

33

k .k

V
at m. m
IK = k k
ILVMax
TV
TV

H s tr v kTV ca r le ph thuc tnh cht c v in ca cu to r le.

Trong cc r le l tng kTV = 1, nhng thc t do ma st trong phn ng v do
mt s yu t khc cc r le c kTV < 1.
Trong mt s s ni dy dng in th cp I T trong bin dng in c
th khc vi dng in IR i vo r le. tnh trng i xng s khc nhau ny
c c trng bng h s s k[3]s:
I[3]R = k[3]s .I[3]T
Nu xt n h s s v h s bin i n i ca bin dng in th dng
in khi ng ca IkR r le bng
I kdR

kat .k m.m .k sd[3]

. I lv max
k v .ni

Hnh 2-1
Th d v cch tnh dng in khi ng ca bo v dng in cc i
(a) S nguyn l
(b) Chn dng in khi ng

b, Chn thi gian lm vic

Trong cc li in h c mt ngun cung cp, chn lc ca bo v
dng in cc i c m bo bng cch chn thi gian lm vic theo nguyn
34

tc tng cp. Thi gian lm vic ca hai bo v k nhau c chn ln hn nhau

mt lng t, trong bo v t gn ngun c thi gian lm vic ln hn.
4.2 Bo v dng in ct nhanh
Bo v dng in ct nhanh l loi bo v m bo tnh chn lc bng cch
chn dng in khi ng ca bo v ln hn tr s dng in ngn mch ln
nht i qua ch t bo v khi c h hng u phn t tip theo.

Hnh 2-2 Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh

(a) S nguyn l
(b) Chn dng in khi ng

Dng in khi ng ca bo v qu dng in ct nhanh:

IK = kat.INng.Max
Trong : INng.Max- dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht thng c tnh
theo ngn mch ba pha trc tip ti im N vi ch lm vic
cc i ca h thng.
kat- H s an ton, thng ly bng 1,2 1,3.
Bo v dng in ct nhanh lm vic tc thi hoc vi thi gian rt b
(0,1s) trnh cho bo v lm vic mt chn lc khi c ging st v thit b
chng st tc ng.
Bo v dng in ct nhanh c nhc im l khng bo v c ton b
i tng, khi c ngn mch cui phn t (N 1) bo v ct nhanh khng tc
ng, mt khc vng tc ng ca bo v L CN c th thay i nhiu khi ch
ca h thng v dng ngn mch thay i.
Nhc im chung ca nguyn l qu dng in l khng m bo c
tnh chn lc ca bo v trong li in phc tp, c nhiu ngun cung cp.

35

4.2 Bo v so lch dng in.

Bo v so lch dng in l loi bo v lm vic da trn nguyn tc so
snh trc tip bin dng in hai u phn t c bo v. Nu s sai lch
gia hai dng in vt qu tr s cho trc th bo v s tc ng.
Vng tc ng ca bo v so lch c gii hn bng v tr t ca hai t
my bin dng u v cui phn t c bo v, t nhn tn hiu dng in
so snh (hnh 2-3). S ni cc phn t nh hnh 2-3 cn c gi l s
dng in tun hon hay dng in so lch.

Hnh 2-3 Bo v so lch dng in

(a) S nguyn l
(b) th vct dng in khi ngn mch ngoi vng v trong ch bnh thng
(c) Khi ngn mch trong vng

Dng in so lch chy qua r le:

I SL I I T 1 I T 2 I R

Tnh trng lm vic bnh thng v ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (im N1).
Trong trng hp l tng (cc bin dng in khng c sai s) ta c:

I S1 = I S 2 nn

I T1 = I T 2

v dng in i vo r le I R = I T 1 - I T 2 = 0
nn bo v so lch dng in khng tc ng ( th vc t hnh 2-3,b).
Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v (N2)

36

Trng hp c hai ngun cung cp th I S1 khc IS2 c v tr s v gc pha, do

cc dng in th cp cng khc nhau ( I T 1 I T 2 ) v dng in vo r le:

I R = I T1 - I T 2 0

Nu IR IKR bo v s tc ng ct cc my ct ca phn t c bo v.
th vc t dng in nh hnh 2-3,c.
Trng hp ngun ch c t mt pha (SB = 0)

Khi I R = I T 1 , nu IR IKR th bo v s tc ng.

Cn ch l trong cc s bo v so lch, cc cun dy th cp ca cc
bin dng in phi ni sao cho khi bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi vng
bo v dng in qua r le IR = 0, cn khi ngn mch trong vng bo v dng
in qua r le IR bng dng in ngn mch tng IN (qua t s ca BI).
Trn thc t, do sai s ca my bin dng, c bit do hin tng bo ho
ca mch t, nn trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi,
dng in pha th cp ca hai t my bin dng BI1 v BI2 s khc nhau v

I R = I T 1 - I T 2 = IKcb

ngn nga bo v so lch lm vic khng chn lc di nh hng ca

IKcb, thng dng cc bin php gim dng in khng cn bng nh dng
bin dng bo ho trung gian, s dng nguyn l hm bo v bng dng in
pha hoc cc hi bc cao (xut hin trong qu trnh qu v khi mch t b bo
ho).
Khi s dng nguyn l so lch dng in bo v my bin p v bin p
t ngu, cn ch n kh nng bo v so lch c th lm vic sai khi ng my
bin p khng ti.
Tu thuc thi im ng my ct ni my bin p khng ti vi ngun
in m tr s ban u (xung kch) ca dng in t ho my bin p c th t
tr s ln gp nhiu ln dng in nh mc ca my bin p. Trng hp xu
nht (I ln nht) s xy ra khi ng my ct in vo thi im in p ngun
c tr s tc thi qua im 0. Khi qu trnh qu chm dt, dng in t ho
(I) tr li tr s bnh thng (khong vi phn trm dng in nh mc).
Do dng in t ho ch chy pha cun dy my bin p ni vi ngun
khi my bin p ang ch khng ti nn dng in cun dy bn kia bng
khng. Bo v so lch my bin p c th tc ng nhm (lc ny tng ng
vi trng hp ngn mch trong my bin p c ngun cung cp t mt pha).
phn bit trng hp ng my bin p khng ti vi trng hp ngn
mch trong my bin p, ngi ta da vo tnh cht ca dng in t ho xung
kch v dng in ngn mch trong my bin p.
Qua phn tch sng hi ca hai dng in ny ta thy: Dng in t ho
xung kch cha phn ln hi bc hai (khong 70% so vi hi c bn) v c th
t tr s cc i n khong 30% tr s ca dng s c. Do c th s dng

37

hm b sung bng hi bc hai (f2 = 100Hz) ca dng in qu a vo bo v

so lch cho my bin p. S nguyn l nh hnh 2-4.
Trong s dng ba bin dng ph:

BILV ly ra dng in lm vic (hay dng in so lch I SL = I T 1 - I T 2 )

BIH ly ra dng in hm ( I H I T 1 I T 2 )
BIL lc hi bc hai trong dng in so lch a vo hm b sung
trong b so snh pha.
Nguyn l hm b sung bng hi bc hai hin nay ang c s dng
ch to cc r le bo v my bin p.

(a)
A
~

jX

ZAB=RAB+jXAB

B
I

U I
Z<
BU

(b)

ZA

UA

IA

Z A min

Rq

UA

I A max

sung
> 0 bng dng in hi bc
Hnh 2-4 S nguynN
l ca bo v so lch c hm b
R
ZAN=RAN+jXA
hai dng cho bo v my bin p hai dy qun
<0

Z
N AN=ZAN+Rq

4.3 Bo v tng tr (khong cch).

Nguyn l o tng tr c dng pht hin s c trn h thng ti in
j
IA Max = const
j
hoc my
pht
in
b
mt
ng
b
hay
thiu
(mt)
kch
thch.
X
B h thng truyn ti,Xtng tr
B o c ti ch t bo v trong
XA i vi cc
Vng khi ng
(c)
Z
(d) bo v v
ch

lm
vic
bnh
thng
(bng
thng
s
gia
ca
b in
phn p ch t
AB
ZAB
B
khong cch
dng in ph ti)
Rq phi cao hn nhiu so vi tng tr o c trong ch s
Z
c. Ngoi ra, trong nhiu trng hp tng
tr ca mch vng s c thng t l
K
Z
vi khong
cch t
ch t bo v n ch ngn mch.
A
ZAN
Bo
v qu dng in v bo v qu dng c hng c thi gian lm vic
N
Vng
N tc tng cp i khi qu ln v trong mt
chn theo nguyn
tngs mng vng,
D
D
R
R
khng th m bo c tnh chn0lc nh nhng li in ctrcu hnh
hnh
R
A
A
ph
2-7. Do ngi
ta s dng bo v khong
cch (bo v tng tr cc tiu).
A
R
q

Hnh 2-8 Nguyn l o tng tr

a) S li in;
b) Vng bin thin ca tng tr ph ti;
c) Tng tr o trong iu kin s c
d) c tnh khi ng ca b phn khong cch

38

ti

i vi cc h thng truyn ti, tng tr o c ti ch t bo v trong

ch lm vic bnh thng (bng t s ca in p ch t bo v vi dng
in ph ti) ln hn nhiu so vi tng tr o c trong ch s c.
Ngoi ra trong nhiu trng hp, tng tr ca mch vng s c thng t
l vi khong cch t ch t bo v n ch ngn mch (hnh 2-8).
- Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, tng tr o c ti ch t bo v
ph thuc vo tr s v gc pha ca dng in ph ti. Trn mt phng phc s,
ch dng in ph ti cc i IAmax khi cos ca ph ti thay i, mt vc
t tng tr ph ti cc tiu Z Amin s v nn cung trn c tm gc to ca
mt phng tng tr phc (hnh 2-8,b).
Tng tr ca ng dy ti in AB c biu din bng vc t Z AB trn
mt phng phc. nghing ca vc t ZAB so vi trc honh (in tr tc dng
R) ph thuc vo tng quan in khng ca ng dy X AB v in tr tc
dng ca ng dy RAB.
Ta c:

X AB

D = arctg R
AB

- Khi c ngn mch trc tip ti im N trn ng dy, tng tr o c

ti ch t bo v:
ZAN = RAN + jXAN
Tr s tng tr o c s gim t ngt so vi ch lm vic bnh
thng, nhng nghing ca vc t tng tr khng thay i.
- Khi ngn mch qua in tr trung gian (thng do in tr ca h quang
Rq pht sinh ti ch ngn mch) tng tr o c ti ch t bo v:
ZAN = RAN + jXAN + Rq = ZAN + Rq
Tng tr o c c tr s ln hn nhng gc nghing ca vc t tng tr
c gim i so vi khi ngn mch trc tip ti N (hnh 2-8,c).
39

i vi bo v khong cch lm vic khng c thi gian (t I 0 s), trnh

tc ng nhm khi c ngn mch phn t tip theo, tng tr khi ng ca bo
v khong cch phi chn b hn tng tr ca ng dy (ZK < ZAB):
ZK = k.ZD
H s k thng chn bng (0,8 0,85) c xt n sai s ca my bin dng
in, my bin in p v mt s nh hng gy sai s khc.
Trn hnh 2-8,d trnh by c tuyn khi ng ca b phn khong cch c
xt n nh hng ca in tr qu ti ch ngn mch.
Nhng r le tng tr ch to v s dng trong h thng in c c
tuyn khi ng rt a dng nh hnh 2-9 nhm p ng tt iu kin vn
hnh ca cc h thng in.
Hin nay nguyn l o tng tr thng c s dng kt hp vi cc
nguyn l khc nh: qu dng in, qu in p, thiu in p thc hin bo
v a chc nng hin i.
Nguyn l o tng tr c th c s dng bo v li in phc tp c
jX cung cp vi cujXhnh bt k. Tuy vy mtjX
nhiu ngun
s yu t c th nh
(a)
(c)
(b)
hng n s o ca b phn khong cch nh sai s ca my bin dng
in, bin in p, in tr qu ti ch ngn mch, h s phn b dng
D R
in trong nhnh
b s c vi dng in ti ch t bo v vDc bit
l qu
R
D
trnh dao ng in.
R
jX
jX

(d)

(e)

jX

jX

(h)

(g)
D

Z3
Z2
Z1

FD

Hnh 2-9 Nhng c tuyn tng tr khi ng thng gp

a) Tng tr khng hng (ZK=const); b) Tng tr c hng (vng trn qua gc to );
c) Vng trn lch tm; d) Hnh thu knh
e,g) Hnh a gic; h) 7SA513
40