Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
M.JANAKI
Asst.Prof (SG)
School of Electrical Engineering
UNIT - III
Steady State Sinusoidal analysis
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as a function of time.
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values
defined over
The RMS over all time of a periodic function is equal to the RMS of one
period of the function. The RMS value of a continuous function or signal
can be approximated by taking the RMS of a series of equally spaced
samples.
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where t is time and is the angular frequency ( = 2/T, where T is the period
of the wave). Since
is a positive constant:
Using a trigonometric identity to eliminate squaring of trig function:
but since the interval is a whole number of complete cycles (per definition of
RMS), the
terms will cancel out, leaving:
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Phase difference
v2 leads v1 by
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P35.
P36.
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P37.
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In order to compare v1 and v2,we must express them in the same form.
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16
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and
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P38.
P39.
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V = Vm
Applying KVL
di (t )
v = Ri (t ) + L
dt
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Substituting
i (t ) = I m e jt
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Vm = RI m e
j t
d
+ L ( I m e j t )
dt
Vm = RI m e jt + jLI m e jt
V = IR + jLI
Vm = I R + (L) tan
2
L
R
In terms of voltages
V = IR + jLI
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V = VR + jVL
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Applying KVL
1
v = Ri (t ) + i (t )dt
C
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Substituting
i (t ) = I m e jt
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Vm = RI m e
j t
1 1
+ I m e j t
C j
jt
Vm = R
I
e
m
C
V = R
I
1
1 1
Vm = I R +
tan
CR
C
2
V = I R + X C tan
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XC
R
30
In terms of voltages
I
V = IR j
C
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V = VR jVC
31
Vm = RI m e
j t
1
d
j t
+ L ( I m e ) + I m e jt dt
dt
C
jt
Vm = R + jL
I
e
m
V = [R + j ( X L X C )]I
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V = [R + j ( X L X C )]I
Vm = I R + ( X L X C ) tan
2
X L XC
R
where
In terms of voltages
V = VR + j (VL VC )
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v(t ) 1
I=
+ v(t )dt
R
L
Applied voltage
v(t ) = Vm e jt
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Vm jt
1
e +
Vm e jt
I m =
R
j L
1
1
j t
I m = j
Vm e
L
R
I = YV
1
1
Y= j
R
L
1
Z=
Y
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impedance
37
In terms of current
I = I R jI L
2
I m = I R + I L tan
where
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Vm e jt
IR =
R
and
IL
IR
Vm e jt
IL =
jL
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v(t )
dv(t )
I=
+C
R
dt
Applied voltage
v(t ) = Vm e jt
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Vm jt
I m =
e + jCVm e jt
R
1
j t
I m = + jC Vm e
R
I = YV
1
1
Y= +
R 1
j C
1
Z=
Y
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impedance
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In terms of current
I = I R + jI C
2
I = I R + I C tan
where
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Vm e
IR =
R
j t
and
IC
IR
Vm e jt
IC =
jX C
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P42.
Ans:
P43.
Ans:
P44.
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p(t) is positive for some part of each cycle and negative for the
rest of the cycle. When p(t) is positive, power is absorbed by the
circuit. When p(t) is negative, power is absorbed by the source; that is,
power is transferred from the circuit to the source. This is possible
because of the storage elements (capacitors and inductors) in the
circuit.
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The average power is the average of the instantaneous power over one
period.
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Thus, the second term in Eq. vanishes and the average power becomes
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COMPLEX POWER
Complex power S absorbed by the ac load is the product of the
voltage and the complex conjugate of the current, or
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50
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Since Z = R + jX,
where P and Q are the real and imaginary parts of the complex power;
that is,
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SERIES RESONANCE
Resonance occurs in any circuit that has at least one inductor
and one capacitor.
Resonant circuits (series or parallel) are useful for
constructing filters, as their transfer functions (impedance or
admittance) can be highly frequency selective. They are used in
many applications such as selecting the desired stations in radio and
TV receivers.
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive
and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a
purely resistive impedance.
zero.
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Since 0 = 2f0,
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At resonance:
1. The impedance is purely resistive, thus, Z = R. In other words,
the LC series combination acts like a short circuit, and the
entire voltage is across R.
2. The voltage Vs and the current I are in phase, so that the
power factor is unity.
3. The magnitude of Z() is minimum.
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Current magnitude
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At 1,
1
1L = R
1C
At 2,
2 L
Q Z = R2 + R2 = 2R
1
=R
2C
1
1
1L = 2 L
1C
2C
1
12 =
LC
where
r 2 =
1
LC
12 = r 2
relating the half-power frequencies with the resonant frequency.
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VR, VL, VC, and I versus frequency for a series resonant circuit.
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1 2
In the series RLC circuit, the peak energy stored is LI ,
2
while the energy dissipated in one period is
Hence,
o L
The
quality
factor
is
dimensionless.
The relationship between the
bandwidth B and the quality factor Q
is,
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1
Q=
=
R
o RC
R o
B= =
L Q
B
B
1 o , 2 o +
2
2
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Vm
VL = o L = QVm
R
V 1
= QVm
VC = m
R oC
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Q=
o L
R
1
oCR
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PARALLEL RESONANCE
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and
inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, resulting in a purely resistive
impedance.
Parallel resonance circuit behaves similarly but in opposite fashion compared
to series resonant circuit.
The admitance is minimum at resonance or impedance is maximum.
o =
1
LC
I 1
1
1
1
= + jC +
= + j C
j L R
L
V R
Y = H ( ) =
Im(Y ) = L
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1
1
= 0 o L =
C
oC
o =
1
rad/sec
LC
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V=V =
IL =
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Im R
= QI m
o L
Im
2
1
1 )2
(
C
L
R
I C = oCI m R = QVm
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1
1
1
+
1 =
+
2 RC
2 RC LC
2
2 = +
1
1
1
+
+
2 RC
2 RC LC
1
o = 1 2 , B = 2 1 =
RC
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Current at resonance,
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Series circuit
1
LC
o L
1
or
R
o RC
B
1, 2
Q 10, 1, 2
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Parallel circuit
1
LC
R
or o RC
o L
1 + (
o
1 2
)
2Q
2Q
B
2
1 + (
1 2
) o
2Q
2Q
B
2
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o L
1
or
o RC
R
This formula is applicable to series resonant circuits, and also parallel
resonant circuits if the resistance is in series with the inductor.
R
or o RC
o L
This formula is applicable to parallel circuits, for a large value of R in
parallel with C and L.
In a parallel LC circuit where the main loss is the resistance of the
inductor, R, in series with the inductance, L, Q is as in the series circuit.
This is a common situation for resonators, where limiting the resistance of
the inductor to improve Q and narrow the bandwidth is the desired result.
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P47.
In the given parallel RLC circuit, R = 8 k, L = 0.2 mH, and C = 8 F. (a)
Calculate 0, Q, and B. (b) Find 1 and 2. (c) Determine the power
dissipated at 0, 1, and 2.
Solution:
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a)
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c)
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P49.
The impedance Z1=5+j3 and Z2=10-j30 are connected in parallel.
Find the value of X which will produce resonance at the terminals a and
b
(R j X)
a
(5 + j 3)
(10 j 30)
Ans: 2.07
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P50.
It is expected that a parallel RLC resonant circuit has a midband
admittance of 25 103 S, quality factor of 80, and a resonant
frequency of 200 krad/s. Calculate the values of R, L, and C. Find the
bandwidth and the half-power frequencies.
P51.
Find the resonant frequency, Quality factor
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Ans:
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P53.
An a.c. network consists of a coil, of inductance 79.58 mH and resistance
18 , in parallel with a capacitor of capacitance 64.96 F. If the supply
voltage is 250, 0 V at 50 Hz, determine (a) the total equivalent circuit
impedance, (b) the supply current, (c) the circuit phase angle, (d) the
current in the coil, and (e) the current in the capacitor.
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P54.
A series-connected circuit has R = 4 & and L = 25 mH. (a) Calculate the
value of C that will produce a quality factor of 50. (b) Find 1, 2, and B.
(c) Determine the average power dissipated at 0, 1 and 2. Take Vm =
100 V.
Answer: (a) 0.625 F, (b) 7920 rad/s, 8080 rad/s, 160 rad/s, (c) 1.25
kW, 0.625 kW, 0.625 kW.
P55.
The circuit shown in Figure dissipates an
active power of 400 W and has a power
factor of 0.766 lagging. Determine (a) the
apparent power, (b) the reactive power,
(c) the value and phase of current I, and
(d) the value of impedance Z.
Ans: 522.2 VA, 335.7 var lagging,
5.222 A, I = 5.222, -10 A.
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Three-phase systems
Advantages of three-phase systems over single-phase supplies
include:
(i) For a given amount of power transmitted through a system, the
three-phase system requires conductors with a smaller cross sectional
area. This means a saving of copper (or aluminium) and thus the original
installation costs are less.
(ii) The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant
(not pulsating).
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A three-phase generator.
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Star connection
VR = VP 0
VY = VP 120
VB = VP 240
(i) The three line conductors are connected to a load and the outlets
from the loads are joined together at N to form the neutral point
or the star point.
(ii) The voltages, VR, VY and VB are called phase voltages or line to
neutral voltages. Phase voltages are generally denoted by Vp.
(iii) The voltages, VRY, VYB and VBR are called line voltages.
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(iv) The phase currents (generally denoted by Ip) are equal to their
respective line currents IR, IY and IB, i.e. for a star connection:
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Delta connection
I RY = I P 0
IYB = I P 120
I BR = I P 240
(i) It can be seen that the line voltages VRY,VYB and VBR are the
respective phase voltages, i.e. for a delta connection:
(ii) IR = IRY - IBR = IRY + (- IBR)
= I P 0 I P 240 = 3I P 30
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The average power per phase Pp for either the -connected load
or the Y-connected load is p/3, or
The total average power is the sum of the average powers in the phases:
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or
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P56.
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system of Fig.
where
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Since the source voltages in Fig. are in positive sequence and the line
currents are also in positive sequence,
P57.
Load impedance
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P58.
P59.
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P60.
Determine the total average power, reactive power, and complex power
at the source and at the load.
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P61.
The unbalanced Y-load of Fig has balanced voltages of 100 V and the
acb sequence. Calculate the line currents and the neutral current. Take
ZA = 15 , ZB = 10 + j5 , ZC = 6 j8 .
The line currents are
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P62.
The unbalanced -load of Fig. is supplied by balanced source of voltage
200 V in the positive sequence. Find the line currents. Take Vab as
reference.
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P63.
For the unbalanced circuit in Fig, find: (a) the line currents, (b) the
total complex power absorbed by the load.
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P64.
Three identical coils, each of resistance 15 and inductance 50 mH are
connected (a) in star and (b) in delta to a 415 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply.
Determine the total power dissipated in each case.
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120
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P1 P2
tan = 3
P1 + P2
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Proof:
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-Vbn
Vcn
120
-120
Vab
30
-120
Ia
Van
Vbn
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-Vbn
Ic
120
-120
-120
Van
Vbn
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Shows that the sum of the wattmeter readings gives the total average
power,
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Thus, the two wattmeter method not only provides the total real and
reactive powers, it can also be used to compute the power factor.
we conclude that:
1. If P2 = P1, the load is resistive.
2. If P2 > P1, the load is inductive.
3. If P2 < P1, the load is capacitive.
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P65.
Two wattmeters connected to a 3-phase motor indicate the total power
input to be 12 kW. The power factor is 0.6. Determine the readings of
each wattmeter.
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P66.
Two wattmeters indicate 10 kW and 3 kW respectively when connected
to measure the input power to a 3-phase balanced load, the reverse
switch being operated on the meter indicating the 3 kW reading.
Determine (a) the input power and (b) the load power factor.
Since the reversing switch on the wattmeter had to be operated the
3 kW reading is taken as 3 kW.
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