4.3.

4 Calculation of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults
A double line to ground fault occur when two of the three
phase conductors touches each other and at the same time come in
contact with the equipment grounding as illustrated on figure 4.24.
For Analytical convenience, phase B and phase C is traditionally
chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT
(in per unit) is calculated as

Ph-A

ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)

Ph-B

IBFAULT

Ph-C
ICFAULT
Source

IN
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.24 Illustration of Bolted Double Line to Ground Fault
For Double line to ground fault, the conditions are as follows
1. Line A current is approximately zero (IA=0)
2. Vector Sum of IB and IC is IN
3. VB=VC=0
Using condition 1 Ia=0, since Ia=Ia0+Ia1+Ia2
Ia0+Ia1+Ia2 = 0
Using the relation between the sequence voltage and phase voltage
and condition 3 (VB=VC=0)

Va0
1 1
V 1 1 a
a1 3
Va2
1 a2

1 Va
a2 Vb
a Vc

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 224

Va0
1 1
V 1 1 a
a1
3
Va2
1 a2

Va0

1 Va
a2 0
a 0

1
1
1
Va; Va1 Va; Va2 Va
3
3
3

So it follows that

Va0 Va1 Va2

Now, using the relation derived from condition 1 and 3, the
sequence networks can be arranged as follows.

Ia1

Ia2

Va1

Ia0

ZPOS
VF

ZNEG
Va2

Va0

ZZERO

Figure 4.25 Interconnected Sequence Networks for Double

Line to Ground Fault
Using the above sequence diagram on figure 4.25, the

VF Ia1(Z1

Ia1

1
1
1

Z2
Z0

) Ia1(Z1

VF
Z2Z0
(Z1
)
Z0 Z2

Z2Z0
)
Z0 Z2

Equation 4.10

Using current division to determine the I a2 and Ia0

Z2

Ia0 Ia1
Z

Z
2
0

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Equation 4.11

Page 225

 Z0

Ia2 Ia1
Z

Z
2
0
Then, using the
Ia

currents Ib
Ic

Equation 4.12

relation between the sequence currents and phase

1 1 1 Ia0
1 a2 a I

a1
Equation 4.13
2
1 a a Ia2

Ia Ia0 Ia1 Ia2

Ib Ia0 a2Ia1 aIa2
Ic Ia0 aIa1 a2Ia2
For the ground current IN

IN Ib Ic

Equation 4.14

Actual Value

IaFAULT,actual IaFAULT,pu x IBASE

For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive
sequence,

negative

sequence

and

zero

sequence

impedance

network will be used.

Xsep,1
X /R
R sep,1

Xsep,2 Xsep,0
Xsep,2 Xsep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Equation 4.16

Page 226

4.3.4.1 Calculation of Double Line to Ground Fault for Main

Buses
For Bus 1 (Fault Point F1)

The fault point impedances derived from single line to

ground fault calculation at F1 are

ZTH,F1,MOM,1 ZTH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu
ZTH,F1,MOM,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu
Using these values, the sequence network is arranged on the figure
below.

Ia1

Ia0

Ia2
0.0007394

0.0007394

0.000555

j0.0179826

j0.0179826

j0.017761

1 pu

Figure 4.26 Interconnected Sequence Networks for Double

Line to Ground Fault at F1
Calculating the positive sequence current I a1 using equation 4.10

Ia1

Ia1

VF
Z2Z0
(Z1
)
Z0 Z2

1
0.0007394 j0.01798260.000555 j0.017761
0.0007394 j0.0179826
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.000555 j0.017761

Ia1 1.4641 - j37.091449 pu

Calculating the positive sequence current I a0 using equation 4.11
Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 227

 Z2

Ia0 Ia1
Z

Z
2
0

0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia0 Ia1

0.000555

j
0.017761

0.0007394

j
0.0179826

Ia0 -0.645262 j18.667654 pu

Calculating the positive sequence current I a0 using equation 4.12

Z0

Ia2 Ia1
Z

Z
2
0

0.0007394 j0.0179826

Ia2 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia2 -0.818737 j18.423794 ipu
Calculating the phase currents using equation 4.13

Ia 1 1 1 - 0.645262 j18.667654
I 1 a2 a 01.4641 - j37.091449
b

Ic 1 a a2 - 0.818737 j18.423794

Ia 0
Ib -49.045505 j26.024573 pu
Ib = 55.522/152.0480 pu

Ic 47.109717 j29.978391 pu
Ic = 55.839/32.47

pu

Calculating the ground current using equation 4.14

IN Ib Ic

IN -49.045505 j26.024573 47.109717 j29.978391

IN -1.935787 j56.002964 pu
IN = 56.036/91.9790 pu

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 228

Actual Value

Ib 55.522/152.0480 x IBASE 13.8kV

Ib 55.522/152.0480 x 418.369 A

IMOM,SYM,RMS,b 23228.862/152.0480 A

Ic 55.839/32.470 x IBASE 13.8kV

Ic 55.839/32.470 x 418.369 A

IMOM,SYM,RMS,c 23361.439/32.470 A
IN 56.036/91.9790 x IBASE 13.8kV
IN 56.036/91.9790 x 418.369 A

IMOM,SYM,RMS,N 23,443.897/91.9790 A

Momentary asymmetrical rms fault currents

IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e

-2
X/R

From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
For X/R ratio using equation 4.16

Xsep,1
X /R
R sep,1

Xsep,2 Xsep,0
Xsep,2 Xsep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 229

0.017952 x 0.017761
0.017952 0.017761 29.156
X /R
0.0006274 x 0.000555
0.0006274
0.0006274 0.000555
0.017952

IMOM,ASYM,RMS,b 23,228.862 x 1

-2
2e 29.156

IMOM, ASYM,RMS,b 37,543.784 A

IMOM,ASYM,RMS,c 23,361.439 x

-2
1 2e 29.156

IMOM,ASYM,RMS,c 37,758.063 A

Momentary asymmetrical peak fault currents

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x

-2

2 1 e X/R

X / R
3
0.49 0.1e

29.156
3 0.489

0.49 0.1e

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 23,228.862 x

-2x0.489x

2 1 e 29.156

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 62,409.251 A

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 230

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 23,361.439 x

-2x0.489x

2 1 e 29.156

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 37,758.063 A

Calculating for the current contribution:

a2I

aIa2puZ2,LOAD
a1puZ1,LOAD
IBSystem

Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD

a2I
aIa2puZ2,SYSTEM
a1puZ1,SYSTEM

xIBASE
IBLOAD

Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD

aIa1puZ1,LOAD
a2Ia2puZ2,LOAD
ICSystem

Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD

aI
a2Ia2puZ2,SYSTEM
a1puZ1,SYSTEM
xIBASE
ICLOAD

Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD

Referring to the network simplification at figure 4.3 for

Momentary Positive Impedance we get
Z1SYSTEM = Z2SYSTEM = 0.000639 + j0.019257 pu
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu

Z1LOAD + Z1SYSTEM = Z2LOAD + Z2SYSTEM = 0.0419605+j0.287373 pu

Z1,LOAD
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD

0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.9340 j7.4030 pu
0.0419605 + j0.287373

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 231

Z1,SYSTEM
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD

0.000639 + j0.019257
0.06592 j7.4030 pu
0.0419605 + j0.287373

Z1,LOAD
IBSystem a2Ia1pu aIa2pu *

a0pu xIBASE
Z

1,LOAD
1,SYSTEM

Substituting the values to calculate the current contributions

IBSystem 22,012.50 A
IBLOAD 1,358.84 A

ICSystem 22,034.85 A
ICLOAD 1,362.17 A

INSystem 22928.75 A
INLOAD 518.45 A

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 232

The

table

below

shows

the

summary

of

results

by

performing the same calculation procedure as the above for the rest
of the major buses (F2, F3 , F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using the Microsoft
Excel developed by the author. Table 4.18, 4.19, 4.20 Summarize
the

Momentary

Symmetrical,

Momentary

Asymmetrical

and

Momentary Peak asymmetrical currents for the main buses of phase

B, phase C and neutral respectively. Table 4.21, 4.22, 4.23
summarize the current contributions from the Load and the System
for each of the main buses.

Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults for Phase B
Fault
Point

F1
F2

F3

F4

F5

F6
F7

Fault
Location

13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus

DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE B Ib

IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A)

IMOM,ASYM
,RMS(A)

IMOM,ASYM,
PEAK (A)

23,228.86

37,543.78

62,409.25

23,149.79

37,244.80

61,982.52

21,744.04

35,126.22

58,397.82

22,336.41

32,863.58

55,852.39

22,382.07

32,659.18

55,608.18

46,811.78

62,162.35

107,952.32

47,565.81

62,950.86

109,391.00

MCC9 Bus

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 233

Table 4.19 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults for Phase C
Fault
Point

F1
F2

F3

F4

F5

F6
F7

Fault
Location

13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE C Ic

IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A)
23,361.44

IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A)
37,758.06

IMOM,ASY
M,PEAK (A)
62,765.45

23,161.97

37,264.40

62,015.14

22,057.77

35,633.02

59,240.39

20,152.43

29,650.28

50,391.31

19,943.15

29,100.40

49,548.71

47,022.97
47,947.66

62,442.79
63,456.22

108,439.34
110,269.17

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 234

Table 4.20 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults for Neutral Short Circuit Current
Fault
Point

F1
F2

F3

F4

F5

F6
F7

Fault
Location

13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

DLG FAULT NEUTRAL CURRENT In

IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A)

IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A)

IMOM,ASY
M,PEAK (A)

23,443.90

37,891.34

62,986.99

23,347.50

37,562.89

62,511.88

26,523.46

42,847.08

71,233.87

25,605.38

37,673.21

64,026.46

25,474.63
49,558.20
49,941.53

37,171.76
65,809.37
66,095.00

63,291.65
114,285.81
114,854.64

Table 4.21 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults Current Contribution for Phase B
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

Fault Location

I SYSTEM
I LOAD
Contribution Contribution
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)

13.8kV Power Plant Bus

Primary terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV switchgear (bus)
Primary terminals TRL3A
Primary terminals TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

22,012.50
21,939.59

1,358.84
1,351.47

20,719.87
21,286.85
21,329.92
44,417.90
45,119.75

1,188.74
1,191.03
1,191.12
2,696.67
2,751.79

Page 235

Table 4.22 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults Current Contribution for Phase C
Fault
Point

Fault Location

F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

13.8kV Power Plant Bus

Primary terminals of TRM1
6.9kV switchgear (bus)
Primary terminals TRL3A
Primary terminals TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

I SYSTEM
I LOAD
Contribution Contribution
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)

22,034.85
21,846.11
20,911.82
19,081.06
18,879.37
44,402.31
45,266.37

1,362.17
1,351.78
1,197.19
1,132.43
1,125.75
2,702.05
2,761.50

Table 4.23 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults Current Contribution for Neutral
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

Fault Location

I SYSTEM
I LOAD
Contribution Contribution
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)

13.8kV Power Plant Bus

Primary terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV switchgear (bus)
Primary terminals TRL3A
Primary terminals TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

22,928.76

518.45

22,834.47
25,940.65
25,042.74
24,914.87
48,469.24
48,844.15

516.32
586.56
566.25
563.36
1,095.96
1,104.44

4.3.4.2 Calculation of Momentary

Faults at MV and LV Loads

Double Line to Ground

Double line to ground fault for MV and LV loads are

calculated

using

the

positive,

negative

and

zero

sequence

impedance derived from momentary three-phase and single line to

ground fault calculation. Repeating the same procedure used for
calculating the momentary double to line ground fault for the main
buses using Microsoft excel, the calculation results is summarized in
table 4.16 ad 4.17.
Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 236

Table 4.24 Summary of Per Unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line to Ground Fault on MV Loads
Motor
Fault at

Ia1 (pu)

Ia0 (pu)

Ia2 (pu)

PE-KM5806

4.495422-j12.588457

-4.707132+j5.421164

0.211710+j7.167293

PE-YM7601

3.917636-j13.168263

-4.148078+j6.448597

0.230442+j6.719665

PE-KM8639

4.0390-j13.972787

-4.437715+j6.985188

0.398714+j6.987598

PE-KM8601

4.695331-j11.418670

-4.598863+j4.254588

-0.09646+j7.164081

PC001

1.516717-j16.936973

-1.31169+j10.293428

-0.20502+j6.643545

Table 4.25 Summary of Per Unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line to Ground Fault on LV Loads
Motor Fault at

Ia1 (pu)

Ia0 (pu)

Ia2 (pu)

GM1412

0.102-j0.036808

-0.0327-j0.005264

-0.0692-j0.031543

GM1413

0.102-j0.036808

-0.0327-j0.005264

-0.0692-j0.031543

KM5814

0.2053-j0.153457

-0.076-j0.025741

-0.1292-j0.127716

GM8103A

0.1202-j0.053469

-0.0529-j0.015946

-0.0673-j0.037523

GM8103S

0.1202-j0.053469

-0.0529-j0.015946

-0.0673-j0.037523

MNDB

0.7503-j1.24644

-0.4672-j0.487746

-0.283-j0.758693

EMBD

0.7503-j1.24644

-0.4672-j0.487746

-0.283-j0.758693

YM7607

0.8781-j0.891114

-0.4532-j0.332749

-0.4248-j0.558364

SM8645

0.3367-j0.34786

-0.1517-j0.077363

-0.185-j0.270497

GM7612

0.1776-j0.16323

-0.0758-j0.033877

-0.1018-j0.129353

7601M1

0.1139-j0.053429

-0.0364-j0.007289

-0.0774-j0.04614

KM8607

0.0901-j0.024195

-0.0297-j0.003088

-0.0603-j0.021106

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

Page 237

Table 4.26 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Fault Current on MV Loads
Fault Point
PE-KM5806

PE-YM7601

PE-KM8639

PE-KM8601

Contribution
From
Total
System
Motor
Total
System
Motor
Total
System
Motor
Total
System
Motor

PC001

Ib (A)

Ic (A)

IN (A)

20,559.40
20,342.56
219.95
20,353.26
17,852.87
2,549.73
21,644.47
21,503.94
144.97
19,328.27
19,210.24
118.66
22,072.13

12,994.81
12,837.64
181.62
14,164.53
12,358.83
2,173.84
14,919.71
14,811.92
122.84
11,698.25
11,614.48
97.19
20,955.39

18,022.26
17,941.40
81.03
19,247.16
18,237.81
1,013.09
20,773.65
20,714.78
58.88
15,726.68
15,686.72
40.18
26,047.69

Table 4.27 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Fault Current on LV Loads
Fault Point
GM1412
GM1413
KM5814
GM8103A
GM8103S
MNDB
EMBD
YM7607
SM8645
GM7612
7601M1
KM8607

Ib (A)
2,133.42
2,133.42
5,256.68
2,529.84
2,529.84
29,382.43
29,382.43
24,477.24
10,028.84
4,979.34
2,518.89
1,818.63

Ic (A)
1,882.78
1,882.78
4,245.71
2,242.56
2,242.56
23,193.47
23,193.47
20,764.36
7,770.08
3,903.19
2,159.30
1,625.54

Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation

IN (A)
1,198.04
1,198.04
2,898.31
1,994.77
1,994.77
24,372.40
24,372.40
20,290.83
6,146.84
2,996.91
1,342.72
1,080.89

Page 238