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Sustainable Renewable Energy Engineering

Summer 2016
Fluid Mechanics Lab
Experiment 3
Hydrostatic Forces and Center of Pressure
Section: 11 - U, T 1:00 p.m.
Group: C
Student Name
ID
Mona Ibrahim Albawab
U00038472
Mounia Boukhenoufa
U14123818
Kholood Abdollah
U14121356
Ayat Mohammed Ahmed
U00032083
Dr.
Mohammed
Ali Abdul Kareem
Lab
Instructor
Mohammed
Lab Engineer
Eng. Monadhel Alchadirchy
Experiment Date
21-June-2016
Report Submission
26-June- 2016
Date

Table of Contents
Abstract
..........
.............. Page 4
Objectives
..........
.............. Page 4
Theoretical Background

... Page 4
Apparatus

... Page 6
Procedure
.
.. Page 6
Experimental results and completed tables:
.
.. Page 7
Calculations
..
. Page 8
Discussion
.......
......................................................................... Page 11
Conclusion
.
.. Page 11
References
.
.. Page 12

List of Figures and/or Tables:

Page
Number

Figures Title

Figure 1: Resultant force on a


horizontal plane

Figure 2: Hydrostatic force on an


inclined surface

Figure 3: partly submerged surface

Figure 4: fully submerged surface

Figure 5: apparatus

Table 1: Results for partial immersion

Table 2: Results for complete immersion

Abstract:
This lab is divided into two parts in the 1st part we will determine the experimental
hydrostatic force along with the theoretical one and the center of pressure for a partly
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submerged body and in the 2nd part we will do the same but this time for a fully
submerged body. In both parts we will find the error by comparing the experimental value
of the hydrostatic force to the theoretical one.
The Study of hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces is very important for the design of
engineering structures such as dams, storage tanks and hydraulic systems.
Objectives:
To determine the hydrostatic force acting on a partly or fully submerged body.
To determine the position of the center of pressure.
To compare the experimental values to the exact theoretical values.
Theoretical Background:
Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies incompressible fluids at rest.1
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of
gravity.
Any surface or body that is submerged in water or any other liquid, experiences force acting
on it because of the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid.2
Horizontal submerged plane:
For a horizontal plane submerged in a liquid (or a plane
experiencing uniform pressure over its surface), the
pressure, p, will be equal at all points of the surface.
Thus the resultant force will be given by
Hydrostatic Force = hydrostatic pressure Area = ghA
And the center of pressure coincide with the centroid.3
Inclined Submerged Surface:

Figure -1- Resultant force on a


horizontal plane

A) Partial Immersion:

A by
H

y
2

I GG

by 3
12

Figure -2- Hydrostatic force on an


inclined surface

HP

2y
3
MgL

Fexp

ad y

2y
3

MgL
ad

y
3

Fth g y 2 by

Fth g H A

Fth

Figure -3- partly submerged


surface

1
gby 2
2
B) Complete Immersion

A bd
H y

d
2

I GG

HP

bd 3
12

d2
d

y
2
12 H
Fexp

a d y

Fth g H A

MgL
MgL

2
d
d2
d
d

a
y
2 12 H
2
12 H

Fth g y d 2 by

Figure -4- fully submerged surface

Apparatus and Procedure:


Experimental Apparatus:
Hydraulic bench
Perspex tank equipped with:
A bridge piece at one end with integral pivot
supports whilst at the other end of the tank there is
balance arm restraint and datum level indicator
Spirit level attached to the base of the tank. Drain
cock at the base of the tank extended to a drain
tube.

Figure -5- Apparatus

A balance arm pivoted on a knife pivot with a groove to hold the weight hanger (balance
pan) on one side and screw bolt for the adjustable counter balance on the other side.
A fabricated quadrant, which has dimensions of 100 mm internal radius, 300 mm outer
radius and 75 mm width, acting as the immersed body.
A set of weights that can be attached to the balance ban.
A scale fixed to the quadrant.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Ensure the balance arm is resting in the knife pivot.
2. Adjust the adjustable counter balance to balance the pivoted arm assembly to the horizontal
position as shown by the beam level indicator.
3. Add very gently, all the provided weights through the balance ban.
4. Wet the surface of the scale to avoid capillary rise by the surface tension on the scale
graduation.
5. Add water to the Perspex tank with slow rate until the arm is on the same horizontal position
indicated by the beam level indicator.
6. Reduce weight or increase water to bring the arm to the position specified above.
7. Use the drain knob to drain water if necessary.
8. When satisfying the above items read the weights and the water level on the scale.
9. Tabulate your results according to table 1 and 2.

Experimental results and completed tables:


Part a: Partial immersion:
Water Temperature = 25oC

Total counter balance mass M


(g)
Measured depth of water y
(mm)
Experimental force on area (N)

Fexp

MgL
ad

Trial 3
120

56

68

75

1.079

1.577

1.917

1.150

1.696

2.063

37.34

45.34

50

6.17%

7.02%

7.08%

Trial 1
250

Trial 2
300

Trial 3
350

111

125

137

4.271

5.206

6.132

4.475

5.502

6.382

1
gby 2
2

Depth of center of pressure


(mm)

HP

Trial 2
100

y
3

Theoretical force on same area


(N)

Fth

Trial 1
70

2y
3

Fth Fexp
Fth

100%

Table 1: Results for partial


immersion

Part b: Complete immersion:


Total counter balance mass M
(g)
Measured depth of water y
(mm)
Experimental force on area (N)

Fexp

MgL
d
d2
a
2 12 H

Theoretical force on same area


(N)

Fth g y bd
2

Depth of center of pressure


(mm)

HP y

74.66

86.12

96.58

4.56 %

5.38 %

3.92 %

d
d

2 12 H

Fth Fexp
Fth

100%

Table 2: Results for complete immersion

Calculations:
Constants Used:
o a= 100 mm = 0.1 m.
o b=75 mm = 0.075 m
o d= 100 mm = 0.1 m.
o L= 285 mm = 0.285 m.
o

water @ 25 C =997 kg/ m3

Part a: Partial immersion:


Fexp

MgL
ad

Experimental force on area (N)

Fth
Theoretical force on same area (N)

HP

y
3

1
gby 2
2

2y
3

Depth of center of pressure (mm)

Fth Fexp
Fth

100%

Error

Trial 1:

exp=

MgL
y
a+ d
3
F

1
th= g b y 2
2
F
p=

2y
3

= 1.079 N

1
997 9.81 0.075(0.056)
2

2 56
3

0.07 9.810.285
0.056
0.1+ 0.1
3

= 1.150 N

= 37.34 mm

F th Fexp
100 =
Fth

1.1501.079
100=
1.150

6.17 %

Trial 2:
exp=

MgL
y
a+ d
3
F

1
th= g b y 2
2
F
p=

2y
3

=1.577 N

1
997 9.81 0.075(0.068)
2

2 68
3

0.19.81 0.285
0.068
0.1+0.1
3

= 1.696 N

= 45.34mm

F th Fexp
100 =
Fth

1.6961.577
100=
1.696

7.02%

Trial 3:
MgL

exp=

a+ d
F

y
3

0.12 9.81 0.285


0.075
0.1+0.1
3

= 1.917 N

1
th= g b y 2
2
F
p=

2y
3

1
997 9.81 0.075(0.075)
2

2 75
3

= 50 mm

F th Fexp
100 =
Fth

2.0631.917
100=
2.063

Part b: Complete immersion

H y

Fexp

d
2

MgL
d
d2
a
2 12 H

Fth g y bd
2

HP y

d
d2

2 12 H

Fth Fexp
Fth

100%

Trial 1:
H

d
0.1
y =0.111
2
2

= 2.063 N

= 0.061 m

10

7.08 %

MgL
d d
a+ +
2 12

Fexp =

th= g y

0.25 9.81 0.285


(0.1)
0.1
0.1+
+
2 12 0.061

d
0.1
b d=997 9.81(0.111
) 0.0750.1
2
2
F

d d2
100 (100)
H p= y + =111
+
2 12
2 12 61

= 4.271 N

F th Fexp
100 =
Fth

= 4.475 N

= 74.66 mm

4.4754.271
100=
4.475

4.56 %

Trial 2:
H

d
0.1
y =0.125
2
2
MgL
d d
a+ +
2 12

Fexp =

th= g y

= 0.075 m

0.3 9.81 0.285


(0.1)
0.1
0.1+
+
2 12 0.075

d
0.1
b d=997 9.81(0.125
) 0.075 0.1
2
2
F

d d2
100 ( 100)
H p= y + =125
+
2 12
2 1275

F th Fexp
100 =
Fth

d
0.1
y =0.137
2
2

= 5.502 N

= 86.12 mm

5.5025.206
100=
5.502

Trial 3:
H

= 5.206 N

= 0.087 m

11

5.38 %

MgL
d d
a+ +
2 12

Fexp =

th= g y

0.35 9.81 0.285


(0.1)
0.1
0.1+
+
2 12 0.087

d
0.1
b d=997 9.81(0.137
) 0.075 0.1
2
2
F

d d2
100 (100)
H p= y + =137
+
2 12
2 12 87

= 6.132 N

F th Fexp
100 =
Fth

= 6.382 N

= 96.58mm

6.3826.132
100=
6.382

3.92%

References:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatics
[2] http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/hydrostatic_pressure.htm
http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1400/Section2/Surfaces.htm
[3]
[4] Lab manual

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