I HC QUC GIA TP.

HCM
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

Bi ging

N MN V BO V VT LIU
(CORROSION AND MATERIALS PROTECTION)

NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V N MN

V BO V VT LIU

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Tnh hnh n mn v ph hy vt liu

C th chia vt liu thnh bn nhm chnh: kim loi (v hp
kim), gm s, polyme v composit.
Trong thc t, xung cp hoc ph hy vt liu xy ra do ba
qu trnh chnh:
o n mn kim loi (corrosion)
o Lo ha vt liu (ageing/aging)
o Ph hy sinh hc (biodeterioration/biodegradation)

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Tnh hnh n mn v ph hy vt liu

n mn kim loi v hp kim ng vai tr quan trng trong thc
t, do vt liu ny c dng nhiu nht v km n nh khi
tip xc vi mi trng.
n mn xy ra do tng tc ha hc hay vt l gia vt liu v
mi trng, chng hn: To lp g trn thp, ph hy polyme
(nha, cao su) di tc ng ca tia cc tm, s n mn thy
tinh trong kim

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N MN V BO V VT LIU L VN
QUAN TRNG CA NGNH VT LIU

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n mn kim loi gy thit hi rt ln cho nn kinh t:

o Thit hi do n mn chim khong 3,0 6,0 % tng sn
lng quc dn ty tng quc gia
o M th chi ph ny vo nm 1998 c nh gi
khong 276 t USD/nm (552 t USD/nm, k c gin
tip), nm 2013 t mc 1.000 t USD/nm (6,1%
GDP). Ton cu: 5.000 t USD/nm (theo NACE
Corrosion Cost Study).
o Anh.mi tn thp b bin hon ton thnh g 90 giy.
o Tuy cha c s liu thng k, nhng Vit Nam thuc
vng kh hu nng, m v t l s dng kim loi trong
cng nghip ang tng nhanh, nn thit hi do n mn c
5
th chim t l cao.

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n mn kim loi gy nn nhng tn tht trc tip (mt mt

kim loi) v tn tht gin tip (dng sn xut, mt an ton
lao ng)
o n mn trong mt s ngnh cng nghip nh cng nghip
ht nhn, ha cht, du khc th gy nhng hu qu
nghim trng.
o n mn gy nn lng ph nng lng, v d: nng lng
tiu tn sn xut 1 tn thp t qung st cung cp
cho 1 gia nh trung bnh trong 3 thng
o n mn gy lng ph v ngun ti nguyn
o n mn do tc ng ca mi trng v nh hng ngc
n mi trng: gy nhim, mt an ton (thit b in t
6
hng khng).

NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V N MN

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NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V N MN

V BO V VT LIU
Trng i hc Bch Khoa i hc Quc gia TP. HCM

NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V N MN

V BO V VT LIU
Trng i hc Bch Khoa i hc Quc gia TP. HCM

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Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, n mn c th

c li. V d, phng din tch cc ca n mn:
o Phn hy cc cht thi trong t nhin (ng dng trong vi
in phn);
o nh bng b mt kim loi; n mn trc in, mch in,
khc kim loi.
o Pin km carbon

o Bo v catot: dng cc anod hi sinh (protector)

o Cc mng mui, oxit bo v: oxy ha nhm, phosphate
ha thp.
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Chi ph chng n mn

Chi ph trc
tip:
thay
th chi tit
hay thit b
b n mn

Chi ph gin
tip: Chi ph thay
th sa cha
thit b, thit hi
do ngng sn
xut

Chi ph
bo v: s
dng vt liu
bn n mn,
sn
ph,
bo v in
ha

Chi
ph
phng nga:
dng vt liu
vi
kch
thc
ln
hn; chi ph
kim tra,
bo dng
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Hip hi ngh nghip n mn

Th gii: Hi ng quc t v n mn kim loi (ICC-

International Corrosion Council), C quan ton cu v n mn

kim loi (WCO-World Corrosion Organization).
Web: www.icc-net.org; t chc hi ngh ton cu 3 nm mt
(i hi ICC International Corrosion Congress)
Khu vc:
Asia-Pacific Corrosion Control Conference Council (APCCC)
t chc Hi ngh khu vc 3 nm mt APCCC
Hoa K (NACENational Association of Corrosion Engineers),
Chu u (EFC European Federation of Corrosion)
Vit Nam: Hi KHKT n mn & Bo v kim loi VN
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(VICORRA-Vietnam Corrosion & Metal Protection Association)

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1.1. Khi nim v n mn & n mn kim loi

1.1.1.nh ngha
Theo ISO 8044 : 2012, n mn kim loi l:
Tng tc ha l gia kim loi v mi trng gy nn
s bin i tnh cht kim loi v c th dn n s suy
gim ng k chc nng kim loi, mi trng hay h
thng k thut m chng cu thnh.
Physico-chemical interaction between a metal and its
environment which results in changes of the metals
properties and which may lead to signicant functional
impairment of the metal, the environment or the
technical system of which they form a part
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1.1. Khi nim v n mn & n mn kim loi

nh ngha thng dng:
n mn l qu trnh t nhin lm bin i kim loi thnh
dng bn vng hn (oxide, hydroxide); l qu trnh ph
hy vt liu (thng l kim loi) do phn ng ha hc
vi mi trng.
Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined
metal to a more stable form, such as its oxide or
hydroxide. It is the gradual destruction of materials
(usually metals) by chemical reaction with their
environment.
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1.1. Khi nim v n mn kim loi

1.1.2. Mt s khi nim
H n mn (Corrosion system): H cu thnh t mt (vi)
kim loi v mi trng gy nn n mn.
Hin tng n mn (Corrosion phenomenon): S bin i
bt k b phn no ca h n mn do n mn gy nn.
Tn tht n mn (Corrosion damage): Hin tng n mn
gy nn sai lch chc nng ca kim loi, mi trng hay
ca h thng k thut cu thnh.
H hng do n mn (Corrosion failure): Tn tht do n
mn gy nn mt kh nng hot ng ca h thng k
thut.
Bn n mn (Corrosion resistance): Kh nng kim loi duy
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tr c hot ng trong mi trng h n mn.

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1.2. Phn loi qu trnh n mn kim loi

1.2.1. Phn loi theo c ch n mn
n mn ha hc v n mn in ha hc
1.2.2. Phn loi theo iu kin n mn
- n mn kim loi trong kh kh hoc trong cht lng
khng in ly (n mn ha hc).
- n mn kim loi trong cht lng in ly (acide, base, cc
dung dch mui);
- n mn kim loi do vi sinh vt
- n mn kim loi trong mi trng t nhin (kh quyn,
nc v t).
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1.2. Phn loi qu trnh n mn kim loi

V d: n mn kim loi trong iu kin kh quyn c
phn loi da theo tiu chun ISO 9223:2012 vi ni dung:
- Xc lp hot tnh n mn ca kh quyn (corrosivity of
atmosphere)
- Phn loi mi trng n mn (nng thn, thnh thi., cng
nghip, bin
Vic phn loi da vo:
- iu kin kh tng kh hu (TOW)
- nhim mi trng (Cl-, SO2)
- iu kin th nghim (ngoi tri, di mi che, trong nh)
- Tc n mn vt liu (thp, km) nm u tin
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1.2. Phn loi qu trnh n mn kim loi

Cp n
mn
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Cx

n v

g/(m2.a)
m/a
g/(m2.a)
m/a
g/(m2.a)
m/a
g/(m2.a)
m/a
g/(m2.a)
m/a
g/(m2.a)
m/a

Tc n mn (rcorr) ca kim loi

Thp cacbon
Km
rcorr 10
rcorr 0,7
rcorr 1,3
rcorr 0,1
10 < rcorr 200
0,7 < rcorr 5
1,3 < rcorr 25
0,1 < rcorr 0,7
200 < rcorr 400
5 < rcorr 15
25 < rcorr 50
0,7 < rcorr 2,1
400 < rcorr 650
15 < rcorr 30
50 < rcorr 80
2,1 < rcorr 4,2
650 < rcorr 1500
30 < rcorr 60
80 < rcorr 200
4,2 < rcorr 8,4
1500 < rcorr 5500
60 < rcorr 180
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200 < rcorr 700
8,4 < rcorr 25

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1.2. Phn loi qu trnh n mn kim loi

Tc sa lng SO2
mg/m2.ngy
Pd 4
4 < Pd 24
24 < Pd 80
80 < Pd 200
Tc sa lng Clmg/m2.ngy
S3
3 < S 60
60 < S 300
300 < S 1500

Nng SO2
g/m3
Pc 5
5< Pc 30
30 < Pc 90
90 < Pc 250

Phn loi
P0 (Nng thn)
P1 ( th)
P2 (Cng nghip)
P3 (Cng nghip)
Phn loi

S0
S1
S2
S3

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T 2012 thm cp Cx v phn loi SO2 theo tiu ch mi

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1.2. Phn loi qu trnh n mn kim loi

1.2.3. Phn loi n mn theo c tnh ph hy b mt
kim loi: c 8 dng c bn (in m) phn thnh 3
nhm:
n mn u (general/uniform corrosion);
n mn cc b (local corrosion): n mn galvanic, n
mn hc, n mn im, n mn khe, n mn tinh gii,
n mn chn lc, n mn xuyn tinh th);
n mn in ha hc kim loi kt hp vi nh hng
ca cc yu t c hc (n mn rn nt, n mn xi
mn, n mn mi, n mn di ng sut)
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1.2. Phn loi qu trnh n mn kim loi

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1.4. Phn loi kim loi v hp kim

Kim loi: nguyn t kim loi tng i tinh khit

(nh nhm 99,9%);

Hp kim l hn hp ca mt s nguyn t kim loi

v c th c mt c nguyn t phi kim loi.

Hp kim Fe l ph bin nht,bn cnh cn c
cc hp kim ca Cu, Al, Ti, Ni
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1.4. Phn loi kim loi v hp kim

H Hp kim

Fe
Thp cacbon
(Fe, C, Mn)

Thp hp kim
thp (Cr 12%)

Thp carbon thp:

0,25% C;
Thp carbon trung
bnh: 0,25 n 0,55% C;
Thp carbon cao:
> 0,55% C

Cu, Al, Ti, Ni

Thp khng g
(Cr > 12%)

Gang (3%C v
1,5% Si)

Martensite
Ferritite
Austenite
Super-Ferritite
Super-Austenite
Duplex

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1.4. Phn loi kim loi v hp kim

bn n mn tng theo hm lng Cr.

Thp khng g c chia thnh 6 h:
Martensite (12-18% Cr): C cao, c t tnh, kh hn
Ferritite c 17% Cr (AISI 430), C thp, c t tnh; bn n mn
Austenite c 18% Cr v 8-10% Ni (AISI 304);
c 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2-3% Mo (AISI 316); C thp,
khng c t tnh, rt bn n mn, d hn
Super-Ferritite (26-29% Cr)
Super-Austenite (20% Cr)
Duplex hoc Austeno-Ferritite (22-26% Cr) c t tnh, d hn, bn
cao, c bit bn vi s nt n mn ng lc bi ion chlor (Cl-).

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