BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT PAINTS Paints, clear finishes and other coatings are applied on a surface to impart a thin layer of adhesive film for its protection, to give it color, seal its imperfections, smoothen its uneven areas, etc. Painting is done with brushes, rollers and spray guns. Some paints also come in aerosol spray cans for ready application. " Paint is composed of: ‘a, Pigment - the coloring element which may be opaque, white or colored; and b. Vehicle - the oils or resins that hold the pigment in suspension. Before the surface is painted or coated, it must be thoroughly cleaned, allowed to dry or cured. ‘Then, itis given a coat of primer, sealer, conditioner, o any curing agent appropriate for the surface to be painted. The sealer, primer or undercoating should be compatible or suited to the topcoat finish to be appl DESCRIPTION OF PAINTS AND COMPANION PRODUCTS Cil-base Paints - those paints where oil is used as the vehicle. They are slow drying and exude their particular odors during and even after the painting work is already finished. Paints under this group are thinned with turpentine and mineral spits. Alkyd Paints - resin is the vehicle used in paints under this group. They dry faster, give tough protective ‘covering and can be applied easily. The painted surface is easily cleaned by washing and almost odorless. Emutsion Paints - under this group, the elements present in the paint are emulsified in water instead of thinners. Emulsion paints can be used over damp areas, are easily applied and adhere satisfactorily on chalking surfaces. They are almost without ador, dry early and sometimes, one coat of the paint is enough. An example of emulsion paint is the latex paint where water is used as the thinner, Catalyzed coatings - paints which contain epoxy and polyurethane that set by chemical action and not thru the evaporation of solvents and thinners, These paints produce the toughest and most durable finishes. Enamel Paints - formulated by grinding or mixing of pigments with varnishes or lacquers which can ‘withstand weather and tear. Enamels are available for both interior and exterior applications giving gloss, semi-gloss or flat or eggshell finishes, Thinners - solvents added to paint where necessary, to make the pigment and vehicle attain the proper ‘spreading consistency and desired drying time, or when a thin coat of paint is desired. They are also used for cleaning the equipment and tools employed in painting and for removing spatters of paint on affected areas. Primer - the first coat of paint applied over the surface. it seals the pores of the material, thereby preventing uneven absorption of the topcoat paint. The primer coat also ensures better adhesion of the topcoat to the painted area. In addition, metal primers inhibit rustESTIMATING PAINTS Paints and other surface coatings are estimated using the formula: (Surface Area) x (No.of Coats) : (Gurtace Area) x (ie oreo) ntty of P coverageot Pala ‘Quantity of Paint Required ‘The surface area to be painted is computed from the measurements or scaled distances shown ‘on the project drawings. The calculations should be in square meters and the areas of openings such as windows, fixed glass panels, etc.; and those where the coating is of a different material, should be deducted from the gross surface area Generally, the number of coats required consists of one primer coat and one or two topcoats for previously unpainted surfaces. For repainting works, the number would depend upon the condition of the surface and the old coat of paint, among others. The coverage is the area which a given quantity of paint, usually 4 liters, can cover per coat applied. It is expressed as the number of square meters per 4 liters. The spreading rate is ordinarily indicated on paint containers but if the same is not shown, the information can be obtained from the manufacturer of the paint specified forthe job. The coverage of various kinds of paints Is among the information included in the brief specifications of paints and others coatings found on pages J.7 to J.10. It is noted that two values are given and these can be interpreted to mean that the lower coverage is used when estimating the Materials for rough surfaces or thick paint fim applied, while the higher spreading rate is employed in calculating for smooth surface materials of thin application of the paint. One can also opt to use the average of the two values for general estimating work When the coverage used in the formula is in number of square meters per Iter of paint, the result obtained is the quantity of paint required in liters, or the number of cans each containing 1 liter of paint ‘When itis in number of square meters per 4 liters, the enswer is the quantity of paint needed in 4 liters, or the number of cans each containing 4 Iters, Primer and topcoat paints are sold in 16-Iter, 4-Iter and the smaller ‘-liter cans. To avoid, confusion and to make it easy to convert the total quantity of paint required to its equivalent number of either 16-lter, 4liter, titer cans, or any combination thereof, itis desirable that the calculations should give the total quantity required in iters. To achieve this, the coverage given in square meters per 4 liters Should be converted to its equivalent spreading rate per iter by dividing both the given area and the {quantity of paint by 4. For example, coverage of 40 square meters per 4 ters of paint is converted thus: 40% ™ . 40 square meters per tliter coverage ters Primers and topcoat paints are usually ordered in 16viter and 4ter tin cans, while tinting colors ‘are generally purchased in ‘-liter and 1/4-Iter containers, When the computed quantily of primer and topcoat paints is considerable, it should be translated into 16-iter cans‘Sample Problem J-1 ‘The computed areas and the number of coats and coverage of paint to be used for @ painting job are as follows: ‘Area of masonry surfaces ; 750 Square meters Primer coat to be used 1 coat with coverage of 30 Sq. m. per 4 liters Topcoal tobe used: 1 Coat with coverage of 40 Sq. m. per 4 liters: ‘Area of wood surfaces : 900 Square meters Primer coat to be used 1 coat with coverage of 25 Sq. m. per 4 liters Topcoat to be used 1. coat with coverage of 35 Sq. m. per 4 liters From the data given above, estimate the quantity of primer and topcoat paints required, Solution - Paints required for masonry surfaces: ‘a. Converting the coverage of primer coat to ts equivalent rate per iter: 30(Sq.m) Coverage = 22'S4-™ _ 7.5 square meters per it e004 citers) SE ae 750 Primer required = 2°° = 100 ters required = = b. Converting the coverage of topcoat paint to its equivalent rate per liter overage = “0.8. Coverage = ites) 10 square meters per liter TopcoatPairtreauies= 752 7st Paints rogue for wood suc 25 (a.m) “a iters) Coverage = 25 square meters per liter 900 i yuired = 200-144 Primer Paint required = => = 144 ters b. Converting the coverage of topcoat paint to its equivalent rate per liter: Coverage = 35(S9-) 9.75 square meters per iter ‘ie ropcoteoed= 8.1028 2015 es ‘The next step is to determine how many cans each of 16 liters and/or 4 Iters would give the equivalent quantities of the computed paints required. by type of coating and kind of surface to be painled. The calculations that follow illustrate the procedures‘Translating the quantities of paints into 4-ler cans: 100 a, Masonry primer: or via 25 cans @ 4 liters 75 Masonry topcoat, = 18 cans @ Aiiters plus cans @ titer say = 19 cans @ 4 liters b.— Wood primer: 14 _ 36 cans @ Aiiters 103 ‘Wood topcoat: 1B = 25.cans @ siiters,plus3 cans @ titer, say = 26 cans @ 4 liters ‘Translating the quantities of paint into 16-Iter cans: a. Masonry primer: 1 « ecans @ 16iters,plus ean @ iter, Masonry topcoat: 2 = 4cans @ 16liters, plus 2 cans @ 4 liters and3 cans @ 1 liter, say = 4 cans @ 16 liters, plus 3 cans @ 4 liters b. Wood primer: “ 9 cans @ 16 liters Wood topcoat: 103 7a ~ Scans @ 16liters,plus can @ 4liters and 3 cans @ thier, say = 6 cans @ 16 liters, plus 2 cans @ 4 liters, Fig, J-1 SAMPLES OF CONTAINERS FOR PAINTS AND COMPANION PRODUCTS: aout. ‘AEROSOL A-LITER ean WaLITER cane sormee PANTLATERAL SURFACE AREAS OF SELECTED SQUARE, RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR SECTIONS Following are tables containing the lateral surface areas of selected square, rectangular and lindrical sections per meter of their length. The sections may represent columns, beams, pilasters, etc., which paints and other coatings to finish their surfaces are to be estimated. : Since the area to be painted is one of the information required in estimating the finishing ‘terials, the use of these tables eliminates a step or two from the usual computation process. Table J.1 SURFACE AREA PER METER OF LENGTH OF SELECTED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS ‘SURFACE AREA GURFAGE AREA ER ONE METER OF LENGTH Theat Sreion Ailfour | Minus Ore [Mies Ore r 7 Sis ices ice TENET} ee Tas Sa] as 3053.1 eae] 20mm yes a MAS Sa 3550 75mm (3") 250mm (107) 65 Sq. M 575 Sq.M 40 Sq. M 75mm (3"') + 300mm (12) 75 Sq. M. 675 Sq. M 45 Sq. M Tom I] some | ssa | AOS 3650 ‘oonm } | aoonm (680 se | 5059 2050. 100mm (4"") 250mm (10") 70 Sq. M .60 Sq. M 45 Sq. M_ eon wi] soon tie"T [ose [7088 sos 4] [gee [ 7 200mm 09 [70sa [sss [ose ‘Sonn } | 2ete orT | 90 3a. w | 65 a. 350M Tenn 67 | st0nm (7) |90sa,w| 78 a.m 05. ‘aonmiet [asm te) | 1.0050, a] 25 sa 550M 200mm (8"') 250mm (10") 90 Sq. M. 70 Sq. 65 Sq. M 200mm (8) 300mm (12") 1,00 Sq. M 80 Sa. M 70 Sq. M. 200mm (8"') 350mm (14") 1,10 Sq. M 90 Sq. M 75 Sq. M poorer "|| eoomm ter) | 120Sa. | 100 a. woseN Somme aonm i) | .10sew] ase Sse 250mm (10) 350mm (14") 1.20 Sq. M 95 Sq. M 85 Sq. M ona oT | aon ie | 1808q0 | 7.05 Sa 5050-M one oT | aeaemtiey [ose MY esa 365eMTableJ.2 SURFACE AREA PER METER OF LENGTH OF SELECTED SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL SECTIONS SURF 7 AREA ‘SURFACE AREA PER ONE METER OF LENGTH | SIZE a Stay MEMBER All Sides Minus One Side aXa 150 x 160mm (6" x 6") [ 6084. M 255M 200 x 200mm (8 x 8") 80a. M 60 $9. M 250 x 250mm (10" x10") 7.00 Sq. M 75 Sa.M ‘300 x 300mm (12" x 12") 7.20 Sa. M 20.59. 350 x 350mm (14 x 14") 1.40 Sq. M 1.08 Sa. M 400 x 400mm (16 x 16") 1.60 Sa. M 1.2080. M “450 x 450mm (18""x 18") 1.80 Sa. M 1.3584. M Diameter or Ceiling SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA PER ONE METER OF LENGTH DIAMETER OF MEMBER Entire Surface Half-round Surface 150mm (6") “471 Sq. M. 236 Sa. M 200mm (8) 628 Sq. M 314 $9. M 260mm (10") 785 Sa. M 392 Sq. M 300mm (12°) 942 Sa. M | 471 Sa. M. 350mm (14") 1.100 Sa. M 550 Sq. M 400mm (16") 1.257 Sq. M 628 Sq. M 450mm (18°) 1.414 §4.M 707 Sa. MBRIEF SPECIFICATIONS OF COMMONLY USED PAINTS ‘AND COMPANION PRODUCTS: Flatwall Enamel - a topcoat that gives a flat or eggshell finish. It is recommended for use on new or previously painted interior walls, ceilings, mouldings, plaster, wallboard, metal or wood. It is thinned with paint thinner. Color: White and other shades : Coverage 2510 36 Square meters per 4-iter can Packing: 4iter and 16-lter cans Semi-gloss Enamel - a topcoat finish that gives a semi-gloss surface appropriate for application on ‘wood, metal and properly primed masonry surfaces. It is thinned with paint thinner. Color White only Coverage : 200 30 Square meters per 4-liter can Packing: 4liter and 16-lter cans Quick Drying enamel - an alkyd-base paint that dries fast and is recommended for application on ‘exterior and interior walls, wood and woodworks, metal furniture, toys, etc, Reduced by paint thinner if necessary. Color White and a variety of shades Coverage : 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-titer can Packing: 1/duliter, t-liter, 4liter and 16-lter cans Exterior Gloss Latex Paint - topcoat appropriate for application on new and prepared, primed exterior ‘wood surfaces of residential, commercial and public buildings. It is formulated to impart extra gloss ‘and durability to the surface on which it is applied, especially against weather and atmospheric conditions. Itis thinned with water if necessary. Color White but may be tinted with Latex Tinting Colors Coverage : 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-liter can Packing: 4-Iter and 16-liter cans Exterior Gloss Oil-Alkyd House Paint - a finishing paint for use on exterior wood and primed metal ‘surfaces. It provides the painted areas extra gloss and durability, as well as renders them resistant to harsh tropical conditions. This paint also contains fungicide that inhibits the growth of mildew and molds. if necessary, itis reduced with pain thinner Color White and various colors Coverage | 25 to 38 Square meters per 4-iter can Packing t-liter, 4-iter and 16-liter cans Lacquer Primer-Surfacer - specially formulated to serve as a foundation for lacquer finish coats on exterior and interior wood and metal surfaces of industrial and residential structures and on cars, vehicles and other metal products. Can be reduced with lacquer thinner. Colors: White, Gray and Red Oxide Coverage: 30 to 45 Square meters per 4-liter can Packing: t-lter and 4-liters canConcrete/Masonry Neutralizer - a solution produced by mixing liquid form neutralizer with the proper ‘amount of water as recommended by the manufacturer. Itias the property to counteract lime activity ‘new interior and exterior stucco, concrete and plastered surfaces. Color Clear/Water white Coverage 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-liters of neutralizer-water solution Packing: 473,12 ml., 946.25 ml. and 3.785 liters Masonry Surface Conditioner - a solvent type coating for priming previously painted stucco, masonry. brick and concrete surfaces where the old coat of paint has become chalky. t provides adhesion by penetrating the chalky paint and bonds it to the masonry surface. itis reduced by paint thinner i necessary. Color lear/colortess or white Coverage : 25 to 40 Square meters per 4-Iter can Packing: 4liter and 16-lter cans Masonry Sealer - a formuletion intended as a protective barrier against moisture and salt which cause ‘efflorescence. It can be used on old and new concrete, exterior and interior stucco and masonry surfaces. Color: White Coverage: 30 to 40 Square meters per éiter can Packing: 4liter cans Lacquer Sanding Sealer - designed for fist application on interior wood surfaces such as those of cabinets, furniture, wood panellings and wood novelties which are intended to be top-coated with gloss or flat lacquer finish. Open grains in wood should be filled with natural wood filler paste while rail holes should be puttied. This sealer is reduced to the right consistency with lacquer thinner, Color Pale clear and semi-gloss finish Coverage 40.10 45 Square meters per liter can Packing: 1iter, 4 liter and 16-iter cans Red Lead Primer - recommended for use on iron and steel surfaces as it contains pigment that inhibits rust. Should be thinned with paint thinner. Color ‘Orange or reddish orange Coverage 30 10 40 Square meters per 4-liter can Packing 1-lter, 4-iter and 16-liter cans Red Oxide Primer - a general-purpose primer for exterior and interior iron and steel surfaces where rust ‘cannot be completely eliminated, Usually used in residential, industrial and marine structures. It is thinned with paint thinner. Color —_: Reddish brown Coverage : 25 to 40 Square meters per 4-lter can Packing: t-lter, 4ter and 16cliter cans Zine Chromate Primer - ideal for application as the first coat on aluminum, galvanized iron and stee! ‘surfaces, what with its exceptional adhesion and anti-corrosion properties. 11 is reduced with paint thinner. Color Yellow only Coverage : 3010 40 Square meters per 4-liter can Packing: t-Hler and 4-liter cansExterior Wood Primer - for priming exterior wood surfaces so as to provide a solid foundation for latex ‘and alkyd exterior topcoat paints. Reduction is by the use of paint thinner. Color: White only, may be tinted with tinting colors. Coverage : 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-iter can Packing: 4-lter and 16-lterloans, Epoxy Primer - specially formulated as the primer for metal, galvanized iron, wood, or concrete fo He ‘Coated wit eatalyzed epoxy enamel. thas two components: the epoxy primer and polyamide area curing agent which, when mixed together as directed by the manufacturer, produces @ tough Srface resistant to abrasion, solvents, chemicals, acids, and alkalis. Thin with epoxy reducer Colors: White, Gray, Red Oxide, Yellow, Coal Tar, and egg shell Coverage : 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-iter can Packing: Kit of 4-lter primer that is 9/4 full and 1 ean curing agent Interior Wood Primer and Sealer - specified as primer and sealer for interior wood finishes. 1 is ‘Jocigned to dry to a hard fim that stops surface Suction and provide a sofd foundation forthe interior ‘wood finishes. tis thinned with paint thinner. Color ‘White only but may be tinted with colors in oil Coverage : 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-lter can Packing t-liter, 4-liter and 16-Iter cans Epoxy Enamel - a topcoat paint formulated with epoxy resin which gives a very tough hard fim that's rexistant to abrasion, acids, brine and other chemicals. The surface protection it provides is superior {fe other coatings and is ideal for application on industrial structures, structural steel, drinking water ‘Gane, pipes. galvanized iron, concrete hollow blocks, masonry and other equipment. Epoxy enarnet is arb in'a'a- package Kit which should be mixed as follows: 3 parts by volume enamel to 1 part catalyst The mixture can be reduced by about 1/2 Iter of epoxy reducer per 4 liters of the paint mix. Colors: White, Black, Gray, Blue, Green, Red, Orange, and Yellow Coverage 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-hter can Packing: Epoxy resin base - 4-ter can (3/4 full) Curing agent (Catalyst) - ‘Iter can Portland Cement Roof Paint - a specially formulated durable oll4ype coating that inhibits corrosion are ae ended for use on new or old galvanized iron or other zinc-coated metal surfaces such a5 roof, Gownspouts, gutlers, etc. iis thinned with 1/2 Iter paint thinner for every 4 liters of paint if necessary. Colors: White, Green, Red, and Bive Coverage : 30 to 40 Square meters per 4-iter can Packing: 4-{ter and 16-lter cans Silver Aluminum Paint - a ready-mixed paint thal dries to a siver finish and is ideal for application over o dnior und exterfor metal surfaces. It is used for stee! tanks. wire mesh fences, steel windows. ec sind on properly primed wood surfaces. This paint can be thinned with 1/4 IRer paint thinner Per 4 liters if necessary. Color Silver aluminum finish Coverage: 30 to 50 Square meters per 4-iter can Packing; t-llter, 4-Iher and 16-lter cansHeat-Resisting Aluminum Paint - a ready-mixed aluminum paint formulated for application on surfaces subject to high temperatures like stove pipes and stacks, radiators, boilers, ventilators and other general industrial equipment. No reduction is required, as this product is factory-mixed and ready to use to insure controlled uniformity. Color ‘Aluminum bright Coverage : 30 to 50 Square meters per 4-liter can Packing: 4uliter can Fibrated Asphalt Aluminum Roof Paint - a ready-to-use aluminum coating which contains fibrous asbestos and is specified for use on corrugated galvanized iron, other metal and asbestos roofs and slidings to keep the surface undemeath and interiors at constant and lowest temperatures especially during summer. This paint should be applied as it comes from the can but if necessary, it can be thinned with 1/4 liter paint thinner per 4 liters of paint. Color ‘Aluminum finish/asphalt aluminum color Coverage : 15 to 25 square meters per 4-liter can Packing ¢ 4dliter and 16-Iter cans ‘These information/references taken from: ESTIMATING BILL OF MATERIALS By: Vicente A. Tagayun Compiled by: JHMBermoy Gruppo2/Arki-review 2012