ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF BIODIESEL FUEL FROM B30

Cooking oil WITH CATALYST 0.25% NaOH PLUS ETHANOL ON THE

PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL MOTOR
Dani Hari Setiawan
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Jakarta, Indonesia
daniharisetiawan@gmail.com
ABSTRACT

Today's world is experiencing a crisis of fuel oil, crude stocks derived from fossil and renewable
thinning, to reduce dependency on oil should be a diversified energy with the development of
alternative renewable energy, the use of oils derived from plants that into biofuels such as
biodiesel. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that is biodegradable and made from vegetable oils
(vegetable) or animal fat. Biodiesel is a fuel that is used as an alternative fuel of the diesel
motor. Making biodiesel using used cooking oil as raw material, as much as 50% methanol, 0.25%
NaOH catalyst. Biodiesel is mixed with diesel in the ratio of 25% ethanol plus 5% biodiesel and 70%
diesel, biodiesel is coded (B30). The research is to conduct a literature study and do pengujiann
directly, this study focuses on the analysis of the performance of the diesel engine to the effects of
variations in diesel fuel mixture of 70% - (25% biodiesel ethanol + 5%) and exhaust emissions. With
the use of diesel is at 19.47 kW at 50 (km / h) and the largest power 27.45 kW at 80 s / d 90 (km /
h). While the use of biodiesel blends of 25% plus 5% ethanol can be the lowest power 20.14 kW at 50
(km / h) and the largest power 27.45 kW at 80 s / d 90 (km / h). While the results of the data shows the
lowest torque diesel engine with diesel fuel use (non mixed) of 65.48 Nm at 90 (km / h) and the largest
torque of 83.65 Nm at 50 (km / h). While the use of biodiesel blends of 25% ethanol plus the lowest
torque of 65.48 Nm obtained at 90 (km / h) and the largest torque of 86.63 Nm at 50 (km / h). From
the test results on the exhaust emissions of diesel engines using diesel fuel (without mixture) as well
as with a mixture of 25% biodiesel ethanol plus 5% (B30), produces Exhaust Emissions better than
solar (non-mixed).
Keywords: Diesel, Fuel, Biodiesel Used Cooking Oil, dynotest, Remove gas emissions.

INTRODUCTION
Today's world is experiencing a crisis
of fuel oil, crude oil stocks of fossil that can
not be renewable reserves dwindling,
therefore, to resolve these issues and reduce
dependence on fuel oil should be a diversified
energy with the development of renewable
energy alternatives, one only by utilizing oils
derived from plants to be processed into
biofuels such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is one
type of biofuels (liquid fuels from processing
plants) beside Bioethanol. Biodiesel is alkyl
ester produced by the process of alcoholysis
(transesterification) between triglycerides with
methanol or ethanol with the aid of an alkaline
catalyst into alkyl esters and glycerol or
esterification of fatty acids (free) with
methanol or ethanol with the aid of an alkaline
catalyst into alkyl esters and water. Biodiesel
can be made from raw materials of various
types of oils and fats. One of them is used
cooking oil which is the remainder of the

cooking oil or residual oil from the frying

process food.
Given that alcohol compounds have a
positive effect on the performance of the petrol
engine comes the question, What if the engine
achievement alcohol is substituted into
biodiesel fuel for diesel engines?. Diesel is a
fuel for diesel engines that have different
characteristics to gasoline, one difference is
the octane number for gasoline, and cetane
number for diesel. This difference is used in
accordance with the principle of work of each
machine. Octane number fuel is the ability for
non-combustible or flame waiting propagation
of the spark plug, while the cetane number is
the ability of the fuel to burn more quickly
once
injected
into
the
combustion
chamber. The faster a diesel engine fuel burn
after injected into the combustion chamber, the
better (higher) the fuel cetane number. Alcohol
compounds will be combustible at high
compression ratio while diesel fuel is made in
such a way to make it more flammable. Could

it be that with the addition of alcohol

compound will accelerate the burning of diesel
and influence on the achievement of the
machine? ..
Biodiesel is used as a motor fuel diesel
usually use diesel fuel as a primary power
source, such as is used for genset engines,
machinery
plant
that
uses
diesel
motors. Biodiesel can replace diesel oil as well
as a mixture of diesel fuel without engine
modification. Biodiesel as a mixture of diesel
fuel has several advantages among which has a
sulfur content which is much smaller than
other fuel that is less than 15 ppm, which
means only emit little exhaust emissions as
well as biodiesel can increase the lubrication
that makes the machine more durable and also
clean. Biodiesel has a higher viscosity than the
viscosity of diesel fuel, so that biodiesel has
excellent lubricating power of diesel fuel,
being able to lubricate the engine and fuel
systems are better then can reduce piston wear
and makes the machine more durable.
Previous research conducted by
Muhammad Rifana (FT UNDIP: 2012) said
biodiesel has a higher viscosity than diesel so
that the power pelumasannya better and make
the diesel motor is more durable in use,
biodiesel is also environmentally friendly
because they emit sulfur content less than the
material other fuels.
Research purposes

Internal combustion engine (internal

combustion engine) is a heat engine that is
operated directly by the combustion
gases. Motor diesel is a special type of internal
combustion engine, as the name suggests,
internal combustion engine is a heat engine
that is therein, the chemical energy of
combustion in the engine cylinders are
released.
Diesel
engine
is
the compression ignition engine (compression
ignition engines) where the combustion
process in diesel motors is to raise end
compression
temperature
above
the
combustion temperature of the fuel so that the
fuel can ignite spontaneously without any
external source of ignition. Machines made by
this principle is called the compression
ignition engine with ideally is a diesel cycle.
A compression ratio of 12: 1-24: 1 air
temperature can
reach

a.
Testing
performance diesel engine to biodiesel fuel (B
30) plus ethanol.

using fuel pumps.

Figure 1. Diesel engine
Characteristics of Diesel Engine
The main characteristics of the diesel
engine that distinguishes it from other motor fuel is
fuel ignition method. In the diesel motor fuel is
injected into the cylinder, which contain high
pressure air. During the compressed air in the
cylinder, the air temperature increases, so that when
the fuel in the form of a fine mist into contact with
hot air, will light up and does not need another
external ignition tools.
For this reason, the diesel motor is also
called a compression ignition engine. Another
characteristic diesel engine is important is that the
engine produces less torsion which does not depend
on speed, because the amount of air drawn into the
cylinders in each step of the suction of the piston is
only slightly affected by the engine speed. The
amount of fuel that can be burned in the cylinder
with each step suction and useful business caused

b.
The
combined
effect
of biodiesel fuel ethanol plus the exhaust gas.
Scope of problem
a.
The
only
on diesel engine 4 stroke.

study

done

b.

Performance 4 stroke diesel engine.

c.

Exhaust gas emissions.

d.
Not analyze the chemical reactions
that occur.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Diesel

450
C
-

550

C and a pressure of 30-40 kgf / cm. Fuel is

injected at high pressure (110-200 kgf / cm)

800 0 C). Maximum combustion does not

occur immediately when the fuel is injected,
but has been delayed combustion (ignition
delay).
Thus even when the injection occurred
before TDC but the maximum pressure of
combustion still occurs after TDC due to a
delay in combustion (igniton delay). The
combustion process will produce a back
pressure to the piston (reciprocating) so that
the piston will be pushed down some time
after reaching TMA so that it moves from the
TDC to the TMB. The force due to
combustion pressure pushing the piston down
forwarded by the piston rod (piston) to rotate
the crankshaft. Crankshaft is functioning as a
modifier up and down motion of the piston
into the rotary motion generating power
swivel on diesel engine.

by the action of the piston and is therefore almost

constant.

Figure 2. How it Works Diesel 4 Steps.

The order of the work cycle diesel engine 4 steps
as shown above are as follows:
1.

Step suction
Piston (piston) moves from the TDC to the
TMB, intake valve opening and closing the
exhaust valve. Pure air sucked into the
cylinder caused by two things. First, because
the vacuum in the cylinder chamber due to
increasingly expand the volume due to
movement of the piston top dead point (TDC)
to bottom dead center (BDC), and second,
because the intake valve or suction valve
open.

2.

Step Compression
Crankshaft
rotates
both
valves
closed. Piston (piston) moves from BDC to
TDC. Pure air is sucked into the cylinder
when the suction step, compressed to the
pressure and the temperature rose to 35 atm
with a temperature of 500 0-800 0 C (at a
compression ratio of 20: 1).

3.

Step Enterprises (combustion)

Crankshaft continues to rotate, some
degree piston reaches TDC, the injector (fuel
spray) injecting fuel into the combustion
chamber (above the piston / piston). Fuel is
injected high pressure (150-300 atm) will
form tiny particles (mist) which will
evaporate and burn quickly because adanaya
high combustion chamber temperatures (500-

4.

Step Disposal
The exhaust valve opens and the
piston moves from BDC to TDC. Because of
the force of inertia which is owned by the
flywheels (fly wheel) which seporos with the
crankshaft, then the current effort step ends,
the crankshaft keep spinning. This causes the
piston moves from BDC to TDC. Because the
exhaust valve is open, then the flue gas is
pushed out by the movement of the piston
from BDC to TDC.Once this step is over, step
4 stroke diesel motors work (4 stroke) will be
back again kelangkah suction. The process is
repeated - again the above referred to the
diesel cycle.
CYCLE DIESEL
An understanding of what is happening
inside the cylinder diesel engine, particularly in
connection with combustion, can be greatly
aided by the graphical representation called
pressure diagram - volume or p-V diagram. In
this diagram the ordinate or vertical distance
indicates the gas pressure and absisnya or
horizontal distances, indicating the respective
volume occupied by the gas, ie the volume
between the cylinder head and piston at the
time. The working process of a diesel cycle itself
may be described or explained by the p-V cycle
diagram (pressure-volume diagram). Diesel cycle
is the theoretical cycle forcompression ignition
engines or diesel engine, the diesel motor
addition of heat occurs at a constant pressure,

Wnet = Net Work in the cycle

sometimes called a cycle diesel cycle pressure

remains. PV diagram (ideal cycle) as follows:

(Nm)

power indicator
Power indicators produced by the
machine can be calculated by the following
equation:

Ni =

Pe x Vl x n x i
z

Where :
Figure 1. Diagram p - V and T - s cycle diesel.
information :
a.
Process 1-2 is a reversible adiabatic
compression process (isentropic) where air
from the compression of the bottom dead
center (BDC) to top dead center
(TDC), which resulted in the increase of
temperature and pressure inside the
room fuel. (step isentropis
compression
(entropy state remains) are adiabatic).
b.
Process 2-3 reinjection of fuel occurred
during the process this. Temperature after
compression will exceed the ignition
temperature of the fuel so that the fuel
ignited when injected
into
space fuel. {Injection of fuel (burning) on
isobaris (state of constant pressure or fixed)}.
c.
3-4 is a process of adiabatic expansion
reversible (isentropic) happens so the piston
moves from the TDC to the TMB as the
process
pressure
and
temperature
will decreased. (isentropisby
adiabatic expansion).
d.
4-1 Process Heat transferred from the
system at a constant volume, heat from the
system
is
released
to
ambient
temperature low. {Isochoric combustion heat,
heat release (exhaust gas to the outside air)}.

Average effective pressure - average

Pe =

Wnet
Vl

Where :
P e = effective pressure average rata
(Nm)
V l = volume of step piston (m 3 )

N i = Power indicator (kW)

P e = effective pressure average - average (kg /
cm 2)
n = Round the engine (rpm)
i = Number of cylinders
z = Number of crankshaft rotations: 2 stroke = 1
- 4 stroke = 2
performance Engineering
torque
To calculate the torque used the
formula:
T = F xr
Where :
F: force = load x axis acceleration
gravity (N)
L: distance between the center point of
rotation and load (m)
.Daya shaft
Power indicator is not entirely
channeled to the crankshaft, but mostly used to
drive other devices and power loss due to
friction, so that the effective power or shaft
power (Ne) can be formulated as berkut:

N e = N i - (N g + N a)
Where :
Ne: shaft power (kW)
Ni: power indicator (kW)
Ng: friction power (kW)
Na: power accessories (kW)
Some laboratory tools necessary to know the
power of the shaft is a dynamometer and
tacometer. Then the shaft power can be
calculated by the equation

Ne = P = W x T
=

2n
60

n: Round shaft (rpm)

Efficiency mechanics are:

Ne

Pe
Pi
Figure 2 Flowchart of research
testing plus Ethanol Biodiesel

Performance Motor Fuel

In the reciprocating engine, a useful
power is the power shaft and shaft power that
is moving load. Shaft power itself is generated
by the power indicator is moving the power
piston combustion gas.
Rotating power generated by the fuel
burned in the cylinder piston moves all
subsequent mrmbuat mechanism motor fuel,
motor fuel performance depends on the power
that can be generated.
The performance of combustion is
usually expressed in kW per unit volume steps
(Vi).

Vi = xd 2 xl (m 3)
d: diameter cylinder
l: length of step
To calculate the compression ratio can use the
following formula:

Vl +Vc
Vc

Testing procedure
The procedure of the research is as
follows:
1.

Research preparation procedures

a.

Examination of the fuel entry system.

b.

The injector system checks.

c.
Positioning
the
the chassis Dyno Dynamics.

e.
Turning
the
engine
operating
conditions hinggga reached idle rotation for
approximately 15 minutes.

V l: step volume (m 3)
Vc : volume clearnce (m3)
RESEARCH METHODS

Flow diagram

above

d.
Tying the car on the axle (axle)
using SpanSet order to position the rear tire
just above the roller bearings.

2.

Where :

car

Research execution procedures

The order of execution of the
study are as follows:

A.

dynotest

a.

Engine (engine) is turned on.

b.
Turning on the blower for cooling the
engine to avoid over-heat.
c.
Warming
up the
engine at idle to
achieve the operational condition of
the engine for 15 minutes.
d.

Raising the engine speed to maximum

e.
Noting the measuring instrument
readings: the engine rev = n (rpm), Power =
Ne (hp, ps), + Nm torque and air fuel ratio =
AFR.

f.
Repeat steps (d) by first raising the
engine rev 40 km / h - 90 km / h. The test
starts with a standard testing using Solar.
g.
After standard testing is completed,
followed by testing modified using a mixture
of 70% diesel + (biodiesel ethanol 25% + 5%)
with the same implementation of step (a - g).
B.
Exhaust gas emissions
The procedure of the research is as
follows:
a.
Turning on the emissions test
equipment (SMOKEMETER TESTER).
b.
Turning
diesel
car
engine
at idle rotation until the engine reaches
tempratur work.
c.
Check for leaks in the diesel car
exhaust, because the leakage reduces the
accuracy of the emission test results.
d.
After all ready and enter the probe in
the exhaust gas of diesel cars approximately
30 cm.
e.
Measurements
were
made
for
approximately 1 minute.
Ga
f.
Before printing the measurement
results, adjust the vehicle with BME (Quality
Standard Emission) on tools and inputs No. of
vehicles, type / model, year of vehicle.
g.
Print
results
pengukuiran
exhaust emissions.
The components used in the manufacture of
biodiesel tool:
1.
2.
Container Plastic
3.
Gas stove
4.
Pan aluminum
5.
Glass measuring
6.
mixer
7.
Hose
8.
valve / tap
9.
The electric heater / electric heater
10.
Thermometer digital
The process of making biodiesel
scheme
cooking oil

Figure 3 Scheme of biodiesel production

Diesel 2500 cc car in 2003, with the following
specifications:
a
b
c
d
e

Type Machine
Diameter x Stroke
mm
Volume step cc
Maximum power
Ps / rpm
Maximum Torque
kgm / rpm

Diesel 4JA1L
Direct Injection
with Turbo

93 x 92

2499

80/3500

19.5 / 1800

Transmission

5 Speed +
1 Reverse

Fuel Tank
Capacity

45 Liter

Figure.4. Car Vehicle Diesel.

From the research data on the

chart above. showed a mixture of diesel
70% - (Bio diesel 25% +
5%
ethanol) produces better effective power
at the initial speed at a speed of 50
(km / h), 60 (km / h), 70 (km / h),
compared with only diesel fuel (nonmixed).

At a speed of 80 (km / h), 90 (km /

h), together with solar power
Effectiveness (non mixed) in because
the diesel engine has reached maximum
power.

From the research data on the

graph 4.1. showed a mixture of diesel
70% - (Bio diesel 25% +
5%
ethanol) produces better effective power
at the initial speed at a speed of 50
(km / h), 60 (km / h), 70 (km / h),
compared with only diesel fuel (nonmixed).

At a speed of 80 (km / h), 90 (km /

h), the same torque with diesel (nonmixed) in because the diesel engine has
reached maximum power.

Fig.5. Scheme Test Equipment Diesel Engines

Torsi

Torsi
N.m (J)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Results of Research Data
From the research that has been
done on the motor performance ratio
obtained by pennggunaan fuel Diesel Solar
(without mixture), and with diesel fuel (bioethanol Ethanol 25% + 5%) with a
percentage of the mixture (70:30). Data the data is processed into tables and
graphs.

Daya
30
25
20
15
Daya
(kW)

10
5
0

AFR

Afr

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

From the research data on the

graph 4. 2.3. In d ari get test data
on diesel
engines using diesel fuel (without
mixture) and with variations of the
mixture (biodiesel ethanol 25% + 5%),
resulting in an unstable AFR
machine diesel, this study m enunjukan
that the test data is still lacking on the
maximum limit specified by the
standard dieselengine, diesel
engine
AFR reach 1: 16 to 160. that is one part
of the fuel takes 16 s / d 160 parts of air
to serve the combustion process in the
cylinder.
From the research data on the
graph
4. 2.4. showed a mixture
of diesel - (Bio diesel
25%

+ 5% ethanol) produces Exhaust Emissi

ons better than solar (non-mixed), but
still less than the maximum limit is
determined by government standards. it
was because I was using a motor
vehicle diesel engine is already old.
Discussion
Experiments have been conducted on
diesel engines that use diesel fuel (without
mixture) or with a mixture (biodiesel 25%
+ 5% ethanol). Then the data with the
results obtained in the form of the use
of solar power is the lowest of 19.47 kW
at 50 (km / h) and the largest power 27.45
kW at 80 s / d 90 (km / h). While the use
of biodiesel blends of 25% plus 5%
ethanol can be the lowest power 20.14 kW
at 50 (km / h) and the largest power 27.45
kW at 80 s / d 90 (km / h). While the
results of the data shows the lowest torque
diesel engine with diesel fuel use (non
mixed) of 65.48 Nm at 90 (km / h) and the
largest torque of 83.65 Nm at 50 (km /
h). While the use of biodiesel blends of
25% ethanol plusthe lowest torque of
65.48 Nm obtained at 90 (km / h) and the
largest torque of 86.63 Nm at 50 (km /
h). For the value AFR data from test
results using diesel fuel (without mixture)
and with variations of the mixture
(biodiesel 25% + ethanol 5%), resulting
AFR unstable by the engine with diesel
fuel (without mixture) indicates that the
test data is still less than the maximum
limit is determined by a standard diesel
engine, diesel engine AFR reach 1: 16 to
160. that is one part of the fuel takes 16 s /
d 160 parts of air to serve the combustion
process in the cylinder.
From the test data dynotest
on diesel engines using diesel fuel (without
mixture)
and
the mixture bio diesel ethanol 25% plus 5
% (B30), there are differences that
influence the use of diesel fuel (without
mixture) to the lowest power is equal to
19.47 kW at 50 (km / h) and the largest
power 27.45 kW at 80 s / d 90 (km /
h). While the use of bio-diesel mixture

of 25% ethanol
plus 5% obtained
the
lowest power 20.14 kW at 50 (km / h) and
the largest power 27.45 kW at 80 s / d 90
(km / h).
From the test data dynotest
on diesel engines using diesel fuel (without
mixture)
and
the mixture bio diesel ethanol 25% plus 5
% (B30), there are differences that
influence the use of diesel fuel (without
mixture) to the lowest torque of 65.48 Nm
at at 90 (km / h) and the largest torque of
83.65 Nm at 50 ( km / h). While the use
of bio-dieselmixture
of 25% ethanol
plus 5% of the lowest torque of 65.48 Nm
obtained at 90 (km / h) and the largest
torque of 86.63 Nm at 50 (km / h).

From the test data dynotest on

diesel
engines using diesel fuel (without
mixture) and with variations of the mixture
(biodiesel 25% + ethanol 5%), resulting
AFR unstable by the engine with diesel
fuel (without mixture) indicates that the
test data is still lacking on the maximum
limit on determined by a standard diesel
engine, diesel engine AFR reach 1: 16 to
160. That is one part of the fuel takes 16 s /
d 160 parts of air to serve the combustion
process in the cylinder.

From the test result data exhaust

emissions
in diesel
engines using diesel fuel (without mixture)
and
the mixture bio diesel 25% plus
ethanol 5% (B30), produces ExhaustEmiss
ions better than solar (non-mixed), but still
less than the maximum limit is determined
by the standard of government, because I
use a motor vehicle diesel engine has been
aged ,

B iodiesel has better lubricating

power compared with diesel.
1.

Biodiesel has the advantage not

shared by diesel oil which has the
nature of renewable and low pollutant.
2.

Raw material for making biodiesel

is used cooking oil or palm oil is easily
available and the price is very cheap.
3.

On testing dynotest Power &

Torque earned from oil Fuel 70% + (25%
biodiesel ethanol plus 5%) better than the
diesel fuel without the mix, with the result:
4.

From the graph of the fuel

mixture Solar - (Bio diesel
25%
plus
5% ethanol), D aya maximum obtained on
a
mixture
of diesel fuel - ( biodiesel 25% plus 5% eth
anol) Power t erendah obtained 20.14 kW
at 50 (km / h) and the largest power 27.45
kW at 80 s / d 90 (km / h).

From the graph of the fuel

mixture Solar - (Bio diesel
25%
plus
5% ethanol), T Orsi maximum that is
obtained
is
the
mixture
of
fuel Solar - ( biodiesel 25% plus 5% ethan
ol)d i can A torque of 86.63 Nm at 50
(km / h).

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS

Conclusion
From the testing that
has been done, some conclusions can be
drawn from the following:

From the graph of the fuel

mixture Solar - (Bio diesel
25%
plus
5% ethanol), AFR values obtained in the
fuel
mix Solar - ( biodiesel 25% plus 5% ethan
ol) results that are less stable, I
perpendapat it is because the mixture is not
appropriate and the vehicle test equipment
already old.

On Exhaust Emission testing on

testing the fuel mix Solar - (Bio diesel
25% plus 5% ethanol), d ari test data
exhaust
emissions
in diesel
engines using diesel fuel (without mixture)
and
the mixture bio diesel ethanol 25% plus 5
5.

% (B30), produces Exhaust Emissions bett

er than solar (non-mixed).
Suggestion
To obtain optimum results it is time to
continue the study, the following research
there are some things that need to be
observed, among other things:

time of testing to do all stages in

accordance with the procedure on each of
the test equipment to avoid unwanted
errors. In the test dynotest prioritize safety
by installing all the security in order not to
jeopardize the test vehicle during the test
dynotest underway.

Before testing make sure all the

measuring tool is ready for use or have
been calibrated so that during the test there
are no errors when mixing the fuel into the
fuel tangi.Includes: measuring cup, dyno
test (dyno dynamics), gas
analyzer (smokemeter tester).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

When checking the measuring

instrument make sure the measuring cup in
a clean state, after mixing diesel fuel - biodiesel when testing start to finish. That the
remainder of the fuel when the previous
test did not participate mixed. When
dynotest test and exhaust emission
test. Perform calibration tool to ensure
dynotest test chamber has been cleared of
residual gas combustion to ignite the
suction blower so as not to influence the
test results that will be done next and
check the computer connected to dynotest
so that the test data is not mixed with the
earlier tests. At the time of the test emsisi
exhaust gas after testing the cleaning of the
remainder of the exhaust gas that has been
read on the exhaust emissions test
equipment, before further testing.
2.

Rifana, Muhammad, 2012, Analisa Biodiesel

dari minyak goreng bekas dengan
proses Transesterifikasi dengan
katalis 0,05 % NaOH.
Semarang : FT UNDIP
Murni, 2012, Kaji Eksperimental Pengaruh
Temperatur Biodiesel Minyak Sawit
Terhadap Performansi Mesin
Direct Injection Putaran Konstan,
Semarang : FT UNDIP
Arismunandar, W, 1973, Motor Bakar Torak,
ITB, Bandung.
Ahmadi, Imron, 2016, Studi Pelapisan
Keramik Pada Konstruksi Bagian Luar
Dinding Piston Motor Otto 4 Langkah
130CC. Jakarta : Sekolah Tinggi
Teknologi Jakarta
Arismunandar, Wiranto, 1998, Penggerak
Mula Motor Bakar, edisi keempat

Before conducting the test should

servislah vehicle that will be used for
testing and test dynotest emsisi exhaust gas
in
order
to
get
results
in
maximum. Conditions for the test vehicle
dynotest and exhaust emissions can also
affect the results of the test. Perform
testing process in accordance with the
guidelines on test equipment, either test or
test dynotest exhaust emissions. At the
3.

Cetakan kesatu. Bandung: ITB

Reynolds, C. William, 1991, Termodinamika
Teknik, Edisi kedua cetakan keempat.
Jakarta : Erlangga