Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 Scope..........................................................................................................2
3 References.................................................................................................2
5 Transducer Overview...............................................................................4
application note
application note
1 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to identify best practices
and recommendations for the selection and installation of
Bently Nevada transducers, monitoring, protection, and
management systems on heavy duty gas turbines. These
recommendations apply to both new and existing machines
targeted for retrofit installations.
2 Scope
The scope of this document is limited to applications for heavy
duty gas turbine mechanical systems, and addresses those gas
turbines specifically with a single shaft. The recommendations
contained herein can be extended to multi-rotor heavy duty
gas turbine utilizing the relevant sections for the additional
mechanical components.
This best practice is not applicable to aeroderivative gas turbines,
which are covered in a separate document.
The single rotor gas turbine (GT), as the name implies, contains
both the GT compressor section and GT turbine section on the
same single rotor that is mechanically coupled directly to the
driven equipment such as a gearbox and electrical generator.
In the case of the two rotor design, the same configuration of
compressor and turbine on the first rotor (also known as the
3 References
1.
2.
3.
4.
application note
4 Basic Operation of the Heavy Duty
Gas Turbine
A gas turbine is an internal combustion rotary engine that converts
fuel into mechanical output power to drive equipment such as
electric generators, pumps, and compressors. Gas turbines are
widely used in the power generation and the oil and gas industry in
production, midstream and downstream applications.
A typical gas turbine contains three main sections: the compressor,
the combustor, and the turbine. The compressor is connected to the
turbine by the same rotor.
2.
3.
Turbine (Expander) Extracts the energy from the highpressure, high-velocity gas flowing from the combustion
chamber. The extracted energy is converted to a mechanical
output resulting in the rotation of the turbine rotor.
application note
5 Transducer Overview
5.1 Measured Parameters
The following table summarizes the transducer selection for heavy-duty gas turbines:
Measurement
Sensor
Location
Monitor
Proximity probes
3500/42
or
3701/40
3500/42
or
3701/40
Proximity probes
3500/42
or
3701/40
Proximity probes
3500/42
or
3701/40
Combustion dynamics
3500/64
or
3701/40
or
3701/442
RTD/TC
3500/60
3500/61
RTD/TC
3500/60
3500/61
Phase reference
Proximity probes
3500/25
or
3701/40
RTD/TC
3500/60
3500/61
RTD/TC
3500/60
3500/61
RTD/TC
3500/60
3500/61
Tachometer
Proximity probes
3500/50
or
3701/40
Blade Health
Magnetic pickup
3701/68
Overspeed
Proximity probe or
magnetic pickup1
3500/533
or
3701/55
The sensor selection is dependent on speed wheel geometry. Proximity probes are recommended for a square tooth wheel of
appropriate dimensions. When the target is a trapezoidal gear tooth, a magnetic pickup may provide the best speed signal (see the
Overspeed Detection Application Guide for further details on speed target requirements.)
2
3
The 3500/53 product has been included in this application guide to support our existing installed base where the 3500/53 product is in
operation. The 3500/53 is no longer available for new installations and 3701/55 ADAPT.ESD should be considered for all Bently Nevada
Overspeed Detection and Emergency Shutdown applications moving forward.
application note
Instrument air should be run into any junction box that will
exceed 85 (185 F). Ambient temperature plus machine
temperature at the mounting location should be considered.
Process data points do not need to be replicated, but can
be imported from the distributed control system (DCS) or
plant historian.
Instrument Diagnostics:
Every Gas Turbine 3500 or 3701 instrumentation package has
extensive self-testing that is performed continuously. Self-test
failures are displayed to the end user in several ways, such as the
green OK LED being extinguished or the instrument rack OK relay/
protection fault (normally energized) changing state, in the operator
display (if supplied) and in the monitor events list. It is extremely
important that end users are aware of and take advantage of
these self-test indicators so that instrumentation problems can be
addressed before a false or missed alarm event occurs.
application note
6 Gas Turbine Measurements
Component
Description
Sensor
Typical
33010X-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee
330130-aaa-bb-cc
(ext. cable)
330180-aa-bb
(Proximitor sensor)
Probe
Housing
Bently Nevada
explosion-proof
stainless steel probe
housing assembly
CA24701-aa-bb-cc
3500/25-aa-bb-cc
Monitor1
3500/50-aa-01-cc
Note: When applicable, all components are supplied with multiapprovals to ensure complete hazardous area documentation is
supplied with the order.
The Tachometer module may be used in lieu of the Keyphasor
module when advanced speed monitoring functionality is
needed. The system vendor should provide recommended
installation instructions as required.
application note
application note
Transducer Installation for Electronic Overspeed
Detection System
Two options are currently available for overspeed detection the
3500/53 system and the 3701/55 system.
Or
Component
Description
Component
Description
Sensor
330101/330103AA-BB-CC-DD-EE
(typical)
Sensor
330101/330103AA-BB-CC-DD-EE
(typical)
Or
Sensor
Magnetic pickup
Probe
Housing
Bently Nevada
explosion-proof
stainless steel probe
housing assembly
Or
CA24701AA-BB-CC
(if applicable)
Sensor
Magnetic pickup
Probe
Housing
Bently Nevada
explosion-proof
stainless steel probe
housing assembly
3500/53-03-01
CA24701AA-BB-CC
(if applicable)
3701/55 ESD
application note
6.3 Thrust Transducers Fluid Film
Thrust Bearings
A thrust bearing failure can lead quickly to major machine failure.
API 670 recommends the installation of dual thrust transducers at
each thrust bearing in order to detect thrust bearing degradation
and/or failure. For SIL-3 rated applications, three probes should be
installed and connected to triple modular redundant monitors.
The following items meet this best practice. The specific ordering
details of thread size and probe length should be confirmed in
collaboration with the machinery manufacturer.
Component
Description
Sensor
Bently Nevada
3300XL 8mm
proximity probe
system (probe,
extension cable,
Proximitor sensor)
Typical
Probe
Housing
33010X-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee
330130-aaa-bb-cc
(ext. cable)
330180-aa-bb
(Proximitor sensor)
Bently Nevada
3500/42M
Proximity
Seismic Monitor
3500/42M-aa-bb
or
3701/40
1 If housing is needed
Units Displacement
application note
Installation The transducer installation should be performed in
accordance with the practice specified in API 670 Latest Edition.
Bearings are often modified to accept embedded temperature
probes during the manufacturing process. If machining is not done
during manufacturing, the bearings can be removed and drilled to
accept the temperature probes after machine installation, during an
overhaul or retrofit. Designs for sensor installation must be approved
by the OEM prior to modification.
It is strongly recommended that dual sensors/cables be installed.
One sensor should be connected and the second sensor and cable
function as a spare.
Sensor selection should take into account grounding
practices for the instrumentation. Improper grounding can
cause noise in the sensor circuit that can affect the monitoring
channel signal conditioning and result in erroneous reading.
For this reason, when utilizing thermocouples, the best practice
is to select non-grounded tip TCs. RTDs, by design, are isolated
and do not pose a risk to the sensitive grounding practices.
For radial bearings, API 670 uses the definition of short and
long bearings to define where to place the temperature
measurement sensors. For a long bearing, two-plane temperature
measurements are important if a misalignment between the
bearing and the shaft occurs. In this case OR-logic should be
applied since different temperature readings can occur for
both temperature sensors
Thrust bearing temperature should use OR-logic because each
sensor is installed in the active and inactive pads.
API 670 recommends that the bearing temperature shutdown
monitor should be field changeable to shutdown when either:
1.
2.
3.
System
Monitor
Transducer
3500
Customer/site standard
TC/RTD with cable and
extension cable
3500/60 (6 channel)
3500/61 (6 channel)
10
Monitor
Transducer
3500
Customer/site standard
TC/RTD with cable and
extension cable.
3500/60 (6 channel)
3500/61 (6 channel)
application note
elevated bearing temperature. There are two reasons not to
do this. First, temperature measurements can have a long
lag time because of the time it takes for surface heat to heat
the bearing babbitt and reach the sensor. This can produce
a significant time lag that will delay protection alarming.
Second, an internal rub occurs frequently at the limit of
the thrust motion which will unload the bearing and cause
the temperature to fall below the alarm level and prevent
a Danger Alarm resulting in damage that could have been
prevented by tripping on thrust position.
from the end user to rectify the cause of the Not OK condition.
Failure to rectify a Not OK condition may result in either having
unprotected operation or reverting to a single logic protection
(1oo1) based on the remaining OK channel. Field changeable
options allow the end user to establish the correct response
based on operational need.
Note 4: End users should be aware that logically OR-ing the
Not OK channel with the channel alarm in relay logic could
lead to false shutdown if an event causes a momentary Not
OK condition on one channel (if 1oo1 voting is applied) or both
channels (if 2oo2 voting is applied). A nearby lighting strike or
other fast electrical disturbance could cause this condition.
The input spike event is capable of exceeding the channels
OK limits nearly instantly, while that same channels alarms
may not be driven due to the momentary nature of the
disruption combined with the inherent measurement delay,
and the configured Alarm Time Delay. The Not OK response
of the channel has no delay.
Y Proximity
Probe
X Proximity
Probe
Rotor
Bearing
Axial Vibration:
In many cases, there are vibration issues with the turbine in the axial
direction. The end user should be able to view the dynamic activity
of the shaft in the axial direction. Axial instabilities, compressor
surge or coupling issues can manifest in the axial direction.
The following items meet this best practice. The specific ordering
details of thread size and cable connector options length should be
confirmed in collaboration with the machinery manufacturer.
Component
Description
Sensor
Typical
330130-aaa-bb-cc
(ext. cable)
330180-aa-bb
(Proximitor sensor)
Radial Vibration:
Radial shaft vibration is monitored with orthogonal X/Y paired
proximity sensors. The vibration shutdown system is field
changeable to shutdown when either a single sensor exceeds the
danger alarm setpoint (single 1oo1 logic) or when both sensors are
exceeding their danger alarm set-setpoints (dual 2oo2 voting logic).
The end user must make an informed decision to use single logic
or dual voting logic based on a risk analysis and economic impact
of a missed shutdown compared to a false shutdown. An excellent
discussion of this trade-off consideration is presented in Section
7.4.1 of the API STD 670.
33010-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee
Probe
Housing
CA24701-aa-bb-cc
An alternative probe
housing may be selected
when explosion proof
rating is not required
Monitor
11
application note
6.6 Bearing Housing Vibration
Bearing Housing
The bearing housing is a pedestal and strap used to provide
support for a rotor with the help of compatible bearings and
various accessories. It is to primarily mount bearings that allow
for the rotation of the rotor. The housing is bolted to a foundation
through the holes in the base.
12
application note
Component
Description
Sensor
330500 Velomitor
Piezo-velocity sensor
(transducer, mounting
stud, cable)
330500-AA-BB
Cable
High temperature
sealed Velomitor cable
02100036
3500
Monitor
3500/42M
Proximitor/seismic
monitor
3500/42M-AA-BB
Or
3701 Monitor 3701/40 ADAPT
Machinery Dynamics
Monitor
3701/40
Danger: 80 C (175 F)
*These setpoints should be adjusted based on actual
operating conditions
System
Monitor
Transducer
3500
3500/60
(No recorder output)
RTD / Thermocouple
3500/61
RTD / Thermocouple
3500/65
(No recorder output)
RTD / Thermocouple*
13
application note
For more details on Flame Sensing see the Reuter Stokes products at:
https://www.gemeasurement.com/
Combustion Dynamics/Acoustics:
With modern Dry Low NOx combustors, the fuel to air ratio has
become very lean. This lean combustion can lead to conditions
that set up an acoustic resonance in the combustor can, silo
or annulus, sometimes called humming. If left unchecked, this
resonance can create pressure pulsations in the combustor
and/or transition piece that are large enough to create mechanical
damage to the components. If these components are liberated
and ejected downstream, severe mechanical damage can result.
Each gas turbine has different acoustic resonant frequencies of
concern. The individualities usually boil down to the granularity
of the type of combustor for that specific machine. A similar model
machine may have different kits for combustion depending on
customer requirements and government regulators for emissions.
All OEMs know what the frequencies of interest are for each
model of combustor and can set up the monitoring systems to
filter the dynamic pressure sensor signals for each frequency
of interest. Often there are two or three frequencies of concern
and band pass filters are set around them. Many systems are
installed permanently because gas turbines need to be retuned
for differing ambient conditions, fuel qualities, and fuel types.
Online combustion dynamics monitors take on a role of more
importance as fuel quality changes and can cause a gas turbine
to experience acoustic pulsations unexpectedly. If necessary a
shutdown can be initiated under extreme conditions.
Applications
Combustion acoustic sensor numbers and locations are determined
by the OEM depending on the combustion dynamics experience.
Installation
System
Monitor
Transducer
3500/3701
3500/64, 3701/40
350501 Dynamic
Pressure Charge Amp
Dynamic Pressure
Sensor not provided
by GE.
14
application note
operational problems.
15
application note
EGT Plot
Ambient Humidity
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the ambient air
humidity. It is important to monitor this to understand the
atmospheric conditions and to calculate air charge density.
Ambient Pressure
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the ambient
air pressure. It is important to monitor the ambient pressure
to better understand atmospheric conditions, calculate air
charge density, and correlate with other measurements.
Typically the DCS Tag Description is Flow Inlet Barometric
Pressure Transducer and the units are in inches of mercury
(in Hg, inHg, or Hg).
Ambient Temperature
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the ambient air
temperature. It is important to monitor this to understand the
atmospheric conditions and to calculate air charge density, as
16
application note
of the compressor, as well as to correlate with other
measurements during diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall
or other malfunctions. Typically the DCS Tag Description is
Compressor Discharge Pressure Max and the units are in
inches of mercury (in Hg or inHg).
Load
The load as computed by the DCS, should be supplied to the
System 1 Condition Monitoring System for correlation to
other data points. For example, if temperature and vibration
suddenly change, but there is no change in the load, this is
convincing information of a real concern. However, if the
vibration change corresponds to a load change, this explains
the vibration and eliminates any unmerited concerns.
Overlaying the load on trend plots for other sensors can be a
powerful diagnostic tool.
Fuel Cost
This is a manual input of the fuel cost to calculate performance
degradation in money terms, as well as to determine the
optimal time to advice a compressor wash of the gas turbine.
17
application note
during diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall or other
malfunctions.
18
AC Power Supply
application note
Radial Vibration
19
application note
a more positive thrust reading (for example
upscale on a bar graph). If Toward Probe
is selected, then movement of the rotor
toward the thrust probe causes the thrust
position direct proportional value to increase
and go upscale on a bar graph.
20
application note
21
application note
Filtering configuration:
High-Pass=15 Hz / Low-Pass=4,000 Hz
22
Bearing Temperature
Keyphasor reading
application note
business philosophy. Voting schemes, configuration,
permissive, and logic are the responsibility of the
machinery OEM or the end user.
Relays
Display
23
application note
and Data Acquisition software. The Ethernet connection to
the 3500/92 module is an RJ45 connection for 10BASE-T
configuration Ethernet networks.
Modbus
24
Location
application note
Gas Turbine Keyphasor Speed/phase
GT Shaft
Prox
3500/25
S12 upper
Gas Turbine
Dynamic Pressure
Dynamic Pressure
Gas Turbine
Combustor
3500/64
S7 C 1-4
Disp p/p
GT Outboard
X Prox
3500/42
S2 C1
Disp p/p
Y Prox
3500/42
S2 C2
Velocity
Y Prox
3500/42
S2 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S2 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C1
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C2
X Prox
3500/42
S3 C1
Disp p/p
GT Inboard
Disp p/p
Y Prox
3500/42
S3 C2
Velocity
V horiz
3500/42
S3 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S3 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C3
RTD
3500/61
S7 C4
X Prox
3500/42
S4 C1
Y Prox
3500/42
S4 C2
Temp
Gas Turbine Thrust
Bearing
Thrust Position
Thrust Position
Gen Bearing 2
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C5
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C6
X Prox
3500/42
S3 C1
Y Prox
3500/42
S3 C2
Disp p/p
Generator Inboard
Disp p/p
Gen Bearing 2
Sensor
Monitor
Velocity
V horiz
3500/42
S3 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S3 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C3
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C4
Disp p/p
3500/42
S3 C1
Disp p/p
Y Prox
3500/42
S3 C2
V horiz
3500/42
S3 C3
Velocity
Slot
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S3 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C3
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S7 C4
Sensor to 3500 Rack Slot mapping (typical actual slot assignments may vary due to customer preference)
25
application note
Below is the complete 3500 system rack for two radial bearing
gas turbines driving a generator.
Component
Description
Part Number
Qty
System Rack
3500/05-01-01-02-00-01
3500/01-01 (typical)
Power Supply
3500/15-01-02-02 (typical)
Transient Data
Interface*(TDI)
3500/42-01-02 (typical)
Monitoring Card
3500/64-01-02 (typical)
Monitoring Card
3500/61-01-02 (typical)
Monitoring Card
3500/25-01-01-02 (typical)
3500/94-03-00-01 (typical)
Relay Card **
3500/32-01-01 (typical)
Relay Card **
3500/32-01-01 (typical)
Communication
Gateway Card
3500/92-04-01-02 (typical)
Note: All components to be ordered with multi-approvals to ensure complete hazardous area documentation is supplied with order.
* The TMR version of the TDi Rack Interface Module (RIM) must be used in the case where SIL 3 protection functionality is required, otherwise
the standard TDi RIM module should be used.
** Ensure the number of available relay channels meets the requirements. Relay Card should be configured as DPDT to meet API 670
requirements.
*** One display panel to be installed in each location (ie: adjacent Bently Nevada cabinets = 1 location)
26
application note
Below is the completed 3500 Rack configuration for a two bearing gas turbine driving a generator. (typical actual
slot assignments may vary due to customer preference)
Gen Bearing 2
2 Bearing
Generator
Gen
B2
GT Bearing 2
Thrust Bearing 1
Gen
B1
X, Y Disp p/p
X, Y Disp p/p
X, Y Velocity
X, Y Velocity
Radial Bearing
Temp 1 and 2
Radial Bearing
Temp 1 and 2
GT Bearing 3
GT TP
GT B3
Dual Thrust
Sensors
X, Y Disp p/p
X, Y Velocity
Thrust Bearing
Temp 1 and 2 Radial Bearing
Temp 1 and 2
GT B2
GT B1
1 Keyphasor
Sensor and
spare
X, Y Disp p/p
X, Y Disp p/p
X, Y Disp p/p
Radial Bearing
Temp 1 and 2
X, Y Velocity
Radial Bearing
Temp 1 and 2
Dynamic
Pressure
Sensor(s)
27
application note
Measurement
Location
Sensor
Monitor
Slot
Gas Turbine
Keyphasor
Speed/phase
GT Shaft
Prox
3500/25
S12 upper
Dynamic Pressure
Gas Turbine
Combustor
3500/64
S8 C 1-4
Disp p/p
GT Outboard
X Prox
3500/42
S2 C1
Y Prox
3500/42
S2 C2
Disp p/p
Velocity
V horiz
3500/42
S2 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S2 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S9 C1
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S9 C2
X Prox
3500/42
S3 C1
Disp p/p
Disp p/p
GT Inboard
Y Prox
3500/42
S3 C2
Velocity
V horiz
3500/42
S3 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S3 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S9 C3
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S9 C4
X Prox
3500/42
S4 C1
Disp p/p
GT Inboard
Disp p/p
Y Prox
3500/42
S4 C2
Velocity
V horiz
3500/42
S4 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S4 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S9 C5
RTD
3500/61
S9 C6
X Prox
3500/42
S7 C1
Y Prox
3500/42
S7 C2
Temp
Gas Turbine Thrust
Bearing
Thrust Position
Thrust Position
Gen Bearing 2
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S10 C5
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S10 C6
X Prox
3500/42
S5 C1
Disp p/p
Disp p/p
Y Prox
3500/42
S5 C2
Velocity
V horiz
3500/42
S5 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S5 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S10 C1
Temp
Gen Bearing 2
28
Generator Inboard
3500/61
S10 C2
Disp p/p
RTD
3500/42
S6 C1
Disp p/p
Y Prox
3500/42
S6 C2
Velocity
V horiz
3500/42
S6 C3
Velocity
V vert
3500/42
S6 C4
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S10 C3
Temp
RTD
3500/61
S10 C4
application note
Component
Description
Part Number
System Rack
3500/05-01-01-02-00-01
Power Supply
3500/15-01-02-02
(typical)
Transient Data
Interface(TDI) *
Bently Nevada 350022M Rack Interface Module with Transient Data Internal
interface, TMR Version (as applicable)
3500/22-01-01-02
(typical)
3500/01-01 (typical)
Qty
1
3500/42-01-02 (typical)
Monitoring Card
3500/64-01-02 (typical)
Monitoring Card
3500/61-01-02 (typical)
Monitoring Card
3500/25-01-01-02
(typical)
3500/94-03-00-01
(typical)
Relay Card **
3500/32-01-01 (typical)
Communication
Gateway Card
3500/92-04-01-02
(typical)
Note: All components to be ordered with multi-approvals to ensure complete hazardous area documentation is supplied with order.
* The TMR version of the TDi Rack Interface Module (RIM) must be used in the case where SIL 3 protection functionality is required, otherwise
the standard TDi RIM module should be used.
** Ensure the number of available relay channels meets the requirements. Relay Card should be configured as DPDT to meet API 670
requirements.
*** One display panel to be installed in each location (ie: adjacent Bently Nevada cabinets = 1 location)
Below is the completed 3500 Rack Configuration for a three bearing gas turbine driving a generator. (typical
actual slot assignments may vary due to customer preference)
29
application note
Three radial bearings design typical 3500 configuration
30
application note
The table below and the following instrument rack image show the typical components required to configure the 3500 Series
Machinery Detection System.
Component
Description
Part Number
System Rack
3500/05-01-01-02-00-01
3500/01-01 (typical)
3500/15-01-02-02 (typical)
3500/22-01-01-02 (typical)
Monitoring Card
3500/53-03-02 (typical)
3500/94-14-00-01 (typical)
3500/92-04-01-02 (typical)
Power Supply
1
Qty
1
One display panel should be installed in each location (adjacent Bently Nevada cabinets are considered to be one location)
31
application note
7.3 3701 Protection/Monitoring System
Radial Vibration
Acceleration
Velocity
Thrust
Dynamic Pressure
32
application note
7.3.2 System Components
This section describes the basic features of each ADAPT Monitor
system component.
Processor Modules
Input Modules
Figure 7 - 1: 3701/40 Simplex System Features
Output Module
Sensor Wiring Terminal Blocks
Processor Module
Ethernet Ports
Input Modules
Input Modules
Output Module
33
application note
sensors such as: +24 V Proximitor sensors, +24 V Interface
modules, and 2-wire IEPE sensors using 3.3 mA constant current.
Measurement Type
Power
-24 VDC
Acceleration
-24 VDC
PAV
PAS
3-Wire Proximitor
3-Wire Accel
PoV1
3-Wire Proximitor
+24 VDC
Acceleration
+24 VDC
Bently HTVAS
Acceleration Velocity
-24 VDC
86517, 86497
Interface Modules
Acceleration Velocity
Dynamic Pressure
-24 VDC
Dynamic Pressure
-24 VDC
Acceleration
-24 VDC
Velocity
Passive w/Bias
Velocity
-24 VDC
3.3 mA Constant Current
Acceleration Velocity
Dynamic Pressure
+24 VDC
3.3 mA Constant Current
Speed
Passive
Seismoprobe* (2-Wire)
Velomitor (2-Wire)
2-Wire IEPE
Speed
Passive
Speed, Gap
-24 VDC
34
application note
Output Module Slot
Protection Fault
A protection fault occurs when there is a fault that is impacting
alarm determination.
Ethernet Ports
Ethernet Port A (lower connector) and Ethernet Port B (upper
connector) are independent Ethernet ports for communication to
the 3701/40 monitoring system.
There is one set of ports for the simplex terminal base and two sets
of ports for the duplex terminal base.
35
application note
7.4 Bently Nevada Configuration
Application
GEs Bently Nevada* Monitor Configuration (BNMC) software is
used to configure the ADAPT 3701/40 Machinery Dynamics Monitor.
This application can be used to configure a wide variety of
3701/40 channel mixtures and setups. It is used to build a custom
configuration which is highly selectable and can allow the user to
configure the ADAPT 3701/40 system to meet specific needs.
Sensors
Custom Configuration Dynamic Sensors
Each type of connection is designed to function with a specific
set of transducers. The following sections explain each connection
type and the transducers it was designed to support.
The PAS, PAV, PoV (Keyphasor), and PAA input modules are all
designed to accept transducers of this type. Once configured
36
This connection type is only available on the PAV input card. 3701
users with a PAV input module in one or both of the input slots
application note
can configure any of the six dynamic channels on a given input
module to function in this mode. This interface consists of two
signal connections which are A/+ (positive) and B/ (negative).
This connection type is designed to function with 2-Wire 3.3mA
constant current transducers. Specifically, this input circuit is
meant to be used with various Piezo type Velomitor transducers.
Other transducers may also function if the following constraints
are met:
Speed Sensors
The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor accepts speed signal inputs from
typical proximity type sensors or from a magnetic pickup type
sensor. The magnetic pickup wires are connected to the + / -
terminals of the speed channel on the PAA and the COM/SIG
inputs for the PAS and PAV input modules.
The connection of a typical proximity type sensor uses the PWR,
SIG and COM terminals. The PAS, PoV (Keyphasor), or PAV input
modules can all be used for proximity Keyphasor types.
The PoV module is supported only by the ADAPT 3701/44
aeroderivative monitor monitor. If you require isolated inputs
for magnetic speed sensors, contact your local sales or
service representative.
This connection type is only available on the PAS input card. ADAPT
3701/40* Machinery Dynamics Monitor and ADAPT 3701/46 Hydro
Turbine Monitor users with a PAS input module in one or both of
the input slots can configure any of the six dynamic channels on a
given input module to function in this mode. This interface consists
of two signal connections which are A/+ (positive) and B/ (negative).
This connection type is designed to function with 2-wire moving
coil type transducers such as GEs Bently Nevada* 9200 or 74712
Seismoprobes. To function with these transducers, a special biasing
circuit is provided through the A/+ and B/- connections of the PAS
input module. Other transducers may also function if the following
constraints are met:
37
application note
Note: ADAPT 3701/40 field wire diagrams (Document
100M0771) provide a list of standard transducers supported
and tested during development. Any transducer not
specifically called out within these diagrams should be
investigated through a custom products or technical inquiry.
Failing to do so could cause unexpected channel and/or
system results or readings.
Relays
There are several ways to configure the relay behavior. There are
both normally-open or normally-closed contacts to hook up for
each of the relay modules. Relays also may be set to energize to
trip or de-energize to trip via a dip switch on the hardware.
When the CPU card is pulled or is rebooting, the ADAPT 3701/40
monitor will drive the relays active.
NOTE: Relay outputs should be configured de-energize to trip
in order to achieve the most reliable system. This causes the
relays to trip when the monitoring device loses power. This
setting may be mandatory for many safety installations.
Direct
Direct is another band-pass measurement. It is configured the
same as a standard band-pass.
Bias
The transducer bias voltage is in volts DC (V DC).
Gap
The transducer gap voltage in volts DC (V DC). This is used in
order to gap the distance between the probe and the turbine on
proximity probes.
nX
In a complex vibration signal, nX is the notation for the amplitude
component that occurs at N times the shaft rotation speed. These
variables reference a certain shaft through their associated speed.
The nX values can be configured for derived rms (drms) in addition
to peak or peak-to-peak (pp). The drms value is not calculated by
using the root mean square algorithm for the nX values, but simply
by scaling the peak or peak-to-peak calculation.
38
1X
This is an nX with the n set to 1, used to extract the amplitude
component that occurs at the rotation speed frequency. These
variables reference a certain shaft through their associated speed.
2X
In a complex vibration signal, 2X is the notation for the amplitude
component that occurs at two times the shaft rotation speed. These
variables reference a certain shaft through their associated speed.
Amplitude Extraction
This allows the user to home in on a specific frequency and pull the
amplitude of the energy at that point. This is very similar to an nX
value, except it is derived from an asynchronous spectrum and does
not require a speed signal to calculate. The spectrum is calculated
from a set in the associated spectrum field.
Pressure
Pressure is a band-pass measurement that is configured the
same as a standard band-pass. This is only available on dynamic
pressure channels.
Dynamic Data
The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor supports both synchronous and
asynchronous waveforms and spectrums. These are used to
diagnose signal integrity issues and for spectral measurements
such as amplitude extraction.
Module Status
The module statuses reflect the combined statuses of all channels.
This status is available through the EGD protocol.
Channel Status
Channel statuses apply to a specific channel. These statuses can be
viewed in GEs Bently Nevada Monitor Configuration System Event
lists or through supported industrial protocols (such as Modbus
and EGD).
Measurement Statuses
Measurement statuses apply only to the specific measurement. Use
GEs Bently Nevada Monitor Configuration software to view these
statuses on the Verification Bar Graph and Tabular List screens.
LED Descriptions
The LEDs on the front panel of the 3701/40 ADAPT monitor, as
shown in the Front Panel LEDs figure, indicate the operating status
of the module.
application note
Input Module LED
Only one LED is present on each input module. This is the
MODULE OK LED. When On, this LED indicates that the input
module hardware is functioning properly without any critical or
non-critical hardware faults. This LED does not indicate channel
status as related to configuration or external wiring faults.
LED
Indicates..
Module OK
Protection Fault
User Inhibit
Attention
Danger
A measurement amplitude
has exceeded a danger setpoint.
Alert
A measurement amplitude
has exceeded an alert setpoint.
Kph 1 OK
Kph 2 OK
NetA
TX/RX A
Net B
TX/RX B
Pwr 1 OK
Pwr 2 OK
39
application note
7.5 Management System
System 1 Software
Component
Description
Hardware
Bently Nevada
High Performance
System 1 DAQ
Platform Server with
flat panel display
To be confirmed during
the time of order
Hardware
Bently Nevada
Professional
Workstation with
flat panel display and
laser printer
To be confirmed during
the time of order
Software
System 1 software
3060/00-01
Software
3060/01-01-01-01-01.
Software
System 1 Enterprise
Application Package
(Turbo Machinery)
3060/10-01
Software
System 1 Display
3060/12-05-00
Software
3060/13-**
Software
System 1 DAQ
3060/14-01-01-00
Software
3060/15-**.
Software
System 1 System
Extender
3060/16-**.
Software
System 1 Technical
Service
(2 extra years)
TSA_EXTENSION-**
40
application note
Decision Support
GEs Decision Support Studio*
Developer Edition integrates
with System 1 software to
help improve business
operations, giving early
detection of mechanical,
operational, instrument, or
business events.
It offers easy-to-use graphical
tools to write rules comprised
of equations and algorithms to
enable users to easily acquire,
capture, disseminate and leverage their knowledge of equipment,
processes, and their business.
Component
Description
Software
Decision Support
Studio* Developer
Edition
3060/36-01
System 1 RulePaks
GEs RulePaks* software works
to extend the capabilities of
System 1 software. They consist
of a pre-configured set of rules
designed specifically to
perform real-time data
validation, calculations and
analysis, and detection of
specific events and
malfunctions. RulePaks
software provides the
following benefits:
Component
Description
Software
Decision Support
RulePak: Heavy Duty
Gas Turbines
3061/03-xx
Software
Decision Support
RulePak: Generator
3061/18-xx
Software
Decision Support
RulePak: Gearbox
3061/50-xx
Configurable advisories
Robust IT security
Component
Description
Software
Bently
PERFORMANCE SE
Software is sold as
part of a services
project.
41
application note
SmartSignal
42
Immediate localization
Component
Description
Software
Proficy SmartSignal
software
To be determined
application note
8 Related Systems for Consideration
The heavy duty gas turbine should not be considered in isolation,
but instead along with driven equipment, other machine trains,
auxiliaries, and other plant systems as required based on the industry
in which it will be deployed. Some of the related systems and the
considerations are indicated below.
Note: Refer to Best Practices of SIE for details about integration
with other plant systems as well as ISS (Industry Specific
Specifications) application notes for more information about
measurements and monitoring of related systems.
Gearboxes
A gearbox (mostly speed reducing) can be coupled to the heavy
duty gas turbine. If a gearbox is used, the monitoring system must
be selected based on the number and type of bearings in the
gearbox. Gearboxes require a Keyphasor sensor on each shaft
for once-per-rev phase reference measurements (unless already
installed on the driver or driven machine on the same shaft). If the
gearbox is fitted with fluid film bearings a single axial proximity
displacement transducer should beinstalled on each pinion shafts
without a thrust bearing. (Most API compliant gearboxes are
manufactured with pre-machined probe mounting locations at the
pinion shafts) Specialty sensor designs such as Button probes may
be considered for this purpose when the geometry of the machine
prohibits conventional sensors.
If the gearbox is fitted with rolling element bearings, localized
protection is required, along with periodic machinery monitoring.
Casing mounted acceleration transducers should be used. Overall
machinery status should be monitored using an integrated velocity
43
application note
advisories and thermodynamic performance monitoring. Process
variables monitoring either at DCS level or within the condition
monitoring platform should be considered for all assets.
Lube System, Cooling Towers
Process variable monitoring (fluid temperature, pressure, and flow)
at various points should be used detect developing malfunctions.
This is usually available at the DCS, and the data should be
imported into the condition monitoring platform for proactive
alarming and early warnings.
Unit Control Systems
There should be integration between the monitoring system
and the unit control systems (such as Mark* VIe systems) for
import and export of machinery condition data and process
data. Appropriate/pre-approved communication gateways and
protocols should be considered, including the interconnections and
geographical location of connection points system. A system should
be developed and approvals obtained before ordering.
Plant DCS & Historian
The monitoring system can interface with a plant control
system/historian to import process data and export condition
data (if required for operator-driven reliability practices).
Appropriate/pre-approved communication gateways and
protocols such as OPC should be considered, including the
interconnections and geographical location of connection
points. A system architecture drawing should be developed and
approvals obtained before ordering.
Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS)
The value of condition monitoring can be realized only if the right
work is identified early and the necessary corrective/preventive
actions are taken in a proactive manner. In many plants a CMMS
such as SAP or MAXIMO is used to manage maintenance
activities. A condition monitoring system can identify work and
automatically (or manually) initiate a work order in the CMMS.
This interface and workflow should be considered while designing
the condition monitoring platform for the plant.
Plant Condition Monitoring System
A plant condition monitoring system such as GEs Bently Nevada
System 1 software should be the heart of the proactive work
identification program for the heavy duty gas turbine as well as
all related systems in the plant. This system acts as a platform
where all condition monitoring technologies converge and a
database is created. The system should be able to provide data in
various plots/formats for diagnostic purposes, as well as acting
as a knowledge repository including the heavy duty gas turbine
manuals, manual entries of notes, and more. This system should
support the maintenance strategy of the plant for the heavy duty
gas turbine as well as all related systems.
Lube Oil Monitoring
Permanent oil sampling fittings should be installed in each machine
as well as the gearbox to enable representative samples to be
44
drawn from the working fluid inside the machines. Oil analysis
is a very important condition monitoring measurement and the
analysis report should be imported to the condition monitoring
platform for availability based on asset Tag ID of the heavy duty
gas turbine as well as related machines along with other condition
monitoring information.
Remote Monitoring, Diagnostic, and Supporting Services
External support from OEMs and consultants can provide extra
expertise to set up, maintain, and use condition monitoring
technology. These services can build understanding of the condition
of the heavy duty gas turbine and related machines for added
reliability and performance. The system architecture should show
how this is going to be achieved including secure IT set-up.
Modeling Software
Early warnings of potential failures should also be obtained
by adding modeling tools like GEs SmartSignal software along with
System 1 software. A data link may be required to the historian
and/or other plant systems to create the model based on historical
data as well as to validate whether the measured values fall within
acceptable models. If not, an anomaly is notified locally to the plant
or to a remote monitoring and performance center. If modeling
software is needed to support plant maintenance strategy, the
system architecture should identify the required interfaces.
One channel has failed and the other has exceeded its
danger setpoint
application note
Transducer System Faults
The axial position measurement is distinct from other
measurements covered by API 670 due to the critical nature of
the measurement and the possibility that the transducer element
can be destroyed under extreme machinery conditions. There
is the possibility that the probe target can shift suddenly in the
direction of the probes with sufficient magnitude to contact and
destroy the transducer. This may occur before the monitoring
system measurement is capable of detecting the sudden shift
and generate a trip signal.
In this scenario, if the protection system were to defeat alarming
upon probe failure, the alarming capability would be defeated at the
time that the machine is experiencing what is highly likely to be an
operating condition requiring shutdown the very type of situation
that the measurement is put in place to protect against. The
possibility that the loss of a transducer is very likely to have been
caused by the machine resulting in the overall protection function
being defeated is what is fundamentally behind the standards
requirement to trip upon loss of protection circuit function.
Summary
45
application note
10 Appendix 2 Voting Truth Tables
Voting Truth Tables for Normal AND and True AND voting
A. True AND Voting Radial Vibration
Trip logic:
CHAdanger AND CHBdanger = Trip
Trip logic:
CHAdanger AND CHBdanger = Trip
B.
Channel A
Channel B
Result
Channel A
Channel B
Result
OK
OK
NO ALARM
OK
OK
NO ALARM
OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
OK
DANGER
NO ALARM
OK
DANGER
NO ALARM
DANGER
OK
NO ALARM
DANGER
OK
NO ALARM
DANGER
NOT OK
NO ALARM
DANGER
NOT OK
ALARM
DANGER
DANGER
ALARM
DANGER
DANGER
ALARM
NOT OK
OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
DANGER
NO ALARM
NOT OK
DANGER
ALARM
Trip logic:
CHAdanger OR CHANot OK AND CHBdanger OR CHBNot OK= Trip
46
Trip logic:
CHAdanger OR CHANot OK AND CHBdanger OR CHBNot OK= Trip
Channel A
Channel B
Result
Channel A
Channel B
Result
OK
OK
NO ALARM
OK
OK
NO ALARM
OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
OK
DANGER
NO ALARM
OK
DANGER
NO ALARM
DANGER
OK
NO ALARM
DANGER
OK
NO ALARM
DANGER
NOT OK
ALARM
DANGER
NOT OK
ALARM
DANGER
DANGER
ALARM
DANGER
DANGER
ALARM
NOT OK
OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
NOT OK
ALARM
NOT OK
NOT OK
ALARM
NOT OK
DANGER
ALARM
NOT OK
DANGER
ALARM
application note
Observations:
3500 RV and TP Voting
1.
E.
A. RV True AND
Trip logic:
CHAdanger AND CHBdanger = Trip
F.
C. RV Normal AND
Channel A
Channel B
Result
OK
OK
NO ALARM
OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
E.
OK
DANGER
NO ALARM
DANGER
OK
NO ALARM
F.
DANGER
DANGER
ALARM
DANGER
NOT OK
ALARM
NOT OK
OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
NOT OK
ALARM
NOT OK
DANGER
ALARM
Trip logic:
CHAdanger OR CHANot OK AND CHBdanger OR CHNot OK= Trip
Channel A
Channel B
Result
OK
OK
NO ALARM
OK
NOT OK
NO ALARM
OK
DANGER
NO ALARM
DANGER
OK
NO ALARM
DANGER
NOT OK
ALARM
DANGER
DANGER
ALARM
NOT OK
OK
NO ALARM
NOT OK
NOT OK
ALARM
NOT OK
DANGER
ALARM
2.
3.
4.
5.
If TP is OR-ed with the opposite OK, the OR-ed OKs will trip
upon a momentary instantaneous loss of OK as shown in truth
table F. A long term loss of OK (greater than 0.1 second) will
cause a trip as shown in the truth table.
6.
47
2015 General Electric Company. All rights reserved. Information provided is subject to change
without notice. Best practices and recommendations herein are applicable to most aeroderivative
gas turbines contingent on OEM design and adherence to OEM guidelines.
*Denotes a trademark of Bently Nevada, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric
Company. The GE brand, GE logo, Bently Nevada, System 1, Keyphasor, Proximitor, Velomitor,
RulePaks, Bently PERFORMANCE SE, ADRE, SPEEDTRONIC, Mark, SmartSignal, SAP and MAXIMO are
trademarks of General Electric Company.
GEA32129A (12/2015)