Jean Marie Joly Profile

Reception of the council has formed the basis of multifaceted internal positions within
the Church since then. A so-called Spirit of Vatican II followed the council, influenced
by exponents of Nouvelle Théologie such as Karl Rahner. Some dissident liberals such as
Hans Küng claimed Vatican II had not gone far enough. On the other hand, Traditionalist
Catholics represented by figures such as Marcel Lefebvre strongly criticized the council
arguing that it defiled the sanctity of the Latin Mass, promoted religious indifferentism
towards "false religions" and compromised orthodox Catholic dogma and tradition. A
group positioned in between, represented by theologians such as Communio including
Pope Benedict XVI, hold that the council was ultimately positive but there were abuses in
interpretation.

Jean Marie Joly Info :Toward the latter part of the 17th century, Pope Innocent XI
reformed abuses that were occurring in the Church's hierarchy, including simony,
nepotism and the lavish papal expenditures that had caused him to inherit a large papal
debt. He promoted missionary activity, tried to unite Europe against the Turkish invasion,
prevented influential Catholic rulers (including the Holy Roman Emperor) from marrying
Protestants but strongly condemned religious persecution

Jean Marie Joly

The early Christian Church was very loosely organized, resulting in diverse
interpretations of Christian beliefs. In part to ensure a greater consistency in their
teachings, by the early third century, Christian communities had adopted a more
structured hierarchy, with a central bishop having authority over the clergy in his city.
The organization of the Church began to mimic that of the Empire; bishops in politically
important cities exerted greater authority over bishops in nearby cities.

Jean Marie Joly Bio : Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new
ideas, and Jesus's apostles gained converts in Jewish communities around the
Mediterranean Sea. As preachers such as Paul of Tarsus began converting Gentiles,
Christianity began growing away from Jewish practices, to establish itself as a separate
religion. The new religion was most successful in urban areas, spreading first among
slaves and people of low social standing, and then among aristocratic women.

Jean Marie Joly The Church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the clergy.
In the Latin Rite, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men who lack deeply-
rooted homosexual tendencies. Men who are already married may be ordained in the
Eastern Catholic Churches, and may become deacons in any rite. According to the
Vatican, as of 2007 there were 408,024 priests, an increase of 0.18% over 2005. The
number of priests had decreased in Europe (6.8%) and Oceania (5.5%), remained roughly
the same in the Americas, and increased in Africa (27.6%) and Asia (21.1%)

Jean Marie Joly The early Christian Church was very loosely organized, resulting in
diverse interpretations of Christian beliefs. In part to ensure a greater consistency in their
teachings, by the early third century, Christian communities had adopted a more
structured hierarchy, with a central bishop having authority over the clergy in his city.
The organization of the Church began to mimic that of the Empire; bishops in politically
important cities exerted greater authority over bishops in nearby cities.

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