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Amplitude Demodulation
Receiver Characteristics
Signal from antenna is very small
Amplification required but need with
Low-noise characteristics
Only accept desired carrier and sideband frequencies
Avoid interference from other stations
Minimize received noise
Noise Floor: the baseline on a spectrum analyzer display, representing input noise of the
system under test
Input signal must be greater than the noise at the receivers input
This input noise is called Noise Floor
Easy to increase gain
Hard to get noise figure below certain level
Selectivity: the extent to which a receiver can differentiate between the desired signal
and other signal
Distinguish between wanted signal and noise
AM signal 15 kHz which generate upper and lower sideband extending 15 kHz above and below carrier
Total signal become 30 kHz that leads to selectivity should be 30 kHz
But, if 5 kHz is selected, upper and lower extend only 2.5 kHz above and below carrier
Thus, output not included full intelligence
If 50 kHz selected, unwanted from adjacent signal and external noise superheterodyne receiver for AM
In general, AM extend ~30 kHz 10 kHz bandwidth (no need high bandwidth due to talk show)
Provide audio output up to 5 kHz (good for human voice range)
TRF Selectivity
Consider AM broadcast band receiver that spans the frequency range from
550 to 1550 kHz.
To find, desire 10 kHz bandwidth (BW) and quality factor (Q) of 100
Q provide a measure of how selective (narrow) its passband is compared
to its center frequency fr
Example 3-1
A TRF receiver is to be designed with a single tuned circuit using a 10 H inductor
a) Calculate the capacitance range of the variable capacitor required to tune from
550 to 155o kHz
b) The ideal 10 kHz BW is to occur at 1100 kHz. Determine the required Q
c) Calculate the BW of this receiver at 550 kHz and 1550 kHz
AM Detection
Detection of amplitude-modulated
signal require non-linear device
Similar to AM generated by nonlinear device
Input to ideal nonlinear device
contains:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carrier frequency
Upper sideband
Lower sideband
DC component
Diode Detector
Simplest and effective detectors
Modulated carrier into the tuned circuit with LC1 (Fig-a)
Nearly ideal nonlinear characteristics in I-V curve (Fig-b)
Region of low current indicate small signal output of detector
Positive region show square-law
Negative region show rapid nonlinearity occurs
Diode Detectors
Advantages:
Synchronous Detectors
Advantages:
1. Can handle relatively high power signal
Low distortion (under 1%)
2. No practical limit to the amplitude of input
Greater ability to follow fast
signal
modulation waveform in
3. Acceptable for distortion levels
Pulse modulation
4. Distortion decrease as amplitude increase
High-fidelity application
5. Highly efficiently (~90%)
Ability to provide gain instead
6. Usable DC voltage for automatic gain control
of attenuation as in diode
Disadvantages:
detector
1. Power is absorbed from turned circuit by
diode circuit
2. Reduce Q and selectivity of tuned input
Diode detector used in vast majority of AM detection
circuit
High fidelity is not important
3. No amplification occur in diode detector
Distortion level of several % can be tolerated easily
Diagonal Clipping
To obtain optimum efficiency in diode detector
Selection of component parts is important
AM waveform
Mixer output
Sum and difference in two input frequencies on X
and Y input
Superheterodyne Receivers
1st stage is RF amplifier
2nd stage is mixer which accepts two inputs
Mixer generates
1.
2.
Superheterodyne Tuning
Tracking consideration
Occur when RF amplifier and mixer tuned circuit are exactly together and
LO is above these two by amount exactly equal to IF frequency
Tracking requirements
Trimmer: small variable capacitance in parallel with each section of ganged capacitor
Padder capacitor: small capacitor in series with each ganged tuning capacitor in a superheterodyne
receiver to provide near-perfect tracking at low end of tuning range
Final adjustment made by mid-frequency by slight adjustment of inductance
Varactor/Varicap/VVC diode: having small internal capacitance that varies as a function of their reverse
bias voltage
0
1+2||
Superheterodyne Analysis
Image frequency situation
Effect signal
Example 3-2
Determine the image frequency for a standard broadcast band
receiver using a 455 kHz IF and tuned to a station at 620 kHz.
RF Amplifiers
Major benefits of using RF amplifiers
Cross-modulation (distortion):
distortion that results from undesired
mixer output
Mixer / LO
Frequency conversion done by mixer/LO
combination
All make use of devices nonlinearity to
generate sum and difference frequencies
between RF and LO signals
Single diode provide nonlinearity for
generating sum and difference frequencies
(Fig-a)
Self-Excited Mixer: single stage in a
superheterodyne receiver that creates the LO
signal and mixes it with applied RF signal to
form IF signal (Fig-b)
Widely used IC mixer Philips SA602A
(NE602) IC contains transistorized mixer and
npn transistor that generated the local
oscillator signal based on frequency-selective
components (Fig-c)
IF Amplifiers
Variable dc AGC level can be used to control the gain of a common emitter (CE) transistor amplifier stage.
IF / AGC Amplifiers
Bandwidth 40 MHz allows IF operation at 455 kHz, 10.7 MHz, 21.4 MHz
At 10.7 MHz
1.4
100
65
75
82 = 41]
= 82.9226
Output hold steady at 1.4 V rms for input from -67 dBm to as high as
+15 dBm giving 83 dB AGC range
Note that input signal above +15 dBm overdrive the device
AM receiver Systems
TDA1572T AM receiver
(Courtesy of Philips
Semiconductors.)
AM Stereo
Receiver Analysis
Consider power gain or attenuation of various receiver stages in terms of
decibels related to reference power level
Widely used reference = 1 mW (dBm) and 1 W (dBW)
= 10 log10 1
= 10 log10 1
Example 3-3
Consider the radio receiver
shown in figure. The antenna
receive an 8 V signal into
its 50 input impedance.
Calculate the input power in
Watts, dbm, and dbW.
Calculate the power driven
into the speaker.
Troubleshooting
Analyze and troubleshoot AM mixer circuit (Autodyne circuit)