MACH LU CHAT

1) Neu cac phng phap lam giam tr lc tren

ng ong dan.
Tr lc tren ng ong dan :
1

Tr lc ma sat: Pm =

Lv 2
8L
2
Q2
2gD
gD5

l v
v2
t
2gD
2g =

Tr lc cuc bo: Pc =
Cac phng phap lam giam tr lc tren ng
ong dan :
1 Giam L bang cach chon ng ong ngan nhat.
2 Tang D. V tr lc do ma sat ty le nghch vi D 5 nen khi
tang D t th Pm giam rat nhieu. Tuy nhien, D tang th gia
ca tang nen can chon D thch hp.
3 Giam .
+ He so tr lc ty le thuan vi . Chat long
muon giam tr lc th tang nhiet o. Ma tang
nhiet o qua cao th se tao bot trong chat long,
gay va ap thuy lc nen lam tang tr lc, cho
nen cung can chon nhiet o thch hp .
+ He so tr lc con phu thuoc o nham cua
thanh ong. Do o can tm cach giam o nham
trong ong.
4 Giam bang cach chon cac dang ong, van (va o m
cua van), voi thch hp.
2

2) Neu cac ac iem cua ap suat thuy tnh.

Trong chat long tnh lc mat ch co mot thanh phan
theo phng phap tuyen vi mat tiep xuc.
ng suat cua lc mat goi la ap suat thuy tnh, k hieu p:
p lim
0

Ap suat thuy tnh co 2 tnh chat:

1 Ap suat thuy tnh tac dung thang goc vi dien tch
chu lc va hng vao ben trong dien tch ay.
2 Tr so ap suat thuy tnh tai mot iem bat ky khong
phu thuoc hng at cua dien tch chu lc tai iem
nay.
3) Hien tng xam thc la g? Nguyen nhan va tac
hai cua no ra sao?
Hien tng xam thc :

Khi chat long chuyen ong vao mieng bm ly tam, do ap

suat ay thap hn ap suat kh quyen nen a tao ieu
kien cho cac kh hoa tan trong chat long boc hi tao ra cac
bot kh mieng hut cua bm. Cac bot kh nay cung chat
long se chuyen ong trong canh guong. Khi o ap suat lai
tang len, kh lai hoa tan ngc vao chat long. Do qua trnh
bay hi ngng tu - hoa tan kh xay ra rat nhanh, the tch bot kh
tang len va giam ot ngot, dan en ap suat trong cac bot
kh co the at ti 100-1000at. Hien tng nay goi la hien
tng xam thc.
Hien tng xam thc tao ra cac va ap thuy lc, bao mon
cac ket cau kim loai, tao ra cac rung ong va tieng on.
Hien tng xam thc co hai cho bm do o can phai han
che.

1
2
3
4

Cach khac phuc :

Gii han chieu cao hut cua bm.
Xet nhiet hoa hi ni at bm phu hp cha.
Giam thieu toi a tr lc tren ng ong hut.
Tang ap lc hut bang cach giam chieu cao mieng hut
cua bm.

4) Neu cong dung (chc nang) cua bau kh trong he

thong bm pittong.
Khi bm co lu lng ln th lc quan tnh cung se ln, dan
en ton that do lc quan tnh ln, do vay e giam ton
that nay trong bm pittong thng thiet ke cac bau kh
ong hut va ong ay cua bm. Bau kh cau tao la hop kn
co cha kh va c at au hut va au ay cua bm.
Khi bm hut hoac ay chat long, mot phan chat long se i
vao bau kh cha trong o va nen kh trong bau kh. Khi ap
lc trong dong chay giam dan (thap hn ap lc kh trong bau
kh) th phan chat long bau kh se chay ra hoa chung vi
dong chay lam tang o ieu hoa cua dong chay, giam
bt lc quan tnh cua dong chay.
5) Chieu dai tng ng cua van cut, te hay cho co
tr lc cuc bo c nh ngha nh the nao?
Chieu dai tng ng c nh ngha nh chieu dai cua
mot oan ong thang co cung ton that nang lng tai van,
cut trong ieu kien nh nhau.
6) Co may loai bm? Ke ten cua chung, pham vi va
gii han ng dung.
Theo nguyen ly hoat ong, bm chat long c chia lam 3
nhom chnh nh sau:

 Bm the tch : viec hut va ay chat long ra khoi bm

nh s thay oi the tch cua khong gian lam viec trong bm.
Do o the tch va ap suat chat long trong bm se thay oi
va se cung cap nang lng cho chat long.
Viec thay oi the tch trong bm co the do:
1 Chuyen ong tnh tien: bm pittong.
2 Chuyen ong quay: bm roto.
ac iem cua bm the tch:
1 Lu lng cua chat long khong eu va t phu thuoc
vao ap suat cua bm.
2 Bm co the tao ra ap suat cao, gia tr ap suat phu
thuoc vao cong suat cua bm.
Bm pittong:
2 c s dung khi can ap lc ln va lu lng nho.
3 Bm cac loai dung dch co o nht cao (dau m, bot
nhao,)
Bm roto:
4 Bm banh rang: co the tao c ap suat ti 25at (khi
lu lng toi a la 58m 3/h). Bm thng dung e van
chuyen cac loai chat long co o nht cao t 0,2 100
cm2/s.
5 Bm canh trt: co the tao c ap suat ti 70at va lu
lng ti 3,5 l/s.
6 Bm pittong quay: co the tao c ap suat 300at khi lu
lng khoang 7 l/s.
7 Bm truc vt.
Bm ong lc : viec hut va ay chat long ra khoi bm
nh s chuyen ong quay tron cua cac bm, khi o ong
nang cua canh quat se truyen vao chat long tao nang
lng cua dong long.
Nang lng cua chat long truyen vao canh quat co the
di dang:
1 Lc ly tam: bm ly tam.
2 Lc ay cua canh quat: bm hng truc.
3 Lc ma sat: bm xoay loc.
Bm ly tam:
8 c ng dung rong rai trong cong nghiep va i song
v co nhieu u iem: lu lng eu, gon, nhe, co so
vong quay ln nen co the noi trc tiep vi ong c,
cau tao n gian, t chi tiet, co lu lng ln.
9 Khong s dung oi vi lu chat co o nht cao.
10 Khong s dung oi vi lu chat de gay chay no.
Bm hng truc:
11 Dung khi lu lng ln ma cot ap thap. Loai nay cau
tao gon, chac chan nhng chieu cao hut thap. Thong

thng e hoat ong tot banh guong phai at di

mc chat long.
Bm xoay loc:
12 Bm xoay loc co kha nang tao ra cot ap cao gap hai
en ba lan so vi bm ly tam co cung kch thc va so
vong quay, do o co kha nang t hut cao. Nhng do tieu
hao nang lng ma sat ln nen hieu suat bm thap,
ch at 0,25 0,48.
13 Bm xoay loc co he so quay nhanh ns = 10 25, do vay
co pham vi ng dung gan giong nh bm the tch (loai
bm roto)
Bm kh ong : viec hut va ay chat long c thc
hien nh s thay oi ap suat cua dong kh chuyen ong
trong bm va tao nang lng cho dong chay.
14 Bm ejector: viec thay oi ap suat dong kh se tao ra lc
loi cuon chat long chuyen ong cung dong kh.
15 Thung nen: tao ap suat tren be mat chat long nham
tao cho chat long co the nang can thiet e chuyen
ong.
Bm phun tia (ejector):
16 c s dung trong cong nghiep vi 2 loai: bm phun tia
bang nc va may nen phun tia bang hi nc.
7) Khi nao can ghep 2 bm song song va noi tiep?
Ve ng ac tuyen bm cho 2 trng hp tren.
Ghep bm lam viec song song: khi can gi nguyen cot
ap va tang lu lng. Tren o th1:
- iem A1 la iem lam viec rieng le tng bm vi lu
lng Q1
- iem A2 la iem lam viec cua 2 bm vi lu lng Q1-2
ay: Q1-2 < 2Q1
Ghep bm lam viec noi tiep: khi can gi nguyen lu
lng va tang cot ap. Tren o th 2:
- iem A1 la iem lam viec rieng le tng bm vi cot
ap H1.
- iem A2 la iem lam viec khi ghep 2 bm noi tiep.
8) Chieu cao hut cua bm la g? Tai sao chieu cao nay
b gii han va gii han toi a la bao nhieu?
Chieu cao hut cua bm la chieu cao at bm.
Chieu cao hut cua bm phai b gii han v neu chieu cao
hut ln se xay ra hien tng xam thc.
Chieu cao hut cua bm c xac nh theo cong thc:

z 1 max

p1 p t
v2

h 1 1 h
g g
2g
(m)

Trong o: p1: ap suat be hut(N/m2)

pt: ap suat hi bao hoa mieng hut(N/m2)
h1: tong tr lc ong hut (m)
v1: van toc ong hut (m/s)
h: ton that ma sat do xam thc
5,62n Q

h=

4/3

(m)
C: la he so xam thc
C= 500 1000
9) Da vao chi tiet nao cua bm e phan biet bm
cao ap va bm thng?
Phan biet da vao canh guong cua bm.
10)
Cac so lieu o c trong th nghiem nay
cung nh dong chay cua lu chat co on nh
khong? Tai sao?
Trong th nghiem nay dong chay cua lu chat khong ong
nh v:
17 Bm cung cap lu lng khong on nh.
18 Nhiet o cua chat long tang dan trong qua trnh th
nghiem.
11)
Nguyen tac o lu lng cua lu lng ke
mang chan va venturi? ay la phep o trc tiep
hay gian tiep?
Nguyen tac chung cua hai dung cu nay la dung s giam
ap suat cua lu chat khi chay qua chung e o lu lng.
Van toc trung bnh v tr sau ong c tnh theo cong thc
tong ke nang lng:
V2 C

P
1 4

Trong o:
1
C: he so cua mang chan va venturi, tuy thuoc vao
che o chay Re.
2
P: o giam ap suat qua mang chan hay venturi, N/m2
3
: Trong lng rieng cua lu chat, N/m3
d
2
d1 : T so gia dng knh co venturi hay ng knh
4
lo mang chan tren ng knh ong
Do o lu lng qua mang chan hay qua venturi:

Q V2 A 2 V1A1

Phep o lu lng nay la phep o gian tiep thong qua o

giam ap cua cot nc.
12)
Co may loai van? Ve ac tuyen rieng cua
vai loai van s dung trong he thong cap thoat
nc a hoc hoac a biet?
Cac loai
van
Van bm
Van ca
Van cau
Van kim

Lu
lng
Ln
Ln
Nho
Nho

o ong
m
Nhanh
Cham
Nhanh
Cham

Q/Qmax
Van
cau
Van
kim
Van
ca
o m
13)
Cho biet cac cong thc tnh he so ma sat
phu thuoc vao Re?
He so ma sat phu thuoc vao che o chuyen ong cua
chat long va o nham cua thanh ong dan.
Che o chay mang (Re < 2320) :
oi vi ong thang th he so ma sat khong phu thuoc
vao o nham ma ch phu thuoc vao che o chuyen ong
va hnh dang mat cat ngang cua ong.

A
Re

A: he so phu thuoc hnh dang mat cat ngang cua ong.

Neu la hnh tron th A = 64.
Che o chay qua o (2320 < Re < 4000) :
He so ma sat c tnh theo cong thc thc nghiem cua
Braziut:
Re 0,3164 / Re 0,025

Che o chay xoay (Re 4000) :

Re gii han tren:

Re gh 6(d t / )8 / 7

9/8
Re khi bat au xuat hien vung nham: Re n 220 d t /
Khu vc nhan thuy lc:

Khi 4000 < Re < Regh:

Khu vc nham:

1
1,8 lg Re 1,64 2

1
1,14 2lg dt /

Khi Re > Ren:

Khu vc qua o:
Khi Regh

100

0,1 1,46

d t Re

< Re < Ren:

0 , 25

Vi d t = 0,00008 0,0125

Vi che o chay xoay ta co the s dung cong thc sau

e tnh he so ma sat cho ca 3 khu vc:

2 lg 6,8 Re

0, 9

/ 3,7

Trong o: / d t : o nham tng oi

14)
Cho biet cac cong thc tnh he so lu lng
cua lu chat qua lo bnh hay t cac bon cha cao
v.
He so lu lng : Cd = CC. CV
(Cd < 1)
1 CC: he so co hep
2 CV:he so lu toc
oi vi chat long co o nht be (nh xang, dau la,
nc,) ta co the chon:
CC = 0,63 ; CV = 0,97 va Cd = 0.61
oi vi nc chay qua lo tron thanh mong d 1cm, khi Re
> 105 vi H 2m th:
CC = (0,63 0,64) ; CV = (0,97 0,98) ; Cd = (0,60 0,62)
Tat ca cac he so dong chay nh CC, CV, Cd eu phu thuoc
vao Re. Khi ReH =
thc A. D. Ansun)

2gH.d

> 10000 th: Cd = 0,592 +

5,5
ReH

(cong

15)
Ve o th quan he gia o nht cua chat
long va chat kh phu thuoc vao nhiet o. Viet
cong thc cho moi quan he o.

kh

long
t
oi vi chat kh : o nht gia tang theo nhiet o
nhng khong phu thuoc ap suat khi ap suat thay oi trong
mot gii han khong ln.
Quan he gia o nht va nhiet o co the c mo ta
bang cong thc Sutherland:
T

o To

3/ 2

To S
TS

Cho khong kh: o = 1,78.10-6 poise To = 288oK, S = 113oK

oi vi chat long :
Quan he gia o nht va nhiet o:
= o/ (1+A1T+B1T2)
Hoac: /o = A2expB2(1/T 1/To)
Vi:
1 Ai, Bi (i= 1, 2) la cac const phu thuoc vao loai chat long.
2 T, To :nhiet o tuyet oi.
3 o :he so nht 0oC
4 :he so nht ToK
16)
nh ngha o doc thuy lc.
ng nang: ng bieu dien s thay oi nang lng
cua mot n v trong lng chat long doc theo dong chay.
oi vi chat long ly tng chuyen ong dng, nang
lng khong thay oi doc theo dong nguyen to nen ng
nang la ng nam ngang. oi vi chat long nht, luon co
ton hao nang lng doc theo dong chay do tnh nht nen
nang lng mat cat sau luon nho hn nang lng mat
cat trc. V vay, ng nang luon co xu hng i xuong.
S ton hao nang lng phu thuoc vao chieu dai dch chuyen
va hnh dang ong.
e anh gia cng o bien thien tong c nang n v
doc theo dong chay ngi ta da vao khai niem o doc
thuy lc: J = -de/dl
Thong thng ngi ta hay dung ai lng o doc thuy lc
trung bnh: Jtb = hw/l
Vi hw la tong ton that nang lng n v tren quang
ng l.
o doc thuy lc: ton that nang lng tren mot n v
chieu dai.

17)
Da vao cau tao cua lu lng ke mang
chan va venturi, cho biet he so lu lng cai nao
ln hn? Tai sao?
Do ventury co hep dan, mang chan co hep ot ngot nen he
so lu lng cua ventury ln hn cua mang chan.
18)
Khi thiet ke, tnh toan xong bm hay quat,
muon chon chung theo tai lieu cua nha may san
xuat san ta phai da vao cac thong so nao cua
chung?
Cac thong so: nang suat, cong suat tieu thu va cot ap
cua bm (la nang lng rieng thu c khi i t ong hut en
ong ay cua bm)
19)
Hay neu cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec
cua bm ly tam? Giai thch tai sao phai moi nc
trc khi cho bm chay?
Cau tao : (xem hnh 10.14, p124) gom vo bm 1, banh
guong 2 tren o co cac canh hng dong 3. Banh guong
c gan tren truc truyen ong 4. Ong hut 5 va ong ay 6.
Nguyen tac hoat ong : trc khi hoat ong, bm ly
tam can c moi nc trong banh guong. Khi banh guong
quay, di tac dung cua lc ly tam, chat long trong banh
guong se chuyen ong theo canh hng dong t tam banh
guong ra mep banh guong va i theo vo bm ra ngoai. Vo
bm c cau tao theo hnh xoan oc co tiet dien ln dan,
co tac dung lam giam bt van toc dong chay va tang ap
lc dong chay. Khi chat long trong banh guong chuyen ong
ra ngoai, di tac dung cua lc ly tam se tao ra ap suat
chan khong tai tam banh guong. Do co s chenh lech ap
suat ben ngoai va tam banh guong, chat long se theo
ong hut chuyen ong vao banh guong, tao thanh dong
chat long chuyen ong lien tuc trong bm.

Phai moi nc trc khi cho bm chay : e trong

bm khong con khong kh ma ch con chat long.
20)
Ngoai mang chan va ventury con co lu
lng ke nao khac khong? Neu ten va pham vi
ng dung cua chung.
Theo o chenh lech ap suat bien thien : mang
tiet lu (gom mang tiet lu chuan va phi tieu chuan), van
tiet lu, ong tiet lu (ong tron eu, ong ventury)

Theo o chenh lech ap suat khong oi : loai

thng (dung phao, ratomet thuy tnh), ratomet vi sai, ratomet t
va kh nen.

 Theo van toc dong chay : lu toc ke (kieu tuabin,

cam ng ien t, nhiet ien tr cam tay), ong lu toc,
banh xe lan.
Theo phng phap the tch : lu lng ke (kieu buong,
kieu banh rang, kieu pittong) dung bnh nh lng.
21)
So sanh o chnh xac cua 2 loai lu lng ke
mang chan va ventury. Giai thch.
Lu lng ke ventury chnh xac hn v:
- Do he so lu lng cua ventury ln hn mang chan.
- Do ventury co hep dan, trong khi mang chan lai co that
ot ngot.
Ventury t ton that hn.
22)
Viec thiet lap cong thc xac nh ton that
ma sat theo quang ng da vao ly thuyet nao?
Trnh bay noi dung cua nguyen ly o.
Che o chay tang : cong thc xac nh ton that ma
sat theo quang ng c thiet lap da tren:
1 nh luat bao toan va chuyen hoa nang lng (phng
trnh Bernoulli).
2 inh luat c hoc I cua Newton (dong chay eu trong ong
th tong cac lc tac dung bang 0)
Che o chay roi : cong thc xac nh ton that ma
sat theo quang ng c thiet lap da vao thc nghiem
va dung phng phap phan tch th nguyen.
Nguyen tac ong nhat ve th nguyen cua Fourier: mot
phng trnh bieu th mot moi quan he vat ly nao o gia
mot so ai lng phai ong nhat ve th nguyen, tc la
th nguyen cua moi ve cua phng trnh phai nh nhau.
nh ly (Buckingham): Mot quy luat vat ly c bieu th
bang ham quan he gia n cac ai lng co th nguyen,
trong o co k ai lng co th nguyen oc lap, th quy luat
vat ly o cung co the c bieu th bang ham quan he
gia s = n k cac ai lng vo th nguyen i.