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Hydraulic Lift
Mechanical Properties of
Fluids
Fluid:
A fluid is something which can
flow. Liquids and gases are fluids.
Thrust
The normal force acting on a
surface is called thrust.
Fluid Pressure
Pressure is defined as the normal
force acting per unit area of a
surface. Or pressure is the thrust per
unit area.
F
P=
A
1
A1. Then pressure, P= A .
1
A
F1
A 2 F1 2
A1
A1
P2 A P1A mg
(P2 P1 )A mg,
Soln:
But m = V = (Ah)
(P2 -P1 )A=Ahg
P2 P1 hg
If the top of the fluid element
considered is open to the
atmosphere, then P1 Pa
and let P2 P. Substituting,
P Pa hg Pa Atmospheric pressure
The term hg is called gauge pressure
and P is called the absolute pressure.
Atmospheric Pressure
The pressure of the atmosphere at
any point is equal to the weight of a
column of air of unit cross sectional
area.
At sea level, the atmospheric
pressure is 1.013105 Pa.
It is maximum on the surface and it
decreases with altitude.
Measurement of Pressure:
Instruments used to measure
pressure are called Manometers.
Barometer is a device used to
measure atmospheric pressure.
Pr essure at A = Pressure at B
P Pa hg
P Pa hg
Pa hg
where '' is the density of mercury
and 'h' is the height of mercury column.
Note: (1) At sea level the mercury barometer
give h=76cm.
Pa hg
= 0.76 13.6 103 9.8
1.013 105 Pa .
Units of Pressure
1bar= 105Pa.
Question1: What happens if a hole is
drilled at the top of a barometer tube?
Ans:- When a hole is drilled at the top
of a barometer tube, mercury in it
directly comes in contact with the
atmosphere. Since the pressure
difference between the mercury in the
tube and in the reservoir become zero,
the level falls down in the tube.
Question2: How does the presence of
moisture affect the reading of the
barometer?
Ans: - Moist air is less dense than dry
air. Hence the presence of moisture
decreases the atmospheric pressure.
Decrease of pressure shows a fall in
the height of the mercury column in
the barometer, which indicates
coming of rain and storm.
Question3: Why mercury is used in
barometer?
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
=A1v1 t
Turbulent Flow
A 1 v1 A 2 v 2 A 3 v 3
1
A
Raynolds Number
Raynolds number is a
dimensionless number which gives us
the idea that whether the flow is
streamline or turbulent.
Raynolds number,
Re
vd
Bernoullis Principle
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
m ( v 2 2 v 12 )
2
1
V ( v 2 2 v 12 ) (3)
2
Change in PE,
K
P E m gh 2 m gh1
m g(h 2 h1)
V g (h 2 h1 ) (4)
Substituting eqns (1), (3), (4) in
eqns(2) we get
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
1
(P1 P2 )V V(v22 v12 ) Vg(h 2 h1)
2
Dividing by V,
1
1
P1 P2 v22 v12 gh2 gh1
2
2
1
1
P1 v12 gh1 P2 v22 gh2
2
2
1
P v2 gh Const an t (5)
2
1
V
2
C o n s ta n t
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
1
1
v 12 P2 + g h 2 v 2 2
2
2
P 2 = P a n d P1 = P a
0,
P1 + g h 1
but v 2
h 1 y1 an d h 2 y 2
Pa + g y 1
1
v 12 P g h 2
2
1
v 12 ( P Pa ) g ( y 2 y 1 )
2
1
v 12 ( P Pa ) g h
2
2
v 1 2 ( P P a ) g h
Applications of Bernoullis
Principle
Application-1
Speed of Efflux: Torricellis Law
The word efflux means fluid out flow.
v1
2
( P Pa ) 2 g h
So the term
2
(P Pa )
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
P1 P2 v 1 2 ( ) 2 1 (2 )
2
a
A 2
( a ) 1 m gh
2 m gh
v1
A 2
( a ) 1
2 m gh
A 2
( a ) 1
1 / 2
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
10
Viscosity
Liquids, flow in the form of layers.
This type of flow is called laminar
flow.
Viscous force
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
11
of gases increases.]
Stokes Law
When a spherical body of density
moves through a fluid of density ,
the viscous force acting on it is given
by,
F v 6 r v This is known as
Stokes law.
Terminal velocity
Consider a
spherical body
In the case of fluids,
falling through a
viscous medium.
F strain
A
tim e
v t
F
A
t
F v
A
F
v
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
12
4 3
r g
3
e q n (1 )
4
4
6 rv t +
r 3 g r 3 g
3
3
4
6 rv t = r 3 g ( )
3
4 r 3 ( ) g
vt=
3 6 r
vt =
2 r 2 ( ) g
9
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
13
S I un it is
N
,
m
D im ension M T -2
W
A
SI unit J
m2
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
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Soln:
Work done
Increase in Area
2Sd
S
2d
i.e. surface energy is numerically
equal to surface tension.
Surface energy =
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
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Angle of contact
Angle of contact is the angle between
the tangent drawn to the liquid
meniscus at the point of contact and
the solid part inside the liquid.
The pressure
inside a liquid
drop is greater
than that
outside it.
The excess pressure P =Pi-P0
Suppose that the liquid drop expands
under its own pressure and its radius
increases from r to r + r.
Then the work done for this
expansion,
W = F r
= (PA) r
[A area, P Pr essure ]
W P 4r 2 r (1)
The same work done can be calculated
u sin g the idea of surface energy
as follows :
W Surface energy increase in area
S (4(r r)2 4r 2 )
S 4 r 2 2rr (r 2 ) 4r 2
S 4 r 2 8rr 4(r)2 4 r 2
S(8rr) (2)
0
Note:
Pressure above a concave
meniscus is greater than that below it.
can be neglected.
W S(8rr) (2)
From equations (1) and (2),
P 4 r 2 r 8 rrS
P r 2S
P
2S
r
2S
r
2S
Pi P0
r
Pi P0
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
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Capillary rise
The ascent of liquid in tubes of very
small bore radius in spite of gravity is
called capillary rise. Capillary rise is
r
r
4S
P
r
Excess pressure inside
an air bubble inside a liquid
P
2S
r
From figure,
a
a
C os r
r
cos
T he pressure difference the
tw o sides of the m eniscus.
2S
2S
P
a
r
C os
2SC os
(1)
a
W e know pressure at the same
horizontal level is the same.
PA PB
Pi P0 hpg Pi P0 hpg
P hpg
2Scos
2Scos
h
a
a g
Angle of contact
S Surface tension
a Radius of the capillary tube
Density of liquid
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
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hapg
2cos
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut
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