GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. DIGITISING ON A TOPOGRAPHIC SHEET

First of all, a topographic sheet is taken which is to be digitised.
Arc Map is opened and by clicking on the add data option, the image in jpg format is
inserted from its location in disk.
From the layers option in the table of contents, by
right clicking, the properties are opened. The
coordinate system is selected from top. In this the
following steps are used: Geographic coordinate
system -> World -> WGS 1984.The map goes in
geographic coordinate system in which the
georeferencing is to be done(as shown in figure 1).

Figure 1

The drawing gets the unit automatically as decimal degrees

displayed at the bottom of the drawing.

1.1 GEOREFERENCING
The image is georeferenced using the latitude and
longitude given on the topographic sheet.
The latitude and longitude are marked in decimals at 4

Figure 2

points by left click on the location and then, right

click to fill coordinates. The longitude is filled in x
coordinate and latitude in y coordinates. (as shown in
figure 2).
After filling the points, the update georeferencing is
clicked in the georeferencing pop up menu . Then, in

Figure 3

the same menu rectify option is clicked (as shown in

figure 3).
Then, the project raster option is picked from the
toolbox by searching. The image layer is dragged in
the 1st option. The input coordinates are filled

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Figure 4

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automatically. (as shown in figure 4).

The output coordinates are filled by right click on
the layers in table of contents as follows:
Coordinate System -> Projected Coordinate System
-> UTM -> WGS 1984 -> Northern Hemisphere

->

Figure 5

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N (as shown in figure 5).

The georeferencing of the image is completed. The map display units are changed to
meters from Layers -> properties -> General -> Display units.

1.2 SHAPE FILES

1. The Shape files are made in the Arc Catalog by
right click in the empty space in the folder
where these are to be stored by going to: New > Shapefile (as shown in figure 6).
2. Then, Click in the Name text box and type a
name for the new shapefile.

Figure 6

3. Click the Feature Type in the drop-down arrow.

4. Click Edit to define the shape file's coordinate
system.
5. A new coordinate system is defined 1st time and
then for other shapefiles it is imported from
previous shapefiles. (as shown in figure 7)
6. Click OK and the new shapefile appears in the

Figure 7

folder's contents.
Then, after making all the shapefiles these are added in the ArcMap from the add data option
in the ArcMap.

1.3 DIGITIZATION
The digitization is started in the Arc Map by
opening the editor pop up menu and clicking
start editing. The snapping is kept on for end,
midpoint, vertex and edge where required. (as

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Figure 8

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shown in figure 8)
From the create features menu the Shapefile in which editing is to be done is selected
and line, rectangle, point etc. options are
selected from construction tools.
Then, editing is started on the image by
zooming in the image for more accuracy. The
polygons or polylines are ended by double
click or using right click and finish polygon
Figure 9

option. (as shown in figure 9)

The rivers are drawn by using polygon on
boundary of river and the cut polygon
command is used to cut the developed area
from in between. These polygons are then
deleted giving the area covered by rivers. (as

Figure 10

shown in figure 10)

The landmarks and villages are drawn using
point feature. The roads, streams, pathways
and boundaries using line features.
The symbols can be changed in the end by
double clicking on the shapefiles from table

Figure 11

of contents to change style, colour, outline

colour, width etc. (as shown in figure 11)

1.4 GIVING ATTRIBUTES

The names of the features are filled in the attributes of
the shapefiles.
Figure 12

First of all right click on the shape file, select open

attribute table. (as shown in figure 12)
Stop editing from the editor menu and in the
attribute table go to options and choose add field.
Figure 13

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The name and text options are taken up and click OK. (as shown in figure 13)
By double click on left side on the feature it is
selected on the map and can give labels like this to
all features.Then label features option is taken up
by right click on the shapefile. (as shown in figure
14)
The size, font and type of these labels can be set

Figure 14

by double click on the shapefile and go to labels

from top.

1.5 LAYOUT
After completing the digitization and filling of
attributes, the layout option is clicked from the
view pop up on the top of the drawing. (as shown
in figure 15)

Figure 18

In this, the type of layout is selected from layout

options above. Then title is given at the bottom as
name of the exercise. The heading is given at the
top on right side as Ludhiana. The inset gives the
location of the area. (as shown in figure 16)
The legend is given to refer that which symbol

Figure 15

represents what in the map. The scale is given as

bar and as ratio i.e. Representative factor. The
direction is given by pointing to the North. (as
shown in figure 17)

1.6 EXPORTING MAP

Figure 16

In the end, the file is saved for printing.In the file

pop up menu, export map is selected and in that
the name of the file, its location and type of
format (PDF) are selected. And Click Save. (as
shown in figure 18)
Figure 17

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2. DIGITIZATION & THEMATIC MAPS

2.1 MAP GRABBING
The image is captured using Google earth online
and Map Grabber. In the Google earth, Ludhiana
is opened and zoom to the location and extent of
clarity required and the starting point.
Figure 19

In the map grabber, the location is marked on the

top left and bottom right corner giving the
rectangular area in single time to be captured. (as
shown in figure 19)
The grabbing speed is set as 0.4 and 7. The
number of images required to be captured and

Figure 20

joined in single time is filled as 33 and 2 in x and

y axis respectively. (as shown in figure 20)
The location where image is to be saved is given
and click start. The image would be captured
itself and saved to the location given. (as shown
in figure 21)

Figure 21

2.2 GEOREFERENCING
After this, the images captured are joined in Photoshop. The parts are joined to get the image
of whole city.
The image of whole city is saved as jpg.
The Arc Map was opened and by using the add data option the image was inserted from the
location where it was saved.
In the layers option, right click on the top of the
table of contents, go to properties.
After

that,

go

to

Coordinate

System

->

Geographic Coordinate System -> World ->

WGS 1984. The map goes in geographic

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Figure 22

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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

coordinate system in which the georeferencing is to be done. (as shown in figure 22)
4 coordinates are given as latitude and longitude (degree, minutes, seconds) at 4 different
points on the image by left click on the location
and then right clicking to fill the coordinate. The
coordinates are given upto an accuracy of seconds
upto 2 decimal places. (as shown in figure 23)
After filling all the coordinates, from the
Georeferencing

pop

up

menu,

update

Figure 23

georeferencing is done and then rectify from the

same menu.
Then, the project raster option is picked from the
toolbox by searching. The image layer is
dragged in the 1st option. The input coordinates
are filled automatically.
Figure 24

The output coordinates are filled by right click on

the layers in table of contents as follows:
Coordinate System -> Projected Coordinate System -> UTM -> WGS 1984 -> Northern
Hemisphere

-> WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N . (as shown in figure 24)

The georeferencing of the image is completed. The map display units are changed to
meters from Layers -> properties -> General -> Display units.

2.3 SHAPEFILES
The Shape files are made in the ArcCatalog by
right click in the empty space in the folder where
these are to be stored by going to: New ->
Shapefile. Then, Click in the Name text box and
type a name for the new shapefile. (as shown in
figure 25)
Figure 25

Click the Feature Type in the drop-down arrow.

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Click Edit to define the shape file's coordinate

system.
A new coordinate system is defined 1st time and
then for other shapefiles it is imported from
previous shapefiles. (as shown in figure 26)
Figure 26

Click OK and the new shapefile appears in the

folder's contents.
Then, after making all the shapefiles these are added in the ArcMap from the add data option
in the ArcMap.

2.4 DIGITIZATION
The digitization is started in the Arc Map by opening the editor pop up menu and clicking
start editing. The snapping is kept on for end, midpoint, vertex and edge where required.
From the create features menu the Shapefile in which editing is to be done is selected and
line, rectangle, freehand, point etc. options are
selected from construction tools.
Then, editing is started on the image by
zooming in the image for more accuracy. The
polygons or polylines are ended by double
click or using right click and finish polygon
option. (as shown in figure 27)

Figure 27

2.5 ROADS
First of all the roads are digitized using line tool
in different shape files for highways, major
roads and minor roads. The polyline is used for
the width of roads to be uniform throughout
using buffer and boundaries are not clear of the

Figure 28

roads. (as shown in figure 28)

The lines are drawn by taking points exactly at the centre of the roads.

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Then after drawing the highways, major and

minor roads, all these shapefiles are given
buffer by opening buffer from the toolbox as
follows:
Open buffer window.

Figure 29

Drag the highway layer in the input feature

option.
Fill the buffer distance on each side to be
kept in linear units in meters in the distance
option. (as shown in figure 29)
Click OK.
The same is done for all the shapefiles of

Figure 31

roads.
After giving the buffer, the new buffer
layers formed are dissolved separately by
opening dissolve in toolbox. The dissolve
tool merges the separate buffers appearing
for separate lines in a shapefile. (as shown

Figure 30

in figure 30)
The layers are dissolved separately by dragging the buffered layers in the input option
and click OK. (as shown in figure 31)

2.6 LAND USE MAP

After dissolving, the dissolved layers of roads
are united using the union tool from the toolbox
in which all the layers of roads to be united are
dragged.
Now, a single layer with all the roads of all
hierarchies is formed. (as shown in figure 32)

Figure 32

A boundary of the digitised area is given in a new shapefile in polygon feature.

Erase tool is used after this from the toolbox in which the boundary layer is dragged in
the input feature option and roads union layer in erase feature option and click OK.

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The polygons enclosed by roads appear and these are exploded by using the multipart to
singlepart option in the toolbox. This option explodes all the polygons.
The polygons can be given different codes in attributes as per land use. These are
selected by attributes then e.g. residential is given code 1 and commercial polygons
given code 2 out of which select by attributes is used to select residential with code 1.
The residential selected is exported by right click on the all polygon layer.
Data -> export data and click OK. A new residential layer is made.
Similarly, all other land use shapefiles can be made to get land use map of the area.

2.7 FILLING THE DATA

The attributes can be filled or excel file can be attached by right clicking on the desired
shapefile and go joins and relates (e.g. if census data to be attached) and then join option.
The sheet can be joined on the basis of single common field in both attribute table as well
as excel sheet which can be numbers. In the 2nd option, the sheet to be attached is
selected. In the 3rd option the same column from the excel sheet on which the join is to be
based on is selected.
In this case first of all, from the residential
shapefile by right click attribute table is
selected and opened, the new fields are added
as follows: Options -> add field and in window
the name of the field is filled, the short integer

Figure 33

option is used for small numbers, long integers

for large numbers and text for letters . (as
shown in figure 33)
In this way, fields are added in the attribute
table. In the residential, the fields added are
land

use,

area,

unplanned area.

population,

density

and
Figure 34

The area is calculated by right click on the area field, then going to calculate geometry
giving unit square meters and click OK. The area is calculated automatically. (as shown
in figure 34)

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The fields are added by stopping editing whereas the attributes are filled by again starting
editing. By double click on the attribute it can be located on map and attributes can be
filled by locating spatially.
When all the attributes are filled, the maps area drawn for all the fields.

2.8 POPULATION AND SEX RATIO

When all the attributes are filled, the residential layer is copied and pasted 2 times in the table
of contents.
POPULATION
One new layer is used to get total population in each polygon and renamed as
population. The values have been filed in the attribute table for population. By right
click on the population shapefile, the properties are opened and then, symbology.
Then, in quantities, graduated colours are used to show colours.
The field value is filled population (on the basis of which the categorization is to be
done).From the colours ramp, the colours to be used are chosen or by double click
changed from bottom. (as shown in figure 35)
In the classify option, the values are changed if required manually for classification
a
n
d

c
l
i
c
k

O
K

Figure 35

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SEX RATIO
To show two features in a single map, different methods can be used. The sex ratio is
shown by dot method.
First of all, the second copied layer is renamed as sex ratio.
Right click on the sex ratio layer, go to properties. The symbology is opened.
In the symbology, in the field selection, sex ratio is selected and symbol is selected by
double click.
The dot size and dot value are selected as
5

and

40

simultaneously

as

per

requirement. (as shown in figure 36)

The background is

kept

hollow as

population is shown by colours at the back

and density in front by dots. In this way
Figure 36

two features are shown in one map.

The shape files can be shifted above or below their position in the table of contents as
per the priority to show above or below in the map. In this map, population shapefile
will be below the sex ratio shapefile.

2.9 DENSITY
The density is shown by dot density method.
First of all, the second copied layer is renamed as density.
Right click on the density layer, go to properties. The symbology is opened.
In the symbology, in the field selection, density is selected and symbol is selected by
double click.
The dot size and dot value are selected as
5

and

6000

simultaneously

as

per

requirement. (as shown in figure 37)

The background is kept hollow as
population is shown by colours at the back
and density in front by dots. In this way
two features are shown in one map.

Figure 37

The shape files can be shifted above or

below their position in the table of contents as per the priority to show above or below
in the map. In this map, population shapefile will be below the density shapefile.

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2.10 SERVED AREA OF SCHOOLS

First of all, a shapefile is made with point feature in ArcCatalog and dragged into
ArcMap.
The shapefile is selected from Create feature window and using point construction
tool the schools are marked as point
features.
The schools are marked by reference
from Google earth. The schools can
serve upto a walkable distance of 1-1.5
km. Therefore, a radius of 1 km is given
around all the schools located in the

Figure 38

assigned part of Ludhiana City (as shown in

figure 38)
The radius is given by using buffer command which is circular around point feature.
The buffer is opened from toolbox and in the input feature the school shapefile is
dragged.
In output feature class, the name and location of buffer layer is given.
In distance, the buffer radius i.e. 1000 is filled as number and units selected as meters.
Click OK.
The buffer is given to all the points automatically and their area can be calculated.
The buffer goes out of the area boundary which gives the area outside the boundary
even. If the served area inside the boundary is to be calculated, then, intersect
command is used.
The intersect is searched from toolbox and a window opens when we click on it.
In the window, in input feature box, both the shapefiles of school buffer and of
polygon boundary are dragged.
In the output feature class, the location and name of output feature is filled.
Click OK.
The common area is selected between both layers automatically. This area is actual
served area by schools and in the rest of the area schools need to be provided.

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2.11 LITTERACY RATE AND LITTERACY RATIO

When all the attributes are filled, the residential layer is copied and pasted 2 times in the table
of contents.
LITERACY RATE
One new layer is used to get total population in each polygon and renamed as literacy
rate. The values have been filed in the attribute table for literacy rate.
By right click on the literacy rate shapefile, the properties are opened and then,
symbology.
Then,

in

quantities,

graduated

colours are used to show colours.

The field value is filled literacy rate
(on

the

basis

of

which

the

categorization is to be done).
From the colour ramp, the colours to
be used are chosen or by double click

Figure 39

changed from bottom. (as shown in

figure 39)
In the classify option, the values are changed if required manually for classification
and click OK.
LITERACY RATIO
To show two features in a single map, different methods can be used. The literacy
ratio is shown by dot method.
First of all, the second copied layer is renamed as literacy ratio.
Right click on the literacy ratio layer, go to properties. The symbology is opened.
In the symbology, in the field selection, literacy ratio is selected and symbol is
selected by double click.
The dot size and dot value are
selected as 3 and 50 simultaneously
as per requirement.
The background is kept hollow as
literacy rate is shown by colors at the
back and literacy ratio front by dots.
Figure 40

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In this way two features are shown in one map. (as shown in figure 40)
The shape files can be shifted above or below their position in the table of contents as
per the priority to show above or below in the map. In this map, population shapefile
will be below the literacy ratio shapefile.

2.12 CHILDREN RATIO

One new layer is used to get total population in each polygon and renamed as
children ratio. The values have been filed in the attribute table for children ratio.
By right click on the children ratio shapefile, the properties are opened and then,
symbology.
Then, in quantities, graduated colours are used to show colours.
The field value is children ratio (on the basis of which the categorization is to be
done).
From the colour ramp, the colours to be used are chosen or by double click changed
from bottom. (as shown in figure 41)
In the classify option, the values are changed if required manually for classification
and click OK.

Figure 41

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Contents
1. DIGITISING ON A TOPOGRAPHIC SHEET ............................................................................................. 1
1.1 GEOREFERENCING......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 SHAPE FILES ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 DIGITIZATION ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 GIVING ATTRIBUTES ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 LAYOUT ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 EXPORTING MAP ........................................................................................................................... 4
2. DIGITIZATION & THEMATIC MAPS ...................................................................................................... 5
2.1 MAP GRABBING ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 GEOREFERENCING......................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 SHAPEFILES.................................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 DIGITIZATION ................................................................................................................................ 7
2.5 ROADS ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.6 LAND USE MAP.............................................................................................................................. 8
2.7 FILLING THE DATA ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.8 POPULATION AND SEX RATIO ..................................................................................................... 10
POPULATION ................................................................................................................................. 10
SEX RATIO ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.9 DENSITY ....................................................................................................................................... 11
2.10 SERVED AREA OF SCHOOLS ....................................................................................................... 12
2.11 LITTERACY RATE AND LITTERACY RATIO ................................................................................... 13
LITERACY RATE .............................................................................................................................. 13
LITERACY RATIO ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.12 CHILDREN RATIO ....................................................................................................................... 14

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