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x
y
x+y
(1)
a
b
= . Vy bt ng thc (1) c
x
y
chng minh.
Vi 6 s a, b, c, x, y, z v x, y, z > 0.p dng bt ng thc (1) hai ln ta c:
a2 b2 c2
(a + b)2 c2
(a + b + c)2
+ +
x
y
z
x+y
z
x+y+z
Do bng php quy np ton hc vi a1 , a2 , ..., an l cc s thc bt k v b1 , b2 , ..., bn l
cc s thc dng.Khi , ta lun c:
a21 a22
a2n
(a1 + a2 + ... + an )2
+
+ ... +
b1
b2
bn
b1 + b2 + ... + bn
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
()
a1
a2
an
=
= ... =
b1
b2
bn
+
+
x + yz y + zx z + xy
x + y + z + xy + yz + zx
Hong Minh Qun
Mt khc:
x+y+z
xy + yz + zx
nn ta c:
y2
z2
(x + y + z)2
x+y+z
3
x2
+
=
+
x + yz y + zx z + xy
x+y+z+x+y+z
2
2
( V gi thit x + y + z 3).
ng thc xy ra x = y = z
Bi ton 2 Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c.Chng minh rng:
a
b
c
+
+
1
b + 2c c + 2a a + 2b
Phn tch bi ton:
Tip cn bi ton, chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s, iu
gi nh cho chng ta c th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel,
nhng mun vy t s ca mi phn thc phi l bnh phng ca mt s. Do ta
ngh ti vic nhn c t v mu ca mt phn thc vi mt s ta p dng c bt
ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel.Do chng ta lm nh sau:
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c:
a2
b2
c2
(a + b + c)2
(a + b + c)2
VT =
+
+
=1
a(b + 2c) b(c + 2a) c(a + 2b)
3(ab + bc + ca)
(a + b + c)2
ng thc xy ra x = y = z
Bi ton 3 Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c.Chng minh rng:
a3
b3
c3
a+b+c
+
+
a2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a2
3
(1)
b3
c3
a3
+
+
a2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a2
a4
b4
c4
+
+
a(a2 + ab + b2 ) b(b2 + bc + c2 ) c(c2 + ca + a2 )
(a2 + b2 + c2 )
3
a + b3 + c3 + ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
Hong Minh Qun
V
a3 + b3 + c3 + ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 )
Nn
(a2 + b2 + c2 )
a2 + b2 + c2
V T (1)
=
(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 )
a+b+c
Ta ch cn chng minh
a+b+c
a 2 + b 2 + c2
a+b+c
3
Hay
a2 + b2 + c2 a + b + c
0 3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (a + b + c)2
a+b+c
3
tng ng
2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 2ab 2ac 2bc 0
tng ng
(a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c
Bi ton 4 (IMO1995)Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn abc = 1
Chng minh rng:
1
1
1
3
+ 3
+ 3
3
a (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b)
2
Phn tch bi ton:
Bi ton ny khi tip cn, chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s,
bc ca mu s ln hn bc ca t s. iu gip chng ta ngh ti bt ng thc
Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel. n y nu p dng trc tip lun, chng ta c:
1
1
1
(1 + 1 + 1)2
+
+
3
a3 (b + c) b3 (c + a) c3 (a + b)
a (b + c) + b3 (c + a) + c3 (a + b)
Khi bi ton tr nn phc tp hn, v d dn ti b tc trong gii quyt. V vy
1
1
a2
mt cht chng ta thy 3
=
, lc ny vic p dng bt ng thc
a (b + c)
a(b + c)
Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel mang li hiu qu r rt.
Chng minh
Ta c:
1
1
1
+ 3
+ 3
VT = 3
a (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b)
( 1 1 1 )2
1
1
1
+ +
(ab + bc + ca)2
a2
b2
c2
=
+
+
a b c
=
a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b)
2(ab + bc + ca)
2(ab + bc + ca)
ab + bc + ca
2
p dng bt ng thc AMGM, ta c:
Vy V T
3
ab + bc + ca
3 a 2 b 2 c2
3
VT
= =VP
2
2
2
Hong Minh Qun
1
3
2x + 3y + 5z 2y + 3z + 5x 2z + 3x + 5y
30
Phn tch bi ton:
Quan st bi ton chng ta thy y l bt dng thc i xng ba bin c dng phn
thc, iu gi cho chng ta ngh ti bt ng thc CauchySchawrz dng Engel
nhm gim bc ca phn thc gip chng ta c nh gi d dng hn. T tip
x3
x4
cn v tri , ta phn tch
=
p dng bt ng thc
2x + 3y + 5z
x(2x + 3y + 5z)
CauchySchawrz. Chng ta lm nh sau:
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schawrz dng Engel ta c:
VT =
y4
z4
x4
+
+
x(2x + 3y + 5z) y(2y + 3z + 5x) z(2z + 3x + 5y)
2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
x2 + y 2 + z 2
1
VT
=
2
2
2
10(x + y + z )
10
30
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z =
1
3
a4
b4
c4
+
+
a3 b2 c2 b3 c2 a2 c3 a2 b2
2
(3abc)2
9
(a2 + b2 + c2 )
= 2 2 2
=
2 2 2
a b c (a + b + c)
a b c (a + b + c)
a+b+c
Hong Minh Qun
2
2
2
8
(a + b) (a + c) (b + c) (b + a) (c + a) (c + b)
Phn tch bi ton:
Tip cn bi ton chng ta thy , v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s, nh vy
chng ta c th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz dng Engel chng minh.
a4
(a+b)2
a4
mt cht chng ta thy
c th vit li thnh
v nh
2
cyc (a + b) (a + c)
cyc (a + c)
vy du hiu s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel xut hin. Cng
vic ca chng ta ch l p dng chng minh.
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c:
(
)
a2 2
a+b
a4
cyc
(1)
2(a + b + c)
(a + b)2 (a + c)
cyc
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c:
a2
(a + b + c)2
a+b+c
=
(2)
a+b
2(a + b + c)
2
cyc
T (1) v (2) ta c:
cyc
( a+b+c )2
a+b+c
3 3 abc
3
a4
2
=
2
2(a + b + c)
8
8
8
(a + b) (a + c)
=1
x2 + xy + yz y 2 + yz + zx z 2 + zx + xy
(x + y + z)2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 hay a = b = c = 1.
Bi ton 9 Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .Chng minh rng:
a2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2
+
+
a+b+c
a+b
b+c
c+a
Phn tch bi ton:
Quan st bi ton chng ta thy bt ng thc ca bi ra nhn kh phc tp v
cha c du hiu g cho vic s dng c bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz nhng
bng vic nm chc s dng Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel th chng ta c th tch ra
c cc phn thc c t s l dng bnh phng. Bi ton n y tr nn d dng
hn ri.
Chng minh
Ta c:
a2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2
a2
b2
b2
c2
c2
a2
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
a+b
b+c
c+a
a+b a+b b+c b+c c+a c+a
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz dng Engel, ta c:
a2
b2
b2
c2
c2
a2
[2(a + b + c)]2
+
+
+
+
+
=a+b+c
a+b a+b b+c b+c c+a c+a
4(a + b + c)
(iu phi chng minh)ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Bi ton 10 (USAMO 2003)Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .Chng minh rng:
(2b + c + a)2
(2c + a + b)2
(2a + b + c)2
+
+
8
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
Phn tch bi ton:
y l mt bi ton kh hay trong k thi hc sinh gii nc M nm 2003, bi ton
ny c kh nhiu cch chng minh v tht th v chng ta c th gii bng cch s
cp l p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel. Khi giagr dy gio vin
phn tch cho hc sinh hiu ti sao chng ta ngh ra c cch gii ny.
Tip cn bi ton chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn thc, d t
s ca mi phn s u c dng bnh phng .iu gi cho chng ta ngh ti s
dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel nhng chng ta cha th s dng
ngay c v du ca bt ng thc cho l du . Vy ta tm cch a v bt
Hong Minh Qun
(1)
(a + b)2
t
2
ta c:
(a + b)2 2(a2 + b2 ), (b + c)2 2(b2 + c2 ), (a + c)2 2(a2 + c2 ) nn
V T (1) =
2(b + c a)2
2(c + a b)2
2(a + b c)2
+
+
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
2(c + a b)2
2(a + b c)2
2(b + c a)2
+
+
+
4a2 + b2 + c2 4b2 + c2 + a2 4c2 + a2 + b2
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) ab + bc + ca
Bi ton 15 (Hong Minh Qun)Cho cc s thc a, b, c > 0 tha mn
ab + bc + ca = 1.Chng minh rng:
b
c
9
a
+
+
3
3
3
(3b + 5c)
(3c + 5a)
(3a + 5b)
512
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Phm Kim Hng, Sng to bt ng thc, NXB H Ni.
2. Phm Vn Thun, L V, Bt ng thc suy lun v khm ph, NXB HQG H
Ni.
3. V Quc B Cn,Trn Quc Anh , Bt ng thc v nhng li gii hay, NXB H
Ni,2009.
4. T.Andreescu,V.Cirtoaje, G.Dospinescu, M.Lascu.Old and New Inequalities, Gil publishing House
5. http://forum.mathscope.org/index.php;
http://onluyentoan.vn/index.php;
http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/index.php?act=idx