S DNG TNH NG CP CHNG MINH BT

S DNG TNH CHT NG CP

TRONG CHNG MINH BT NG THC V TM CC TR
Trong bi vit ny chng ti gii thiu vi bn c mt k thut thng s dng x l cc
bi ton v bt ng thc v bi ton tm cc tr ca mt biu thc trong cc biu thc v
gi thit ca bi ton u l nhng biu thc, ng thc, bt ng thc ng cp.
Trc ht xin nhc li nh ngha biu thc ng cp:
Biu thc f ( x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) c gi l biu thc ng cp bc k ( k ) nu
f ( mx1 , mx2 , ..., mxn ) = mk f ( x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

Nu biu thc f ( x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) l biu thc ng cp bc 0 th vi php t xi = ti x1 , x1 0 ,

i = 2, 3, ..., n ta c: f ( x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = f (1, t2 , t3 , ..., tn ) l biu thc n 1 bin, tc l ta lm

gim i s bin. t bit vi biu thc ng cp bc 0 hai bin th ta c th chuyn v biu

thc mt bin. Do tm cc tr ca biu thc ny ta c th s dng phng trnh kho st
hm s.
Sau y l cc v d minh ha
V d 1. Cho hai s thc x, y thay i v tha mn x2 + y2 = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc: P =

2( x2 + 6 xy)
1 + 2 xy + 2 y2

( thi H Khi B 2009 ).

Li gii.
* Nu y = 0 P = 1 .
* Nu y 0 th t : x = ty ta c: P =
Xt hm s f (t) , ta c : f ' ( t ) =

2(t2 y2 + 6ty2 )

t2 y2 + 2ty2 + 3 y2

2(t2 + 6t)
t2 + 2t + 3

= 2 f ( t)

4t2 + 6t + 18

(t

+ 2t + 3

3
f ' ( t ) = 0 t1 = 3, t2 = , lim f ( t ) = 1
2 t

Lp bng bin thin ta c: max f (t) = f (3) =

3
3
, min f (t) = f ( ) = 3
2
2

x = 3y

Vy: max P = 3 t c khi

1
1
=
y =
2
10
1+t

3
x = y
2

V min P = 6 t c khi
.
1
2
y =
=
13
1 + t2

V d 2. Cho x, y l hai s thc thay i v tha mn

2y
v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A =
+
+ 3 y2 .
2
x
x
1

2y
+ y2 = 11 . Tm gi tr ln nht
x

Li gii.
t y =

t
1
1
11
, t gi thit bi ton ta c:
(3 + 2t + t2 ) = 11
=
.
2
2
x
x
x
3 + 2t + t2

Do t2 + 2t + 3 > 0 t
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S DNG TNH NG CP CHNG MINH BT

Khi : A =

1
x2

(1 + 2t + 3t2 ) = 11

Xt hm s f (t) =

3t2 + 2t + 1
t2 + 2t + 3

3t2 + 2t + 1
t2 + 2t + 3

, t c f '(t) =

4(t2 + 4t + 1)
(t2 + 2t + 3)2

, f '(t) = 0 t = 2 3

f 2 + 3 = 2 3, f 2 3 = 2 + 3, lim f (t) = 3
t

2
x = t + 2t + 3 = 6 + 2 3

11
11
Suy ra max A = 11. max f (t) = 22 + 11 3 t c khi

2 3
y =
x

2
x = t + 2t + 3 = 6 2 3

11
11
.
min A = 11. min f (t) = 22 11 3 t c khi

2 + 3
y =
x

1
V d 3. Cho hai s thc x 0, y tha x3 + y3 = x2 2 y2 . Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh
4
nht ca biu thc P = x + 3 y .

Li gii.
t x = ty, t 2 , khi t gi thit bi ton ta suy ra :
t2 2
y t3 + 1 = t2 2 y =
t3 + 1

V y

1
1 + 13
t3 4 t2 + 9 0 (t 3)(t2 t 3) 0
t 3.
4
2

Ta c: P = y ( t + 3) =
Xt hm s f (t) =

(t + 3)(t2 2)
t3 + 1

3t2 2t 7
t3 + 1

=1+

3t2 2t 7
t3 + 1

1 + 13
3t4 + 4 t3 + 21t2 2
,t D =
; 3 , ta c: f '(t) =
(t3 + 1)2
2

V 3t4 + 4 t3 + 21t2 2 = t3 ( 3 t ) + t3 2 + 2t2 9 t2 + 3t2 > 0, t D

Dn ti f '(t) > 0, t D . T ta tm c:
1 + 13 7 + 13
t c khi
=
min P = 1 + f

2
8

1 + 13
x =
8

1
y =

3
x =
3
4
max P = 1 + f ( 3) = t c khi
.
2
y = 1

4
V d 4. Cho cc s thc dng x, y tha xy y 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P=

Li gii. t t =

y3
x3

2 x2
y2

y
2
> 0 P = t3 +
x
t2

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S DNG TNH NG CP CHNG MINH BT

Khi xy y 1 tr thnh x2 t tx + 1 0 , v x tn ti nn bt phng trnh ny phi c
nghim x hay = t2 4t 0 t 4
2

Xt hm s f (t) = t +

, t 4 c f '(t) = 2t

513
Suy ra min f (t) = f (4) =
.
8
t4

4
t

2 t5 2
3

) > 0, t 4

1
513
x =
Vy min P =
t c khi
2.
8
y = 2

V d 5. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng x, y, z tho x( x + y + z) = 3 yz (*), ta lun c:

( x + y)3 + ( x + z)3 + 3( x + y)( y + z)( z + x) 5( y + z)3 (H Khi A 2009 ).

Li gii.
t y = ax; z = bx .
Khi gi thit bi ton tr thnh: x( x + ax + bx) = 3abx2 1 + a + b = 3ab (*) v bt ng
thc cn chng minh tr thnh:
( x + ax)3 + ( x + bx)3 + 3( x + ax)(ax + bx)(bx + x) 5(ax + bx)3
(1 + a)3 + (1 + b)3 + 3(1 + a)(1 + b)(a + b) (a + b)3

(1).
V (*) v (1) l nhng biu thc i xng i vi a, b nn ta ngh ti cch t
S a b; P ab

1+ S

1+ S
S2 4 P
P =
P =

Mi quan h gia S v P l
3 .
1 + S = 3P
S 2
3S2 4 S 4 0

Khi :

(1 + a)(1 + b) = 1 + a + b + ab = 1 + S +

1 + S 4(1 + S)
=
3
3

(1 + a)3 + (1 + b)3 = ( 2 + a + b) 3(1 + a)(1 + b)(2 + a + b) = (2 + S)3 4(1 + S)(2 + S)

Nn (1) (2 + S)3 4(S2 + 3S + 2) + 4 S(1 + S) 5S3

2S2 3S 2 0 (2S + 1)(S 2) 0 lun ng do S 2 .

Vy bi ton c chng minh.

V d 6. Cho cc s thc x , y, z 1; 4 ; x y, x z . Tm gi r nh nht ca biu thc

x
y
z

(H Khi A 2011 ).
2x 3y y z z x
1
Li gii. t y ax , z bx a, b ;1 . Khi :
4

x
ax
bx
1
a
b
P

2x 3ax ax by bx x
2 3a a b b 1
1
a
3
b
Xt hm s f (a )

, f '(a )

2
2 3a a b
(2 3a )
(a b)2
P

Xt b(2 3a )2 3(a b)2 9a 2b 6ab 4b 3a 2 3b 2

15a 2b 4b 3a 2 3b 2 3a 2 5b 1 b(4 3b) 0

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S DNG TNH NG CP CHNG MINH BT

1
1
4
1
Nn f (a ) l hm ng bin trn ;1 f (a ) f

4
4 11 1 4b

4
1
b
Do : P

g(b)
11 1 4b b 1
4
1
1
Ta c: g '(b)

g '(b) 0 b
2
(1 4b)2 (b 1)2
1 34
34
T suy ra: g(b) g
hay P
2 33
33

a 1
x 4, y 1
x 4y
4
ng thc xy ra khi
, m x , y, z 1; 4
z 2

1
x 2z

b
2

Vy min P

34
.
33

1
b

1
c

V d 7. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha (a + 2b) + = 4 v 3a c . Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln

a2 + 2b2
.
ac
Li gii. t a = xb, c = yb; x, y > 0

nht ca biu thc: P =

T gi thit ta c: ( x + 2) 1 +

Do

1
4y
2( y 1)
2=
=4x=
y
y+1
y+1

x a 1
y
2y 2 y
= x
y2 5 y + 6 0 2 y 3
3
3
y c 3
y+1

Khi : P =

x2 + 2 3 y2 2 y + 3
=
= f ( y)
xy
y3 y

Xt hm s f ( y) vi y 2; 3 , c :
f '( y) =

3 y4 + 4 y3 + 3

3 y3 ( y 2) (2 y2 3)

< 0, y 2; 3
( y3 y)2
11
2
Suy ra max P = max f ( y) = f (2) = , t c khi a = b, c = 2b
6
3
2;3
( y3 y)2

min P = min f ( y) = f (3) = 1 , t c khi a = b, c = 3b .

2;3

1 1 1
+ + = 16. Tm gi tr ln nht v
a b c

V d 8. Cho cc s dng a, b, c tha mn : (a + b + c)

gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
Li gii.

a2 + 2b2
.
ab

t b = ay, c = ax; x, y > 0 , t gi thit ta c: (1 + x + y ) 1 +

(1 +

1 1
+ = 16
x y

1 2
1
) x + y + 13 x + y + 1 = 0 (*)
y
y

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S DNG TNH NG CP CHNG MINH BT

y > 0

1
1

a, b, c tn ti khi (*) c nghim x, y > 0 hay l: = y + 13 4( y + 1) 1 + 0

y
y

1
y + < 13
y

y > 0

y > 0
2

1
1
73 5
7+3 5

.
y + 30 y + + 161 0

y
1
y
y
2
2

y + y 7

1
y + < 13
y

Khi P = y +

7 3 5 7 + 3 5
2
2
, kho st f ( y) = y + vi y
;
ta tm c
y
y
2
2

7 3 5 21 + 3 5
, t c khi
max P = f
=

2
2

73 5
a
b =

3 5

a
c =
2

( 2 ) = 2 2 , t c khi bc == xa2a vi x l nghim ca phng trnh

( 2 + 1) x (13 2 3) x + 2 + 1 = 0 .
min P = f

Cui cng chng ti a ra mt s bi tp bn c luyn tp.

Bi 1. Cho x 2 + y 2 + xy = 1 . Gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca A = x 2 xy + 2y 2 .
Bi 2. Cho cc s thc x, y tha x2 + y2 + xy 3 . Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc P = x2 xy + y2
Bi 3. Cho x, y l hai s thc ty tha mn iu kin x2 + y2 + xy 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc: P =

x2 xy + 2 y2
y2 + 1

Bi 4. Cho x, y 0 tha x3 + y3 = x y . Chng minh rng x2 + y2 < 1 .

Bi 5. Cho cc s thc a, b, c 0 tha 4 abc 2a3 (b + c)3 . Chng minh rng

7 4
a + 3 b4 + c4 2a2b2 3b2 c2 + 2c2 a2 .
16

Bi 6. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha ab + bc + ca = 3b2 . Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc:
P=

a
c
abc (a2 + c2 )(a + c)
+
+
.
b+ c a+b
b2 (a + c)

Bi 7. Cho cc s thc dng x, y tha x + 2 xy 8 y . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

x 3 y3
x2 y2
9
.
P = 4
+
+
y3 x 3
y2 x 2

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S DNG TNH NG CP CHNG MINH BT

1

Bi 8. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha ( a + c )

gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: P =

a+ cb
.
b

a2

1 10
v c 4b . Tm gi tr ln nht,
=
b
b2

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