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a
a , b a b 2
b2
a3 a3
;
b3 b3
a1 a1
;
b1 b1
b (b1 , b2 , b3 ) ,
tch c
a2
a2b3 a3b2 ; a3b1 a1b3 ; a1b2 a2 b1
b2
2. Tnh cht:
j , k i ;
2.1 i , j k ;
k , i j
[a, b] a;
[ a, b] b
a , b cng phng [ a, b] 0
[ a, b] a . b .sin a , b
Chng minh:
a
a , b 2
b2
2.2. Ta c:
b
b; a 2
a2
b3 b3
;
a3 a3
b1 b1
;
a1 a1
a3 a3
;
b3 b3
a1 a1
;
b1 b1
a2
a2b3 a3b2 ; a3b1 a1b3 ; a1b2 a2b1
b2
b2
a3b2 a2 b3 ; a1b3 a3b1 ; a2b1 a1b2 do [a, b] [b, a ]
a2
2.3. Xt a, b .a (a2b3 a3b2 ).a1 (a3b1 a1b3 ).a2 (a1b2 a2b1 ).a3
[a, b] b
a1 a2 a3
a , b cng phng.
b1 b2 b3
2 2 2 ( a.b) 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
a . b .sin a , b a . b 1 cos a , b a . b a . b . 2 2 a . b (a.b) 2
a .b
2.4. [a, b] 0 a b
2 3
2.5. Xt
(a12 a22 a32 )(b12 b22 b32 ) ( a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 ) 2 ( a2b3 a3b2 ) 2 ( a3b1 a1b3 ) 2 ( a1b2 a2 b1 ) 2
2
[a, b]
[a, b] c
[a, b].c 0 [a, b] c [a, b] a a , b
[a, b] b
a, b
ng phng
[a, b].c 0
ng phng.
1
AB, AC
2
Ta c: S ABC 1 AB.AC.sin BAC 1 AB . AC .sin( AB, AC ) 1 [ AB, AC ]
2
2
2
3.3. Din tch hnh bnh hnh ABCD:
S ABCD AB, AD
S ABCD 2.S ABD AB, AD
3.4. Th tch khi hp ABCD.ABCD:
VABCD . A ' B ' C ' D ' [ AB, AD]. AA '
S ABC
A ' H nn cos cos( AA ',[ AB, AD ])
D'
C'
A'
B'
AA '.[ AB, AD ]
VABCD
1
[ AB, AC ]. AD
6
C'
E'
Ta thy VABCD 1 VABC .DB 'C ' 1 VABEC .DB ' E 'C ' 1 [ AB, AC ].AD
3
B'
[ IM , u ]
d ( M , )
H
I
u
[ IM , IJ ] [ IM , u ]
u
u
J
M
[u1 , u2 ].M 1M 2
h
[u1 , u2 ]
Vhh
S M1 A1B1C1
[ M 1 A1 , M1C1 ].M 1M 2
[u1 , u2 ].M 1M 2
h
[ M 1 A1 , M 1C1 ]
[u1 , u2 ]
d2
u2
M2
A2
C2
B2
M1
u2
C1
u1
A1
B1
d1
Xt s ng phng ca ba vc t