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10. Asexual reproductlon by budding and sexual Reproduction by gametes formed by medusae.

11. Many forms possess a hard exoskeleton of line to form corals.


Porifera
Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
1 They have a cellular level of organisation.
1. They have a tissue level of organisation.
2. Their bodies have a number of Inhalant (incurrent) pores or ostia and a single exhalant (excurrent) pore
osculum.
2. Their bodies have only a single opening.
3. digestion is intracellular
3. Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. 4. Muscle and nerve cells are absent.
4. Muscle and nerve cells appear for the first time in coelentrates.
5. Appendages are absent in poriferans.
5. Coelenterates have appendages in the form of tentacles.
6. Poriferans contain the special cells called collar cells or choanocytes.
6. Coelenterates contain the special cells called cnidoblasts which contain nematocysts.
Phylum 3. Ctenophora (Gr., ktenos - comb; phora carrying)
1. Transparent body with biradial symmetry. Triploblastic.
2. TW0 tentacles and eight longitudinal rows of ciliary comb-plates for locomotion are Present.
Examples: Pleurobrachia (comb jelly), Cestum
(Venuss girdle), Ctenoplana, Beroe (sea mitres).
Phylum 4. Platyhelminthes (Gr., platys - flat; helmins - worm; Flatworms)
1. Bilaterally symmetrical (i.e., the left and right halves of the body have the same design) and dorsoventrally
flattended animals.
2. Body thin, soft, leaf-like or ribbon-like.
3. They are triploblastic animals implying that their tissues differentiate from three embryonic germ
layers. They are without a body cavity (acoelomate animals).
4. Digestive cavity (when present) with a single opening, the mouth (anus is absent).
5. Suckers and hooks are usually present.
6. Circulatory and respiratory systems and skeleton are absent.
7. Excretory system consists of blind tubules called protonephridia. Blind end of a tubule bears a tuft of cilia or
a flagellum and is called a flame bulb or flame cell.

8 Hermaphrodite, i.e., both male and female reproductive organs occur in the same individual. 9. The
turbellarians are free-living, aquatic, both marine and fresh water and a few are terrestrial. Trematodes and
cestodes are parasitic.
Examples: Class 1. Turbellaria-Dugesia, Planaria; Class 2. Trematoda-, Pasciola (liver-fluke), Schistosoma
(blood-fluke); Class 3. Cestoda-Taenia solium (pork tape-worm).
Phylum 5. Nematoda
1. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, Pseudocoelomate and unsegmented animals.
2. Body is worm-like (i.e., round, slender and tapering at the two ends), cylindrical or flattened.
3. Body is covered with a tough, resistant cuticle; cilia is absent.
4. Alimentary canal straight and complete with mouth and anus; pharynx muscular.
5. Sexes are separate.
6. Most forms are parasitic but some are free-living in soil or water. '
7. Parasitic nematodes are pathogenic, meaning they produce diseases in the hosts. For example,
elephantiasis in which enlargement of limbs, scrotum and mammae of humans takes place due to infection of
Wuchereria bancrofti. This disease spreads through mosquito bites. Likewise, Ascaris and Enterobius live in
human intestine and cause ascariasis and enterobiasis respectively in humans.
Examples : Ascaris (round-worm), Ancylostoma (hook-worm), Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial worm), Enterobius
(pinworm of human).
Differences between Platyhelminthes . Nemathelminthes = Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
1. They are flatworms.
1. They are cylindrical in form and are called roundworms.
2. They are acoelomate.
2. They are pseudocoelomate.

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