RESULT

pinned-built-in (60 cm)

Axial load, P
(N)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0

Deflectionloading y (mm)
0.0
6.5
13.5
22.0
30.5
41.0

Deflectionunloading, y (mm)
0.0

Average, y (mm)
0.0
6.5
13.5
22.0
30.5
41.0

6.5

13.5
22.0
30.5
41.0

Load, P (N) vs strut deflection, y (mm)

30
25
20
Load, P (N)

15
10
5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Strut deflection, y (mm)

35

40

45

Buckling load, Pcr (N) vs strut length, y (m)

500
498
496
Buckling load, Pcr (N) 494
492
490
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Strut length, y (m)

Buckling stress, cr (MPa) vs slenderness ratio (x 103)

8.35
8.3
Buckling stress, cr (MPa)

8.25
8.2
8.15
794

796

798

800

Slenderness ratio (x 103)

802

Pinned-pinned (60cm)

Axial load, P (N)

0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0

Deflection-loading y
(mm)
0.0
17.5
50.5
98.5
171.5
268.5

Deflection-unloading, y
(mm)
0.0

Average, y (mm)
0.0
17.5
50.5
98.5
171.5
268.5

17.5

50.5
98.5
171.5
268.5

Load, P (N) vs strut deflection, y (mm)

30
25
20
Load, P (N)

15
10
5
0
0

50

100

150

200

Strut deflection, y (mm)

250

300

Buckling load, Pcr (N) vs strut length, y (m)

510
505
500
Buckling load, Pcr (N)

495
490
485
0.59

0.59

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

Strut length, y (m)

Buckling stress, cr (MPa) vs slenderness ratio (x 103)

8.45
8.4
8.35
8.3
Buckling stress, cr (MPa) 8.25
8.2
8.15
8.1
790 792 794 796 798 800 802
Slenderness ratio (x 103)

Pinned-built-in (45 cm)

Axial load, P (N)
0.0
40.0
80.0
120.0
160.0
200.0

Deflection-loading y
(mm)
0.0
0.5
23.0
58.0
129.0
215.0

Deflection-unloading, y
(mm)
0.0

Average, y (mm)
0.0
0.5
23.0
58.0
129.0
215.0

0.5

23.0
58.0
129.0
215.0

Load, P (N) vs strut deflection, y (mm)

250
200
150
Load, P (N) 100
50
0
0

50

100

150

Strut deflection, y (mm)

200

250

Buckling load, Pcr (N) vs strut length, y (m)

895
890
885
Buckling load, Pcr (N)

880
875
870
0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
Strut length, y (m)

Buckling stress, cr (MPa) vs slenderness ratio (x 103)

14.85
14.8
14.75
14.7
Buckling stress, cr (MPa) 14.65
14.6
14.55
14.5
790 792 794 796 798 800 802
Slenderness ratio (x 103)

Pinned-pinned (45 cm)

Axial load, P (N)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0

Deflection-loading y
(mm)
0.0
9.5
22.0
30.5
42.0
55.0

Deflection-unloading, y
(mm)
0.0

Average, y (mm)
0.0
9.5
22.0
30.5
42.0
55.0

9.5

22.0
30.5
42.0
55.0

Load, P (N) vs strut length, y (mm)

30
25
20
Load, P (N)

15
10
5
0
0

10

20

30

40

Strut length, y (mm)

50

60

Buckling load, Pcr (N) vs strut length, y (m)

910
900
890
Buckling load, Pcr (N) 880
870
860
0.440.440.450.450.450.450.450.450.45
Strut length, y (m)

Buckling stress, cr (MPa) vs slenderness ratio (x 103)

15.1
15
14.9
14.8
Buckling stress, cr (MPa) 14.7
14.6
14.5
14.4
590 592 594 596 598 600 602
Slenderness ratio (x 103)

CALCULATIONS

I=

b d3
12

I=

(2 102 )( 0.3 103)

12

A=b d

I =4.5 1011 m4

K=

I
A

K=

4.5 1011
5
6 10

A=6 105

K=7.5 107
Pinned-pinned (60 cm)
Buckling load, Pcr
2

Pcr =

EI
2
L

Pcr =

2 2 (200 G)(4.5 1011 )

0.597

Pcr =498.45 N

Buckling stress,

A=(2 102 )(0.3 102 )

cr

E=200G

 cr =

Pcr
A

cr =

498.45
6 105

cr =8.31 MPa

Slenderness ration,

L
K

L
0.597
=
K 7.5 107
L
=791 10 3
K
DISCUSSIONS

From the graph that have been plotted, we can observe that the graph for load, P
against strut deflection, y is different from other graphs. The strut deflection is increase as the
load applied is increase. As we know, we used the Eulers Theory which is the compression
exerted on the strut must be axial. For other graph, let say the graph of buckling load, P cr
against strut length, y and the graph buckling stress, cr against slenderness ratio, L/K are
decrease. For the pinned-built-in graph, the gradient are higher than pinned-pinned graph.
During the experiment, some errors maybe occur that can affect the value of the
reading. Parallex error might be occur due to the position of the eye of the observer does not
parallel to the scale reading and this make the reading not accurate. Other might occur when
somebody hit the table of this machine that can cause the reading because this machine is too
sensitive.
CONLCUSIONS

The behavior of slender strut when exerted by compression load is observed. When they
reach the validity limit to the critical stress, 8.31MPa ( pinned-built-in, 60cm ) that it can
withstand. In this experiment, we are able to investigate the validity of Eulers Theory of the

struts with both ends pinned and one end pinned and the other end is built in. both give
different result of the strut length and the slenderness ratio after the compression load is being
applied.

QUESTIONS

1)

First is in oil and gas industry. The casing of wells need to consider the their
buckling property because it is very important for this structure to withstand the several factor
that can cause the structure to collapse like water sand, maintain borehole stability, control
well pressure during drilling, and isolate water from producing formation.

Second is in vehicle industry, for examples are airplanes, ships, cars, and
motorcycles are assembled from metal plates pinned by welling riveting or spot welding. The
structure of the frame of the vehicles need to consider thoroughly to prevent the buckling
phenomenon from happened.

2) Pin joints are friction-less which means no moment constraint and it also rigid at fixed
ends, so there is no rotation deflection. This will surely give big difference because in
experimental we consider the rotation deflection and all the friction occur. Next
assumption is the column is free from initial stress but in experiment procedure, the
stresses are recorded, so it will also give large difference between both results. Lastly
is the column fails only by buckling. This is true if the compressive stress in the
column does not exceed the yield strength.

3) Eulers Theory is an inaccurate when the slenderness ratio is small. If the struts is
very thin, then the material will simply crush under the axial compression. So, the
meaning of validity of Eulers Theory is the slenderness ratio limit depends on the
material but generally if the ratio is less than 120 for steel or less than 80 for
aluminium and its alloy, the crushing becomes important and failure will occur at
loads smaller than those predicted by Euler. The limits of validity of the struts can be
calculated this is because we can refer to the slenderness of the materials to determine
the validity.

Graph that shows the relationship between slenderness ratio and the Euler stress.