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Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.

A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.

Source and Path Parameters for Recorded


Earthquakes in Tehran Province, Iran
Meghdad SAMAEI1, Masakatsu MIYAJIMA2, Masato TSURUGI3
and Abdolhossein FALLAHI4
1

Student Member of JSCE, Doctoral Student, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
E-mail: samaei@stu.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
2
Member of JSCE, Professor, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
E-mail: miyajima@t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
3
Senior researcher, Geo-Research Institute
4-3-2, Itachibori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
E-mail: tsurugi@geor.or.jp
4
Assistant Professor, Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem
35 km Maragheh road, Tabriz, Iran.
E-mail: fallahi@azaruniv.ac.ir

The goal of this study is to estimate source and path attenuation parameters of recorded earthquakes in
Tehran province, Iran so they can be used for strong motion prediction purposes. For this, we have used
four well recorded earthquakes recorded on Iran Strong Motion Network (ISMN). Assuming a simple
geometric spreading of 1/r we have estimated Q factor for S-wave attenuation by characterizing spectral
amplitude decay with distance at discrete frequencies. We propose the form of Q(f)=73f 0.72 for
attenuation of S-wave in Tehran province. We show that the proposed attenuation quality factor is in the
range of Q factors that have been proposed by the other studies. We have also estimated source
parameters, such as seismic moment (M0), corner frequency (fc) and Brune stress drop () for each
earthquake. We have fitted Brune source model to the observed spectra of motion by a grid search for
least squares. Stress drop for studied earthquakes ranges between 7.7 to 37.1 MPa (77 to 371 bars).
Key Words: path attenuation, Q factor, Brune source model, Tehran

the fault traces. The list of historical earthquakes


with magnitude bigger than 7 is shown in Table 1.

1. INTRODUCTION
Tehran, the capital of Iran with the population of
over 10 million people is surrounded by many active
faults1,2). This city was built after the last destructive
earthquake that devastated the ancient city of Rey in
1177 A.D. (Mw7.2) which is now a suburb of
south Tehran.
The 1177 A.D. earthquake was not the only
earthquake that has occurred in Tehran with
magnitude bigger than 7 but this city has been
stricken by other major earthquakes before that3).
Existence of active faults and destructive
historical earthquakes indicate the necessity of the
evaluation of the severity of earthquake occurrence
in this city. Fig. 1 shows historical and instrumental
earthquakes around Tehran, along with location of

Fig. 1 Historical and instrumental earthquakes around Tehran


(circles). The approximate location of the fault traces and
the border of the city are also shown. (Aftre Zafarani et
al.4))

1
980

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.
Table 1

Ground motion at a particular site depends on


source, path and site factors. In this study we are
attempting to estimate parameters of Brune source
spectra5) and S waves quality factor (Q) for recorded
earthquakes in Tehran region.

List of historical earthquakes around Tehran


(Aftre Zafarani et al.4))

Date

Ms

312-280 BC
743 AD
855 AD
958 AD
1177 AD
1830 AD

7.6
7.2
7.1
7.7
7.2
7.1

Epicenter
E
51.8
52.2
51.5
51.1
50.7
51.7

N
35.5
35.3
35.6
36
35.7
35.8

2. DATABASE
The data used in this study were all recorded by
Iran Strong Motion Network (ISMN), which have
been installed and maintained by Building and

Table 2

Used events in this study

Event

Date

Latitude

Longitude

Depth

Magnitude

Stations

Ref

Changure

6/22/2002

35.63

48.93

Mw=6.5

BHRC

Kojur

5/28/2004

36.3

51.56

28

Ml=6.1

Kahak

6/18/2007

34.48

50.85

17

Mn=5.9

Shahre-Rey

10/17/2009

35.57

51.5

12

Mn=4

AGR, ABH, AVJ, BHR, DNZ, DSJ, DJL,


GMB, GTP, KTA, KHK, KHB, MEM, NHV,
NKI, NOB, GHV, RZN, RSM, SIG, SHS,
SOL, TKS, ZYA
FDI,MAB, GAR, VAH, TEH24, CGG, TEH1,
THE 13, TEH18, TEH2, TEH29, BRQ, LAV,
TEH11, TEH12, SHY, GMD, POO, HKF, TEH3,
FSH, NSH, NUR
BRQ,LAV,SHY,TEH1,TEH11,TEH12,
TEH24,TEH27
ASH, GAZ, JOS, KAK, MMN, NAR, RAV,
SVH, TFR, VES, ARK, HAB

Fig. 2 Locations of the events and stations. Approximate border of Tehran metropolitan is also shown.
2

981

BHRC

IGUT
IGUT

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.

Housing Research Center (BHRC). More than 2000


earthquakes have been recorded by ISMN since its
inception in 1973. The BHRC ground-motion
database has been expanded continuously during the
past decade due to the added new strong-motion
stations and occurrence of large earthquakes. By the
end of 2007, this network comprises more than 1000
stations
composed
of
three
component
accelerographs in the different active seismic
regions of the country6).
The majority of analog strong motion records
seem to be too poor to be included in the practical
engineering applications. So here we used the most
recent data which are recorded on digital
accelelographs in recent years. The records used in
this study were obtained from BHRC website or
were received from BHRC directly via email.
Table 2 Shows the events that we have used in this
study. Reported epicenters for Shahre-Rey and
Kahak earthquakes are from Institute of Geophysics,
University of Tehran (IGUT). The locations of the
events and strong motion stations can be seen in
Fig. 2. All the events are recorded on SSA-2
accelerographs with flat response up to 50 Hz, so no
correction for instrument response was made. The
sampling rates of the records are 200 Hz.
All the epicenters of the events used in this study
were close enough to the city to be recorded in
Tehrans strong motion network with threshold
acceleration of 0.01 g. This makes these events
appropriate for study of earthquakes in this region.

and interpret the residuals between the observed


amplitudes and U i , j ( f , r ) as site effects. We
assume a homogenous attenuation model to
parameterize P ( f , r ) :

P( f , r ) Z (r ) exp(

U i , j ( f , r ) Ei ( f )r 1 exp(

f
r)
QS

(4)

Taking natural logarithms of the equation (4) we


get:
Ln(U i , j ( f , r ) r )

f
r Ln( Ei ( f ))
QS

(5)

Defining Di , j ( f , r ) Ln(U i , j ( f , r ) r ) :

3. ESTIMATING QS FACTOR

f
r Ln ( Ei ( f ))
QS

(6)

It means that if we drew the diagram of


Di , j ( f , r ) versus r, the slope of the estimated linear

In general, the total spectrum of the motion at


frequency f from an earthquake i recorded at a
station j in hypocentral distance of r is the
contribution of source (E ) , path (P ) and site (G ) 7):

function would be (f / QS ) . We can solve this


equation in discrete frequency bands for each
earthquake. This will give us the value of QS in each
frequency band.
Nine logarithmically spaced frequency bands are
decided for this study whose upper and lower
frequencies are 10 ( 0.2 k 0.65) and 10 ( 0.2 k 0.45)
respectively (k 1,2,...,9) . These frequency bands
are shown in Table 3.
We calculated the S wave acceleration spectra of
the selected events using time windows that start
with the first arrival of the S wave and end when
95% of the total energy is reached. The records were
baseline corrected first and the time windows were
tapered with a 5% cosine taper. Then we smoothed
the spectra in those nine frequency bands of
Table 3.

(1)

P ( R, f ) and Ei ( f ) in Equation (1) can be


parameterized using standard models of attenuation
and source functions. However, because the number
of parameters involved in these models can
complicate the inversion of Equation (1), it is
convenient to simplify the problem by executing
subinversions8)-14). This also reduces the trade-off
between the different variables involved in the
inversion.
We assume:

U i , j ( f , r ) P( f , r ) Ei ( f )

(3)

where Z (r ) is geometric spreading, QS is quality


factor of shear wave transmission and is the shear
wave velocity in the crust which is taken as 3.5 km/s
for Alborz region, Iran15). (Tehran is in Alborz
region.) We can assume Z (r ) r 1 since we used
records with hypocentral distances smaller than 100
km. Substituting equation (3) in equation (2) gives:

Di , j ( f , r )

Yi , j ( f , r ) Ei ( f ) P( f , r )G j ( f )

f
r)
QS

(2)
3

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Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)),
Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.
1.15 Hz
4

Table 3 Frequency bands for estimating QS


Central Frequency

High Frequency

0.34

0.44

0.56

0.56

0.73

0.90

0.90

1.15

1.39

1.39

1.81

2.22

2.22

2.88

3.54

3.54

4.59

5.63

5.63

7.27

8.91

8.91

11.52

14.13

14.13

18.26

22.36

D(f,r)

Low Frequency

2
0
-2
-4
0

20

40

60

80

100

60

80

100

60

80

100

60

80

100

60

80

100

r (km)

1.81 Hz
4
D (f,r)

2
0
-2
-4
0

20

40
r (km)

In Fig. 3 an example of an accelerogram with its


raw and smoothed Fourier spectrum is shown. The
noise level is also shown using selected pre event
window. For normalizing the time of the windows
(because the noise window is shorter), noise
spectrum is multiplied by the factor (Tu/Tn)1/2 where
Tu and Tn are the durations of the data sample and the
noise sample, respectively16). As we see, there is an
acceptable signal to noise ratio up to frequency of
25 Hz.

2.88 Hz
4
D(f,r)

2
0
-2
-4
0

20

40
r (km)

4.59 Hz
4
D(f,r)

2
0
-2
-4
0

20

40
r (km)

1.E-01

7.27 Hz
4

1.E-02

2
D(f,r)

Fourier spectrum (m/s)

1.E+00

1.E-03

0
-2
-4

1.E-04

20

40
r (km)

1.E-05
0.1

10

Fig. 4 D(f,r) versus r for Changure earthquake and estimated


least square, linear function (thick line) with 95%
confidence intervals for the coefficient estimates
(dashed lines). The observed dispersion of the scatter
is mostely because of site effects.

Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 3 L component accelerogram of Kojur earthquake


recorded at TEH3 station (R=58 km) with its selected
s-wave window and pre-event noise window (up) and
the corresponding Fourier spectra (down). S-wave
raw and smoothed spectra are shown with black
dashed and thick lines respectively and dashed blue
line shows the noise level.

983

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.

D ( f , r ) versus r for Changure earthquake is


shown in Fig. 4 for some of the frequency bands. A
linear function from least square regression is also
shown along with the scatter. We can draw such
shapes for all the events but for using all the data
simultaneously to get one function for each
frequency, we need to normalize the events. Our
approach for normalizing the events here is less
sophisticated compared to Castro et al.9)-12) since
they used a nonparametric attenuation function but

here we parameterized P ( f , r ) by considering a


form of geometric spreading. Assuming that all the
events have the same shape of attenuation, we
normalize D( f , r ) in equation (6) to have the
same value at r=20 km for all the events (As it is
our smallest hypocentral distance). This will
normalize the events and we can do a least square
regression for all the data simultaneously at each
frequency.

700
600

Qs

500

QS=73 f 0.72
R2=0.94

400
300
200
100
0
1.00

10.00
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 5 Obtained values of Q for discrete frequencies along with fitted curve.

10000

1000

1
2

Qs

3
100

4
5
6

10

7
8
9

1
0.01

0.1

1
Frequency (Hz)

10

100

Fig. 6 Comparison of the QS value obtained in this study (black line) with other parts of Iranian plateau (color lines). The
required information is presented in Table 4.

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Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.

Table 4 QS factors which have been obtained for different tectonic parts of Iran used in Fig. 6
No.

Study

Region

Quality factor

Motazedian 17)

Northern Iran

QS 87 f 1.46

Mousavi et al 18)

Iranian plateau

QS 153 f 0.88

Ma'hood et al 19)

East central Iran

QS 53 f 1.02

Zafarani et al

20)

Iranian plateau

QS 291 f 0.6

Hassani et al 21)

East central Iran

QS 151 f

Safarshahi et al 13)

Makran region, Iran

QS 96 f

Hamzeloo et al 22)

Zagros region, Iran

QS 121 f 0.55

Azarbaijan region, Iran

QS 17 .4 f 1.00

Tehran region, Iran

QS 73 f

Tsurugi et al

This study

23)

We analyzed the data and calculated QS value for


each frequency. These values along with the best
fitted function of the form QS=Q0 f n for frequencies
higher than 1 Hz are shown in Fig. 5. Our
estimation of QS in Tehran region is:

QS 73 f 0.72

(6)

0.72

R ( FS )(PRTITN)
4

(8)

M0 is the seismic moment, fc is the corner frequency,


R is the average radiation pattern (0.55), FS is
the amplification due to the free surface (2.0),
PRTITN is the reduction factor that accounts for the
partitioning of energy into two horizontal
components (0.71) and and are the density
and shear velocity (taken as 2.8 g/cm3 and 3.5 km/s
for Alborz16)).
For fitting the observed displacement spectra to
Equation (7), the spectra should first be corrected
for hypocentral distance and also for site effects. For
this purpose we follow these steps:
1. Fourier spectra of the shear wave windows are
calculated for two horizontal components.
2. Geometric mean of two horizontal components is
calculated for each site.
3. For removing the site effect, the spectrum at each
site is multiplied by 1/G(f):

4. ESTIMATING BRUNE SOURCE SPECTRA


The source contribution to the observed spectra of
equation (1) can be expressed as Brune source
model5). This model has been used extensively and
it has been shown that it gives a good agreement
with observations from many different tectonic
regions and for a large range of magnitudes24). The
Brune model predicts the following source
displacement spectrum5), 25):
CM 0
(1 ( f / f c ) 2 )

0.60

where C is a scaling factor given by:

For frequencies smaller than 1 Hz, QS exhibits a U


shape and because we are interested in having a
form of QS=Q0 f n we get the fitting for frequencies
higher than 1 Hz. The U shape form of Q factor is
also shown in other studies7), 17).
To verify this relation, a comparison between Q
factor of this study and similar studies in other
tectonic parts of Iranian plateau is presented in Fig.
6 and Table 4. It can be concluded from the figure
that the Q factor from Tehran region is in good
agreement with the other quality factors in Iranian
plateau.

E( f )

0.75

G( f ) A( f ) exp( f 0 )

(9)

Where A(f) is frequency dependent amplification


and 0 is the diminution parameter7). 0 for
northern Iran is equal to 0.0517) and for
accounting for A(f) we characterized all sites into
four site classes based on their shear wave
velocity at top 30 meters of soil and used Boore
and Joyner26) factors for each site class.

(7)

985

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.

moment magnitude with this unique equation27):

G ( f ) for these four site classes are shown in


Fig 7. We use these factors because we dont
have enough information about the amplification
curves in the sites. The applicability of the Boore
and Joyner factors for this region should be a
subject of future study.

log M 0 1.5M W 16.1

Displacement spectrum(cm2s)

1.E+09

3
Vs=620
2.5

Vs=520
Vs=310

2
G(f)

Vs=255
1.5

1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
0.01

0.1

0.5

0
0.01

0.1

10

(12)

1
Frequency (Hz)

10

Fig. 8 Brune Source Spectrum for Changure earthquake,


Corner frequency 0.17 hz, =7.7 MPa, Mw=6.5
(IGUT: Mn=6.2,
BHRC: Mw=6.3,
NEIC:
Mw=6.5)

100

Frequency

Fig. 7 Site amplifications for four site classes used in this


study. Units of Vs are in m/s.

Displacement spectrum (cm2s)

1.E+09

4. We remove the path effect by this formula which


can be concluded from equation (1):

E( f )

Obs ( f ) R

fR
exp

Q f

(10)

1.E+07
1.E+06
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
0.01

Where E(f) is the source spectrum and Obs(f) is


the observed spectrum without site effects. The
Q(f) used in this formula is the one that was
obtained in this study.
5. As we know there is always this relation between
an acceleration Fourier spectrum and its
corresponding displacement Fourier spectrum:

0.1

1
Frequency (Hz)

10

Fig. 9 Brune Source Spectrum for Kojur earthquake, Corner


frequency 0.22 Hz, =11.8 MPa, Mw=6.4
(IGUT:Mn=5.5, BHRC: Ml=6.1, IIEES: Ms=6.3,
NEIC: Ms=6.3)
1.E+09

(11)

Displacement spectrum (cm2s)

F ( f ) ( 2f ) 2 F ( f )
a
d

1.E+08

where Fa is acceleration Fourier spectrum and Fd


is its corresponding displacement Fourier
spectrum. Using this relationship we convert the
acceleration spectrum to displacement spectrum.
Brune model is usually expressed in
displacement. (equation 7)
6. Now after taking the average for all the stations of
an event, we are able to fit the calculated spectra
to Brune source model. We do this by a least
square grid search.
As it can be seen in equation (7), Brune model is
defined by two parameters; seismic moment and
corner frequency. Seismic moment is related to

1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
0.01

0.1

10

Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 10 Brune Source Spectrum for Kahak earthquake,


Corner frequency 0.8 Hz, =37.1 MPa, Mw=5.6
(IGUT:Mn=5.9, BHRC: Ml=5.7, IIEES:Ms=5.6,
NEIC:Ms=5.5)
7

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Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.

This will allow us to compare our results with the


magnitudes reported by different organizations. The
fitted spectra are shown in Fig. 8 to Fig. 11 for four
earthquakes. Under each figure, the obtained
parameters from fitted curves are written; the
obtained values of MW show a very good agreement

3)
4)

Displacement spectrum (cm2s)

1.E+09
1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06

5)

1.E+05
1.E+04

6)

1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
0.01

0.1

7)

10

Frequency (Hz)

8)

Fig. 11 Brune Source Spectrum for Shahre-Rey earthquake,


Corner frequency 5 Hz, =26.3 MPa, Mw=4
(IGUT:Mn=4, IIEES:Ml=3.9)

with reported
magnitudes
from different
organizations. The shapes of the spectra also agree
well with omega squared model. Stress drop which
is a very important parameter for strong motion
simulations ranges from 7.7 to 37.1 MPa (77 to 371
bars).

9)

10)

11)

5. CONCLUSIONS
In this study we estimated source and path
parameters for earthquakes in Tehran province. We
calculated Q-value of attenuation of S-wave by
characterizing spectral amplitude decay with
distance. Our obtained value for quality factor in
this region is QS 73 f 0.72 . We also fitted the
Brune source spectra to observed spectra of records
and estimated the source parameters of each event.
Our results show good agreements with reported
magnitudes by different organizations. Stress drop
for studied earthquakes ranges between 7.7 to 37.1
MPa.

12)
13)

14)

15)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Thank to Building and


Housing Research Center (BHRC) of Iran for
providing us with the data.

16)

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Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser.


A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)), Vol. 69, No. 4, I_980-I_988, 2013.
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(Received November 19, 2012, Revised February 9, 2013,
Accepted February 23, 2013)

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