Pakistan and the Modern World by Liaqat Ali Khan

Circumstances which led to the Creation of Pakistan:

Pakistan and the Modern World is, in fact, the speech of Liaquat Ali Khan that he made at
University of Kansas, America. In his speech he tried to introduce Pakistan to the modern world
by justifying the causes of its creation and highlighting its future expectations from the
developed nations of the world.
He brought to light all the major causes which made it necessary for Muslims to establish an
independent state for them. In the united sub-continent, there was a multitude of nations
including Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsees and such other nations. Hindus and Muslims were
two main nations in that part of the world. They were living together for centuries but nothing
common could be developed among them. They had their different cultural, social, economical
and educational back-grounds. They had a definite prejudice and bias towards each other to the
effect that they could never intermarry nor inter-dine.
So it was impossible for them to live independently under one rule. Hindus were in majority with
the ratio of 1:3. When the English government decided to quit from sub-continent, Hindus were
ready to capture the reign after the departure of British. So for the Muslims, freedom from
British rule was nothing but a change of masters. There could easily be discerned a perpetual
clash between Hindu majority and Muslims and a continual problem of law and order. Subcontinent was vast enough to be divided into two independent parts. It was surely difficult for
one ruler to keep such a heavy mass under his control. A fear of political and social disturbance
could always be there. So the Muslims rightly decided to struggle for a separate independent
homeland for them where they could lead their lives according to their own religious, political,
cultural, economical and social life style Hardships faced by Pakistan After its Creation
At the time of partition Pakistan had to face many hardships and problems. Pakistan was quite a
new state having no capital, no flag and no administrative power. It received no military
equipment.
So it was very difficult for Pakistan to manage things for its survival. Industry was poor and
people were backward. The only thing Pakistan had was the unity, will power and determination
of its people to face all these problems. Freedom and independence with a poor economic
condition had set Pakistan on a blind way which had the light of goal far away. Liaquat Ali Khan
mentioned in his speech the duties which our freedom demanded from us. According to his point
of view, it was our first and foremost duty to maintain and safeguard the freedom. Freedom from
foreign rule was not the real freedom. Real freedom was freedom of common man from the
threat of poverty, disease, social security and ignorance. So it was necessary for the people of
Pakistan to utilize all the qualities of their mind and soul to get the maximum out of least given
to them. Liaqat Ali Khans Expectations. In his speech at Kansas, Liaquat Ali Khan tried to
explain the expectation Pakistan had had from American and Western world. According to him,
Pakistan was one of developing Asian countries, trying to pace on the way to progress. Had the
developed countries helped it, it could have joined them in the same capacity.

To maintain the rate of progress Pakistan was looking towards the advanced nations such as
America to owe helping hand. Liaquat Ali Khan viewed the progress of Pakistan not merely as
the progress of a country but as a development and solidarity of Asia. Asia was a backward part
of the world with people struggling against poverty, disease and ignorance. To make the world
prosperous and strong, this major part of the world was necessary to be supported by the
developed countries. Being situated in the centre of Asia a strong Pakistan could be a guarantee
of peace in her continent. At that time only Pakistan was unified enough to lead other countries
of her part on the way of progress. So America and other developed nations should support
Pakistan and help it to improve its economical, educational and social knowledge

Source-1
"The Eclipse" by "Virginia Woolf"
Virginia Woolf, English novelist, essayist, and critic has beautifully portrayed the natural
phenomenon of eclipse. She has also enlightened the importance of the sun. She has narrated the
essay dramatically and has regarded sun as an actor that was going to come on the stage to
perform as if a drama was going on. The sky served as a stage. She has made the scene vivid and
ravishing by the usage of colors, images and similes. The way she has described it is so highly
coloured and realistic that the readers visualize the eclipse to be occurring before their eyes.
People were anxiously going towards a hilltop from where all would view the sun with
reverence. People had gathered on the hilltop and stood in a straight line that it seemed they were
statues standing on the edge of the world. As the sun rose, clouds glowed up. Light gleamed and
peered over the rim of the clouds. The sun raced towards the point where eclipse had to take
place. But the clouds were impeding it. The sun with a tremendous speed endeavoured to escape
the mist. At some point it came forth then again was shrouded by the fleecy clouds. The sun then
appeared hollow as the moon had come in front of it. A substantial proportion of the Sun was
covered and the loss of daylight became noticeable. The writer has efficaciously described the
suns efforts to break free from the cloudy hurdle. She has continuously personified sun as it was
putting its best efforts to make its face appear before the world. The clouds were stifling the
suns speed. The sanctified twenty-four seconds had begun but still the sun was entrapped and
was striving to disencumber itself from the clump of clouds. Of the twenty-four seconds only
five remained, and still he was obscured. The time of the eclipse was passing and it seemed that
the sun was losing. It was continuously obliterated by the clouds. The colours of the valleys
seemed to disappear. Everything was fading as All the colour began to go from the moor. The
colours were changing, The blue turned to purple, the white became livid as at the approach of a
violent but windless storm. Pink faces went green, and it became colder than ever. The light and
warmth were vanishing. the people felt that something more had to happen.
The shadow growing darker and darker over the moor was like the healing over of a boat, which
instead of righting itself at the critical moment turns a little further and then a little further on its
side: and suddenly capsizes. Moon's shadow swept over the face of the Earth. The visible
crescent of the Sun decreased in width until the two disks reached their closest approach. That
was the moment of maximum phase and thus it became totally dark.
O
dark,
dark,
dark
amid
the
blaze
of
noon
Irrecoverably dark, total eclipse, Without all hope of day! SAMSON by John Milton
The flesh and blood of the world was dead; only the skeleton was left.
Earth had lost all its splendour. It was totally dead. Then gradually the genuflection of light to the
darkness began to over and degradation of the grandeur ended. After maximum phase, the
crescent of the Sun widened again until the Moon passed out of the Sun's disk. Then slowly light
began to spread everywhere. Everything was recuperating. The colours were returning. Earlier,

when the sun had totally disappeared, earth had lost all its glamour. The people who were
standing on the hill and impatiently gazing the sky felt that the earth was a hollow frame work, a
fragile shell. It could even have blustered. But steadily the fear got mitigated and the people and
their faith got firmed as everything was becoming brightly painted. Then the world appeared to
be full of life. Everything could be viewed clearly. The earth then gave the impression of
vivacity.
Thus the episode of eclipse, from beginning to end has been unfolded in a style to deepen the
impression which exhibit naturalness throughout the anecdote.
Source-2
A note on the essay "Eclipse"

The Eclipse is a well-written essay by Virginia Woolf. It is a self-witnessed account of a solar

eclipse which happened to take place in the northern parts of England on a morning of June. The
essay shows the love of writer for nature and highlights the importance of sun for us. The writer
thinks that all the colours of earth are because of sun.
It is the sunlight which makes the earth colourful, gay and live. If there is no sun, the earth would
be dead. The eclipse which is discussed in the essay was taken place on a morning of June 1870.
People were very enthusiastic and eager to watch this change of Nature. From every nock and
corner of the country, people were going to the northern area from where they could watch this
scene more clearly. Trains were full of passengers who were going to that place. Many groups of
cars and other means of transport were seen on the roads moving towards the northern parts. All
were anxious to observe the eclipse by himself.
The writer herself and other people reached on the stone hedge which was the temple of sunworshippers. When the eclipse started, a cloud began to cover the sun. Its light and brightness
started to fade. Colours began to disappear from the earth. The blue changed into purple, pink
faced grew green. The light turned into shadows and shadows began to become darker and
darker. Then with the passage of time, as the eclipse completed, light completely went out. The
earth seemed to be dead and the sun looked like a skeleton. But this lasted only for a short
period. Then the sun tore the clouds and showed its one corner. A ray of hope glittered with the
ray of sunlight. The sun seemed to be struggling to get rid of the clouds of eclipse. By and by the
light of sun grew its brightness restoring the colours and warmth of earth. Finally the sun shone
with full face and earth again turned into a colourful living thing.

Whistling of Birds
Easy Notes for BA English
WHISTLING OF BIRDS
D.H. Lawrence
D.H Lawrence is a famous English poet, novelist and critic. He is known for his love for
nature. He was also a great moralist.
In Whistling of Birds , he expresses his natural feelings as well as his fascination for
nature. The essay is a vivid description of the change from winter to spring. The writer
describes first the cold and dull winter. Winter is a dull season as it kills the beauty of
nature. It is the season of death and destruction and is also the season of
inactivity. Everything turns yellow and brown in the harsh winter. The birds start dying in
this season. It stops the whistling of birds. Death rules everywhere.
The transformation from winter into spring had hardly started to occur. The birds were
also responding to this change instinctively. They had stated singing and their songs were
itself giving a message of the approach of the spring.. Although the torn remains of the
birds could be seen scattered everywhere yet the whistling birds had forgotten the past
and they were inclined only to herald spring season which was now setting in. The death is
unable to stop the onrush of life as winter was unable to stop the onrush of spring.
The writer is of the view that this change is a natural phenomenon and it is beyond our
control. We can neither prolong winter nor hold back the spring. In the presence of winter,
spring is absent as in the presence of life death flees away .They cannot co-exist. The same
is the case with human life. We are also either happy or sad but we cannot be happy and
sad together.
Whistling
of
Birds
shows
writer
s
love
for
nature-discuss?
Lawrence very successfully describes the change of nature in this essay. Change of seasons
is a phenomenon of nature. Nature goes on completing it life cycle round the year. Winter
and spring are totally incompatible to each other. When there is winter, there is no sign of
the spring season and when there is spring , there is no sign of winter. This journey of
nature is going on parallel but in the two directions. Winter gives forth spring and spring
gives forth winter.

Source-1
"Take the Plunge"
Theme and purpose by Gloria Emerson: Take the Plunge is a fantastic essay with the message
that Determination is the key to success. We can always turn impossible into possible if we
have confidence and strong will power. The writer, Gloria Emerson, has told us about her
personal experience of taking the plunge to prove this message.
She has such a poor physical condition that everything that everybody used to take pity on her
and thought her worth nothing. So she decided to do something extra ordinary to wash the mark
of pity off her. She thought about many adventures but the only one suited with her bad back and
uncertain ankles was to dive in the air with parachute from aeroplane. She joined a flying club to
learn the art of diving with the help of a parachute. After completing her training successfully,
she boarded a Corona 180 along with a companion. When she took the plunge, she felt the slap
of wind and noise but after when her parachute popped open, everything came into peace giving
her pleasant look of colours of earth and soothing expanse of space. In the end, she landed
successfully. Nobody could expect from her such an act but she surprised all her friends by doing
this bold act despite her poor physical condition. People applauded her attempt and her
determination.
Source-2
Take the Plunge is a beautiful essay written by a world famous authoress, Gloria Emerson..
She was basically a journalist. But she wanted to do something extraordinary in her life. At
last she decided to jump through a plane with the help of a parachute.
She joined a training center and got necessary training. After that she wore the kit and
boarded Cessna -180 plane with her companion who also was to jump with her.
When the plane reached the height of 20,000 thousand feet, they were asked to jump. Her
companion jumped first, but when her turn came she got nervous. She clung to the iron rod
of the plane. . She wanted to go to the washroom. Her heart started throbbing rapidly. She
wanted to remove the heavy kit. . Her instructor yelled and said, Go. At last she jumped the
plane. First she heard the loud noise of the plane and the fast moving gusts of wind. Her
nose
and
eyes
were
discharging
water..
She
was
totally
terrified.
But all of a sudden, her parachute opened with a jerk. The noise of the plane and air
vanished. Parachute became a toy in her hands. The blue sky was looking very beautiful.
There was utter peace and comfort. The earth looked beautiful and colorful to her. Now,
she wanted to stay in the air for a long time. But she was getting nearer and nearer to her
destination. At last, she landed on a sandpit. At the same time she was taken to see James
Gavin.
Now
everybody
was
happy
and
surprised
at
her
bold
act.
It is proved that women are equal to men in all respects.. Emerson was the least suitable
person for a parachute jumping. But she did that and made every one surprise. She was a bold

lady a courageous woman. No doubt that during all her venture, she could not focus on her
feelings but overall she enjoyed it.
Nagasaki, August 9, 1945 by Michaito Ichimaru
Nagasaki, August 9, 1945 by Michaito Ichimaru is an account of the tragic incident that took
place as a result of the blast of the nuclear bomb dropped by the United States on Nagasaki. He
makes his essay effective by giving details of the destruction and commenting on the after-wards
condition.
He describes in his touching essay, the soul-terrifying effacement that war truly brought. It is
written from the view point of a humane physician deeply concerned with the contemporary
world. He writes about the Nagasaki bombing from the angle of a participant and he has selected
his details with utmost care to communicate the horrors he had witnessed Details of the bombing
build an intensity to the final horror- the burning of the dead bodies in an open place.
It is quite obvious that blast cause destruction, people die and the survivors get injured. The
commentary of the writer vividly portrays what actually happened before his eyes and through
which a reader can visualize too. The details he has given are thought provoking as the reader
feels the terror and pain. Without his commentary the reader may not feel the intensity and
magnitude of the horrors.
When the atomic bomb exploded, an intense flash was observed first. At the same time at the
center of the explosion, and a short while later in other areas, a tremendous roaring sound was
heard and a crushing blast wave and intense heat were felt. The blast was so intense that the
walls of the house though made of stone were reduced to rubble. Everything outside had blown
to bits. Houses and other structures were smashed, crushed and scattered
The writer comments upon the condition of the injured. The injured were in extremely painful
condition. Their clothes were torn and skin drooped from their bodies. They all were in a shock
and seemed like ghosts with vacant stares. Their eyes were brimful of panic, unexplainable
anxiety and sorrow. They just stared as they could not utter a thing because of the intense
devastation they had just witnessed and gone through.
All that I knew had disappeared portrays the place of destruction which was fine a day before.
There was nothing left. The once occupied city had turned void. Just the frameworks of the
buildings stood firm. The populous city was razed to ground in the twinkling of an eye. Corpses
lied everywhere. Most of the immediate casualties did not differ from those caused by incendiary
or high-explosive raids. The outstanding difference was the presence of radiation effects, which
became unmistakable about a week after the bombing. At the time of impact, however, the causes
of death and injury were flash burns, secondary effects of blast and falling debris, and burns from
blazing buildings. A desperate man lied dead in a water-tub placed for extinguishing fire. Foam
spilt from his mouth. He had fallen into the tub for some cool water but could not sustain.

The writer could not avoid the screams of the women as these were omnipresent. He moved
towards his school and found in his way scorched bodies that had turned black. People were
roasted in the searing heat. The conditions were extremely pathetic. The flesh of the bodies had
lacerated and the white bones appeared from beneath. Humans were not the only ones to suffer.
Animals were equally affected. A dead horse with a bloated belly lay by the road side.
The essay becomes more and more effective as the writer jots down his mental condition and
feelings. I cannot forget the way their eyes looked at me, depicts the extreme wretchedness
they were suffering. They had nothing more to say. Despair had filled their eyes and souls. They
could only beg and scream. Their voices spoke to me forever. All that they said to the writer
kept on reverberating in his mind as their words were the last ones he heard from them.
The leaves of the trees had descended. Trees of all sizes lost their branches or were uprooted or
broken off at the trunk. It was autumn everywhere. The lush green mountains and fields had
turned barren.
It is impossible to describe the horrors I saw, delineates the writers mental condition. The
destruction, casualties, anxieties, sorrows could not be jotted down or explained. These were
some things only to be seen and felt. He had seen the dead bodies, the fire, the ruins, the injuries,
the vacant stares; had heard the screams and the implorations and had felt all this in his bones.
There was a stinking smell because of the dead bodies. The writer portrays the predicament by
reporting it as an inferno. A once pleasant place had turned to a hell, hell itself was let loose.
There were so many casualties that disposing them was very hard. The bodies were brunt and the
writer remembered the movement of the bowels in the fire.
He always thinks about the utmost woe of the relatives of his dead friends. I cannot capture the
magnitude and misery of the horror I saw. He could not measure the destruction that took place.
A great tragedy had befallen on to the dwellers.
Thus the power of his essay comes partly from the simplicity and precision with which he states
the facts interspersed with an occasional interpretation and commentary.

Scott's experience on the moon in "Walking on the Moon" by David R. Scott

WALKING ON THE MOON by David R. Scott, an American astronaut, is an account of his
experiences on moon which he has narrated by the use of figurative language. He has described
each aspect with deep detail in order to portray the moon which is merely seen afar. He has
employed various techniques to describe the moon and to make his experiences comprehendible
to all and sundry. HE compares, every now and then, his experiences on the moon with the earth.
Scott, with his companions in Endeavour, made twelve revolutions around the moon. It took
them, two hours to complete one revolution which they did in one hour of illumination and one
of darkness. He beautifully describes the darker part of the moon which was suffused with earth
shine. The light which the moon received from earth was much intense and bright than the
moon light visible from earth. Therefore, they could easily view the mountains and the craters in
the earth light.
Stars embellished the sky, ahead and above them, with their icy fire and an arc of
impenetrable darkness blotted the firmament. Then at dawn barely discernible streamers of
light gradually illuminated the moon. Then within a second the sun scattered its intense light
and brightened everything and dazzled their eyes.
In the lunar morning the surface of the moon appeared to be of milk chocolate colour The
pointed shadows highlighted the hills and craters. The writer delineates the changes in colour. As
the sun rouse higher and higher the colour of mountains became gray and the shadows reduced in
size.
The writer describes the moon as an arid world. The lunar day and night continued till 355
earth hours. The moon seemed to be preserved in the time of its creation. Craters formed by the
striking of meteorites, millions of years ago, were conspicuous. As the writer saw at the dark sky
he caught a glimpse of the earth gleaming in space, all blue and white, sea and clouds. The
earth looked brightly lit in the cold and limitless emptiness of space. Scott surveyed and
photographed the moon. On the moon there were incredible variety of landforms. The lunar
mountains stood in noble splendor. There were ridges and mountains 11000 feet high. The
canyons and gorges were more than one thousand d feet deep. They appeared to be very placid as
they were never attacked by winds and rains. Their magnificence inspired the writer.
The bases of the mountains were streaked by a dark line. To make the picture vivid he
describes the line as a bathtub ring. This ring was formed by the lava. The cavity of Palus
Putredinis was immense and was formed billions of years ago. They landed on the edge of Mare
Imbrium which stretched for 650 miles and was dug out by a celestial projectile.
The writer and his companion Jim felt a pleasing sense of liberation after staying for 5 days in
the space craft. They enjoyed moving on the moon. They could not move freely because of
weightlessness. They weighed only a sixth of their normal poundage. The writer again
employs comparison to describe their movement on lunar surface. They walked with a jumping

motion similar to the jumps on a trampoline. Their gait was quite rhythmic. It was hard for them
to stop and start moving. To start they had to bend their bodies forward. To stop they had to dig
in and move backwards.
To fall on the moon is to rediscover childhood. They fell many times without hurting
themselves. Falling on the moon was not considered by them to be of humiliation rather it was a
new experience that they easily accepted. More oxygen supply was required on getting up which
spoiled the enjoyment of falling. The writer enjoyed the up and down motion because of slight
gravity more than the complete weightlessness of space between the earth and the moon.
They assembled their equipment and move about in their Rover at the speed of about 6 miles an
hour. The Rover was a battery-powered four-wheeled vehicle. While traveling on the Rover Scott
looked around at the plains and mountains that had become their world. The writer describes
the moon as an alien wasteland. He was the first one to see the high peaked mountains and to
step on them. HE considered himself to be a trespasser in an eternal wilderness.
The moon dust seemed to be a mixture of coal dust and talcum powder which shrouded the lunar
surface. They were the only living beings strolling on the moon at that time. Their walk
imprinted their footprints sharply on the dusty surface of the moon.
Colour went through a peculiar alteration. Everything beneath and surrounding was gray and
steadily this color blended into golden that specify far-away objects. As they walked the colours
kept on changing. They collected rock, in which most were grey, but two were black, two were
pastel green, several with sparkling crystals. Some were covered with glass, and was white.
The writer thus beautifully portrays each and every feature of the moon. Colours make the essay
interesting and flamboyant.
Everything on the moon was at a standstill. No wind blows. No sound echoes. Only shadows
move. The lunar morning was quite hot having a temperature of 150 F.
Any malfunction in their space suits or LM could cause sudden death of the astronauts. The
writer and his companion had firm believe in their skills, unlimited trust in the engineers and
technicians who had forged the resourceful machines that transported them in space.
The writer and his companions had to face problem in recognizing distances as there were no
measuring sticks of our native planet. Steadily they become used to the wilderness and learned
to deal with the big, normal and small sized craters that were present nearly everywhere on the
moon. The moon then became a friendlier place as they began to understand thing. The writer
thought if moon men would be able to locate distances on overcast earth crowded with trees.
It appeared to them that the photographs they had taken provided them with the evidence that
went beyond time for they might be taking pictures of the distant past of their own planet. They
kept on moving in their Rover which functioned properly and collected pieces of history. They
jumped across the chuckholelike craters. The movement and effect of their rover was like that
of a boat in a coarse sea. After each expedition they returned jaded to the space craft that was like

the earth to them that comforted them in space. They carried inside the smell of the moon dust
that was like that of the gunpowder. Their air-purifying system drove it away but the dust was
adhered
to
their
suits.
In order to sleep in the spacecraft, they created a dark atmosphere by obscuring the windows of
the LM by shades and switched off lights. They performed all those things that they used to do at
sunset on the earth. Then they slept comfortably in hammocks which they had found
uncomfortable on earth.
As they moved in Rover during their third excursion they felt the moon to be their home as they
had then become quite familiar to it- the mountains and the craters- and could easily recognize
distances. They were first astronauts to travel across the moon and they did it without any worry
They had a small cardboard sun compass with them in case if their Rover navigation system
might fail. The confidence that had aroused in them was not because of the instruments but
because of the perception they had gained of their surroundings.
They had become so aware of their surroundings that they date to take a shortcut. The Rover
jumped between the wavy lunar surface and crater edges that obscured their view of the LM but
they succeeded in reaching their destination. As they approached towards their LM the writer
realized that they would be leaving the moon in a while which he sensed as an approaching
deprivation. He had begun to have an eccentric fondness for the peaceful, changeless
companion of the earth.
On their return from the third excursion, Scott and Irwin mounted the ladder to get into the space
craft. They left the Rover and other equipment outside, and while looking at them Scott thought
that how these things and their footprints might continue to stay behind them on the moon
forever, as the vacuum of the lifeless realm knew only negligible decay. They thought of the
new US programme to send space ships to other planets like Mars after discontinuing the moon
visits which made them realize that perhaps that was the last visit to the moon and thus their
lunar machines, products of human workmanship that bore historical interest, might remain on
the moon uninterrupted for ages and ages.
From the ladder Scott viewed the earth which appeared to be a bright sphere in the dark space. It
was so blue, so beautiful, so beloved but in the danger of facing environmental problems and
shortage of food and energy. He and other spacemen believed that space exploration might help
humanity to discover newer and better resources.
They were proud as they had completed their program but along with it they were concerned
about the fate of the earth and its inhabitants. They thought to include few more items in the
things they were leaving behind them on the moon. They presume that those all things would be
an epitome of their age in the ongoing human life. They thought that in the coming ages the
astronauts belong from other parts of the world might find their leftovers, their track and their
machinery. They left there a plate of aluminum which bore a picture of the two hemispheres of
earth, engraving of the name of space craft and list of the crew and the date of their task. They

left all those things to make the future visitors on the moon understand, by the foot prints and the
devices, that what type of beings they were and what were their original whereabouts. They also
left a falcon feather and a four-leaf clover to represent fauna and flora respectively on earth.
They also placed in a hollow in the moon dust a figure of a man in space suit and another metal
plate with the name of the fourteen Russian and American spacemen who had participated and
given their lives in space exploration. Then they placed the Holy Bible in the hollow. Scott has
assigned historical importance to the objects and equipment left behind on the moon.
They had finished their task and were ecstatic and exhausted. Their scientific expedition reached
the end with a great success. They presented a summary about their mission and its
accomplishments and finally the group of astronauts dispersed.
Two years later, working in the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Centre near Houston, Scott thought of
his three-day stay on the moon. He remembered everything and could recall it bit by bit but it
was amazing for him rather unbelievable that he had really trodden on the moon.
Now and then, while walking or driving along a Texas road in the US on an autumn night, Scott
looks at the moon that appears bright and proud over the clouds. He notices the largest circular
splotch on the silvery moon, Mare Imbrium- the big crater, which reminds him of the time when
he landed on to its edge. He feels that he may not return to the moon ever on which his thoughts
get filled with a rush of reminiscence as he misses the moon which had become a home-like
place. Whenever he looks towards the moon he views something brilliant instead of void and
unfriendly on which man stepped into a never ending limit.