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VNG T NAM B
DI TRIU MINH MNG
ISBN:
Bin mc trn xut bn phm ca Th vin Quc gia H Ni
VNG T NAM B
DI TRIU MINH MNG
Ngi dch: Hong Anh Tun,
L Thy Linh,
Trn Thin Thanh,
Phm Vn Thy,
Nguyn Mnh Dng
Ngi hiu nh: PGS. TS Nguyn Tha H
NH XUT BN TH GII
MC LC
Li cm n
Li gii thiu
11
Li tc gi
21
Dn lun
23
phn i
QUYN LC A PHNG V S TIU VONG CA N
35
Chng I
Di sn ca h thng chnh quyn Gia nh (1788 - 1802)
39
Chng II
Gia nh thnh tng trn (1808 - 1832) v L Vn Duyt
79
Chng III
Gii th quyn lc vng t Nam B
139
phn ii
NHNG NT C TH DI THI MINH MNG
165
Chng IV
Chnh sch gio ha ngi Nam B ca Minh Mng
169
Chng V
Hu qu ca chnh sch ng ha ca Minh Mng
203
Chng VI
c in v bo v t hu rung t
253
Kt lun
2201
LI CM N
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LI GII THIU
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LI TC GI
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DN LUN
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s nhn vt, lp lun rng gii tinh hoa chnh tr triu Nguyn b
nh hng mnh m bi ch ngha a phng. Trong mt bi vit
c ta Southern Regionalism and the Composition of the Nguyn
Ruling Elite, b trnh by thin hng ng h ng Trong ca
cc nhn vt cao cp nht ca triu Nguyn.1
Cc nh nghin cu thng chia i Vit Nam thnh pha Nam
v pha Bc (ng Trong/ng Ngoi), mt thi quen c tnh tin ch
ti mc n gip cho nh nghin cu trnh c vic khi qut ha v
t nc Vit Nam vn a dng v vn ha v lch s. Tuy nhin, s
chia ct ny dng nh khng thch hp khi chng ta ang c gng
tm hiu hot ng chnh tr a phng Vit Nam trong na u
th k XIX. V khong thi gian ny, m hnh lnh th Vit Nam chia
lm 3 (min Bc, min Trung v min Nam) c a ra l ph hp
v c ngha. Nam B hoc Gia nh l mt trong ba phn ca Vit
Nam th k XIX v n vn tn ti n ngy nay di nhng ci tn
min Nam hoc ng bng sng Cu Long.2
Mt nghin cu khc ng quan tm c lin quan n giai
on ny l lun n ca Nguyn Th Thnh: The French Conquest
1 Nola Cooke, Southern Regionalism and the Composition of the Nguyn Ruling
Elite, Asian Studies Review 23,2 (1999): 205 - 231.
2 Trong bi nghin cu lch s ca mnh, vi nhng phn tch rt su sc v nhng
vng khc nhau ca Vit Nam, Keith Taylor trnh by 6 phn ca Vit Nam
- ng Kinh, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Thun Qung, Bnh nh v Nam B. Xem
Keith W. Taylor, Surface Orientations in Vietnam: Beyond Histories of Nation and
Region, The Journal of Asian Studies 57,4 (1998). Mt cch ring r, Nam B l
thut ng c chp nhn mt cch rng ri ch vng Gia nh, trong khi ,
Bc B v Trung B ch vng pha Bc v min Trung trong khi nim chia lm 3
vng. Pierre Brocheux a ti chng ta thng tin sai lm rng Vit Nam, ngi
Php t li tn vng [Nam phn Vit Nam] l Nam K. Pierre Brocheux, The
Mekong Delta: Ecology, Economy, and Revolution, 1860 - 1960 (Wisconsin: Trung
tm Nghin cu ng Nam , 1995), tr. 223. Tuy nhin, Nam K l thut ng
c t sm. Triu Nguyn t tn vng ny l Nam K sau ci cch hnh chnh
nhng nm 1830.
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P I
QUYN LC A PHNG
V S TIU VONG CA N
CHNG I
Di sn ca h thng
chnh quyn Gia nh (1788 - 1802)
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LTST, 21: 4.
Hunh Minh, Gia nh xa v nay (Si Gn, 1973), tr. 85.
LTST, 13: 8.
Hunh Minh, Vnh Long xa v nay (Si Gn, 1967), tr. 227 - 28.
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Pigneau nh ngi thy.1 Tuy nhin, cng thi gian , Cnh ang
c mt nhm nh nho Gia nh dy d. Ngi ng vai tr ch
cht trong nhm ny l Ng Tng Chu - mt trong nhng hc tr
ca V Trng Ton.2 ng t c thnh cng ti mc sau mt vi
nm, cc gio s tht vng nng n v hong t Cnh.3
Mi quan h gia cc gio s v cc nh Nho trong chnh quyn
Gia nh i lc rt cng thng. Trong cuc tranh lun v Nho gio
Gia nh, Cao T Thanh theo quan im ny4 v ni r rng chnh
bn thn hong - Nguyn Phc nh - t b quan im bi o.
minh chng iu ny, ng dn ra ch d hng ng iu
l ca Gia Long c ban hnh nm 1804 nhm iu chnh cuc
sng ca nhn dn lng x min Bc Vit Nam, trong bao gm c
nhng quy nh v Thin cha gio.5 Khi Cao T Thanh a ra vn
ny, c nhiu kh nng ang tn ti mu thun gia cc nh Nho
v gio s ngi Php trong chnh quyn Gia nh.
Mc d tnh hnh cng thng v nh hng ca Pigneau bao
trm ln ngi con trai trng ca hong , Nguyn Phc nh cng
khng hnh ng chng li ngi Thin cha gio. Hng ng
iu l do Cao T Thanh trch dn ch ra bng chng v quan im
bi o ca Gia Long nhng nu nghin cu cn thn ch d ny cho
thy khng ng trong trng hp ny. Ch d c ch iu chnh li
vic xy dng v tu b cc nh th Kit trong vng h Trnh cai qun
trc y, hoc Bc H. Ngoi ra, ch d c c nhng quy nh vi cc
truyn thng tn gio khc nh o Pht, o Lo v cc php thut
1 DNTL1, 11: 16a.
2 LTST, 6: 18a.
3 Xin xem Geoges Taboulet, La geste Franaise en Indochine: histoire par les textes de
la France en Indochine des origines 1914 (Paris: Librairie D`Amrique et D`Orient,
Adrien - Maisonneuve, 1955) Tom 1, p. 255.
4 Cao T Thanh, Nho gio Gia nh, tr. 81.
5 Nh trn, tr. 89.
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3. CC NHM TC SC TC
Lt qua tiu s ca nhng thn dn ca Gia Long, chng ta
nhanh chng nhn ra tnh a dng v quc tch v ngun gc tc
ngi ca i qun ny. Bn cnh ngi Php, Ty Ban Nha, ngi
Anh, Lo v binh lnh ngi Trung Quc, cc i qun ngi Xim,
Khmer, M Lai v Chm cng tham gia vo nhng cuc hnh qun
ca Nguyn Phc nh. Nhng cp bin v cc dn tc thiu s
min ni Trung Quc cng l nhng binh lnh ca ng. Vo thi
im , dng nh tt c nhn lc sn c u tp trung vo qun
i ca ng. Trong lch s Vit Nam u th k XIX, chng ta khng
th tm thy u i qun a dng v chng tc hn i qun ca
Nguyn Phc nh.
i qun Ty Sn tng i ng nht hn mc d khng phi
v qun Ty Sn mong gi th c lp vi cc lc lng ngoi quc.
H cng tng rt tha thit xy dng lin qun vi Xim1 v tng
gi t nht mt phi b ti Trung Quc cu vin tr.2 Trong lc
lng ca qun Ty Sn c cc thnh vin ca Thin a hi, cp
bin ngi Trung Quc3 v nhng ngi Chm vng Bnh nh
gp phn lm nn nhng i qun Ty Sn hng mnh nht.4 im
khc bit l chnh quyn Gia nh ginh c v m rng c
s ng h ca s ng, trong khi Ty Sn li tht bi trong vic ny.
1
2
3
4
DNTL1, 7: 21b.
LTST, 30: 52b.
Nh trn, 30: 41b.
Trong mt binh lnh Gia nh, nhng ngi Chm tin phong trong kiu u
Trung Quc c m t l lc lng mnh m, khng khip nht. Xin xem LTST,
30: 3a.
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2
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v tr li Gia nh cng 300 thuyn ln v 20.000 qun Xim. DNTL1, 2: 12a. Tuy
nhin, nhng i qun Xim b qun Ty Sn nh bi v Nguyn Phc nh
mt ln na phi chy trn sang Bangkok nm 1785. Hai nm sau, Nguyn Phc
nh ri Bangkok v tr li Gia nh nhng khng c qun Xim. C th ng ngh
rng s tn ti ca qun i Xim s e da c qun Ty Sn, t nht l v mt
tm l.
DNTL1, 5: 23.
Nh trn, 5: 23b.
Nh trn, 51: 13a.
Trong cc ti liu th k XIX, c mt t c bit ch ngi M Lai. l
B. Mt iu chc chn rng t Trung Quc ny: B (She Po trong cch pht
m Trung Quc) l cch dng ph bin ca ngi Trung Quc v Vit Nam
ch Java. Xin xem Phan Huy Ch, Hi trnh ch lc (Rcit sommaire d`un voyage en
mer) (1833) do Phan Huy L, Claudine Salmon v T Trng Hip dch v bin son
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a)
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1 LTST, 30: 6.
2 Nh trn, 27: 22b.
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Nh trn, 4: 12b; 8: 5.
Nh trn, 5:23a.
Nh trn, 6: 36a.
DNTL2, 64: 27b.
Nh trn, 16: 10a.
Nh trn, 12: 13a; 12: 20a.
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LTST, 28: 7.
DNTL1, 9: 31b.
Nh trn, 12: 27b.
Nh trn, 9: 31.
Nh trn, 4: 10b; 6: 37b; 9: 31.
Nh trn, 6: 35a.
Ngi k v ng l Minh Mng tri qua tnh trng i lp vi ng. Minh Mng
c sinh ra Gia nh nhng v Hu nm 11 tui v ln ln y.
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KT LUN
Ti nghin cu chnh quyn Gia nh v nhiu yu t ca
n. T nhng nm 1770, Gia nh xut hin l mt n v c lp v
chnh quyn Gia nh c thnh lp t nm 1788 da trn s ch
ng v sng to ca con ngi Gia nh. Nguyn Phc nh ng
vai tr trung tm trong chnh quyn ny. ng khng ch ginh c
vai tr lnh o vi y tnh hp php ca ngi k v ngi vua
m cn do kh nng thu ht c lng trung thnh v s tham gia
ca cc nhm qun s c lp Gia nh cng nh cc dn tc khc
vng ny.
Mt iu chc chn l thi ca ng c nh hnh bng
nhng kinh nghim ng tch ly. Mc d c sinh ra Hu
nhng nm 13 tui ng ri qu hng vo t Gia nh. Tnh
cch ca ng c hnh thnh ch yu Gia nh v thng qua vic
giao tip vi nhn dn trong vng. S lin h ny chc chn gip
ng hc cch ng x vi cc tng lp dn c a dng, phc tp.1 Mi
quan h gia ng v thuc h mang tnh cht c nhn, ring t hn l
quan cch. ng bi b chnh sch bi o Kit truyn thng ca h
Nguyn v tip tc thu ht c s ng h ca nhng gio dn Kit
1 Nin hiu ca Nguyn Phc nh t nm 1802-1820. Nin hiu ny c ngha l
Nguyn Phc nh khi dng s nghip Gia nh v thng nht t nc ti
Thng Long. Xem Thi nh Lan, Hi Nam tp tr (1836. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm HV
v80), tr. 31; Nguyn Gia Ct, i Nam hong triu Bi Nhu Qun cng phng tch lc
(1897. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A 1187), tr. 9. Ngha gc ca t gc Hn Long trong
Thng Long l rng. Nm 1805, (hoc nm 1803. Xem Phan Trc Thc, Quc s
di bin [t y vit tt l QSDB] [Hong Kong: New Asia Research Institute, 1965],
tr. 30), t Long (rng) c thay th bng mt t khc cng c c l Long
nhng c ngha l vn ln hoc pht t. i Nam thc lc chnh bin nht
k (vit tt l DNTL1) (1848. Tokyo: The Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies,
Keio University, 1968), 27:7b. Theo ti, nguyn nhn ca s thay i ny l do t
long (rng) m ch vua, trong khi nh vua khng cn ng y na.
Nguyn Phc nh ln ngi vua nm 1806, v vy c th nin hiu ca ng c
cu thnh t hai t, mt t ch Gia nh v mt t ch Thng Long.
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CHNG II
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C s quyn lc 1: Vn quan
Ngay di hng ng quan li cp cao ca Gia nh thnh Tng
trn l bn chc quan a phng c gi l to, bao gm: H to
m trch hot ng ti chnh, Binh to ph trch qun i, Hnh to
lo t php v Cng to qun l xy dng. Mi quan li a phng u
c mi lin h vi 1 trong 6 b kinh thnh: Li b (B Nhn s),
H b (B Ti chnh), L b (B L nghi), Binh b (B Quc phng),
Hnh b (B T php) v Cng b (B Xy dng). Tuy nhin, cc b
ny khng phi lc no cng thc hin ng chc nng hnh chnh
c phn. Nu nghin cu k cc ti liu ct c nhim v cho cc
nhn vin hay ch nh quan chc cp cao a phng, chng ta
s khm ph ra mt thc t th v l cc quan vn Gia nh thnh
hot ng ngoi phm vi kim sot ca cc B v duy tr nhng mi
lin h cht ch hn vi quan Tng trn thnh Gia nh.
triu nh trung ng, cc chc quan Tham tri (Tng nh phm)
v Thim s (Chnh tam phm) c t di cc quan Thng th
(ng u cc b, Chnh nh phm). Theo quy nh, mi quan li
cp cao ca mt b u c th c ch nh vo mt v tr cp a
phng. V d, ngi gi chc Tham tri mt b trung ng c th
tr thnh ngi ng u 1 to ca Gia nh thnh. Tuy nhin, trn
thc t, mt quan li thng m nhim nhiu mng hot ng
cp a phng. Bn danh sch qun l nhn s nm 1813 cho thy
r iu ny. Theo , Tham tri Cng b Nguyn Khc Thiu c c
ng u Cng to v H to a phng; Tham tri Hnh b L B
Phm ph trch c Hnh to v Binh to Gia nh thnh.1 Ti mi
to, Tham tri c th trng i vo s gip ca Thim s. Chng
ta thy rng trn thc t, ging nh Tham tri, Thim s cng c th
c ch nh qun l 2 to a phng cng mt lc. iu th v l,
2 to ny nht thit khng phi l to m Tham tri c giao qun l.
V vy, y khng n thun l s sp xp nhn s theo kiu u,
1 DNTL 1: 47: 18b.
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Nh trn, 7: 14.
LTST, 22: 18b - 19a.
Xem thm v Trn Nht Vnh chng sau.
Mc lc chu bn triu Nguyn, Tp 2, H Hu, Hu, 1962, tr. 28.
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ng.1 Gii tr thc tr Vit Nam nhn thy cc lit cng phng Ty
y nguy him lun ng h o Thin cha. Cc bo co ca h c
th gy nn ni s hi kinh thnh v n lt n li lm gia tng
s th ch ca triu nh i vi Thin cha gio.
Vo thi im , o Thin cha ang ph bin Gia nh.
Cc gio s phng Ty u tp hp quanh L Vn Duyt - ngi m
h tin tng v coi nh nh bo h. Mt trong s l gio s ngi
Php Rgereau - ngi b mt ti Nng nm 1825. Theo sc
lnh bi tr o C c ban hnh nm 1825, gio on b cm vo
Vit Nam, Rgereau s b bt gi2 nhng ng ta trn vo Gia nh
v sinh sng bnh thng y.
Nm 1826, Minh Mng cm mi hot ng truyn gio Vit
Nam, ng thi ra lnh tt c gio s phi ti Hu dch cc tc
phm nc ngoi sang ting Vit3 v khng c php thu phc tn
. Trn thc t, sc lnh ny ch yu nhm vo cc gio s Nam B.
Sau sc lnh ny, ch c ba gio s Taberd, Franois-Isidore Gagelin
v Odorico (ngi theo dng Francis) c mt Hu v ng ch
l tt c h u tng Gia nh. Taberd phn nn rng h khng
th tm c bt c gio s no t cc vng min khc ca Vit Nam.4
iu r rng cho thy ch ca Minh Mng l tch nhng ngi
ny khi L Vn Duyt.
Theo mt bo co ca Taberd gi v Paris, L Vn Duyt
by t kin ca mnh v chnh sch bi tr o Thin cha ca
Minh Mng nh sau: Nh vua khng my may nh ti s gip
ca cc gio s. H cung cp go cho chng ta khi chng ta i. H
1 Phan Huy Ch, Hi trnh ch lc, (1833), Phan Huy L, Claudine Salmon v
T Trng Hip dch v hiu nh (Paris: Cahier dArchipel 25, 1994), tr. 201 - 202
v 208.
2 Phan Pht Hun, Vit Nam gio s (Cu Th tng th, Si Gn, 1965), tr. 279.
3 DNTL2, 47: 15.
4 Taboulet, La geste Franaise en Indochine, pp. 326 - 327.
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KT LUN
Gia nh thnh Tng trn l n v hnh chnh c chc nng
cai qun Gia nh. T nm 1808 n 1832, Gia nh c 3 quan Tng
trn u l ngi Gia nh. Cc quan Tng trn c trao quyn
ln, t cai qun ton b vng Gia nh n kim sot Chn Lp,
quyt nh vic t tng, b nhim hoc bi nhim quan chc a
phng, trng thu li nhun v iu hnh mi s v vng bin vin.
Cng tc khai hoang, xy dng cu ng v hot ng ngoi thng
cng c t di s kim sot ca quan Tng trn. V quan ny b
nhim ngi Nam B hoc gia nhn ca mnh vo cc chc v quan
trng. Ni cch khc, Gia nh l vng lnh th bn t tr Nam B
cho n nm 1832, khi triu nh trung ng tin hnh cuc ci cch
mang tnh lch s.
Trong s 3 v Tng trn ca Gia nh, L Vn Duyt l ngi
ni bt nht. Nhim k ca ng ko di hn 2 v Tng trn cn li l
Nguyn Vn Nhn v Nguyn Hunh c. ng c b nhim lm
Tng trn Gia nh thnh 2 ln. Nhim k u tin ca ng tng
i ngn ngi (1812 - 1813) trong thi gian tr v ca vua Gia Long.
Nhim k quan trng hn ca ng bt u t u thi Minh Mng.
ng cai qun Gia nh t 1820 cho n khi qua i nm 1832. ng
l mt trong nhng ngi ng h Minh Mng nhit thnh nht khi
v vua ny c ch nh lm ngi k v vua Gia Long nm 1816.
Nhng ng cng qu trung thnh vi nhng di sn ca chnh quyn
Gia nh vn hnh thnh t trong cuc ni chin. Trong thi k
cm quyn ca L Vn Duyt, cc tn Thin cha gio v ngi
1 DNTL2, 177: 27b - 28a.
2 Nh trn, 218: 24a.
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Gii th quyn lc
vng t nam b
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1. XA B GIA NH THNH
Xi mn quyn lc Gia nh
So vi tnh hnh Bc thnh - ni triu nh Hu c th thc thi
quyt sch vi t tr ngi - Gia nh l thch thc ln hn nhiu i
vi triu nh. Quyn lc v thanh th ca L Vn Duyt y rt
ln. Mi n lc nhm gim bt quyn lc ca ng i hi phi c
tin hnh thn trng v kho lo. Gii php ca Minh Mng l xa b
1 Xem Phan Thc Trc, Quc s di bin, (vit tt l QSDB), (New Asia Research
Institute, Hong Kong, 1965), tr.160. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn s tp, (vit tt l
LTST), (1889. Keio Institute of Linguistic Studies, Tokyo, 1962), 24: 12.
2 Nh trn, tr. 178.
3 Nh trn, tr. 204.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
141
142
&+2,%<81*:22.
1 i Nam chnh bin lit truyn nh tp, (vit tt l LTNT) (1909. The Institute of
Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, Tokyo, 1981), 14: 5b - 6.
2 LTST, 23: 14b.
3 DNTL2, 62: 3.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
143
144
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
145
146
&+2,%<81*:22.
2. THAY TH NHN S
S thng tr ca cc quan vn
Theo c cu hnh chnh mi phn chia theo tnh ca vua Minh
Mng, mi quan Tng c cai qun 2 tnh. Tnh no ln hn s c
t tr s .2 Mt quan Tun ph s ng u mi tnh. Di
quyn ca Tun ph l cc quan B chnh, n st v Lnh binh.
Tuy nhin, trn thc t, quan B chnh mi l ngi ng u
mi tnh. C hai l do gii thch iu ny. Th nht, v tr quan Tng
c, gn nh thng xuyn l tng qun s, mang tnh chnh tr
hn l iu hnh thc t cng vic. Th hai, v tr quan Tun ph
him khi c b nhim.
Quan Tng c thng t tr s ti tnh ln trong s 2 tnh
c giao, trong khi quan Tun ph ch l chc quan trn danh
ngha. Tnh c din tch nh hn hon ton t di quyn kim
sot ca quan B chnh. Ngay c ti tnh ln - ni t tr s ca quan
Tng c - B chnh vn c th l ngi ng vai tr quan trng
nht trong vic a ra quyt sch, ng ng sau v quan Tng c
tng i t c hiu lc. Chng hn, chng ta nh rng nm 1832,
c Tng c Nguyn Vn Qu v B chnh Phin An Bch Xun
Nguyn cng a ra ngh triu nh ra lnh bt L Vn Khi.3
Trn thc t, Nguyn Vn Qu ch lin quan n mt t cng vic
chnh thc Si Gn. ng ch lm vic ti tr s 2 hoc 3 ln mt
thng nn tt c cc vn quan trng Phin An u do B chnh
1 Nh trn, 23: 20a.
2 Bin Ho/ Phin An; nh Tng/Vnh Long v An Giang/H Tin. Quan Tng c
s ng tr s Phin An, Vnh Long v An Giang.
3 LTNT, 45: 1b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
147
148
&+2,%<81*:22.
CHC V
Tng c
Bin Ha
Tun
ph
Nguyn
Vn Qu
Phin An
nh
Tng
H Tin
n st
Lnh binh
V Qunh
Hip trn Bin
Ha
L Vn L
Tham hip
Bin Ho (1821)
H Kim Truyn
Chng qun
Hu Qun
Bch Xun
Nguyn
ng u Hnh
To ca Gia
nh thnh
Nguyn Chng
t
Tham hip
Phin An (1819)
Nguyn Qu
Tng c
Bnh Ha
T Trn
Hip trn
Vnh Long
(1827)
Ng B Tun
Tham hip Vnh
Long (1821)
Nguyn Vn
Chnh
Ph Chng
qun Thn C
Phm Phc
Thiu
Hip trn Vnh
Long
V c Khu
Tham hip Vnh
Long (1821)
Nguyn Vn
Hp
Tng c Ph
Yn
Nguyn Vn
Bnh
n st
Thanh Ha
(1821)
Bi Vn L
Lang trung
B Hnh
(1821)
L Vn Thng
Tng c
Qung Ngi
Phm Xun
Bch
Hip trn H
Tin (1821)
Trn Vn Quan
Tham hip
H Tin
Nguyn Quang
Lc Chng
qun
T Qun
L Phc
Bo
Vnh Long
An Giang
B chnh
L i
Cng
Ng
B
Nhn
Ch thch: trong ngoc kp ... l chc v trc, trong ngoc n (...) l nm k thi Hng.
Bng thng k trn cho thy, 3 Lnh binh ca Phin An, Vnh
Long v An Giang tng l cc Tng c min Trung Vit Nam.
Cng thi gian , cc cu Trn th H Tin, nh Tng v Vnh
1 DNTL2, 85: 20b - 22a; QTHKL.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
149
150
&+2,%<81*:22.
Bin Ha
CHC V
Tng c
Tun ph
Nguyn Vn Qu
Phin An
nh Tng
L Phc Bo
Vnh Long
An Giang
H Tin
L i Cng
(Bnh nh-T)
Ng B Nhn
(Qung Tr-T)
B chnh
n st
V Qunh
L Vn L
(Tha Thin-T)
Nguyn Chng
t
(Ngh An-T)
T Trn
(Bc Ninh-B)
Ng B Tun
(Qung Bnh-T)
V c Khu
(Hi Dng-B)
Nguyn Vn Bnh
(Bc Ninh-B)
Bi Vn L
(Tha Thin-T)
Trn Vn Quan
(Tha Thin-T)
Ch thch: trong ngoc n ( ): ni sinh; T: min Trung Vit Nam; B: min Bc Vit Nam.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
CHC V
Tng c
Qung Bnh
on Vn
Trng
(An Giang)
Tun ph
B chnh
n st
Nguyn Cng
Thuyn
V T hn
1 Nguyn S Gic dch, i Nam in l tot yu, (vit tt l TY), (1909. Nxb. Tp. H Ch
Minh, H Ch Minh, 1994, tr. 122).
2 DNTL2, 76: 25b - 30a.
3 DNTL2, 76: 25b - 30a; LTNT; QTHKL; DNNTC.
151
152
&+2,%<81*:22.
Qung Tr
Ngh An
Trn Danh Bu
(Bc Ninh)
* 1819
T Quang C
(Tha Thin)
H Tnh
Trnh Quang
Khanh
H Thc Lng
Nguyn Danh
Gip
L an Qu
Nguyn S Bng
(Nam nh)
* 1813
Thanh Ho
L Vn Qu
Nguyn ng
Giai
(Qung Bnh)
* 1825
H Ni
L Vn Hiu
(Gia nh)
Nguyn Vn
ip
Bi Nguyn Th
(Bin Ha)
* 1821
Ninh Bnh
Nam nh
H Hu
Hunh Kim
Xn
(Qung Bnh)
Hng Yn
Hi Dng
Nguyn Khc
Giai
(Gia nh)
* 1821
Nguyn Kim
Bng
(Tha Thin)
L i Cng
(Bnh nh)
Hng Ho
Bc Ninh
Hong T M
(H Ni)
* 1825
Phan Hin t
L o Qung
(Thanh Ha)
* 1813
Nguyn n T
L Nguyn Hy
(Ngh An)
* 1813
Nguyn Th Nho
Ng Huy Tun
Hong Quc
iu
(Ngh An)
* 1813
Thuyn
Quang
Nguyn nh
Thin
(Thanh Ha)
L Dc c
(Thanh Ha)
* 1819
Nguyn i
Phong
Nguyn c
Nhun
(Thanh Ho)
Qung Yn
Sn Ty
Trn L Hon
Nguyn Hu
Khu
Nguyn Trng
Trn
Nguyn Khc
Biu
(Tha Thin)
* 1819
Don Vn Xun
(Tha Thin)
* 1819
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
Thi
Nguyn
Lng Sn
Cao Bng
Trn Thin Ti
Hong Vn
Quyn
Nguyn D
Nguyn nh
Chng
Dng Tam B
Nguyn Huy
Khot
153
154
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
155
156
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
triu nh b dn lng p phi theo phe h. l Phm Phc Thiu B chnh tnh Vnh Long. Khi b tht bi trc qun khi ngha, ng
trn khi th ph tnh Vnh Long v n np trong mt ngi lng.
C l ng ta c gng vn ng dn lng nh nhiu ng s khc
nhng cui cng dn lng li bt ng ta phi cng h tham gia cuc
khi ngha.1 Con chu ca cc tng lnh Gia nh y p cng trng
vi triu nh cng gia nhp ngha qun.2
Sc ch do ca Minh Mng ban b nm 1835 cho thy s tham
gia ca nhng ngi Gia nh vo cuc khi ngha L Vn Khi:
Khi cuc ni lon din ra, c nhng ngi st cnh cng triu
nh chng li bn phn lon. Tuy vy, chng ta cng thy c nhng
k ng gh tm. l nhng k phm ti xu xa, trc li t thm
ha, ng v phe phn lon; l nhng k chim gi ti sn ca chnh
quyn; dng sc mnh ca qun phn lon uy hip cc thn lng;
ly voi tham gia cuc bo lon; bt gi quan li cao cp a
phng, tham gia bo lon. Ngi Hoa nh c [Thanh nhn] v tn
Kit gio cng tham gia. S qun ni lon, ging nh nhng n
ch v co, gia tng tng ngy v cuc ni lon tr thnh mt vn
nn nghim trng. Hin thi, cuc ni lon b dp yn nh nhng
n lc trong sut 3 nm ca binh lnh triu nh. Nhn li vic ,
trm khng th giu c ni bn khon. Khi cuc ni lon n ra, s
ngi Hi Lng v Bc Thun tham gia l 35. D c b sung
thm cc ti phm, s ngi tham gia vn cha n 200. Nu ngn
chn vic tp hp nhng ngi ng h m qung th lc lng ni
lon chc hn s nhanh chng b qut sch nh n om m b tn
lon. Nu nh vy th lm th no thm ha c th lan ra khp lc
tnh v chng li triu nh ti tn 3 nm? [...] Ta c bo l ngi
Nam K cc ngi theo qun khi ngha bi v cc ngi b cc
quan li triu nh ngc i nghim trng hoc b qun khi ngha
1 DNTL2, 102: 12a.
2 Nh trn, 190: 6b.
157
158
&+2,%<81*:22.
buc phi tham gia nhng ti sao cc ngi khng u hng qun
triu nh khi h n m li cng qun ni lon c th cng bn
gic trong thnh? chng ng tic lm sao!1
Trong khi coi cc tn Thin cha gio, cu t nhn min Bc
v ngi Hoa nh c l 3 nhm ngi quan trng nht lnh o
cuc bo lon, nh vua cng ch r s tham gia ca nhng ngi
khc gm nhng k chim gi ti sn ca chnh quyn; uy hip cc
thn lng hoc bt gi cc vin quan chc cao cp a phng.
Nhng ngi uy hip cc thn lng c th l ngi tng sinh
sng v c quyn th no thn lng. Mt bo co v lc lng
tham gia khi ngha cho chng ta cht t bng chng v danh tnh
nhng ngi b cho l uy hip cc thn lng. Nguyn Vn Hun
l chc sc ca mt lng thuc tnh Gia nh. Khi cuc khi ngha
bng n, Nguyn Vn Hun v con trai u hng hi tham gia. Mt
trong nhng nhim v ca ng l thuyt phc dn lng mnh hp tc
vi ngha qun v h mun ng k dn lng theo cch ring ca h.2
Nhng ngi tham gia bt gi quan chc cao cp a phng
ca h nh m t trong sc ch ca vua Minh Mng, ch yu l
ngi dn a phng buc cc quan li chnh quyn phi tham
gia khi ngha tnh Vnh Long. cng l nhng k ng h m
qung tuyn b rng b quan li triu nh ngc i nh iu
Minh Mng ghi trong sc ch ca mnh.
Cui nm 1833, qun i triu nh chim li c 5 tnh v
buc qun khi ngha phi lui v c th trong thnh Si Gn. Tuy vy
Minh Mng vn phi i n nm 1835 mi c chng kin cnh
cc tng lnh ca mnh chim thnh Si Gn. Vi vic dp tt khi
ngha ca L Vn Khi, s c kt ca triu nh trung ng tr nn
cht ch hn bao gi ht. Hng ngn ngi b qun triu nh st hi.
1 Nh trn, 158: 5b - 6a.
2 Chu bn triu Nguyn, Th vin H Quc gia Australia, bn chp microfilm 60 64 [1836 - 1837], ngy 20 thng 7 nm inh Du (tc nm 1837 dng lch).
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
H QU
Mc d cuc khi ngha ca L Vn Khi b dp tt, Nam B
i khi vn lm vo tnh trng cng thng. S khng c ca ngi
1
2
3
4
5
159
160
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
1 Trng Quc Dng, Thoi thc k vn (hay Cng h k vn), Vin Hn nm A1499,
H Ni, tr.115.
161
P II
NHNG NT C TH
DI THI MINH MNG
CHNG IV
166
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
167
168
&+2,%<81*:22.
Mu cu mu dch
Minh Mng ln n ngi Nam B l coi r gi tr thc go vi
hm rng qu nhiu ngi dn chy theo ngh bun thay v ngh
nng. Trn mt vi phng din nht nh iu ny c th ng
bi sn xut thc go Nam B khng kh khn nh nhiu vng
khc v v th yu cu t nhn lc hn. Quan trng hn, khuynh
hng ny lin quan n s ph bin ca hot ng mu dch Gia
nh. Tc phm Gia nh thnh thng ch ca Trnh Hoi c (1765
- 1825) m t chi tit s pht trin ca thng mi, nht l 2 huyn
Bnh Dng v Tn Long thuc vng Si Gn. Dn c ng c,
cc ch kt ni vi nhau, nh san st, ting Phc Kin, Qung ng,
Triu Chu, Hi Nam, phng Ty, Xim c dng giao tip.1
Ti liu ch r nhiu ngi Nam B lm ngh bun bn. Theo
Gia nh thnh thng ch, c dn 2 huyn Thun An v Phc Lc 9
ngi lm nng th 1 ngi i bun.2 Trng gia th ph ca dng h
Trng cho bit mt s nng dn ngng cy la chuyn sang sn
xut nng nghip phc v th trng.3 ng Th (1762 - 1843) l mt
lo nng c 3 con trai u lm nng nghip nhng ngi con trng
tn Thnh (1785 - 1834) u t trng rau (xem t 8), thu hoch kh
gi hn cy la. C v nh Thnh tch tr c kha kh tin theo
cch ny v c tn nhim bu lm Th bn.4 V lng ca Thnh
nm a phn ca huyn Bnh Dng thuc Si Gn ngy nay,5
ti cho rng nghip kinh doanh ca anh ta c lin quan n nhng
1 Trnh Hoi c, Gia nh thnh thng ch (vit tt l GDTTC), Bulletin de lcole
Franaise dExtrme-Orient microfilm A 1561, 4: 11.
2 Nh trn, 4: 12.
3 Trng gia t ng th ph ton tp (1886. Vin Hn Nm, A 3186, H Ni).
4 Th bn: chc quan ph trch ti chnh ca lng x. Xem: Alfred Schreiner, Les
Institutions Annamites en Basse-Cochinchine avant la Conqute Franaise, Tome 2
(Saigon: Claude&Cie, 1901), p. 26.
5 Lng ca anh ta l Hnh Thng, gn ch G Vp, pha ng Bc thnh ph H Ch
Minh ngy nay.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
169
170
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
171
172
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
173
174
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
175
176
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
177
178
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
179
180
&+2,%<81*:22.
Trung
Nam
Khng r
Tng cng
S lng
18
142
200
32
392
T l (%)
4,59
36,22
51,01
8,16
100
1 Chi tit v nhng triu thn thi Gia Long. Min Bc: H Ni (7), Hi Dng (1), Nam
nh (4), Sn Nam (1), Bc Ninh (3), Qung Yn (2). Min Trung: Thanh Ha (16),
Ngh An (8), H Tnh (2), Qung Bnh (12), Tha Thin (44), Qung Nam (10), Qung
Ngi (9), Bnh nh (37), Ph Yn (1), Khnh Ha (2), Bnh Thun (1). Nam B: Bin
Ha (23), Gia nh (122), nh Tng (21), Vnh Long (19), An Giang (11), H Tin (4).
2 LTST.
3 Bng sau y lit k 219 ngi c tn trong i Nam chnh bin lit truyn nh tp,
nhng ngi khi nghip di triu Minh Mng (Ngun: LTNT).
Bc
Trung
Nam
Tng cng
S lng
66
139
14
219
T l (%)
30.14
63.47
6.39
100
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
181
182
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
ngi Vit ni chung sng bng ngh nng nhng vi thanh nin
Nam B, vic tch ly ti sn v t ai d dng hn rt nhiu so vi
thanh nin hai min Trung v Bc. Mt v d in hnh l trng
hp ngi thanh nin tn Dng (1794 - 1849) thuc dng h Trng
gn Si Gn. Khi n tui trng thnh, ngi con trai th hai ca
gia nh nng dn h Trng quyt nh chuyn n lng Ha Bnh
thuc tnh nh Tng thng lu sng M Kng (Tin Giang).
Khi nghip tay trng nhng Dng thnh cng trong vic tch ly
gia sn thng tin v c v tr qu hng mi. Trc khi qua i,
Dng lm n chc Th khon.1 Nu Dng l ngi min Bc hoc
min Trung, s tin thn trong x hi cha chc d dng n th.
Trong thc t, thu nhp t mt chc quan triu nh, t nht l
di triu Nguyn, khng nui sng mt gia nh bnh thng.
Gia nh s b thiu thn vt cht nu nh vin quan (hoc v v gia
nh mnh) khng kim tin thm bng cch ny hay cch khc. Ly
trng hp mt ngi Nam B thi Hng. Sau khi t c th
anh ta c b lm Tri huyn v xp hng tng lc phm theo quy
ch.2 Mt ti liu khc cho bit, vo nm 1840, tin lng mi nm
ca quan Tri huyn l 22 mn (hoc quan) tin v 22 phng go.3
Theo ti liu chu bn, vo gia thp nin 20 ca th k XIX, gi go
Gia nh vo khong mi mn mt phng.4 Theo , lng hng
nm ca Tri huyn l 44 phng hoc 22 hc go. Bin Ha,
sn xut ra chng ny go cn canh tc 2,88 mu rung.5 nhng
1 Trng gia t ng th ph ton tp (1886.Vin Hn Nm, A3186, H Ni), tr. 6.
Th khon: chc quan gim st v cho thu mn ti sn ca lng x. Xem: Alfred
Schreiner, Les Institutions Annamites en Basse-Cochinchine avant la Conqute
Franaise, p. 27.
2 i Nam in l tot yu (vit tt l TY), Nxb. Tp H Ch Minh, 1994, tr. 24.
3 DNTL2, 207: 45.
4 Phan Huy L, Chu bn triu Nguyn v chu bn nm Minh Mnh 6 - 7 (bn tho),
tr. 33.
5 Xem Chng VI v sn xut thc go Nam B. Khng th tho lun v thu t
Nam B trong hai thp nin 20 - 30 ca th k XIX bi n thi im , rung
183
184
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
185
186
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
187
188
&+2,%<81*:22.
189
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
Tnh
Ph
Bin Ha
Gia nh
nh Tng
Vnh Long
An Giang
H Tin
p: 2
h: 7
p: 3
h: 9
p: 2
h: 4
p: 3
h: 8
p: 3
h: 9
p: 1
h: 3
1
(Minh Mng)
1
(Gia Long)
1
(1836)
1
(1826)
1
(1842)
2
(Minh Mng)
2
(1836,
1846)
2
(1833, 1838)
1
(1837)
1
(1832)
2
(1841,
1852)
2
(1835, 1838)
4
(1837, 1851,
1860, 1862)
2
(1837,
1839)
1
(1847)
Huyn
190
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
191
192
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
193
194
&+2,%<81*:22.
Gia nh
nh Tng
Vnh Long
Vn miu
1715
1824
n x tc
1832
1832
1833
1836
n tin nng
1832
1832
1832
1836
1864
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
195
196
&+2,%<81*:22.
1825
1828
1831
1834/353
Ton quc
132
117
113
100
86
89
81
718
Nam B
12
(16)
14
(15)
15
(16)
10
11
5 (6)
76 (83)
9,09
11,97
13,27
10
10,47
12,36
6,17
10,58
T l %
1837
1840
Tng
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
1819
Tng cng
Ton quc
82
112
194
Nam B
10 (12)
18 (20)
T l (%)
9,76
8,93
9,28
197
198
&+2,%<81*:22.
Ton quc
Nam B
T l %
1841
1842
1843
1846
1847
1848
1849/503
Tng
144
108
121
132
135
165
143
948
13 (15)
16
15
18
18 (20)
18 (20)
15 (17)
113
(121)
9,03
14,81
12,40
13,64
13,33
10,91
10,49
11,92
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
199
200
&+2,%<81*:22.
KT LUN
Sau khi Gia nh thnh Tng trn b bi b nm 1832, ngi
Nam B phi i din vi chnh quyn trung ng nhiu hn nhng
thp k trc . Minh Mng quyt nh ha nhp ngi Gia nh
vo vi quc gia h ph hp vi trnh ca nhng ngi Vit
c gio ha mu sinh di s cai tr ca triu nh trung ng.
nh kin ca Minh Mng v ngi Nam B khng phi lc no
cng da trn thc t, d c da trn nhng c s nh tnh cch cng
nh iu kin kinh t ca ngi Nam B.
Chnh sch v tham vng ln lao ca vua Minh Mng c da
trn mt s chin lc nh: thnh lp cc c s o to nh trng
hc, vic ban b Thp iu, trin khai cc tc th cng nhm cng c
quyn lc nh nc, tng cng cc k thi quc gia. Mc d s lng
C nhn ngi Nam B khng tng di thi Minh Mng m ch
yu di thi Thiu Tr, ti cho rng s ph bin ca nhng ngi
Nam B t trong cc k thi quc gia thc s l mt kt qu quan
trng m Minh Mng lm c qua chin lc gio ha ca
mnh, thng qua vic m rng cc c s o to chnh thng Nam
B thuyt phc ngi Nam B chp nhn chnh quyn Hu. Cc
nhm C nhn v T ti c to ra qua cc k thi Hng khng ch
1 Qua i Nam nht thng ch c th khng nh 2 huyn Vnh nh v Phong Ph
trong thc t l mt. Nm 1839, huyn Vnh nh c ct ra t tnh Vnh Long
nhp vo huyn O mon ca ngi Khmer; 2 huyn ny hp li lp thnh
huyn mi l Phong Ph, thuc vo tnh An Giang. DNNTC, tr. 160. Huyn vnh
nh (hoc huyn Phong Ph) nm khu vc quanh Cn Th ngy nay, b Ty h
lu M Kng. Xem Hunh Minh, Cn Th xa v nay, Si Gn, 1966, tr. 24.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
201
202
&+2,%<81*:22.
CHNG V
Hu qu ca chnh sch ng ha
ca Minh Mng
204
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
205
206
&+2,%<81*:22.
1. T TNG NG HO
Chnh sch dn tc ca Minh Mng c thc hin mt phn
bi s m rng quyn hnh trc tip khng ch Nam B m cn
c Chn Lp trong nhng nm 30 ca th k XIX. hiu c mu
cht ca tnh hnh ny, trc ht chng ta phi hiu c quc hiu
Vit Nam di thi Nguyn v nhng hm ca n.
T u thi Nguyn, vic la chn quc hiu c cn nhc cn
thn v n th hin v khng nh quan nim ca tng lp u t i
vi lnh th mi c thng nht. Khi tn gi ca quc gia c
a ra tho lun vo u thi Nguyn, nhng ngi ng u chnh
quyn Gia nh quan tm ch yu v s hp nht ca vng ng
Trong v ng Ngoi. Tuy nhin, s hp nht ny khng ch mang
tnh lnh th m n cn bao hm c s m rng v vn ha di gc
thng nht hai thc th vn ha khc nhau ny. Vo nm 1802, tn
Nam Vit c la chn theo mt lun c:
dn nhng tc phm vo nm 1962 v 1965, Woodside a ra s liu sau: thi
Gia Long c 105 cuc khi ngha, thi Minh Mng c gn 200 cuc khi ngha.
Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model, tr.135. Nhng con s ca Chu Thin
vn c dng trong cc sch lch s gn y ca Vit Nam nhn mnh s
bt n ca triu nh phong kin th k XIX. Xem Nguyn Phan Quang (v cc
tc gi), Lch s Vit Nam t ngun gc n 1858, Tp 2 (Thnh ph H Ch Minh:
Nxb. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1993), tr. 136. Ti cho rng nhiu cuc khi ngha
khng phi ch n thun l do tnh trng no ng ca nng dn m l s ni
dy ca ngi dn tc thiu s.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
207
208
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
209
210
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
211
212
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
213
214
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
m Minh Mng cho l trch nhim quan trng ca gio quan ngi
Vit Chn Lp. 1 Woodside qu quyt rng nhim v ca cc hc
quan l dy ngi Chn Lp ch Hn.2 Mt khc, David Chandler
cho rng nhng quan li ny dy ngn ng Vit.3
tm ra ngha ch thc ca nhim v m cc hc quan c
Minh Mng giao ph, iu cn thit l chng ta phi nghin cu cch
s dng thut ng Hn. iu quan trng nht, chng ta cn phi nh
rng Hn l tn hiu ca mt triu i c pha Bc Trung Hoa, t
m vn ha ng Bc lan rng. V vy, cc nn vn ha cng
chung di sn s dng thut ng Hn vi ngha l tt, hoc lng
tt, uy tn, to ln, rng ln, thun khit, v trung tm hoc
gia. Trong ting Hn, Han tsu (Hn tc) thng khng ch ngi
Hn chung chung m l nhm dn Hn Trung Hoa. Nam Triu
Tin (Hn Quc), con sng ln nht chy qua th tn l Han Gang
(Hn Giang) v nhng tn c lin quan nh Han Seong (Hn Thnh)
v Han Yang (Hn Dng) c s dng ln lt Triu Tin nhm
ch kinh ca quc gia ny lu di nht ca Nam Hn, ko di t
1392 -1910.
Vit Nam, vo th k XIX, Hn ng ch ngi, ngn ng, hay
phong tc ca Vit Nam m khng phi Trung Hoa. T Hn nhm
ch khng gian vn ha, bao gm Khng gio, Pht gio i tha v
ch Hn tng hnh, nh nhng thnh t ph qut chung c chia
s ca nn vn ha ng Bc , cng thm di sn vn ha ring ca
ngi Vit bao gm phong tc v ngn ng. Hn nhn hoc Hn
dn c ngha l ngi Vit, khc vi ngi Hoa (thng c gi l
ng nhn v Thanh nhn), ngi Khmer v ngi dn tc thiu s
khc. Hn phong nhm ch phong tc, tp qun ca ngi Vit. Hn
ng hoc Hn m l ngn ng ca ngi Vit bao gm h thng ch
1 Nh trn,163:11a.
2 Woodside,Vietnam and the Chinese Model, tr.250.
3 David Chandler, Cambodia before the French, tr. 131.
215
216
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
2. CC M HNH NG HA
Ngi dn tc thiu s c th quy thnh 3 nhm ln. Mi nhm
c nh nc tip cn theo cch thc khc nhau. u tin, l
dn Khmer - nhm ln nht nh c ch yu vng chu th. Tip
theo l ngi dn tc thiu s sng vng Bin Ha - khu vc mi
khai hoang cho ti vng cao nguyn. C hai nhm ny u trng
la. Do , nhng n lc ca nh nc nhm ha nhp h vo dn
1 H ng thi cng l tn ca mt triu i c nm pha Bc Trung Quc trc
ch Hn. V th, H thng xuyn c s dng cc nc ng Bc vi
ngha l trung tm, hoc gia, nn vn ha Trung Hoa c, Trung Hoa hay
ngi Trung Hoa.
2 DNTL2,190:14b-15a.
217
218
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
219
220
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
1 Nh trn, tr.3.
2 DNTL2,213:26.
221
222
&+2,%<81*:22.
1 DNTL3,13:2a.
2 Theo Chim Thnh kho ca Hong Cn (1914. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A 970),
di sn hong gia Chmpa kt thc vo thi im ny. Mt l do quan trng l
Nguyn Vn Tha - mt lnh o ngi Chm - tham gia vo cuc khi ngha ca
L Vn Khi. Sau , ngi Chm Phan Rang tr thnh i tng ca cng cuc
Vit ha. Po Dharma miu t tnh hung ny Ngi Chm theo o Hindu b
cng p phi n tht b. Ngi Chm theo o Hi b p phi n tht ln v thn
ln. Cc chc v v quyn hn chnh tr b i thnh tn Vit. Lut l v cc th tc
php l Vit c a vo. Cc loi thu phin h mi v yu cu v nhn lc b
trng thu vi mt n lc nhm i x ngi Khmer nh ngi ni lon b chinh
phc v bin h thnh ngi Vit. Trch dn t William Collins, Interdisciplinary
Research on Ethnic Groups in Cambodia, (Nghin cu lin ngnh v cc nhm
dn tc Campuchia c t chc Phnm Pnh, ngy 18-19/7/1996, tr.39).
Nm 1835, ngi Vit t h thng hnh chnh ca ring h, thit lp quyn kim
sot hon ton i vi t ca ngi Chm. Ngi ta cho rng, s tht bi ny ca
ngi Chm xui khin h di c sang Campuchia. (Sd, tr.41). Sau , khi ngi
Vit chim Chn Lp, mt ln na, h li phi thn phc chnh quyn Vit. Mt s
ngi t nn Chm tr li Nam B vo thi im . Nm 1843, 2.383 ngi M Lai
v ngi Chm b a n mt khu vc bn cnh ngi Khmer ph Ba Xuyn,
tnh An Giang. H c php c di n ph Ty Ninh ca tnh Gia nh nu
h mun. Khm nh i Nam hi in s l (vit tt KNHSL) (1851.Hanoi: Vin
Hn Nm Vhv 1570), quyn 38, Phin Dan Quy ha, 22-23.
3 Nguyn Lang, Vit Nam Pht gio s lun, Tp 2 (H Ni: Vn Hc, 1994), tr. 334.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
223
224
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
225
226
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
227
228
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
229
230
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
231
232
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
233
234
&+2,%<81*:22.
Trc
1825
1825-1830
1830-1835
1835-1859
Sau 1859
S lng
1
Ngi di:1
1
Minh
hng:1
4
Ngi di:2
Minh hng:1
Thanh nhn:1
3
Ngi di:1
Minh hng:1
Thanh nhn:1
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
235
236
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
237
238
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
239
240
&+2,%<81*:22.
Nh trn, 6: 8a.
MMCY, 24: 7a.
DNTL3, 6: 8.
Trong cng trnh v cuc khi ngha ny, Nguyn Phan Quang gi rng tn
Khmer ca Lm Sm l Sa Sam. Theo nh ghi chp ca triu nh, tn ca ng
ta l Lm Sm. Phan Quang cho rng ngi bin son ca triu nh tu tin
chn tn h ca ngi ny l Lm. Xem: Nguyn Phan Quang, Phong tro nng
dn Vit Nam na u th k XIX, tr. 133. Ti cho rng tn h ca ng b i
thnh Lm trong thi k ng ha. Trc cuc khi ngha, ng tng c b
nhim l quan triu nh di s bo h ca ngi Vit.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
241
242
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
243
244
&+2,%<81*:22.
Gia nh
nh Tng
Dn c ng thu
11.100
8.643
26.330
Binh lnh
2.313
8.643
5.075
T l
20,84
27,19
19,27
Gia nh
nh Tng
Vnh Long
An Giang
H Tin
Tng
16.949
51.788
26.799
41.336
22.998
5.728
165.598
3 i Nam in l tot yu (Vit tt TY), Nguyn S Gic dch (1909). Nxb. Thnh ph
H Ch Minh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1994), tr. 452.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
1 Lin quan ti s liu v binh s, ti nhn cng c th c thm vo. Trong nhiu
trng hp, nhng ti nhn pha nam b huy ng vo cuc chin vi ngi
Khmer. V d nh nm 1845, ti nhn ca 6 tnh c t chc thnh cc n v
qun i tin phong chng li cc cuc khi ngha ca ngi Khmer. DNTL3,
48:12a.
2 Nam thin hiu hnh thc lc (1869. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm VHv 1240), Quyn 5,
nh Tng.
245
246
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
247
248
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
249
250
&+2,%<81*:22.
KT LUN
Ti va tho lun vic ng ha nh l mt chnh sch quan
trng ca chnh quyn trung ng Nam B. Kt qu ca chnh
sch ny l s chung sng ha bnh gia cc nhm khc nhau - vn
l mt phn ca di sn Gia nh - b t b. Cng cuc ng ha
nhm mc ch Vit ha cc nhm dn tc khc Nam B v trong
n lc ny, ngi Nam B c ch nh (ng thi cng t nguyn)
hot ng nh mt phn ca i qun tin phong. Chng no h
cn l ngi Vit, triu nh cn coi h l cng c hu hiu y
nhanh qu trnh Vit ha. Cc quan li cp thp, nng dn, binh s
v thm ch l ti nhn u c s dng Vit ha cc nhm dn
tc khc Nam B. Chnh trong thi k ny, t l cc cuc xung t
gia ngi Nam B vi cc nhm dn tc khc cao hn so vi cc
thi k trc.
1 H Ti Hu Tm, Millenarianism and Peasant Politics in Vietnam (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1983) pp. 14 - 15.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
251
CHNG VI
c in v bo v
t hu rung t
254
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
255
256
&+2,%<81*:22.
Gia
nh
nh
Tng
Vnh
Long
An
Giang
H Tin
Tng
cng
14.420,2
165.464,9
137.007,3
178.817
96.579,2
2.750,8
594.037,4
Rung cng
(mu)
39,7
2456,7
156
18.521,4
27,7
21.209,5
T l (%)
0,3
1,5
0,1
10,4
0,007
1,04
3,58
Rng t
trng trt
(mu)
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
257
258
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
259
260
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
261
262
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
263
264
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
265
266
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
267
268
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
269
270
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
lu xut hin cng khai trc quan li trong chnh quyn. hiu r
s m rng ti a ca t in Nam B, chng ta cn tnh n s tn
ti ca loi rung t n lu.
Trong khi cc quan chc triu nh trung ng bt u p dng
chnh sch o c rung t, h nhn thc c mt bc tranh v
Gia nh - mt bc tranh da trn nhng ghi chp ca ring h. N
cho php h tin rng cc cnh ng la khp Nam B hon ton
thuc v mt nhm nhng a ch. i vi nhng quan li ny ch
yu n t cc vng min Bc v Trung. Vic tp trung trong tay
c nhn v s khan him cng in r rng l bng chng ca thi t
xu xa Gia nh. Theo quan im ca h, vic tch t rung t vo
tay mt s t ngi ch t nhn tr nn qu ng. Trng ng
Qu l mt quan li cao cp trong triu chu trch nhim o c
rung t Nam B. Sau 2 thng Nam B, ng nhn nh Chng
cn bt c mnh t cm di no cho ngi ngho v ngi giu
chim [ton b rung t Nam B].1
Tuy vy, vic nh gi c phn n gin ha ca ng (nh hng
t b s kinh in S K) khng phn nh chn thc tnh hnh thc
t Nam B v mt s lng ln rung t khng c ng k tn
ti ng sau bc tranh. Mt vi rung n lu do ngi giu chim,
nhng ngi ngho cng c mt s s hu. Th d, nu mt ngi
nng dn khn hoang mt vng t mi sau khi anh ta b mt ri
b thn ca mnh trn trnh s truy tm ca chnh quyn, dng
nh anh ta khng th sn lng tuyn b s tn ti v a im ca t
ai va mi c khai ph ny cho cng mt chnh quyn .
Ngay c Trng ng Qu cng bit n s tn ti ca loi
rung n lu. Mc d ng vit chng c ming t no cho ngi
ngho cm di l ph phn vic t hu rung ang trn lan v
tch t rung t ang ph bin Nam B nhng cc tuyn b khc
1 DNTL, 168: 1
271
272
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
2. O C RUNG T V H QU CA N
Vn thu
Sau y l mt on ch d ca Minh Mng ban hnh nm 1836
thi im c in din ra Nam K:
iu rt quan trng l phi xc manh r ranh gii cnh ng.
Cho ti nay, nhng cnh ng c o c bng mu, so, thc,
thn. y l h thng chung c s dng tt c cc tnh trong c
nc, khng c ngoi l. Lm sao m ch c Nam K lc tnh li sai
khc? [Bi v ngi dn nhng tnh ] quen vi phong tc c, rt
him khi ghi chp r rng [rung t] bng mu v so nhng [thay
vo ] 8 hay 9 trn 10 trng hp [rung t] c tnh bng thng
hay s. Cch ny khng nhng gn gi vi mt tp qun c k, m
cn theo mt quy nh chng c chun ha no.1
o c rung t lc l chnh sch khc do Minh Mng ban
hnh, nh l mt s c gng ln ca ng nhm a Nam B vo mt
h thng tng t cc vng khc Vit Nam. Nam B c c trng
l khng dng mu - n v o lng ph bin cc vng min khc
trn c nc - tnh ton a vc, m thay vo l cc n v nh
thng (hay dy) v s (hay tha). Thm na, trn c s quan st nm
1833, mt v quan ca Minh Mng l Don Un ni rng khonh2
v s c dng nh nhng n v c in Gia nh.3 Ngay
1 DNTL2, 16: 16a.
2 Ching ting Trung Quc, ch 100 khonh ng rung.
3 Don Un, Don Un tng cng hon tch, tr. 13.
273
274
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
275
276
&+2,%<81*:22.
Cng in
T in
80 thng thc
26 thng thc
56
20
33
13
Cng in
T in
80 thng thc
80 thng thc
30
30
20
20
Cng in
T in
Rung t
26 thng thc
26 thng thc
Rung kh
23
23
Theo Nguyn Th Anh, Kinh t v x hi Vit Nam di cc vua triu Nguyn, tr. 102
- 103.
3 DNTL2, 172: 13b. y chng ti cn nhn mnh n nng sut la Nam B.
Cha tm thy bng chng chnh xc cho thy vic minh nh nng sut trn
trn cc cnh ng la thi k ny. Tuy nhin, hai vn bn ghi chp lin quan
n vic sn xut la go Bin Ha v An Giang s gip chng ta tnh c
nng sut hng nm. Nm 1840, bo co cho bit qun lnh v t binh trong
mt doanh tri tnh Bin Ha lm ra 4.600 hc go trn 300 mu rung, trong
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
277
278
&+2,%<81*:22.
Gia
nh
nh
Tng
Vnh
Long
An
Giang
H
Tin
Tng
cng
10.242
34.124
20.167
27.457
15.136
1.481
108.607
S lnh
trc nm 1836
483
1.658
1.229
3.322
926
87
7.705
S lnh mi nm
1836
1.813
6.143
3.575
6.465
2.860
237
21.093
T l tng (%)
275,3
270,5
190,9
94,6
208,9
172,4
173,8
S dn ng thu
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
279
280
&+2,%<81*:22.
Nh trn:167: 16b.
Nh trn:167: 30b.
Nh trn.
Nh trn:168: 2a.
Nh trn:188: 33b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
281
282
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
283
284
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
285
286
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
287
288
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
289
290
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
291
292
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
293
294
&+2,%<81*:22.
T
in
Tng
din tch
rung
thu
(mu)
S
tha
rung
a ch
Dng Vn Uy
Tng cng
(thc)
T np thm:
Sp go xay gi
vt
110 gi
2 bnh-1 gi-2 con
(12,2 gi/mu)
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
11
Dng Vn Uy
200 gi
2 bnh-1 gi-2 con
(18,2 gi/mu)
17,1
Dng Vn Uy,
Nguyn Vn Thng
260 gi
4 bnh-2 gi-4con
(15,2 gi/mu)
8,1
Dng Vn Uy
100 gi
2 bnh-1 gi-2con
(12,3 gi/mu)
3,6
Dng Vn Uy,
Nguyn Vn Phng
100 gi
2 bnh-1 gi-2con
(27,7 gi/mu)
4,1
H Th Ph
60 gi
1 bnh - 1 gi-2con
(14,6 gi/mu)
5,2
Hunh Vn Ti,
140 gi
3 bnh-2 gi-2con
Nguyn Vn Phng, (26,9 gi/mu)
Dng Vn Uy
H Vn
70 gi
1 bnh-1 gi-2con
(17,5 gi/mu)
1,4
Dng Vn Uy
20 gi
0 bnh-0 gi-2con
(14,2 gi/mu)
295
296
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
297
298
&+2,%<81*:22.
KT LUN
c in l mt trong nhng sng kin ca chnh quyn trung
ng nhm tr gip thc hin mt h thng thng nht khp Nam
B. Nhng ngi c phi i thc hin d n tin hnh o c
trn ng rung ca Nam B, p dng nhng n v o c chung
Bc K v Trung K, ng thi lp a b. cng thi im , d
n cng to lp cng in theo m hnh vn tn ti lu i min
Bc v Trung Vit Nam.
ng trc thc tin s hu rung t truyn thng Nam B,
nh ban u v sng kin c in ca nh nc - to lp cng
in - gim bt. S bt mn ca ngi Nam K vi vic ti phn
phi rung t ca Nh nc cng lm suy mn d hoch v lm
nn lng nhng ngi ng h lc ban u, trong nhiu ngi l
cc v i thn trong triu nh. C l nhn t quan trng bc nht
ngn tr vic m rng o c t in v lp cng in min Nam l
ng thi ca Minh Mng i vi s hu rung t. V c bn, ng l
mt ngi tn thnh t hu rung t v mi quan tm ch yu ca
ng l tip tc khai hoang v tng cng sn xut la go v su tp
thu Nam B. t mc tiu ny, truyn thng t hu rung t
c bo v v khuyn khch.
1 Nh trn, tr. 70.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
299
KT LUN
302
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
303
304
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
305
306
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
307
308
&+2,%<81*:22.
310
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
_______
311
312
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
313
314
&+2,%<81*:22.
________
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
315
316
&+2,%<81*:22.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
________
317
318
&+2,%<81*:22.
________
________
________
________
Nguyn Th Thnh. The French Conquest of Cochinchina, 18581862 PhD dissertation, Cornell University, 1992.
Nguyn Thng. K Xuyn Cng c S Bin (First edition of Ki Xuyens
correspondence). 1872. Hanoi: Vin Hn Nm VHc 01719.
Nguyn Thu. Hon V K Vn (Compendium on the [Vietnamese]
world) n.d. Hanoi: Vin Hn Nm A 585.
Nguyn Vn Hu. S Thn Thuc v Khai Thc t Tm Phong
Long - Chng Cui Cng ca Cuc Nam Tin (The claiming
and opening of Tam Phong Long region the final stage of
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321
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MC T
A
An Thun 108-117
B
Bc nhn 173-178, 182
Bch Xun Nguyn 145-146, 148, 150,
154, 167
C
Cao T Thanh 37, 59, 129, 195, 309
Chmpa 207-208, 222
Chn Lp 16, 43, 63-65, 70, 75, 82, 84,
91-92, 107, 121, 127, 136, 141-142,
144, 147, 155, 175, 203-206, 208210, 212, 214-215, 221-223, 230,
238-243, 247-249, 258, 274, 278,
285, 296
Chu bn triu Nguyn 31, 64, 124,
D
Don Un 31, 119-120, 127, 273, 275,
313
Dc c 30, 152
Du Tng 46-48, 66-67
Dng Quang T 232-233
c in 6, 253-254, 298
i Nam thc lc 24, 30-31, 39, 41, 57,
76, 84-85, 100, 160, 166, 169, 171,
174, 207-208, 211, 254-255, 267,
269
324
&+2,%<81*:22.
a ch 16-17, 27, 33, 205, 256, 271272, 280, 282-283, 285-288, 291292, 295-299
ng Khnh 30
ng Sn 48-49, 51, 67-68
Thanh Nhn 41, 46-51, 66-68
ng nhn 67, 69, 215
Hm Nghi 30
hn 63, 71, 119, 210, 211, 214
Hong Anh 133, 314
Ha Ngha 66-68
H Hun Nghip 201-202
Hi Lng 112-117, 145, 155, 157, 175
hi t 151, 153-154
Hng Bo 129-130
F
Finlayson, George 313
Franois-Isidore 108
Fujiwara Riichiro 65, 71
G
Gia nh 5, 13-15, 23, 26, 28-29, 33,
37-68, 70-95, 99-103, 108, 111-150,
152-161, 165-201, 206, 208, 212214, 222, 229, 231-232, 238-244,
250-251, 254-255, 257-259, 262274, 278-281, 284-292, 301-303,
308-309, 313, 315, 318, 320-321
Gia nh thnh Tng trn 14, 28, 80,
82-84, 86, 88, 91, 102, 128, 133,
135-136, 144-147, 149, 156, 165,
188-189, 190, 194, 196, 200, 208,
J
Jarai 209-210
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
L
Lc ha 224, 240-241
Lm Sm 240-241
Langlet 25, 315
Lo 61, 74, 209
Launay, Adrien Charles 315
L Cht 14, 52, 85, 101, 117, 139
L i Cng 140, 147, 148, 150, 152
L Pht t 307
L Quang nh 41, 73, 169
L Thnh Tng 17, 258
L Vn Duyt 5, 14-15, 17, 53-55,
79-85, 88-102, 108-113, 116-117,
122-123, 125, 130-131, 133-134,
136-137, 139-146, 154-155, 159161, 166-167, 169, 186-187, 195196, 232, 240, 268, 277, 283-284,
302, 317
L Vn Qun 51
lit truyn 42, 85, 91, 140, 142, 169,
171, 180-181, 202, 207, 213, 263
Lng Kh 31, 135, 319
Lu Tn 131-132, 155
L Ti 66-68, 73
N
Nam K 14, 23, 26, 28, 70, 80-81, 93,
100, 121, 127, 129, 133, 144, 147,
149, 155, 157, 160-161, 166, 174,
175-178, 186, 198, 213, 253-255,
273, 283, 286-289, 298-299, 302305, 316
Nam nhn 173-179, 182
ngha qun 39, 93, 117, 154, 157-158,
306-307
Ng nh Dim 31
Ng Nhn Tnh 72, 73, 85, 131
Ng Tng Chu 41, 59
ngi Trung Quc 58, 61, 63-64, 66,
69, 70, 72, 131, 133, 250
Nguyn ng S 89, 186-187
Nguyn nh Chiu 306
M 212-213, 229
325
326
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Nguyn Hu 40
Philippines 75
Quch m 133
P
Phm Vn t 202, 306
Phm Xun Bch 148, 150, 154
Phan B t 106, 186
Shimao Minoru 81
s 7, 9, 13, 15, 27, 32, 44, 51, 56, 58-60,
81, 90, 91, 96, 103-106, 108-112,
149, 155, 160, 167, 169-170, 172,
174-175, 178, 181-182, 185-187,
190-191, 193-199, 201-202, 204,
210, 211, 236, 243-245, 249-250,
260, 267, 287, 292, 303, 305
Singapore 32, 94, 107, 119, 121, 124,
128, 311, 313, 322
Smith, Ralph 319
sng Gianh 25, 40, 173, 174
Sn Nam 28, 180, 182, 254, 292, 320
T
Tn Chnh Vng 46
T qun 14, 15, 51, 89, 90, 268
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01*
V
Vit Nam 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 21-23, 2530, 32, 37-41, 43-45, 53, 55-59, 6162, 64-67, 69, 70-73, 79, 81-83, 89,
91-92, 94-95, 97, 101-108, 111-113,
120-123, 125-126, 128, 129, 130,
132-135, 137, 139, 144, 148, 150,
151, 153, 155, 161, 166, 169, 172,
176-179, 194, 203-216, 221-223,
225, 227, 230-231, 236-238, 240,
245, 247, 251, 253, 254, 257, 258,
259, 267, 268, 273, 274, 276, 285,
293, 298, 301-303, 306, 308, 310,
313, 316-319, 321
V Tnh 46, 50-51, 117, 262
V Trng Ton 41, 59, 73
V Vng 47-48, 50, 66-67
327
328
&+2,%<81*:22.
W
White, John 125, 322
Woodside, Alexander 322
X
Xim 13, 41, 43-44, 50, 54, 61-64, 7475, 91-92, 112, 119, 121, 155-156,
168
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