T p ch K hoa hc H Q G H N , K hoa hc X hi v N hn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

Hip inh Ginev 1954 v Vit Nam v Hip nh Paris 1973:

Ngoi giao v thnh tu ca cch mng Vit Nam
Pierre Asselin*
Khoa Lch s v Khoa hc chnh tr, i hc Chaminade, Hawaii, Hoa K
Nhn ngy 6 thng 3 nm 2007

T m tt. Da trn cc ngun s liu c khai thc t nhiu pha, bi vit m un phn tch r hn
v qu trnh u tranh ca Vit N am t sau khi k H ip nh G ivev cho ti khi Vit Nam v
Hoa K cng k H ip nh Paris nm 1973. Trong sut qu trnh , u tranh ngoi giao t u
c coi nh hot n g h tr cho u tranh qun s v u tranh chnh tr v n tr thnh mt
trong nhng mt trn quan trng v chnh yu, n cng to nn sc m nh tng hp a cuc
cch m ng Vit Nam en thng li hon ton. Chnh quyn M phi k Hip nh Paris, rt qun
khi Vit Nam , tha nhn c lp v ch quyn ca nhn dn Vit N am bng mt vn bn lut
php quc t' l m t trong nhng thng li quan trng nht ca u tranh ngoi giao v ngh
thut qun s Vit N am .

chng li s can thip v xm lc

qun s ca Php v M vo ng Dng,
cc nh lnh o cch mng Vit Nam
ng thi tin hnh ba m t trn u tranh
gm u tranh qun s (military struggle), u
tranh chnh tr (political struggle) v u tranh
ngoi giao (diplomatic struggle). Trong nhng
hnh thc u tranh , u tranh qun s
vn c coi l ng vai tr quyt nh v
cu cng cch mng Vit Nam ginh
c thng li hon ton (1). u tranh qun

*T: 808-739-8530
E-mail: assclin@ hawaii.edu
Khi nim "Cch m ng" l t m ng Lao ng Vit
Nam s dn g lm mc tiu v khng ngng n lc u
tranh VI cc m c tiu . Khi nim ny hnh thnh t t
chc tin thn l D ng C ng sn ng Dng. Mc tiu
cch mng gm ba ni dung: Gii phng Vit Nam khi s
chim ng cua Nht, thc d n Php cng nhng tn phn
ng ngi Vit v chu ngha thc dn mi M; Ti thng

S v chnh tr chc chn c ngha nh l

nhng c s v phng php cch mng
chnh yu nhm thay i cc din trn chin
trng. Tuy vy, cu cng s phn ca
ngi Php v ngi M ti Vit Nam, kt
cc ca cuc Chin tranh ng Dng ln
th nht hay th hai v quan trng hn c,
thnh qu ca t do v s thng nh't dn tc
Vit Nam u c quyt nh trn bn m
phn. C Hip nh Ginev v Paris khng
chi chnh thc ha nhng thng li qun
s v chnh tr, m n cn to ra nhng iu
kin php l khng th ch ci vi Php
v M, mt cch tn trng, chp nhn thc t
nht t nc t 3 m in (Bc - Trung - Nam) ang b thc
dn Php cai tr v sau l chnh quyn tay sai thn M;
Mc tiu cp bch nht l gii phng v thng nht dn tc
v ng LVN thu c thng li cui cng vo thng
4-1975. Sau thng li, con ng i ln ch ngha x hi
trn c nc c xc nh.

88

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

ca chnh mnh, cc lin minh v chnh sch

ca h Vit Nam. Do vy, cu cng cc bn
hip nh gp phn vo s thnh cng
cc mc tiu ca cch mng Vit Nam.
Bi vit ny tp trung phn tch so snh
ngun gc v m quan h gia Hip nh
Ginev v Vit Nam nm 1954 v Hip nh
Paris nm 1973. Ngoi ra, trn c s phn
nh v nh gi nhng s kin lch s t
nhiu b nhn thc sai lch, bi vit cng
mun a ra nhng tranh lun v mt s'
kha cnh tc ng n tnh hnh ng
Dng ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring.
Nhng iu khon ca Hip nh Ginev
v Paris m bi vit ny cp n lun
c nhn nhn l nhng im then cht c
ngha bc ngot trong tin trinh cch
mng Vit Nam.
Sau khi N ht Bn buc phi tuyn b'u
hng phe ng minh vo giai on cu cuc
Chin tranh th gii th II, tranh th thi c
thun li, ngy 2-9-1945, Ch tch H Ch
Minh c bn Tuyn ngn c lp khai
sinh ra nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha
(VNDCCH). Bn Tuyn ngn l inh cao
ca qu trnh u tranh m lch s Vit Nam
gi l cuc Cch mng thng Tm. Trong
cuc u tranh , nhng ngi cng sn
theo ch ngha dn tc ginh chnh quyn
t tay qun i N ht v buc Bo i, v
Hong cu i cng ca triu Nguyn phi
thoi v, k't thc ch' qun ch tn ti 10
th' k Vit Nam. Mc d phm vi kim
sot ton b Vit Nam v phn cn li ca
ng Dng trn thc t tng b ngi
Nht bi b vo thng 3-1945, nhng Php
khng bao gi chp nhn s k't thc "Cng
cuc khai ho vn minh" m h tin hnh
ti ng Dng v nh vy thc dn Php
chim li bn o. Hnh ng ca
Php din ra ngay c khi Ch tch H Ch
Minh tuyn b'c lp ti H Ni. Khng th

chp nhn s thi lp tr li ch n dch ca

Php, H Ch Tch on kt sc mnh ca
ton th dn tc v tr thnh ngi lnh o
phong tro cch mng, tin hnh cuc khng
chin chng Php xm lc (Resistence against
French Colonial Aggression)^ -3].
Tip sau cuc ti chim ng Dng ca
qun i Php v s bng n mau l ca mt
cuc chin tranh mi chng li s chim ng
vo thng 12-1946, chnh ph VNDCCH va
mi thnh lp rt lui ln vng ni pha
Bc Vit Nam, tip gip vi bin gii Trung
Quc. T khu cn c a , chnh ph H
Ch Minh ph hp ba mt trn khng
chin u tranh v cu cng l hon
thnh cng cuc gii phng dn tc. u
tranh qun s nhm lm suy yu lc lng
ca Php bng cch lm tiu hao sinh lc
ch v bng c u tranh tuyn truyn lm
suy gim tinh thn chin u ca h. u
tranh chnh tr, mi tn cng th hai, i hi
c s ch o hot ng t tng gia cc
tng lp qun chng tp hp lc lng,
khch l tinh thn chin u ca cc chin s
v dn binh v nhng ngi ng h khc.
u tranh ngoi giao, m t trn khng chin
th ba, nhm tranh th s ng h ca thgii
c v ngoi giao v tuyn truyn, li ko ch
vo cc hot ng truyn thng v din n
cng khai vch trn b m t thc dn mi
ca chng; gy p lc ln chnh ph Php
buc h phi rt lc lng qun i khi
ng Dng v chp nhn quyn t quye't
ca nhn dn Vit Nam. Sc mnh ca u
tranh ngoi giao dn h cc cuc m phn
quan trng vi k th din ra vo nhng thi
im ph hp nhm i ti s cng nhn cc
k't qu t c trong suo't qu trnh u
tranh chnh tr v qun s [4].
Xuyn sut cuc khng chin, cc nh
lnh o cch mng Vit N am t nim tin
vo hnh thc u tranh chnh tr v qun s

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

vi nhng kt qu tng hp. Thng 11-1953,

Chu tch H Ch Minh khng nh trn
mt t bo Thy in rng VNDCCH
chun b thng lng chm dt cuc
chin tranh vi pha Php. Nu Paris mun
"i n nh chin Vit Nam bng cch
thng lng v gii quyt vn Vit Nam
theo cch ha bnh". Ch tch H Ch Minh
ni "nhn dn v Chnh ph VNDCCH
sn sng tip nhn mun "(2). Vi tun
sau, di sc p trong nc, chnh ph
Laniel ng m phn ha bnh vi
VNDCCH v nhng i din khc ti
Ginev bt u t ngy 8-5-1954 [7].
Nhng nh mnh xoay vn tht tr tru,
cc lc lng theo ch ngha dn tc Vit
Nam chn vi o qun ln ca Php
in Bin Ph vo thi im trc khi din
ra ngy m phn tc ngy 7-5-1954 (3). Chi
khong 24 gi sau, hi ngh quc t v tng
lai ca ng Dng c triu tp li ti
Ginev(4). Cng ch ta phin hp c i
din ca Anh v Lin Bang X hi ch ngha
X Vit (USSR), cuc hp nhm kt thc
chin s ng Dng bng vic tm ra cc
gii php chnh tr cho cc cuc xung t
g i a thc dn Php v nhng dn tc tham
gia vo cuc u tranh gii phng l Vit
Nam, Lo v Campuchia. Bn cnh Anh v

(2) Nguyn vn cu ni ca H Ch M inh nh sau: "... Hin

nay nu thc dn Php tip tc cuc chin tranh xm lc
h nhn dn Vit Nam q u y t tm tip tc cuc chin tranh
i quc n thng li cui cng. N hng nu Chnh ph
Php rt c bi hc trong cuc chin tranh my ngn
nm nay, m un i n inh chin Vit Nam bng cch
thng lng v gii q u y t vn Vit Nam theo li ho
bnh th nhn dn Vit N am v Chnh ph Vit Nam sn
sng tip m un ..." [5]. N i dun g ch o c gii
thiu li trong [6].
<3) Ban m t r nht ca trn n h xcm [8.
<4> Hi ngh G ineva chnh thc bt u vo thng 4-1954
nham thao lun tnh hnh hu chin trn bn o Triu
Tin. Kt thc cc cuc m phn , t ngy 8-5-1954 th
chuycn sang tp trung vo v n ng Dng.

89

Lin X cn c s tham gia ca on i biu

Php, VNDCCH (i din ca nhng ngi
theo ch ngha dn tc Vit Nam), chnh ph
ca vng quc Lo v Campuchia.
Sau nhng tun mc c, cuc thng
lng ngy 20-5-1954 t c ba tho
thun khc nhau m mt trong s' lin
quan h cc nc ng Dng l Vit Nam,
Lo, Cmpuchia. Theo , hi ngh i n
vic k't thc cuc chin tranh ng Dng
ln th nh't<5). Trong bn "Hip nh v
chm dt chin tranh Vit Nam", c
Php v VNDCCH k kt, c hai pha ng
ngng bn ngay lp tc, tha nhn nn c
lp ca nc Vit Nam v vic chia ct tm
thi 't nc. Vit Nam b chia ct thnh hai
vng, ranh gii xc nh bng mt khu phi
qun s ha V tuyn 17. Bn cnh , bn
Hip nh cng quy nh mt s ti lp c
tnh cht bt buc vi tt c cc lc lng
trong vng 300 ngy(6). C hai bn cng ng
cm vic a qun i v nhn vin qun
s nc ngoi vo Vit Nam v kim ch
khng tr th vi nhng ngi thuc
pha phng trc y. gim st vic
thi hnh qu trnh ny cng nh cc iu
khon v hnh ng chng ph c th xy ra,
Hi ngh tho thun quy nh lp ra mt Uy
ban chung cho Vit Nam vi nhng i din
t pha Php v VNDCCH - y ban gim st
v kim sot Quc t (ICSC) vi nhng i
din n t n , Ba Lan v Canada.
Nhn vo tng quan lc lng trong
nc vo ma H nm 1954, pha VNDCCH
tip tc nm quyn kim sot vng lnh th
min Bc cn Php kim sot pha Nam V
tuyn 17. Theo s phn chia gii tuyn c

Quc hi Php ph chun H ip nh Ginev vo

ngy 23-7-1954 vi 462 phiu thun, 13 phiu chng, 134
phiu trng [9].
<6) Ton b nguyn vn ca H ip nh c gii thiu li ti
Thng vin H oa K - y ban Q uan h quc t [10].

90

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc H Q G H N, Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

ngha tm thi, cuc m phn ti Ginev

cn a ra mt vn bn b sung 'T uyn b'
b mc ca Hi ngh Ginev: v s khi
phc li ha bnh Cy Dng Dng, ngy 21-71954 , trong n h nhng cuc hi m
gia ''i din c thm quyn ca hai vng"
bt u vo thng 4-1955 to k hn cho cc
cuc tng tuyn c thng nht di mt
chnh ph duy nht vo thng 7-1954, trong
c iu khon q u y nh Php phi rt
ton b qun i klii t nc Vit Nam (7).
Nhng, Hip nh Ginev khng
c thc hin mt cch hiu qu v r rng.
Hn th na, trorig v sau qu trnh m
phn dng nh VNDCCH buc phi dn
xp v khng th ch ng a ra nhng
quye't sch trng i. Lc by gi, VNDCCH
phi chu p lc: t nhiu pha [12-14]. C
th thy, v nhiu hguyn nhn c Mtxcva
v Bc Kinh u rriuh ci thin quan h vi
cc nc phng Ty, trong c M. Lin
X v Trung Quc " bn tho" (Sell-out)
ng minh ca mnh khi h khng khng
chp nhn vic chiC[ ct t nc Vit Nam v
mt k hoch hoii ton mo h cho vic ti
thng nht. Nhn t u cho h kt thc
cuc chin tranh Triu Tin, theo quan im
ny, Hi ngh Ginev c c may lm tan
"tng bng - iu m pha Lin X v Trung
Quc cn trong cuc Chin tranh lnh.
i vi vn Vit Nam, Lin X h
Hi ngh Ginev "vi mong mun kt thc
nhanh

chng

CUC: c h i n

tra n h

nng

ang

din ra trn th gii sau khi ngn la ca

chin tranh Triu Tin c dp tt". Mc
ch ca h cng l "a n nhng iu
kin thun li gim bt tnh trng cng
thng gia cc nc" v "quan h quc t"
[15, 16]. Lc by gi, Trung Quc mun ni

I 1T on b nguyn vn B,in tuyn b B mc c gii thiu

li trong B N goi giao H 0 , K [11]

ln trong vai tr gii quyt mt vn quc

t' trng i. Tuy chnh quyn do Cng sn
Trung Quc lnh o mi chi va ginh c
c lp nhng tranh th c s tn
nhim - nh mt thnh vin ch o trong
i sng chnh tr th'gii [17; 18, tr. 49-63],
Cc ngun ti liu t pha Vit Nam cng cho
thy, Trung Quc rt mun m t s gii quyt
va phi vi phng Ty khi h ngm
ng "gii php theo cch Triu Tin i
vi cuc chih tranh ng Dng, c th l
mt s nh chin qun s khng c mt tho
thun chnh tr trn vn''[15]. Qua cc ti liu
khc, mang tnh chnh tr nhiu hn, Trung
Qu'c gy p lc vi on i biu
VNDCCH ti Ginev buc h phi chp
nhn chia ct 't nc; Bc Kinh lo ngi
Washington c th can thip vo Vit Nam
nu h tm thy kt qu ca m phn ti
Ginev khng nh mun [19].
Nhng p lc ca Lin X v Trung Quc
c l c tc dng 'i vi cuc m phn
Ginev v nh vy chnh ph VNDCCH
phi chp nhn mt s' tho thun c
ngh nhng d sao H Ni cng c l do ca
mnh khi tham d Hi ngh Ginev. C th
thy, in Bin Ph khng chi l mt chin
thng ly lng ca nhng ngi theo ch
ngha dn tc Vit Nam, m n cn l cuc
chin tranh ko di, c lit gy nn bit bao
s au thng v tn tht. Trong sut thi
gian vy hm, lc lng cch mng c hn
20.000 ngi b thng, trong c th c ti
10.000 ngi b t trn. N h vy, l c lng
cch mng r't cn c mt thi gian dng cuc
chin cng c lc lng [20, 21]. Hn na,
mc d tc ng ca trn nh lm suy
yu r rt v th' ca Php Bc Vit Nam,
nhng n cng chi nh hng nh n tim
lc ca Php hay tim lc ca nhng lin
minh bn x ca Php min Nam Vit
Nam. Nhn chung, b my thuc a hu nh

Pierre Asselit / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (200/) 87-98

cn nguyn vn. V nh vy, c ngi cho

rng ti in Bin Ph, Php - phe chng
cng thua trn, ch khng thua mt cuc
chin tranh
v vn ny, Ch tch nc
VNDCCH H Ch Minh tha nhn thc t
trong mt bc th vit thng 5-1954 gi
ti nhng ngi tham gia chin dch in
Bin Ph. ng ni vi nhng ng ch v
chin s tham gia chin dch in Bin Ph
rng chin thng ch nh du "s khi u"
v, "Chng ta khng c bng lng vi
chnh mnh". Bi v, u tranh cch mng "c
l s lu di v cam go" cho n khi "ginh
c thng li hon ton" [23](9).
V nhiu l do, H Ni k Hip nh
Ginev v tn thnh Tuyn b b mc ca
Hi ngh Ginev v cc vn bn to ra
nhng iu kin thun li cho thng li ca
cuc cch mng trn ton lnh th Vit Nam.
Trong Hip nh pha Php phi tha nhn
ch quyn v ton vn lnh th ca Vit Nam
v rt ton b qun i khi Vit Nam,
Campuchia v Lo. Thc t', cc nc ny
chm dt quyn cai tr ca thc dn Php
ng Dng. Ti khu vc phn chia gii
tuyn qun s tm thi t V tuyn 17, hai
vn bn quy nh s rt b hon ton ca
Php v lc lng qun i trong vng 300
ngy, v th lc lng cch mng chnh
thc gii phng min Bc. l "mt chin
thng ch yu trong cuc u tranh gii
phng ca nhn dn ta". Tinh thn
c ghi trong vn kin chnh thc ca ng
<H>"Chng ti ni r chin thng t cuc chin tranh "
vi Php, nguyn m t cn b binh lun: "nhng lc lng
cua ng ta b ph h y hon ton. Do ti sao chng ti
k Hip c G inev [22].
Trong mt cuc p hng vn dn y, chnh i tng V
Nguyn Gip khng nh chin thng in Bicn Ph
quan trng khng chi v quy m m n " gp phn vo
thnh cng cua Hi ngh Ginev, trong Vit Nam c
tha nhn l mt nc c lp thng nh't v min Bc
c hon ton gii phng v th l H Ni" (Vietnam
New Service, 5 May 2004).

91

Lao ng Vit Nam, n c h o php i n thit

lp mt "c s vng chc" (solid base) i
n ginh ha bnh, thng nht, c lp trn
ton b lnh th Vit Nam"[24]. i vi min
Nam, tm quan trng ca Tuyn b b mc,
trn c s gii tuyn q u n s tm thi gia
hai min ca Vit Nam, khng to ra mt
ranh gii chnh tr v lAh th; v s quy
nh v thi hn cu cng ca cuc tuyn c
ton quc vo thng 7-1956 bo trc tnh
trng khng ha hp trc>ng iu kin ha
bnh. Trong khi ch i, vic cm qun i
nc ngoi can thip v thnh lp cc cn c
qun s b sung c coi l s bo m hp
p h p m n h m c h n g l i V c a n t h i p t b n

ngoi tc l M, nc ang c nh can

thip vo tnh hnh chnh tr ng Dng.
Trong bi cnh , c h tch H Ch Minh
chnh thc tuyn b Hip nh Ginev l
mt "thng li ln" {big victory). H Ch Tch
cn nhn mnh n buc chnh ph Php
"phi tha nhn c lp, ch quyn, thng
nht v ton vn lnh th ca t nc ta ,(10).
BCHT ng Lao ng Vit Nam khng
nh li quan im ny, thm na cn coi
Hip nh Ginev l mt thng li v i'
(great victory) ca qun i v nhn dn Vit
Nam. Nim hn hoan chin thng c nhn
gp i khi n khng chi (tnh du s sp
ca uy lc qun i Php ti ng Dng,
m cn bo hiu "s tht bi ca quc M
ang m mu bin ng Dng thnh thuc
a v cn c quan trOg ca M [26, tr.
234]<n>. BCHT by t m quan tm su sc
i vi m mu ca M. Nn hiu rng v tr
ca Php ng Dng ni chung v Vit

(l) Li ku gi sau khi Hi nghi

c*inev thnh cong, ngay

22-7-1954 [25].
(11) "Vi cc cuc can thip ca
v ng D ng , Co
Thu tng Phm Vn ng chi r/ " quc M nhm mc
ch ht cng Php dn khi p ng Dng v bin ng
Dng thnh m t tin n ca M [27]-

92

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc H Q G H N , Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

Nam ni ring xung ti mc rt thp sau

in Bin Ph v Hip nh Ginev nhng
ng Lao ng Vit Nam vn cnh bo rng
tng lai s nghip cch m ng vn cn tri
qu nhiu th thch, kh khn v nhng mu
' ca M ng Dng. Ton ng, ton
qun v ton dn phi ht sc cao tinh
thn cnh gic phng vi nhng m mu
xm lc ca M v M c kh nng s ra sc
ph v tin trnh ha bnh c tho
thun, phi lun nng cao " ch chin u"
th tng lai ca Cch m ng mi c bo
m [26, tr. 236].
Mc d c mt s' thiu st, nhng trn
thc t', Hip nh Ginev l mt thnh qu
m ang nhiu ngha vi Cch mng Vit
Nam, v n bo m rng n lc phi qun
s c kt qu v quan trng hn c l vic
gii phng mt na 't nc v mt li cam
kt tha nhn nn c lp v ton vn lnh
th ca Vit Nam v rt qun hon ton khi
ng Dng t pha Php. Hn na, Hip
nh Gianev bo trc s chm dt ca mt
cuc xung t, bo hiu s co chung ca
mt k nguyn can thip v h ca Php
Vit Nam. Kt qu ca m phn Ginevo
to ra m t thng li v i v y ngha
vi phong tro u tranh chng thc dn. S
nghip cch mng t n khng phi hon
thnh trn vn, nhng ng Lao ng Vit
Nam t c mt bc tin quan trng
qua vic k kt Hip nh G ianeva.
Cu nhng nm sau 50 ca th' k XX,
sau khi cng khai tuyn b' m nh m v ch
Ng nh Dim Si Gn l mt chnh
ph tay sai ca Php v can thip M, chnh
quyn cng nh khng bao gi tn trng
c nhng iu khon ghi trong vn bn cng
nh ngha ca Hip nh Ginev, chng
li qu trinh ho hp ddri c, thng nh t
nc, Ban lnh o ng Lao ng Vit Nam
xc nh y mnh cuc u tranh v

trang min Nam nhm y nhanh s sp

ca chnh th min Nam v u tranh
thng nht dn tc [28-30]. T nm 1965, khi
M a qun vo xm lc Vit Nam th u
tranh v trang tr thnh mt mt trn chnh
yu. Cuc u tranh ny k't hp vi u
tranh chnh tr chng li s can thip trc
tip ca M.
Nhm chng li vic M o t a cc lc
lng lnh thy nh b vo chin trng
Vit Nam v tin hnh nm bom, bn ph
min Bc, ng Lao ng Vit Nam t
chc v c s phi hp vi n lc ln nhm
tin hnh "Cuc khng chin chng M, cu
nc" (Anti-American Resistence for National
Salvation) vi kh th nh tng tin hnh
trong cuc khng chin chng Php trc
y. Mc d ngoi giao ni chung v cc cuc
thng lng vi ch ni ring chng t
thnh qu ca n, nhng vo thi im by
gi cc nh lnh o Vit Nam khng ch
trng gii quye't vn min Nam thng
qua thng lng ho bnh v h tin tng
rng s nh bi Washington v mt qun s.
Trong mt bi vit trn tp ch Hc Tp, mt
trong nhng c quan ngn lun ca ng,
y vin B Chnh tr L c Th, ngi
ng u Ban t chc ca ng Lao ng
Vit Nam, cng khai vch trn mt s' t
tng hu khuynh mun theo ui ch
trng m phn [31]. p ng i hi bc
th ie 't

phi

g i i

phng

nhanh

chng

m i n

Nam, ti thng nha't t nc, trong khi ang

xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc, H
Ni vn quyt nh khng th tho hip vi
quc M xm lc v chnh quyn Si Gn
- ng minh ca M, m quye't tm ginh
thng li quyt nh trn chin trng (12>.

<12>ng Lao ng Vit N am chnh thc giao p h ton b

cc mc tiu cch m ng ny trong k i hi i biu ton
quc ln th ba nm 1960 [32].

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

Hn na, H Ni khng tin ngi M s

hnh tht m phn. Theo cch nhn ca
Dng Lao ng Vit Nam, khng ginh c
-ihng thng li quyt nh v qun s th s
khng th lm cho ngi M tinh ng, v v
th' h vn c th duy tr s hin din cng
nh sc mnh ng Dng. Trong mt bi
pht biu trc Quc hi thng 4 -1965, Th
tng chnh ph VNDCCH Phm Vn ng
phn tch rng theo kt qu ca Hip nh
Ginev, "quc M tng bc thay th'
thc dn Php min Nam Vit Nam, dng
ln chnh quyn tay sai Ng nh Dim v
th tiu cc nhm chnh tr 'i lp mt v
thc hin nhiu bin php n p khc lit
nht chng nhn dn". Trong cuc xm lc
Vit Nam, quc M khng ch h
quyn li chnh ng ca nhn dn Vit Nam
v tm mu tt c cc lc lng yu nc
k h a o k h t c l p , d n c h , t i th n g n h t t

nc theo phng thc ha bnh"<13). Do vy,

m phn vi mt k ch hung hng; coi
thng nhng gi tr chnh nha l v ch. Do
vy, VNDCCH ch trng "Bo lc nhn dn
l cch duy nht chng li vi bo lc ca
quc xm lc" [33, tr. 54] .
Stein Tonnesson cho rng cc nh lnh
o ng Lao ng Vit Nam mong mun
m mt trn u tranh trn lnh vc ngoi
giao v nhng ngi theo ch ngha quc t'
s cng nhn Cch mng Vit Nam nh mt
phong tro tin phong c kh nng thu ht
nhn dn b p bc trn ton th' gii. Theo
phng on ca S.Tonnesson, H Ni tm
thy kh nng "khng din ra mt cuc
mu ln" c th chp nhn c khi cc nh
lnh o Vit Nam tin vo cuc u tranh
ca mnh "v s nghip cch mng trn ton
th gii" [34, tr. 33-34], Mt vi bng chng

0J> Bo co Chnh ph trnh ca Th tng Phm Vn

ng, thng 4 nm 1965 [33, tr. 15].

93

th hin lp trng . Trong dp gp Th

tng Trung Quc Chu n Lai, B th th
nht ng Lao ng Vit Nam L Dun
pht biu: "Chng ta phi lp mt mt trn
th gii, n s c xy dng trc h't bng
mt vi nc nng c't v sau c m
rng ra c cc nc chu Phi, chu M Latinh" [34, tr. 35]. Ln khc, B th th nht
pht biu rng cuc khng chin chng
M i n thng li cu cng l "ngha v
cao c" ca nhn dn Vit Nam "trc phong
tro Cng sn quc t*'. t ti mc ch
ca "tinh thn ch ngha quc t v sn v
phong tro Cng sn quc t*', Vit Nam
sn sng chu ng tn tht v hy sinh ca
mnh. ng cn khng nh cng quyt: "sn
sng chp thun nu qu trnh i ln ch
ngha x hi min Nam Vit Nam b chm
li 30 hay 40 nm" (14).
Sau cuc tng tin cng v ni dy Tt
Mu Thn nm 1968, H Ni ng m
phn cng khai v b mt vi M v mt nm
sau bt u cc cuc gp b mt vi chnh
quyn Nixon qua c' vn An ninh quc gia
Henry Kissinger. Sau nm 1970, cc nh
lnh o ng Lao ng Vit Nam nng
ngoi giao - mt hnh thc u tranh, v cng
nh cc cuc m phn b mt ti Paris, ln
ngang tm vi m t trn u tranh qun s v
chnh tr. Trong su't 2 nm sau , H Ni
va xc tin cc cuc thng lng nghim
tc va tng cng hot ng qun s. Rt
cuc, cc vh c li gii t Cuc ni
dy ma Xun nm 1972 v min Bc bt u
chng tr cc cuc nm bom ca M: gm cc
cuc tp kch man r vo H Ni v Hi
Phng thng 12-1972, hng buc H Ni phi
k k't Hip nh Paris vi M [35-37]. Trong
04) X bn ghi ca cuc m thoi ngy 13-4-1966 gia C hu
n Lai, Deng X iaoping (ng Tiu Bnh), Kang Sheng
(Giang Thanh), L D u n v N guyn Duy Trinh c gii
thiu trong [34, tr. 95].

94

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc H Q G H N , Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

mt pht biu, chnh B th th nh't BCHT

L Dun phi tha nhn rng cuc nm
bom thng 12-1972 " ph hy hon ton ca
s kinh t ca chng ti" [38]. N h tng
din ra sau trng hp in Bin Ph,
VNDCCH cn mt s tm nh chin xoa
du vt thng.
Cui cng, tri qua m t qu trnh u
tranh ngoi giao, Hip nh Paris c k
ngy 27-1-1973. N h trong chnh Hip nh
chi r, nhng i din ca M, VNDCCH,
Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam v Chnh ph
Cch mng Lm thi Cng ha min Nam
Vit Nam k vo bui sng; M v
VNDCCH k mt vn bn c ngha
quan trng vo bui chiu. BCHT ng Lao
ng Vit Nam tuyn b' vic k kt
kt thc thnh cng cuc khng chin chng
M v chun b k't thc cuc u tranh
min Nam nhm thng nht t nc.
BCHT ng Lao ng Vit Nam tuyn b':
"Nhn dn hai min Nam Bc v cng t ho
v phn khi v thng li v i ny ca T
quc". Vi min Bc, ha bnh m ang li c
hi mi xy dng ch ngha x hi. t
nc c th s ti khi phc nn kinh t ngoi
nhng ni tng c xy dng li nhng
b my bay M nm bom tn ph. Nhn dn
c th tin tng vo tng li ca t nc
nhng vn cn cn phi cnh gic vi nhng
m mu ca k th. "Cch mng Vit Nam
ginh c nhiu thng li quan trng,
nhng cuc u tranh ca nhn dn ta cn
phi tip tc cng c' nhng thng li v
vn cn hon thnh nhng thng li mi ln
hn xy dng mt nc Vit Nam ha
bnh, thng nht, c lp, dn ch v giu
mnh" [39-41].
Hip nh Paris m bo mt s bin
i li ch quan trng cho phong tro cch
mng v, mc d c nhng nhng b t
pha H Ni v cc ng minh min Nam,

nhng iu khng nh hng n cc

mc tiu cch mng. N quy nh vic ngng
bn ngay lp tc, l iu m cc lc lng
cch mng cn hn bao gi h't. Quan trng
hn, n buc M tn trng ch quyn v
ton vn lnh th ca Vit Nam, chm dt
mi hot ng qun s chng li VNDCCH,
trit ph cc phng tin kh ti Nam Vit
Nam, rt cc lc lng hin c trong vng 60
ngy, gip vic ti thit ng Dng sau
chin tranh trong c VNDCCH v t b
mi cam k't vi cc ng phi v c nhn
mang tnh cht chnh tr min Nam. Hip
nh khng cp h lc lng qun i
Bc Vit min Nam hay s b' tr ca h;
xut rng cc lc lng c th nguyn
ti ch khi ngi M ra i. Cu cng, Hip
n h n h c l i g i i t u y n p h n c h i a q u n s C

V tuyn 17 "ch l tm thi v khng c mt

bin gii chnh tr hay lnh th no", v
"khng c a qun i nc ngoi vo
sau khi rt khi" (15>.
V vy, vi vic k Hip nh Paris, cc
mc tiu u tranh chnh tr v qun s
chin thng: nh nh du chm ht s c
mt ca M m in Nam Vit Nam , chm dt

cc hnh ng tn cng chng li min Bc,

v kt thc s vin tr ca M cho ch Si
Gn. Thm na, vic trong Hip nh khng
c cc iu khon v v tr ca lc lng Bc
Vit min Nam trn thc t cng nhn
cc lc lng ny ngoi cc iu khon cn
phi thc thi ca Hip nh. H qu l, nu
Washington tng tnh n vic tr a
VNDCCH, v h tin cc hot ng ca lc
lng VNDCCH min Nam s vi phm
hip nh, s khng c c s lut php quc
t'no dnh cho vic lm . chnh l mt

<15) Ton vn ca H ip n h Paris nm 1973 c d n trong

[37, tr. 203-214],

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

thng li quan trng ca ng Lao ng Vit

Nam.
Cui thng 3-1973, M rt nhng lc
lng qun s cu'i cng ra khi min Nam
Vit Nam v H Ni hon thnh trao tr
t binh M. Ngoi ra, Hip nh Paris cn
cho thy l quye't tm v em li nhng
li ch thit thc cho vic thi't lp nn ho
bnh Vit Nam. Vi vic gt ra mt bn ch'
Si Gn tp trung cho cuc bu c
thnh lp chnh ph mi v tip tc cc hot
ng chng ph bn kia VI tuyn 17, BCHT
ang Lao ng Vit Nam k't thc k hp
21 vo thng 7-1973, trong xc nh rng:
Thng nht t nc bng con ng u
tranh ha bnh l khng ph hp vi hon
cnh hin thi. V vy, Ngh quyt ny khng
nh cn phi tip tc y mnh cc hot
ng chnh tr v qun s min Nam vi
nhn nh rng M s khng th a qun
tr li chin trng min Nam. Thm vo ,
cc nh lnh o min Bc cng cho rng
nhn dn v Quc hi M s khng cho php
chnh quyn Nixon c thm bt c s dnh lu
no v Nh trng, b t lit bi v
Watergate, s khng th thc thi chnh sch
mo him hn na. Trn c s s phn tch
, B Chnh tr ng lao ng Vit Nam
r a l n h h u y n g n h n g c g n g c a o n h 't

gii phng min Nam [42]. Theo d tnh, cn

phi mt 2 nm hon thnh vic ny v lc
lng cch mng cn di chuyn cn trng. L
do m B Chnh tr a ra thi hn hnh
/ ng l v sau khi k Hip nh Paris, v
cn bn Lin X hon ton ngng vin tr
v CHND Trung Hoa ct gim vin tr
cho VNDCCH [43; 18, tr. 136], Theo ,
Mtxcva v Trung Quc t chi cc nhu
cu vin tr trc tip cho cch mng Vit
Nam t c s tho hip mi vi M.
Tuy nhin tht bt ng, thnh cng
n sm hn so vi d kin. c b sung

95

hu cn bng vic ti s dng v kh, n

dc, xe qun dng cng nhng kh ti chin
tranh khc thu c sau khi lc lng qun
i min Nam, nhng ngi mt ht tinh
thn chin u, b chy v tan r, cc lc
lng qun i min Bc trn vo Nam
Trung B v Nam B Vit Nam trong vng 3
thng. Pht huy kh th thng li v khai thc
trit nhng sai lm chin lc c a ch
Si Gn - nh vic lc lng Vit Nam Cng
ho rt qun vi v khi Cao Nguyn Trung
B - H Ni m cuc tng tn cng vo Si
Gn v nhng phn cn li ca min Nam
vo gia thng 4-1975. ng trc nguy c
that bi hon ton, Tng thng chnh ph
CHMNVN Nguyn Vn Thiu t chc v
chy khi Si Gn. Ngy 30-4-1975, Si Gn
c gii phng <16>.
Nh vy, sau khi k Hip nh Paris,
thng li ca lc lng cch mng c
d on trc. Lc lng ny nm th'
ch ng hon ton trong cuc chin, v chi
c ho lc hiu qu ca M mi c kh nng
ngn cn c. Nhng trn thc t s sp
ca chnh quyn Si Gn din ra ht sc
nhanh chng. Khi Hip nh Paris c k
kt, VNDCCH dc hu nh ton b tim lc
kinh t, qun s v lc lng cch mng
min Nam vt qua nhiu thiu thn
lng thc v n dc cp bch cng nh
nhng kh khn khc. Hip nh Paris bo
m iu kin chm dt vic nm bom ca
M min Bc. Nn ho bnh min Bc
cho php H Ni huy ng sc mnh kinh t,
xy dng c s v tng cng sc mnh cho
cc lc lng v trang ca mnh. Hn na, s
min cng phi chp thun ni dung bn
hip nh ca chnh quyn Si Gn v tha
nhn thc t' cuc chin cng ng thi lm

(16) V k hoch qun s ca min Bc Vit Nam i vi vic

gii phng min Nam xem [44].

96

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc tQ G H N , Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

suy gim s phn khng ca nhng ngi c

quan im n ho v nhng ngi theo ch
ngha t do, nh cc tn Pht gio hay
Cng gio. Theo , h cng khng ng h
cho ch Si Gn [45]. Vic ngy cng mat
lng tin ca nhn dn cui nm 1974 v u
nm 1975 lm cho chnh quyn Vit Nam
Cng ha chi cn li mt cht nng lc cn
thi't c th phn cng li lc lng cch
mng.
N h tng din ra trong cuc chin
tranh chng Php, k't qu ca cuc chin
tranh chng M v ng minh khng phi
kt thc trn chin trng m chnh trn bn
m phn. , cc iu kin c hp
thnh, v l trnh c t ra cho vic kt
thc ca cuc chin tranh. Hip nh Paris
lm thay i cn cn lc lng min Nam
v sm a n vic M phi rt ton b
qun i ra khi chin trng min Nam,
tha nhn qun i VNDCCH c gi
nguyn ti ch min Nam. Do , s sp
ca Si Gn l t't yu trong b cnh
thun li c to ra qua Hip nh Paris.
Trong c hai cuc khng chin, Ban lnh
o ng Lao ng Vit Nam cho rng s
tht bi ca ch l vic s dng hot ng
qun s nh l hnh thc u tranh hng
u. Tuy nhin, lc lng ca Php ri M,
chng t s "co gin" hn l "cm quan".
Khng th trung lp ha nhng n lc ca
cc lc lng bng bin php qun s,
Ban lnh o ng Lao ng Vit Nam
hng vo ngoi giao nhm t c nhng
cu cnh v li ch trong c hai cuc chin v
ginh cc mc tiu cch mng. Tinh thn c't
li ca hip nh Ginev v Paris cho
thy vai tr ca m t trn ngoi giao trong
cuc u tranh nhm ui qun i Php v
M ra khi Vit Nam. Thnh tu ca cuc
Cch mng nm 1975 c bie't n l da
vo thng li ngoi giao ti Gineva v Paris

hn l nhng cuc u tranh khc. Do ,

ngoi giao chng t l yu t then cht
trong c hai phong tro khng chin chng
Php v chng M, ng thi l nhn t' c
tnh chat quye't nh trong thng li ca cch
mng Vit Nam<17>.
X in chn thnh cm cm TS. P h ng C hi v
ThS. N g V n g A n h c v gp cho bn
dch ny ca ch n g ti.
N g u y n M nh D n g lc dch
N g u y n V n Kim hiu n h

Ti liu tham kho

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G.

Marr,

W orld

War

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and

the

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<17> Trn y l ton vn kin c nhn ca tc gi. Tuy

nhicn, iu cn khng n h l nh ng thng li v m t qun

s s em n nh ng thng li trn bn m phn. Thng
li trn chin trng s quyt n h thng li trn lnh vc
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kt qu u tranh ngoi giao c th thc y (hay hn ch)
kt qu ca u tranh chnh tr v qun s. v im ny,
q uan im ca tc gi Pierre Asselin c cch nhn v lp
trng tng i khc vi cch nhn nhn chung ca chng
ta khi nh gi v thnh tu ca ngoi giao Vit Nam trong
khng chin chng Php v chng M (ND).

Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc HQ GHN, Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

[6] H Ch Minh, Tuyn tp, NXB N goi vn, H

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Pierre Asselin / Tp ch Khoa hc H Q G H N , Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn 23 (2007) 87-98

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The 1954 Geneva Agreement on Vietnam and

the 1973 Paris Agreement:
Diplomacy and the trium ph of the Vietnamese revolution
Pierre Asselin
Faculty o f H istory and Political Sciences, Chaminade U niversity, Hawaii, U SA

Based on the documental sources from many sides, the article tried to deeply analyze the process
of the diplomatic struggle of Vietnam as from after signing Geneva Agreement until Vietnam and
USA signed the Paris Agreement of 1973. During that process, the diplomatic one since beginning as
activities of supporting for the military struggle and political struggle became as one of important and
essential fronts, it made the collective powers that conducted the Vietnamese revolution to the
complete victory. The American Government much sign the Paris Agreement, withdraw their troops
out of Vietnam, admit the independence and sovereignty of the Vietnamese people by an international
legal text, which were one of the most important victories of the diplomatic struggle and
contemporary Vietnamese war art.