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T LIEU

NHNG SAI LAM CUA AI VIET S KY TOAN TH

Nguyn Phng
Li Toa soan: Bai viet di ay cua tac gia Nguyen Phng a ang tren tap ch ai
hoc cua Vien ai hoc Hue, so 5, thang 10/1962, trang 784-799, sau o ang lai tren
ac san Dong Viet, xuat ban tai Hoa Ky, so 4-1997, Ky niem 40 nam Vien ai hoc Hue
(1957-1997), trang 246-261. Tac gia bai viet, Linh muc Nguyen Phng, t Truc Long
(1921-1993) la mot hoc gia, mot nha s hoc ten tuoi mien Nam trc nam 1975.
Trong phng phap nghien cu s hoc, Giao s Nguyen Phng chu trng phai
khao chng ky cang mc o kha tn cua cac nguon s lieu trc khi s dung. Bai viet
nay m au cho cong trnh Phan Ngoai ky cua Toan th vi s lieu Trung Quoc
cua Giao s (Hien van cha c xuat ban). ang bai viet nay, chung toi muon gii
thieu rong rai cung ban oc mot phan ket qua khao chng s lieu cua Giao s Nguyen
Phng oi vi bo ai Viet s ky toan th. Hy vong rang, cong viec nay se c cac
nha s hoc hien nay tiep tuc thc hien, khong ch oi vi Toan th ma con nhieu bo
s khac, e gop phan phat trien nen s hoc nc nha. BBT.

Ai cung biet bo ai Viet s ky toan th la cua Ngo S Lien, viet vao nam
1479, di i Le Thanh Tong. Nhng noi cho ung, sach nay khong phai do
mot tac gia. Chnh Ngo S Lien a noi ro ieu o. Trong bai bieu dang sach cho
vua, ong viet: Nhan nay cui oi n Thanh, em toi vao lam viec trong quan, toi
lay hai bo sach ai Viet s ky i trc, tham khao vi da s, bien tap thanh
bo ai Viet s ky toan th. Roi trong Pham le cua sach, ong con cho biet them
rang: Viec lam ra bo sach nay goc hai bo ai Viet s ky cua Le Van Hu
cung Phan Phu Tien, lai tham bac vi Bac s, da s, truyen, ch, vi cac ieu
nghe, thay, lu truyen. Nh the sach co en ba tac gia, v vay rat kho phan
biet c chuyen nao la do ai a em vao trong ban van cua sach, co le ch chac
c mot cho la phan them cuoi cung thuoc ve mot mnh Ngo S Lien ma thoi.
Tuy nhien nhn ky vao cach ket cau cua bo Toan th, chung ta cung co
the nhan c mot phan nao s ong gop cua tng tac gia. S d nhan c nh
the, trc la v Ngo S Lien co cho biet mot so cac chuyen ong a v y nh viet
Toan th, ma bo tuc vao cong trnh cua Le Van Hu; hai la v Phan Phu Tien
khi viet lai ai Viet s ky, a khong thay oi g phan Le Van Hu chep trc,
tc la t Trieu a en Ly Chieu Hoang, ma ch viet chap vao thoi; sau het, dau
nhng cho thay oi khong c noi ro, oi khi ngi oc cung co the nhan c
cau nao a c viet t i Le Van Hu, va cau nao la cua Ngo S Lien, nh s
so sanh ban van cua Toan th vi cac tai lieu a c cac s gia o dung en,
nhat la trong phan Ngoai ky.
Qua the, cac s gia thi trc co mot loi chep s de theo doi. Phan nhieu
ho khong tieu hoa tai lieu ho co. Thng ho lap lai, chang nhng nguyen cau
chuyen ho biet c, ma ca nguyen van na. Noi chung th Le Van Hu a lay
cac tac gia nh T Ma Thien, Ban Co, T Ma Quang v.v... con Ngo S Lien th
lay cac ong Ly Te Xuyen, Tran The Phap, Vu Quynh, ma bo tuc vao nhng

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cho ong ngh la thieu sot cu s. Nh oi chieu nh vay, ma chung toi nhan
c khuynh hng chnh cua tng ngi trong hai s gia va noi, cung nh
cach viet s cua ho. Va cung nh oi chieu nh vay ma chung toi biet c gia
tr cua tng oan s phan Ngoai ky cua Toan th. Gia tr cua mot oan s
la do gia tr cua s lieu c dung e cau tao nen no. Bi o mot khi biet ro
nguon goc, chung ta anh gia c de dang. Chung toi co lan a anh gia cac
oan cua Ngo S Lien them vao,(1) nay, trong bai nay chung toi ch phe bnh
mot mau chuyen nho ma Toan th a lay s Tau, va ngi a lay trc het
co le la Le Van Hu.
e thay ro nhng sai lam chung toi muon noi en trong mot chuyen
nho nh chuyen Khau Hoa, c ke phan Ngoai ky cua Toan th, quyen 5, t
2b-3a, sap trnh bay di ay, chung toi xin neu ra ai cng ve phng phap
ma Le Van Hu a dung e chep phan Ngoai ky. Sau khi a oi chieu cac s
lieu Trung Hoa vi cac s kien c thuat t Trieu a en Khuc Hao, tc la t
the ky th 2 trc ky nguyen [tc Cong nguyen theo cach goi hien nay. BBT]
cho en the ky th 10 sau ky nguyen, chung toi thay ro rang Le Van Hu a
dung mot quyen sach lam can ban, roi ay o, gap them c ieu g sach
nao khac th chem vao sau.
Chung ta biet rang Le Van Hu viet ai Viet s ky vao nam 1272,(*) di
i Tran Thanh Ton. Nhng trc o, thi nha Tong cai tr Trung Quoc, trong
nam th ba, nien hieu Tr Bnh vao thang T, ngay Tan Su, tc la ngay 14
thang 5 nam 1066, vua [Tong] Anh Tong a menh Long o Trc hoc s, Th
lang oc T Ma Quang, bien tap lch ai quan than s tch.(2) Quyen sach T
Ma Quang vang lenh vua ma viet suot 19 nam mi xong a c menh danh
la T tr thong giam []. o la mot bo s soan theo loi bien nien gom
cac s viec xay ra khap ca Trung Quoc ke t thi Chien quoc en thi Ngu ai
ngha la t Uy Liet Vng nha Chu (425-402) cho en The Tong nha Hau Chu
(954-959). V la bien nien, s gia lay thi gian lam bo cuc, ke het ngay nay en
ngay khac, het thang nay en thang khac, het nam nay en nam khac. Mot
chuyen An ong co the nam ben canh mot chuyen An Tay, hay Quang
Chau, neu xay ra trong cung mot n v thi gian. Ma bi v at co Viet trong
khoang cac the ky o la mot phan cua lanh tho Trung Quoc, nen he bao gi co
viec g quan trong xay ra, s gia cung nhac en.
Vay Le Van Hu a lam g?
Thay bo s o va sang sua, va vng vang, ong a dung lam can ban e
viet phan Ngoai ky cua ong. Nhng ong a dung lam can ban nh the nao?
Chang nhng ong dung khung thi gian do T Ma Quang a cau tao san, v du
nam th may, hieu vua nao, thang nao co nhat thc, nguyet thc, ma lai he
cho nao noi en Giao Ch, Giao Chau, An Nam, la ong chep lai ca cau chuyen.
Ke t viec Hai Ba Trng khi ngha ma i, ng loi chnh cua ong la nh vay.
Ve chuyen Trieu a, ang khi ong gi khung thi gian cua T Ma Quang, ong
* Le Van Hu bien soan bo ai Viet s ky theo lenh vua Tran Thai Tong (1225-1258), en nam
1272 mi hoan thanh va dang len vua Tran Thanh Tong. BBT.

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a xen vao nhng oan thch hp lay trong S ky cua T Ma Thien, Tien Han
th cua Ban Co, v.v...
Nhng phng phap viet s cua Le Van Hu, dau gian tien, cung co the
em en nhieu sai lam. Trc het, mac dau ong a oc, ke t thi Trieu a,
ngha la t i Nh the nha Tan (209-207) ma i, qua hn 200 quyen (sach gom
291 quyen) cua bo T tr thong giam, ong van bo qua nhieu cho ve Giao Ch,
Giao Chau, hoac An Nam. Bo qua nh vay v ong co y chang? Nhng co nhng
oan ma bo qua, chang nhng la mot thieu sot, ma con la mot sai lac, hay noi
cho ung, mot can nguyen sai lac, v bo nhng cho o se em ngi viet va
ngi oc en nhng ket luan khong ung. Do o, chung toi ngh rang Le Van
Hu, va roi sau nay Ngo S Lien na, a lam viec khong chu ao. ieu sai lac
th hai la ve thi gian. Le Van Hu co the gap c mot oan noi ve Giao Ch
mot thang trc, va ong chep lai ung ngay thang o; nhng cach t thang, ong
co the gap mot cho noi ve Giao Ch na va lan nay thay v ke ro ngay thang
nh lan trc, ong co the quen ieu o i va ch viet viec xay ra vao ben canh
bien co cach may thang trc, khien cho ngi oc tng chng ca hai viec xay
ra trong cung mot thang. o la cha noi en nan toi ngha nhieu cho v s
cat lay mot oan trong mot cau chuyen dai. That the, nhieu cho, viec xay ra
co Viet co lien quan en cac nhan vat va s viec a noi cac tnh khac. Bi o,
khi ch chep lay cau hay oan noi ve Giao Ch, nhieu nhan vat xuat hien ma
khong c gii thieu, hoac nhieu s viec co ve thieu hut au uoi.
Noi chung nh the roi, xin e cap en chuyen Khau Hoa gn gi Giao Chau.
Khau Hoa la mot nha cai tr do vua Van e nha Tuy (601-604) sai sang
lam Thai thu Giao Chau sau Lu Phng, khi ong nay c at lam Hoan
Chau ao Hanh quan Tong quan e chuan b anh Lam Ap. Chung toi xin dch
chuyen va noi theo ban van cua Toan th (quyen 5, t 2b-3a) roi se phe bnh
sau. Sach o chep:
Mau Dan (nam au hieu Vu c trieu Cao To Ly Uyen nha ng) [618],
mua ha, vao thang T, Th s Kham Chau la Nnh Trng Chan, em at
Uat Lam, Thuy An dang cho Tieu Tien,(*) Thai thu Han Dng la Phung Ang
em at Thng Ngo, Cao Yeu, Chau Nhai, Phien Ngung, dang cho Lam S
Hoang. Tien va S Hoang eu sai ngi sang chieu mo Thai thu Giao Chau la
Khau Hoa. Hoa khong chu theo. Tien sai Trng Chan em binh s Lnh Nam
i ng bien sang anh Hoa. Hoa muon ra nghinh tiep, nhng vien T phap
th ta cua ong, la Cao S Liem, ban vi ong rang: Binh s cua Trng Chan
tuy nhieu, nhng xa en, lng t khong the keo dai lau c; bi o quan ta
trong thanh u sc chong c, can g ma va nghe tieng a anh chu ke khac
an ap. Hoa nghe theo. Ong at S Liem lam Hanh quan T ma, ch huy tat
ca cac dinh quan thuy luc chan anh thang c ch. Trng Chan may man
thoat c than, con binh s ong b bat het sach. Roi Hoa xay mot thanh con
chu vi chn tram bo e phong ng. Bay gi gap luc nha Tuy mat, Hoa nop cong
* Ten cua nhan vat nay viet , ban dch ai Viet s ky toan th cua Nxb KHXH nam 1998,
tr. 188, tap I, phien la Tieu Tien. BBT.

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pham cho nha ng. Vua ng ha chieu cho ong Ly ao Hu mang c tiet
sang phong Hoa lam Thai tong quan Giao Chau vi tc am quoc cong. Hoa
sai S Liem dang bieu xin ve chau. Vua ng ra lenh cho quan i on; nam
o nha Tuy mat.
Nham Ngo (nam th 5, hieu Vu c nha ng) [622]. Trc kia, thi nha
Tuy, Khau Hoa lam Thai thu Giao Chau, a cay vao uy the nha Tuy cho tuan
do het cac khe ong. Ong tai chau hn 60 nam. Cac nc nh Lam Ap, dang
Hoa ngoc trai sang, sng te ep, va o bang vang. Bi o Hoa giau co khong
khac g vua. Nam o nha ng oi Giao Chau lam An Nam o ho phu.
Cau chuyen trong Toan th va ke ve Khau Hoa, co the bao ham bon s
kien chnh:
I. Khau Hoa bao ve Giao Chau chong vi lc lng cua Tieu Tien.
II. Thai o cua Khau Hoa oi vi trieu ai mi la nha ng.
III. Noi chung ve thi gian Khau Hoa cai tr Giao Chau.
IV. oi Giao Chau ra lam An Nam o ho phu.
Ve phng dien thi gian, hai viec trc nam trong nam Mau Dan, tc
la nam 618. Viec th ba la mot nhan xet tong quat ve ca giai oan cua Khau
Hoa Giao Chau, no co the bat au t 605 tc la nam Toan th noi en viec
Lu Phng thoi coi soc Giao Chau e vao lam Hanh quan Tong quan Hoan
Chau(3) va cao chung hn 60 nam sau, tc la vao khoang 666 g o. Va viec th
t xay ra vao nam Nham Ngo, nam th 5 hieu Vu c nha ng tc la nam
622. Nhan nh nh vay xong, chung toi xin phe bnh. e cho viec trnh bay
c ro rang, chung toi se phe bnh lan lt cac viec chnh cua cau chuyen.
I. Viec Khau Hoa bao ve Giao Chau
oan nay an t au cau chuyen cho en het cho noi ve s xay mot thanh
con (t thanh) e phong ng. oan nay, chung toi se neu ra: 1) Cach chep s
cua tac gia va 2) Nhng khuyet iem cua no.
1. Nhan xet au tien ngi oc co the co khi a mat nhn qua oan nay
la s kien c trnh bay mot cach chi tiet, co nam, co thang, co cac vai chnh
trong truyen, co mot bo cuc ro rang, co nhng cau trch linh hoat. No co ve ay
u, khac han vi cac viec sau, mac dau cac viec sau khong kem quan he, hoac
nam trong mot khoang thi gian dai hn. Neu em so sanh oan nay vi cac
oan sau, th chung ta co the che rang tac gia a khong co mc thc, trnh
bay mot cach gap chang hay ch, khong lam chu c van e. Che the la ung,
nhng hoi che the co ch g, v chnh phng phap cua tac gia la gap sao hay
vay. Hn na, trc mot thc te het sc oai oam ma chung toi se trnh bay
trong cac oan sau, co le chung ta ang khen phng phap gap sao hay vay
o cua tac gia hn la ang che, v c s thng ch nhng cho tac gia chep lai
nguyen van mot viec tac gia gap c trong T tr thong giam, hoac la trong
mot bo s nao khac, la co mot t gia tr, con nhng cho tac gia t hanh van lay
lai ay day sai lac. oan nay, s d c cac iem hay nh a noi, la v Le Van
Hu a gap c viet san trong tac pham cua T Ma Quang, quyen 185, t
20 [?]. cho nay, chung ta thay moi s giong het nh Toan th, ch thieu

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cau: Roi Hoa xay mot thanh con chu vi chn tram bo e phong ng. Nhng
trc khi noi dai hn thiet tng nen oi chieu hai ban van ch Han vi nhau
cho de thay s tng ong:

Toan th, 9-5, 2b

T tr, 9.185, 19a

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Co nhien, c mat ch ma noi, hai ban van khong phai giong nhau nh uc.
Ngi ta co the neu len nhng d biet, nh:
Toan th
1. Nnh Trng Chan d Uat Lam
2. Pho Tieu Tien
3. Phung Ang d... Cao Yeu
4. Cac khien nhan
5. Chieu Giao Chau Thai thu
6. Tien khien Trng Chan
7. Quan vien lai
8. Lng thieu bat nang ai cu
9. Liem vi Hanh quan T ma
10. Thuy luc ch dinh

T tr
1. Nnh Trng Chan diec d Uat Lam
2. Pho Tien
3. Phung Ang d... Cao Lng
4. Tien, S Hoang, cac khien nhan
5. Chieu Giao Ch Thai thu
6. Tien khien Nnh Trng Chan
7. Quan vien ch
8. Bat nang ai cu
9. Liem vi quan T ma
10. Thuy luc ch quan

Nhng neu oc vi mot oi ty hieu biet, ngi ta nhan thay ngay rang
trong 10 cho d biet va ke khong cho nao lam thay oi y, trai lai co the noi
c la cac d biet o xuat hien ch v ngi sau khong chu y. Chng c cua s
l enh thay c ro rang d biet so 3. Toan th chep Phung Ang em at
Cao Yeu dang cho Lam S Hoang, hoi Cao Yeu ay la g va au? Khong le nao
mot nha chep s Viet Nam co the oi a danh thi xa cua Trung Quoc, mot
a danh ma T Ma Quang a viet la Cao Lng va Ho Tam Tnh a chu rang:
o la at Cao Chau, va Dng e nha Tuy a oi ra Cao Lng.? Noi tom
lai, hai ban van giong nhau en noi phai ket luan rang ban nay sao lai ban
kia, hay noi ro hn ty na, ban cua Toan th a sao ban cua T tr thong giam.
2. Bi v Le Van Hu gap cho nao noi en Giao Chau la sao lai cho o nh
va thay, nen sach ong cha ng nhieu khuyet iem. Khuyet iem ln nhat
cua ong la lam cho bien co tr thanh co oc, thieu mat boi canh lch s chung.
Khi T Ma Quang chep T tr thong giam, dau ong theo s dien tien cua thi
gian e trc thuat, ong van cho ngi oc mot cai nhn tong quat ve s viec
xay ra tren toan Trung Quoc. ang khac, cac s viec trong mot nc thng ba
ong en nhau, chang cht lay nhau, nen mot nhan vat co the ong vai mot
a iem trc khi ong vai a iem lan can, hay mot s kien xay ra ni
nay co the la nguyen nhan cho s kien xay ra cho kia. Ngi viet, v viet bien
co ca hai ni nen thng khong lap lai nhng ieu a noi mot ni tren, bi
le rang khong con can thiet cho oc gia e theo doi cau chuyen na. Nay, mot
ngi nh Le Van Hu ch bng lay nhng cho noi en Giao Chau, the tat se
phai cat t nhieu day lien lac vi cac chau quan khac, va nh vay nhieu s
kien nhieu nhan vat hien ra ot ngot trong tac pham cua ong. Nhng bang
chng cua s ot ngot nay gap thay de dang trong oan van neu ra tren ay
cua Toan th.
Trc het nen nh rang ve chuyen cua Khau Hoa trong Toan th, tat ca
ch co oan o noi en. Nhng va oc vao, nhieu cau hoi rat t nhien don dap
hien ra. Sao Nnh Trng Chan lai em Uat Lam, Thuy An dang cho Tieu Tien,
hay Phung Ang em Thng Ngo v.v... dang cho Lam S Hoang? Ma Tieu Tien,
Lam S Hoang la nhng con ngi the nao a mi c ch? Roi hai ngi o

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chieu mo Khau Hoa e lam g? Va tai sao Khau Hoa lai khong theo? Trc bay
nhieu thac mac, oc gia cua Toan th khong sao tra li thoa man c. Nhng
neu oc oan o T tr thong giam th lai khac. Cau chuyen co trc, co sau.
Chung ta se thay de dang rang vao cuoi i Dng e nha Tuy (605-617) trieu
nh suy yeu, hao kiet cac ni noi day hung c moi ngi mot phng. Trong
so cac hao kiet o mien Nam co Lam S Hoang chiem gi Phan Dng, Tieu
Tien chiem gi Giang Lang, ang khi Ly Uyen vay vung Trng An, giat c
tc ng vng va con vn len cho en ngoi Thien t. Chnh gia luc hon
loan o ma ke yeu phai tm ve vi ke manh, va ke manh tm them vay canh
e ha thu oi lap. Bay gi mi thay nguyen do tai sao Nnh Trng Chan va
Phung Ang em at i dang, tai sao Khau Hoa c s gia cua Tieu Tien va
S Hoang en chieu mo. Nhng hoi c lam sao Khau Hoa lai khong bat chc
Trng Chan, hay Phung An? o la v Khau Hoa con nh ngha cu vi nha
Tuy, hn na ong cung cha tin g vao s thanh at cua hai v anh hung non
nt o. That muon hieu Ngoai ky cua Toan th, rat can phai tm en cac nguon
s lieu cua no.
II. Thai o cua Khau Hoa oi vi trieu ai nha ng
Khau Hoa, theo Toan th noi, a ve vi nha ng sau khi thang Nnh
Trng Chan va nha Tuy mat. o la oan th hai chung toi xin em ra phan
tch va phe bnh.
Chung toi xin chia oan nay ra lam ba viec:
1. Nha Tuy mat, Khau Hoa trieu cong nha ng;
2. Nha ng phong chc cho Khau Hoa;
3. Khau Hoa ve chau vua.
Trc khi ban ve tng chi tiet, chung toi xin lu y ieu nay la tac gia Toan
th a cho rang ca ba viec o vao trong nam Mau Dan (618); chnh cau nam
o nha Tuy mat nam cuoi cung oan van bat phai hieu nh vay, v nam
o noi ay, tc la nam xay ra cac viec va ke, va nha Tuy mat nam 618. Mot
ghi nhan na khong kem quan trong, o la oan van nay khong phai sao lai
nguyen van cua T tr thong giam, nhng ngi viet ai Viet s ky (Toan th)
a dung nhng ieu biet c trong sach cua T Ma Quang roi t hanh van lay.
Phai chang he cho nao Le Van Hu t viet lay la cho ay sai? e thay ro ieu
o, xin theo doi cac viec trnh bay di ay.
1. Phai chang Khau Hoa a ve vi nha ng sau khi thang Trng Chan?
Cac tac gia Toan th da vao au e noi mot cach n gian nh vay? Hay ho
phong oan? Neu ho da vao s lieu, th tiec thay s lieu a cho biet khac. S
thc la ang khi Khau Hoa thang Giao Chau, tnh hnh Trung Quoc bien
chuyen nhieu. Vao thang T nam Mau Dan (618) Tieu Tien a t xng Hoang
e, nh lap lai nha Lng. Mot thang sau vao ngay Giap Ty (tc la ngay 19
thang 6 nam 618) Ly Uyen t chc ng vng bc len ngoi Thien t lap s
nghiep nha ng.

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Trong trng hp o Khau Hoa a x tr the nao? Khai thac triet e cuoc
thang tran va t lap Giao Chau ? Khong, ong khong u can am e lam viec
o. Th theo nha ng mi tc v ? Cung khong. Khau Hoa la quan nha Tuy,
cha quen biet g vi vua mi Trng An. Vay ong lam the nao? T tr thong
giam chep: Khi c tin xau ve Dng e, ong em quan pho cho Tien.(4) T
o Giao Chau dnh lien vi so phan cua Giang Lang. Nhng Tieu Tien chang
bao lau to ra that the. Trong hang tng lanh, nhieu ke bat bnh vi ong, khien
cho lc lng chia re. ngoai ong lai b nha ng anh bai dan dan. Chnh
v nghe c cac ieu khong tot o, nen vao thang 9 nam Vu c th 4 (621),(*)
Khau Hoa au hang nha ng, va cung mot thang o Tieu Tien cung m ca
Giang Lang au hang not (T tr thong giam, quyen 189, t 28b). Nh vay,
chang nhng khi nha Tuy mat, nha ng len, Khau Hoa a khong theo nha
ng ngay nh Toan th noi, ma ong lai theo ke thu cua nha ng trong
vong 4 nam [618-621]. Bo qua s kien o va don viec Khau Hoa trieu cong nha
ng vao trong nam 618, phai ke la mot sai lac ln.
2. Hai viec sau, tc la viec nha ng phong chc Tong quan cho Khau
Hoa, va Khau Hoa ve trieu yet, a c Toan th at vao nam 618. Ky thc,
nha ng a cho Khau Hoa lam Giao Chau Tong quan vao nam Vu c th 5,
thang Ba, ngay Giap Thn, tnh ra la ngay 23 thang 5 nam 622. Sau khi c
chc mi, Khau Hoa xin nha ng cho ve chau vua Trng An. Chang nhng
vua cho phep ma con khien ky t S Li nghinh chi;(5) xin dch: sai con ong
ta la S Li i on ong. S Li, tc la Khau S Li. Ngi ta co the noi o la
mot sai lac khong ang ke. Nhng thiet tng nhng sai lac ve thi gian bao
gi cung rat ang chu y. Mot bien co khong co thi gian la mot bien co mat han
gia tr lch s. Bi o, trnh bay mot viec xay ra khong ung vi ngay thang cua
no, bao gi cung co hai cho s tm hieu chan ly ve qua kh.
III. Noi chung ve thi gian Khau Hoa cai tr Giao Chau
Bay gi chung ta bc qua oan cac tac gia Toan th noi chung ve i
song Khau Hoa Giao Chau. oan nay ho thuat lai di mao e cua nam Nham
Ngo (622), nhng c cach ho noi, cong viec khong phai xay ra nam o. ieu
ang chu y nhat cua oan o co le la cau: Ong tai chau hn 60 nam, v chac
chan rang nh s lau o va nh cach cai tr t te cua ong ma ong a c
giau co khong khac g vua!. Nhng hoi lam the nao e biet c ong cai tr
Giao Chau lau en the?
Nh a noi tren, theo Toan th, th Khau Hoa phai lai Giao Chau t
nhat la en nam 666. e qua quyet ieu o, phai co mot trong hai ieu kien
sau ay, hoac la co nhng tai lieu chac chan lam chng, hoac la t ra trong thi
gian t 605 en 666 khong co dau mot ngi nao khac c trieu nh Trung
Quoc bo nhiem sang cai tr Giao Chau. Ve bang c tch cc, chung toi khong
* Nguyen van in nham la nam Vu c th 5 (622), ay chung toi sa lai nh tren. Khau Hoa
va Tieu Tien au hang nha ng vao nam Vu c th 4-621, en cuoi nam o Tieu Tien b
ng Cao To giet. oan sau ghi ung s kien nay xay ra vao nam 621. BBT.

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tm c cac s lieu chung toi co the co, va chung toi cung tin chac rang, se
khong ai tm c nhng s lieu nh the. Bang c tieu cc cung khong lam sao
tm c, v trai lai, lch s a cho biet nha ng co at cac quan cai tr Giao
Chau, khac vi Khau Hoa, trong khoang thi gian va noi. ay chung toi xin
ke ra mot vai v du e ung ho luan e cua chung toi.
Qua the, ch may thang sau khi Khau Hoa xin ve trieu yet, chung ta a
thay xuat hien mot Giao Chau Th s khac, ma ten goi la Quyen S Thong.
Nhan dp noi en viec anh quan moi ot Quyet Tam Quan Sn. T tr thong
giam chep: Vu c ngu nien, cu nguyet, Quy T, Giao Chau Th s Quyen
S Thong, Hoang Chau Tong quan u Van Ham, Linh Chau Tong quan Dng
S ao, kch ot Quyet Tam Quan Sn, pha chi. Xin dch: Nam Vu c
th 5, vao thang Chn, ngay Quy T (tc la ngay 25 thang 10 nam 622) Th s
Giao Chau la Quyen S Thong, Tong quan Hoang Chau la u Van Ham, Tong
quan Linh Chau la Dng S ao anh quan ot Quyet nui Tam Quan va
thang c.(6) Sau o chc Giao Chau Th s c oi sang Giao Chau o oc,
va trc nam 666, T Ma Quang co nhac en cac vien o oc vao cac trng
hp sau ay:
Vu c that nien, cu nguyet, Quy Mao, Nhat Nam nhan Cng T Lo
phan, Giao Chau o oc Vng Ch Vien kch pha chi. Dch: Nam Vu c
th 7, vao thang 9, ngay Quy Mao (tc la ngay 23 thang 10 nam 624) co ngi
Nhat Nam ten la Cng T Lo lam phan. Vien o oc Giao Chau la Vng
Ch Vien anh pha c.(7)
Trinh Quan nh nien, thap nguyet, Giao Chau o oc Toai An cong Tho
d tham ac toi. Dch: Nam Trinh Quan th 2, vao thang 10 (tc la khoang t
2 en 30 thang 11 nam 628), vien o oc Giao Chau la Toai An cong Tho (ho
tong that), v tham lam nen b toi.(8)
Bang ay s viec a d u e noi len rang Khau Hoa khong con cai tr Giao
Chau hn 60 nam na.
IV. oi Giao Chau ra lam An Nam o ho phu
Ve van e cuoi cung chung toi phai ban en ch c noi trong Toan th
bang mot cau ngan. o la mot cau noi cha ng ay y ngha lch s nh se
thay sau, nhng hoi noi nh the co ung khong a, bi v neu no ung y ngha
kia mi ung, ma no sai, at han y ngha do o ma ra phai sai. Trc tien th
hoi tnh hnh chnh tr luc bay gi co cho phep goi mien Nam Trung Quoc la
An Nam cha?
Nh tren a e cap, vao nam 621, Khau Hoa a ra hang nha ng, va ke
o, cap tren Khau Hoa la Tieu Tien cung ra hang na. Roi, e them lac quan
cho chung quanh vung Giao Chau, cac vien cu quan nha Tuy nh ang Van
Tien Quang Chau va Ly Giao, Thai thu Nhat Nam, eu quy thuan Trng An
vao ngay Mau Dan, thang T nam Vu c th 5, tc la ngay 11 thang 6 nam
622.(9) Sau o t thang, vao thang Bay, Han Dng Thai thu la Phung Ang,

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139

thu ha cua Lam S Hoang, cung au thu, va c vua nha ng at lam Tong
quan Cao Chau, vi tc Canh quoc cong.(10) Nh vay, phai chang s gia a co
the yen tam chep Lnh Nam tat bnh va bay gi, neu nha ng at cho mien
nam Lnh Nam o mot ten mi vi mot cap bac hanh chanh mi, tc la An
Nam o ho phu, thiet tng viec o rat la thch ang.
Nhng nha ng co lam the khong? Tha khong. Nam 622 nha ng
cha at ten An Nam o ho phu. Khong can phai luc xet tai lieu lau dai, c
nhn lai cac chc Giao Chau o oc cua Vng Ch Vien, nam 624, hay cua Toai
An cong Tho nam 628, noi tren th u thay s sai lam cua Toan th iem nay.
Neu nha ng khong at ten An Nam o ho phu vao nam Nham Ngo
(622) nh Toan th day, th nha ng co bao gi dung ten o e goi vung
Giao Chau khong? Co lam. Vua Cao Tong, vao nam au, nien hieu ieu Lo(*) tc
la nam 679, a em che o o ho phu ap dung vao vung Lnh Nam, goi la An
Nam o ho phu, kiem ca Lc phu va Chiem phu.(11) ay khong phai lan au tien
Trung Quoc co che o o. Nha ng vao nam Canh Ty, nien hieu Trinh Quan
th 14 (640) a at An Tay o ho phu thanh Giao Ha;(12) Nam inh V, nien
hieu Trinh Quan th 21 (647) at Yen Nhien o ho phu Han Hai,(13) phu nay
c oi lam Han Hai o ho ong thanh Van Trung nam Vnh Huy nguyen
nien (650), va en nam Ky T, nien hieu Tong Chng th 2 (669) oi lan na
thanh An Bac o ho phu.(14) Nam Mau Thn, nien hieu Tong Chng nguyen
nien (668) a at An ong o ho phu Bnh Nhng [Nhng].(15) Sau khi a
co An Tay, An Bac, An ong nh vay roi, bay gi mi en An Nam.
en ay, co the noi la viec phe bnh oan van cua Toan th, viet ve Khau
Hoa a xong. Chung ta a thay rang trong bon iem chnh cua oan van, ch
iem nhat la ung, nhng iem o lai c sao T tr thong giam; con ba
iem kia tac gia cua ai Viet s ky (Toan th), a t viet lay va a sai lac ca
ba, khong nhieu th t. That la mot tnh trang au buon cho nen s hoc. Nhng
tnh trang o khong phai au buon ma thoi, ma con nguy hai na. Toan th
hien gi la mot quyen s Viet Nam rat c gii hoc gia tin cay, va sach o
cang c nhieu ngi tin cay bao nhieu, nguy hai cua no cang to ln bay nhieu.
No nguy hai v cac khuyet iem do phng phap dung cac nguon s lieu cua no,
v mot ngi ch oc Toan th, ch khong biet en xuat x cua cac cho Toan
th sao lai, se rat de hieu sai chnh nhng cho c sao lai o. No nguy hai
thc s chnh la v cac cho tac gia cua no, thay v sao lai, a t viet ra, nh va
thay tren. e lam chng rang Toan th co the e ra nhng hau qua khong hay
cho viec viet s, chung toi xin trch dan mot oan cua Charles Patris khi ong
nay viet ve Khau Hoa, ma ong goi lam la Hoa Lch, chung toi xin dch nh sau:
ang khac, nam 618 con quan trong hn nhieu v no em lai mot thay
oi sau xa trong viec phan chia ranh gii cac tnh Viet Nam... Cao Tong a
lap ra mot n v hanh chanh mi ma cng gii chng chng bac la Quang
* Nguyen van in Chau Lo, chung toi sa lai nh tren. Nien hieu ieu Lo (/) ch ton tai
trong 2 nam, t 679-680, thi vua ng Cao Tong (650-683). BBT.

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ong va nam la Quang Nam. Roi lanh tho rong rai o c chia lam 13 tnh
at di quyen cai tr cua Hoa Lch va ch co lien lac vi vua Trung Quoc bang
viec nop cong pham hang nam. Mot ieu cung can phai neu len na, o la
13 tnh va noi c goi la An Nam o ho phu. Nh vay, lan au tien xuat hien
mot bien oi chu chot ve phng dien chnh tr, nh nhan c ngay danh
t cua no, mot danh t ma hai ch au ton tai mai cho en ngay nay, con may
ch sau thay oi che o Bac thuoc cu va tnh trang no le a co gan nghn nam,
thanh mot che o o ho.
Viec thiet lap che o va noi co phai anh dau mot tien bo thc s va mot
xoa du ang ke trong tnh trang dan chung khong? Kho e qua quyet ieu o,
va sau nay chung ta con thay nhieu lan An Nam nhng vien quan lai Tau
tham bao, coi lanh tho o nh at a thuoc ve ho va ngi b tr nh hang no
le chnh cong. Tuy nhien, trong y cua v Thien t a ban bo che o mi, che o
o phai la bieu hien cua mot nen t do rong rai hn cho ngi An Nam. o la
nh s khon ngoan va tai cai tr kheo leo cua Hoa Lch, con ngi ang lanh tat
ca vinh d trong viec thay oi chnh tr nay. Thien trieu xet v khong he xay ra
mot cuoc noi bien nao di quyen cai tr cua mot v ai dien nh the, lai thay
cac tnh nay dan ch biet lam lu cay cay, buon ban ch khong ngh viec lam
loan, nen a thiet lap nen o ho va e ban an hue trong dp len ngoi, va e
to ra bang long v viec tr an tren toan lanh tho.(16)
oc oan nay, chung ta thay tac gia a co nhng suy luan chat che, da
tren nhng tien e rut Toan th, nh la:
1. Khau Hoa a quy thuan nha ng trong nam 618;
2. Cao To at che o An Nam o ho phu trong dp len ngoi;
3. Che o o la rieng An Nam e thng cach cai tr khon kheo cua
Khau Hoa.
Nhng, nh a chng minh tren, cac tien e o khong co s that, nen
cong trnh ly luan cua Patris la vo ch.
Chang nhng hoc gia cua the he trc a khong hieu ro ve gia tr cua
ai Viet s ky toan th, ma gia lang van hieu co ngi nay, cung co nhieu
ngi het li ca tung bo s o, cung cac tac gia cua no. Le Van Hu chang han,
khong phai la khong co cho ang ca tung, v du nh ve phng dien ong la s
gia au tien cua Viet Nam. Nhng li ca tung ch co gia tr khi no to iem cho
s that, ma s that ve gia tr Le Van Hu, xet ve mat s gia au tien, van con
t ngi bnh tam can nhac. Mot s gia au tien thng co sc loi cuon cua s
mi me; hn na, ong co trach nhiem quan trong cua ke at a. Neu ong at
a sai hng, nh cho Trieu a, hay L Gia la ngi Viet Nam chang han,
roi v s mi me loi cuon, a so se de dang lam theo, ve Trieu a hay L Gia,
ngay nay, vi mot t hieu biet qua kh khong con ai co the qua quyet la nhng
ngi thuoc ve lch s nc nha. Ay the ma mi ay, tap ch Van an a ra mot
so ac biet trong o L Gia chang nhng c tien quyet la ngi Viet Nam,
ma muc ch cua so ac biet nay lai la e tuyen bo ong o la mot nha ai quoc

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Viet Nam au tien. Trong hoi ong bieu quyet cong trang L Gia, chung ta thay
mot so nhan vat co ten tuoi, ma ch co ong Nguyen Ngu Y la to ra nghi ng van
e tien quyet ve L Gia. That la qua t.(17)
Chung toi neu ra nhng hau qua khong c tot ep o, ch la e noi len
rang khi ca tung v s gia au tien cua Viet Nam, chung ta phai ca tung vi s
de dat can thiet. Nhng trai lai ban Nguyen The Giang a ca tung Le Van Hu
ma khong biet de dat. e bat au, ban Giang a co mot e muc nh: Le Van
Hu, mot s gia kiet xuat. The roi ban Giang tm cho c nhng li le keu
nhat e ngi khen, e than phuc cai tai loi lac cua con ngi a chep ai Viet
s ky.(18) Song le, kiet xuat va loi lac sao c, khi Le Van Hu cung la tac gia
cua nhng oan s nh oan noi ve Khau Hoa chung toi va phan tch va pham
bnh. Khong ai trach ban Giang, mot sinh vien mi chan 18 tuoi khi nien hoc
1962-1963 bat au; nhng bai cua ban Giang la nh mot vet en thch hp lam
cho noi bat len s can thiet cap bach phai duyet lai mot cach thau ao cong
trnh cua Le Van Hu, Ngo S Lien, nhat la phan Ngoai ky cua bo ai Viet s
ky toan th, e co the s dung c nhng chan ly lch s bao ham trong o.(19)

CHU THCH

NP

Xin xem bai Nghien cu dan Lac-Viet ac san ai hoc S pham, Hue, so I, 1960, tr. 17-33.
au bai ta ve bo T tr thong giam, nha xuat ban Nghe Van an th quan, ai Bac, nam 1955.
Toan th, q. 5, t 1.
ac Dng e hung van, diec d quan pho Tien, T tr thong giam, q. 185, t 20b.
T tr thong giam, q.190, t 66.
T tr thong giam, q. 190, t 13a.
T tr thong giam, q. 191, t 9b.
T tr thong giam, q. 193, t 2b.
T tr thong giam, q. 190, t 9b.
T tr thong giam, q. 190, t 11a.
T tr thong giam, q. 233, t 28b.
T tr thong giam, q. 195, t 27a.
T tr thong giam, q. 198, t 24b.
T tr thong giam, q. 201, t 28a.
T tr thong giam, q. 201, t 25b.
Essai dHistoire dAnnam, Premiere Partie, Lantiquite et le Haut Moyen Age Hue, ac Lap,
1923, tr. 180-181.
17. Xem Van an, so 40, 2/8/1962. Chung toi a phe bnh hng lch s cua Le Van Hu trong
mot bai dai sap cong bo, nhan e la Tien trnh hnh thanh quoc gia Viet Nam.
18. Xem Van an, so 40 [?], 25/3/1961.
19. e gop phan vao viec tm toi chan ly lch s, tac gia bai nay sap xuat ban mot tap sach, nhan
e la: Phan Ngoai ky cua Toan th vi s lieu Trung Quoc, trong o se oi chieu va phe bnh,
theo loi bai tren ay, nhng oan - rat nhieu - ma cac tac gia Viet Nam a sao lai cua s gia
Trung Quoc.

Chu thch cua BBT: en nay, tap sach noi tren van dang ban thao, cha c cong bo.
Xin trch ang bai cua GS Nguyen c Cung, nhan e: Linh muc Nguyen Phng t Truc
Long (1921-1993) nh sau:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

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Tap ban thao Phe bnh ai Viet s ky toan th: Phan Ngoai ky la tap th hai c may man
theo chan tac gia ra hai ngoai vao trung tuan thang 5/1975. Viet xong tai Cam Ranh ngay 19
thang 10 nam 1973, tap sach noi ve co s Viet Nam nay gom 208 trang, chia lam 6 chng,
co muc ch lam sang to giai oan lch s kho khan nhat o la phan thuoc co s. Xin oc mot
oan trong Li noi au e thay c y kien cua tac gia: ...Dau vay, muon xay dng mot nen
s hoc Viet Nam, chnh co s la cho phai bat au, v nam c co s la nh nam c can
ban. Hien gi co s Viet Nam la phan kho khan nhat, v no ung cham en nhieu nganh hoc,
no vap vao nhieu chng ngai, nhng lam c chng nao thiet tng nen bat tay lam, va qua
nhieu nam nghien cu, chung toi a lam c mot cong viec tng oi nho, nhng xet ra cot
yeu. Cong viec chung toi muon noi en, o la phe bnh tap ai Viet s ky ngoai ky toan th.
Noi dung cua tap nay tng ng vi giai oan thng c goi la co s Viet Nam. Nen nh
rang Ngoai ky toan th cha phai la tat ca co s, v co s bao ham nhieu van e hn, nhieu
s viec hn. Nhng Ngoai ky a neu ra nhng s viec chnh yeu. ang khac, dng nh Ngoai
ky la phan a tao c mot anh hng to tat nhat tren xa hoi Viet Nam. V vay lam sang to
phan nay cua bo Toan th la mot viec va can thiet va ang lu y vao bac nhat.
iem ac biet cua phan noi ve sach tham khao la ai a so tai lieu eu dung bang ch Han
(18 muc th ch co 2 muc tc An Nam ch lc cua Le Tac a c Uy ban Phien dch S lieu
Viet Nam dch ra Viet ng va Viet ien u linh tap cua Ly Te Xuyen, Le Hu Muc dch, Khai
Tr xuat ban nam 1961). Trong Li ket (trang 203, ban thao), Giao s Nguyen Phng viet:
oi vi nhng ke chu trng Viet Nam co bon nghn nam van hien, th o la mot bang chng
ngc lai, v ta va tan mat rang t ra van hien Viet Nam a vang han suot hn mot nghn
nam. Neu muon gi vng chu trng cho Viet Nam mot nen van hien ky cu, th cung khong
nen lam mot phep tr nho nho va noi rang nen van hien o ch con lai ba nghn nam thay v
bon. Qua that, hn mot nghn nam, khong mot ai chep s, khong mot ai lam van, en noi ve
sau s gia a phai chep lai s Tau e lam s Viet Nam. Bao at me (1993). BBT.

TOM TAT
Bai viet phan tch va phe bnh nhng sai lam trong mot oan s ngan viet ve Thai thu
Khau Hoa phan Ngoai ky cua bo ai Viet s ky toan th. Nhng sai lam nay xuat phat t
phng phap viet s cua cac tac gia cua bo thong s nay. ay la nhng sai lam tai hai bi
Toan th la mot bo s c hoc gii tin cay, va sach cang c nhieu ngi tin cay bao nhieu
th nhng sai lam do no gay ra cang nguy hai bay nhieu. Do vay, can phai duyet lai mot cach
thau ao phan Ngoai ky cua bo ai Viet s ky toan th, e co the s dung c nhng chan ly
lch s bao ham trong o.
ABSTRACT
MISTAKES IN THE AI VIET S KY TOAN TH (COMPLETE ANNALS OF AI VIET)
The article mentions and analyzes mistakes in a short paragraph about Chinese governor
Khau Hoa in the Ngoai ky (Peripheral Records) of the ai Viet s ky toan th (Complete Annals
of ai Viet). These mistakes arose from the historical method of the authors of that book. Those
are fatal mistakes because the ai Viet s ky toan th has been trusted by the ieducational
circles, meanwhile, the more a book is trusted, the more danger its mistakes cause. Therefore,
there must be a thoroughly review of the Ngoai ky (Peripheral Records) of the ai Viet s ky
toan th (Complete Annals of ai Viet) in order to understand the historical truth accurately.