Physics 101

Physics for Scientists and

Engineers (6thth Edition)

R.A.Serway,
J.W.Jewett
Topics
1- Units and Dimensions

2- Elasticity and SHM

3- Fluid Mechanics
Canadian International College, ICI.

4- Thermodynamics
Dr. Hisham Anwer

Outlines
Topics
1- Units and Dimensions [Ch.1]
1- Elasticity and SHM [Ch.12, Ch.15 ]

2- Fluid Mechanics [ Ch.14 ]

3- Thermodynamics [ Ch. 19, Ch.20, Ch.21, Ch.22 ]

Tutorial Problems
Ch1 (13, 11.15, 17, 18, 25, 27, 48, 52)
Ch12 (27, 28, 33, 35, 36, 64)
Ch14 (4,6,7,8,12,18)

Ch15 (7,9)
Ch19 (5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 31, 32)
Ch20 (7,8,15,16,17,32,34,20,23,25,29,38,39,28,30,35,38,41,43,44)
Ch21 (13,15, 25)
Ch22 (1,2,7, 8,12,14, 22, 35, 37, 55)
Canadian International College, ICI.

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Chapter 14: Fluid mechanics

Reading assignment:

Chapter14.1 -14.7

Tutorial Problems: 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18, 20, 23, 25, 29, 38, 39

14.1 Pressure
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth (Pascals law)
14.3 Pressure Measurements
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle
14.5 Fluid Dynamics (Continuity equation)
14.6 Bernoullis Equation
14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Fluid Mechanics Overview

Fluid Mechanics

Gas

Liquids

Statics

F 0
i

Air, He, Ar,

N2, etc.

Compressibility Density

Water, Oils,
Alcohols,
etc.

Viscosity

Dynamics

F 0 , Flows
i

Stability
Pressure Buoyancy

Compressible/

Incompressible
Surface

Laminar/

Tension

Turbulent
Bernoullis Equation

Vapor

Continuity Equation

Pressure

Just the concepts

Hydrostatics

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Hydrodynamics

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Chapter 14

Canadian International College, ICI

Fluids

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Statics and Dynamics with Fluids

Fluid Statics (Hydrostatics)
Describes fluids at rest

Fluid Dynamics (Hydrodynamics)

Describes fluids in motion

The principles of both Hydrostatic and

Hydrodynamics of fluids will be discussed

Density
The density of a material is
its mass per unit volume:

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-1 Pressure
Pressure is force per unit area:

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14-1 Pressure
The same force applied over a smaller area
results in greater pressure think of poking
a balloon with your finger and then with a
needle.

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Dr. Hisham Anwer

Have you seen No Stilettos sign before?

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-1 Pressure
Atmospheric pressure: is due to the weight of
the atmosphere above us.

The pascal (Pa) is 1 N/m2. Pressure is often

measured in pascals.

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-1 Pressure
There are a number of different ways to
describe atmospheric pressure.

- In pascals:
- In pounds per square inch:
- In bars:

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-2 Gauge Pressure

Since atmospheric pressure acts uniformly in
all directions, we dont usually notice it.
Therefore, if you want to, say, add air to your
tires to the manufacturers specification, you
are not interested in the total pressure. What
you are interested in is the gauge pressure
how much more pressure is there in the tire
than in the atmosphere?

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-3 Static Equilibrium in Fluids:

Pressure and Depth
The pressure P at a depth h below the surface of a liquid
open to the atmosphere is greater than the atmospheric
pressure by an amount r g h.
The pressure at the bottom:

P P0 r g h
P0

is the pressure at the top

gh is the gauge pressure

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-3 Static Equilibrium in Fluids:

Pressure and Depth

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

mini-quiz
Crew members attempt to escape from a damaged submarine 100
m below the surface. What force must be applied to a pop-out
hatch, which is 1.25 m by 0.6 m to push it out at that depth?

(Assume atmospheric pressure inside the submarine and a density

of sea water r = 1025 kg/m3).

What is the weight of the air column above your head (assuming a surface area
of about 100 cm2?
How come our heads dont cave in?
Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-3 Static Equilibrium in Fluids:

Pressure and Depth
A barometer compares the
pressure due to the
atmosphere to the pressure
due to a column of fluid,
typically mercury. The mercury
column has a vacuum above it,
so the only pressure is due to
the mercury itself.

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-3 Static Equilibrium in Fluids:

This leads to the definition of atmospheric
pressure in terms of millimeters of mercury:

In the barometer, the level of mercury is

such that the pressure due to the column of
mercury is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-3 Static Equilibrium in Fluids:

Pressure and Depth
This is true in any container where the fluid can
flow freely the pressure will be the same
throughout.

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-3 Static Equilibrium in Fluids:

Pascals principle:
An external pressure applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted unchanged to every point
within the fluid.

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Hydraulic press

Application of Pascals law (Hydraulic Press)

1- Force F1 is applied to area A1 producing a Force F2 on A2

2- Pressure P in columns: P = F1/A1 = F2/A2

3- Force F2 on area A2 is greater than F1 by a factor A2/A1!!

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

mini-quiz
The piston of a hydraulic lift
has a cross sectional area
of 3.00 cm2, and its large
piston has a cross-sectional
area of 200 cm2.

(a) What force must be applied to the small piston for it to raise a 15 kN
car?
A) ~225 N

B) ~ 900 N

C) 1200 N

D) ~7,500 N

E) ~15,000 N

(b) Could your body weight (600 N) provide the force?

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-4 Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy

Buoyant Force: When an object is partially or
fully sub-merged in a fluid, the fluid exerts on
the object an upward force called the buoyant
force. .

This force arises from the different pressures at the top and the bottom surface of the
object submerged in the fluid.

14-4 Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy

Buoyant Force Calculations:

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Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-4 Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy

A floating object displaces a liquid equal to its own weight.

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-4 Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy

Archimedess principle: The magnitude of the buoyant
force equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object.

FB m f g r f gV f

14-4 Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy

For Totally submerged objects:

Ftotal FB Fg ( r f r o )Vo g
If density of object is less than density of fluid: Object rises (accelerates up)
If density of object is greater than density of fluid: Object sinks. (accelerates down).

Archimedes principle can also be applied to balloons floating

in air (air can be considered a liquid)

14-4 Applications of Archimedes Principle

An object floats when it

displaces an amount of fluid
equal to its weight.

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-4 Applications of Archimedes Principle

The fraction of an object that is submerged when
it is floating depends on the densities of the
object and of the fluid.

Why? mg FB r fluidVdisplaced g

r objVobj g r fluidVdisplaced g
r objVobj r fluidVdisplaced

Vdisplaced Vobj ( r obj / r fluid )

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

mini-quiz
An iron cube weighs 9.80 N in air.
How much does it weigh in water.
The density of iron is 7.86103
kg/m3. The density of water is
0.998103 kg/m3

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Canadian International College, ICI

Dr. Hisham Anwer