Professional Documents
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Composite Structures :
Design Issues and Practices
Topics to be covered
Laminated Construction: Choice of Lay-up,
practical considerations; Design aids, Carpet Plots.
Failure modes in Composites; Sub-critical and
Critical Modes; Tension, Compression, Shear;
Notch sensitivity; Fatigue; Impact damage; Effect of
Environment;
Designing with composites Material Design
allowables, Catering for Environmental effect and
Scatter; A Basis, B basis; Hot-wet); Design against
Impact; Design for delamination growth
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Todays Lecture
Outline
Laminated Construction
Choice of Lay-up, practical considerations
Design aids: Carpet Plots
14-03-2016
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Laminated Composites
A Unidirectional Layer
(Lamina, Ply)
Another UD Layer
A Bi-directional Layer
Another BD Layer
Laminate:
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Choice of lay-up
Fibre orientations
Stacking sequence
14-03-2016
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What Lay-ups to use?
Stacking Sequence
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Laminated Composite Deformation
Extension-Shear
Bending-Shear
Extension- Torsion
Bending-Stretch
Balanced :
n( ) n( )
Symmetric :
( h) ( h)
Bending-Stretch
& Twist - Shear
14-03-2016
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Composite behavior
A16, A26 :
Normal-Shear
coupling
Nx
N
y
N xy
M x
M y
M xy
A11
A
12
A16
= B
11
B
12
B16
B : Extension
(Stretching)-Bending
coupling
A12
A16
B11
A22 A26
B12
A26 A66
B16
B12
B16
D11
B22 B26
D12
B26 B66
D16
D16, D26 :
BendingTwisting
coupling
B12 B16
B22 B26
B26 B66
D12 D16
D22 D26
D26 D66
x0
0
y
0
xy
x
y
xy
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Bending-Stretching Coupling
66
66
Asymmetric
Cross-ply
Lay-up.
14-03-2016
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Extension-Torsion & Bending-Shear Coupling
6
66
16
26
6
6
66
AntiSymmetric
Lay-up.
Balanced
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Normal-Shear & Bending-Torsion Coupling
6
6
16
26
66
16
66
Symmetric
Lay-up.
But not
balanced
14-03-2016
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Only Bending-Torsion Coupling
66
16
26
16
26
66
Symmetric
Lay-up.
Balanced
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No Coupling!
66
66
Symmetric
Cross-ply
Lay-up.
Balanced
14-03-2016
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Lay-ups : Industry Practice
If No Coupling is desired
In any case, the analysis is done for all the lamina stresses
and the failure criterion caters to shear failure. So, normalshear coupling is not of much consequence
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Free edge
Interlaminar stresses
and delamination
90
14-03-2016
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Lay-ups : Further considerations
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Stress
45
SCF
Strain
10
SCF-A
SCF-B
6
4
2
E1/E2
-2
10
15
20
14-03-2016
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Lay-ups : Still further considerations
High SCF.
Low
ductility
Low
Strength;
Low
efficiency
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% of 90 plies
plies
0 plies
of 0
%
% of
plies
LCA Usage
% of 45 plies
14-03-2016
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Lay-up Best Practices
Recommended Practice
Try to employ Balance and
Symmetry whenever possible
Reason
Minimizes value of B-matrix,
avoiding bending, coupling,
warping and twisting effects
Add fabric ply to inner or outer
Fabric ply can absorb more impact
layer
damage as well as minimize
drilling breakout for holes
Add 45 plies with at least one
Increases buckling for thin
pair on laminate extremes (except laminates as well as better
for specific designs where bending damage tolerance
loads require 0 or 90 outer plies)
Use larger fraction of +/- plies in
Shear loads are best handled with
shear regions
additional +/- plies in a structure
Adapted from : Beckwith, SW, Designing with Composites: Suggested Best Practices Rules,
SAMPE J, 45(1), p.16-17 , 2009. http://www.sampe.org/Other/TechTidbitsJanFeb09.pdf
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Lay-up Best Practices
Recommended Practice
Use 0/90/45 laminate with
minimum of one layer in each
direction (Min 10% : LCA rule)
A +45 and -45 ply are in contact
with each other ??
45 layers are added in pairs (45)
Reason
0 layers for longitudinal loads
90 layers for transverse loads
45 layers for shear loads
Minimizes interlaminar shear
10
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Carpet Plots
Here is an example
From : PK Mallik, Fiber Reinforced Composites, 3rd Ed, CRC Press. Chapter 6.
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Carpet plot
11
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Carpet plot : Allowable tensile strength
From : PK Mallik, Fiber Reinforced Composites, 3rd Ed, CRC Press. Chapter 6.
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One commercial example
http://www.ascgenoa.com/datasheets/CARPET_PLOT.jsp
GENOA
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Some thumb rules
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10% Rule vs LPT Calculation
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=HArtSmith+formula+for+Composite+strength&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUhKaH3rfLAhWLwY4KHQlnAK0Q_AUIBygB&biw=1280&bih=557#tbm=isch
&q=HArt-Smith+10%25+rule+for+Composite+strength&imgrc=00zF4Rd4wCfA8M%3A
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Carpet Plots for
Poisson Ratio
Hartsmith
thumb rule
vs
CLPT
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Questions?
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