Valhalla Technical Manual

Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW
Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025 Fax: +44 (0) 1692 535456
email: info@kayam.co.uk
web: www.kayam.com
_______________________________________________________________________________
VALHALLA
1.
2.
27.
53.
INDEX
STRUCTURAL SUMMARY
METHOD STATEMENT
STAKES AND ANCHORS
_______________________________________________________________________________
Atticbest Limited, Company Reg No: 02894293 - VAT No: 765 0221 50
Tensile 1
STRUCTURAL SUMMARY
The following is extracted from the Tensile 1 Operations manual from the
section titled Tensile 1 Basis of Design and Operation by Stuart C Holdsworth at
Cameron Holdsworth Associates
Newton House, 3 The Avenue

Braintree, Essex
CM7 3HY
Tel: +44 (0) 1376 328961
Fax: +44 (0) 1376 553468
TENSILE 1 and VALHALLA are trading names referring to the same structure.
Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Part 1 MANAGEMENT MANUAL
Gearhouse Structures +44 (0) 1932 570343
1. FABRIC SPECIFICATION FOR ROOF

VALMEX 900 PVC coated fabric.
Base fabric of high tenacity polyester.
PVC-coated on both sides.
Surface - high gloss lacquer.
Dirt repellent.
Easy to clean.
Dimensionally stable.
Resistant to cold.
Flame retardant.
Mildew inhibited.
Technical data:
Weight .................. ....
Tensile strength ...........
Tear strength ..............
Adhesion ...................
Flame retardancy .......
approx. 900 g/sq. m

(DIN 53352)
approx. 4000/4000 N/5cm (DIN 53354)
approx. 600/600 N
(DIN 53363)
>100 N/5cm
DIN 4102
B1
CSE-RF-1/75
Category 1
NFP 92507 M2
BS 5438 part 2a and 2b
Cold crack .............
-30 degrees Celsius
(DIN 53361)
Flexing strength .......
no cracking after
at least 100,000 flexes (DIN 53359)
Widths: (cm) ..........
1500
The above data are averages from production. Product descriptions and suggested
and uses are general and subject to trial for the intended end use. Production is
subject to change.
Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

2. FABRIC SPECIFICATION FOR WALLS

VALMEX 700 PVC coated fabric.
. Base fabric of high tenacity polyester.
PVC-coated on both sides.
Surface - high gloss lacquer.
. Dirt repellent.
Easy to clean.
Dimensionally stable.
Resistant to cold.
Flame retardant.
Mildew inhibited.
Technical date :
Weight ................. approx 690 g/sq.m.
Tensile strength ....... approx 320/300 dan/5cm (DIN 53354)
Tear strength .......... approx 35/30 Dan (DIN 53363)
Adhesion ............... approx 10 dan/5cm
Flame retardancy ....... BS5867 TYPE B, ITALIAN CLASS 2
CLASSMENT M 2, DIN 4102 B1
NFPA 701 small and large scale
Cold crack ............. -40 degrees Celsius (DIN 53361)
Flexing strength ....... no cracking after at least
100,000 flexes
(DIN 53359)
Widths: (cm) .......... various
The above data are averages from production. Product descriptions and suggested
and uses are general and subject to trial for the intended end use. Production is
subject to change.

3. MEMBRANE STRUCTURES:
1.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
There are no British Standards 1, written for Engineers, giving the requirements and
basis for the design of membrane structures. This is partially a reflection of the size
and scale of the industry, its relative youth, and specialism. Relatively few
permanent structures rely solely upon a membrane as the primary or sole means, of
providing a structural covering. Conventional structures rely on internal rigidity to
carry loads and achieve the required stability. Membranes must rely upon their form,
and prestress, to achieve the same balances in the absence of bending and shear
stiffness.
The following document is a synthesis of experience and best practice. It is not
intended to be a final statement on best design practice, but a snap shot at the
current position in the evolution of this branch of design. The safe operation,
maintenance and inspection procedures remain the province of the tent-master. The
following document is meant as an aid to the certification process, and gives
guidance as to the safe operating parameters.
Definitions: a glossary of the more commonly used terms, and a description of
some of the terms used to describe the various parameters, and parts of a
membrane structure is appended at the rear of this section.
1.1.2 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS.
The structure, including foundations and all components necessary to support the
structure, should be designed and constructed such that:
They safely sustain all forces imposed upon them during erection and the
period of intended use;
Perform adequately in normal use throughout the design life;
Use materials that have adequate durability; with regard to the erection
and dismantling, the intended use of the structure i.e. abrasion, etc., fire
resistance i.e. will not readily support combustion, biological and chemical
attack and weathering.
Have appropriate levels of safety with regard to the consequence of

failure;
Give occupants adequate means of escape, and, or incorporate

parameters and an advanced warning and operating system sufficient to
ensure that those occupying or using the structure are not placed at undue
risk of injury;
DIN and ASTM codes are further developed than the current BSI codes in this regard.

Incorporate a robust maintenance and inspection system on all those

elements of the structure resisting loads during erection, use, dismantling
and transit so as to ensure they are safe to use.
1.1.3 DESIGN DOCUMENTATION.
The following list outlines the documentation required and included to validate the
structure.
A general description of the characteristics of the structure, loading
patterns and derivation, design life, operating parameters, including large
deflection behaviour and anisotropic material behaviour.
Information on, and fundamentals of the methodology of shapefinding, the

analysis, computer programs and how to read the input and outputs from
the programs used.
Reports on fire testing and material properties.
Shapefinding and analysis outputs.
Calculations for cables, webbing, and supporting structure.
Drawings showing the layout of the fabric panels, typical seams, interfaces
with cables, webbing and the supporting structure, typical clamping plate
details, foundation and staking requirements, and pretensioning
requirements.
1.1.4 OTHER DOCUMENTATION.
Designers Risk Assessment for the erection and dismantling and typical
use of the structure.
Operators specific risk assessment and H&S policy plus public safety
requirements and documentation specific to the venue.
The following will remain in the domain of the supplier and design team.
Detail fabrication drawings, fabric compensation, patterns, individual
fabrication drawings and clamping plates, cable and webbing patterns etc.
and copyright.

4. DESIGN PARAMETERS, REQUIREMENTS AND

CHARACTERISTICS OF TENSILE 1.
1.1.5 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.
The following is a synopsis of the design requirements of Tensile 1.
Design wind gust speed 50m/s upon permanent or special foundations.
Flexible layout configurations ranging from 45m x 45m to 75m x 150m in
15m increments for internal dimensions. External boundaries for the fabric
are 5 metres offset from these dimensions, the guys being offset 12.5m.
Provide a mounting for 30m truss carrying 20 tonnes of equipment
uniformly distributed.
To be used for short periods at temporary venues, be readily erected and
dismantled and transported or stored prior to use at other venues.
Not to be used at venues at which snow or other large distributed (<
0.2kN/m2) vertical loads can be expected.
Utilise British standards as appropriate and design to UK operating
requirements.
Minimum basic foundation loads of 150kN/m2 as a working load, with the
use of appropriate spreaders where this performance requirement is
exceeded or the soil conditions prove incapable of this loading.
Design life. With effective maintenance, and a willingness to repair or
replace parts of the system as required, there is no need for a set limit as
a design life. The maintenance requirements include the need to inspect
the structure whenever it is erected or dismantled and replace all items
either damaged or seen to be failing. Temporary structures, although
more prone to damage arising from the handling, transit and erection
phases, are easily maintained at workshop level.
Base design specified as an enclosed fabric walled structure.
1.1.6 LOADS.
The following loads have been utilised in assessing the performance of the structure.
BS 6399 Parts 1-3 for loads. Adapt for temporary use and short venue
times, i.e. Up to 14 days on a site.
Assume the internal operating temperature does not go below 12.5
degrees Celsius and that snow loads can be ignored as per BS 6661.
A maximum uniform loading of 0.2kN/m2 can be applied to the structure.
This will allow limited access for the purposes of repairing the structure.
A point load of 1.5kN applied in a 300mm square area.
A design gust speed of 50m/sec for the purposes of deriving the design
wind loads.

Membrane dead loads are less than 50N/m2 and can be ignored2 for the
purposes of the design.
Seismic loads can be readily resisted by membrane structures, as the low
mass of the membranes ensures that seismic resistance is an inherent
characteristic of that form of structure.
The curvature and pretension of the membrane are sufficient to prevent
ponding.
1.1.7 THE APPLICATION OF WIND DESIGN CODES TO MEMBRANE

STRUCTURES, OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY.
Commentary on British standard wind codes, etc.
Currently there are two wind codes in common use within the UK (1998). These are
BS CP3 ChV Pt2 and BS6399 Part 2. This latter code is the current code and has
been published and cited to replace BS CP3.
The two codes are notable for the difference in the design philosophy and
complexity. The topic to which they address themselves is also complex, involving
bluff body aerodynamics, atmospheric energy transfer systems, equations of motion
and frictional and turbulence effects to name but a few of the complexities.
The approach is, as always, an amalgam of science and statistics. As the science
and statistical base have moved on since the advent of CP3, BS 6399 reflects this
improvement. The basic wind maps have changed, CP3 relying upon a 3 sec gust
as the defining start point, BS 6399 the 1 hourly mean wind speed. Both have 50
year observation modes.
The codes noted above show an increase in accuracy, the newer code being more
accurate than the former as it does allow for aeroelastic dynamic effects by checking
that the structural design is valid, dynamic structures being outside of the scope of
the code. Neither code was entirely designed with fabric structures in mind.
Fabric structures locally may act aeroelastically . This is shown by the billowing or
fluttering of small areas of fabric as it takes a new shape to gain local equilibrium
with the wind pressures to which it is exposed. This action lies outside of all current
wind codes and can only be accounted for in part by the analysis of the system using
computational modelling. As a small local phenon it has no effect on the overall
structure.
The approach must therefore be to establish a site, or design wind speed and allow
the analysis to take care of the latter actions, knowing that the global behaviour of
the structure is quasi-static and within the parameters set by the codes.
Traditionally a global wind load and pressure has been used on fabric structures, the
local pressure differences being considered to be redistributed by flutter. This
approach also required less computation, and is in part another reason for the high
factors of safety used.
Tensile 1 was designed with reference to local pressure variation. An end section
incorporating two middle sections was utilised as the basis for the model. The roof
design was not compromised by only utilising a part model as all wind directions
2
BS6661 Design, construction and maintenance of single-skin air supported structures, and ASTM
codes

were considered, and coherency and accuracy tests were performed utilising the
model for the Kayam, comparing results for part and whole system models. No
discernible differences were noted from this exercise.
Consideration has been given to erection loads, and failure modes or configurations
that my lead to wind stagnation within the tent. A wind of 25m/sec giving a pressure
coefficient of approximately1.5 to 2 will not exceed the design loads for the specified
system.
Other codes.
Equivalent static gust method, quasi-static assessment, time domain:
Examples: UK, BS CP3 ChV Pt2, France NV65:1976, Australia AS
1170:1983
Admittance method: quasi-static assessment, frequency domain:
Examples: Canada NRCC 17724:1980, Australia AS1170:1983, USA
ANSI A58.1:1982
Some wind data comparisons:
Location Sheffield.
Hourly-mean wind speed not exceeded for more than 50% of the time from
any direction. 4m/s
As above, but not exceeded 1% of the time 12m/s.
Hourly-mean wind speed maximum 5o year return period, 23m/s
Maximum gust speed not likely to be exceeded in a 50 year period 46m/s
1.1.8 WIND LOADS AND THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF
TENSILE 1.
The membrane design for Tensile 1 is designed for a very high gust speed of 50
m/sec. The structure is characterised by the use of a hyperboloid 3 support system
around the Kingpoles, divided by some large areas incorporating flattish anticlastic 4
panels. This shape is a function of the constraints placed upon the structure in order
that it may be transported and erected readily, meeting the required layout criterion
set by the client. The principals of this system have been proven in a series of
smaller tents made prior to Tensile 1 5 such as the Kayam.
Wind is the predominant loading on the membrane as designed. To resist the wind
loads, without excessive flutter, the membrane must have adequate curvature and
pretension. These curving streamlined forms make the adoption of the wind codes
loading formulae and requirements a problem. Wind tunnel testing can help define
the loads more accurately, but are incapable of modelling the large deformations,
which off load the structure through a combination of shape changes and the
alteration of the internal pressure caused by relatively large volumetric changes.
The code clauses are a basis for design, but must be treated with caution and laced
3
Conic shapes.
Saddle shapes.
5
Kayam, this has a 15m module and has been built to 130m x 40m internal dimension. Fabric
external boundaries are 5m outside of this.
4

with judgement derived from experience of the membrane and system under
consideration.
At the design wind speed the membrane of Tensile 1 is exhibiting relatively large
deformations as modelled. These deformations have the effect of significantly
changing the gradient of the anticlastic surfaces, from those liable to cause a local
suction to those capable of causing a positive pressure. Clearly the system will find
an equilibrium position between the two extremes, or potentially flutter between
them. The Kayam when modelled in the same program exhibits similar tendencies
to large deformations with the ability to change the pressure force vectors. Neither
these deformations, nor flutter, have been visible when operating in strong winds.
The loads for the Tensile 1 structure have been derived from the guidance given in
BS 6399 Part 3. A simple model and a more complex load pattern have been
derived, assuming the load system is static and in equilibrium at the commencement
of the gust striking the structure. No attempt has therefore been made to model
load vector changes resulting from the windflow altering with the geometric shape
change of the membrane.
The non-linear response and changes in the load path are reflected in the model.
This is liable to give a conservative estimate of the forces within the system, which
tend to be self-compensating in actual use. Traditionally a global wind force is
calculated and this is modified by a form factor C f , usually approximating to 0.7 or
that order. This is then applied to the whole structure and effectively allows for this
ability to compensate and redistribute loads.
Although membrane structures are for the most part excluded from the provisions of
the code by their dynamic characteristics, the provisions of the code have been
proven to give conservative results in practice and have therefore been adopted as a
basis for the design.
1.1.9 OTHER LOADS, INCLUDING IMPOSED LOADS, SNOW LOAD,
EQUIPMENT LOADS.
The system is required to carry an imposed load of 0.2kN/m2 . This load reflects a
basic requirement for robustness, to ensure the system has sufficient capacity to
deal with unforeseen climatic conditions, allow limited access in the event of, or need
for inspection or repair, and ensure that the design pretension is sufficient to cater for
these eventualities.
This load is not the maximum the system is capable of resisting, but is a reasonable
compromise on the likely everyday loads the structure is liable to be exposed to
whilst fulfilling its design function.
Temporary structures, which are designed to be portable and easily erected, are
often limited by their ability to derive the required support from the stakes and
anchors securing them. In many instances this practical limitation will set the
everyday operating parameters for the structure, long before the fabric or members
reach their limits. Special foundations and prepared sites will be required to achieve
the higher specifications and structural limits.
The structure has been checked to ensure that a concentrated load of 1.5kN is
capable of support. This simulates the action of a person walking on the tent.
The structure has not been designed to resist snow loads. This reflects the realities
of the hire market within which the tent is to be used. It is not a reflection on the
9

membranes ability to carry this load if required, although the Kingpoles are limited to
0.2kN/m2 when carrying 20 tonne loads from equipment suspended from flying
trusses on the balerings. With these loads removed there is a considerable ability to
carry higher vertical loads on the membranes. In reality many areas of the
membrane are capable of shedding snow loads because of the smoothness of the
material and the local gradient. Additionally the Tent master, responsible for the safe
operation and deployment of the structure, will clear the structure of snow
accumulations in the event of accidental exposure to snowloads, or dismantle the
structure when snow is forecast.
Gearhouse Structures has specified equipment loads equivalent to a 20 tonne load
on a truss. These loads will be applied rarely, and can be considered as an extreme
condition. This loading will not be a regular feature of the operation of the structure.
1.1.10 OBTAINING COHERENT FACTOR OF SAFETIES FOR THE STRUCTURE.
Tensile 1 is an amalgam of many parts, many of which have been fabricated or
manufactured to a British or Continental standard. Each set of standards has a set
of safety factors built in. These safety factors may be made up in a variety of ways,
but each global safety factor is met to incorporate the variables to which the system
or component is exposed.
Examples of these variables are:
Loads and load systems
Manufacturing tolerances
Material variations
Accuracy of the analysis
Accuracy of installation, wear and tear, and the use to which the
component is exposed, etc.
The present fashion, utilised by the recent British Standards and Eurocodes is to use
partial safety factors, each theoretically derived from a statistical probability analysis,
to access the risk associated with each stage of the processes outlined above.
Some of the older codes are not transparent, and the derivation of the FOS is not
immediately apparent, and may reflect use and custom rather than a detailed risk
assessment. Additionally the use to which the component or material is exposed in
the operation of Tensile 1 may not reflect that for which it was originally designed.
These requirements require factoring in if a coherent FOS is to be achieved in which
the likely hood of the failure of a component is equal, and the public is guarded from
risk of injury to the required standard.
An additional complication to be added to the adjustment and formulae, is the nature
of Tensile 1 and the requirements set by Gearhouse Structures for the design,
namely portability and a very high design wind speed
An example of how the FOS may vary with correction for use can be illustrated by
considering the load path from the anchors to the webbing belts and fabric.
Anchor system, minimum testing FOS=2
Shackle FOS=5
Cable FOS=7
10

Chains FOS=5
Steel clamping plate and connection FOS 1.5
Webbing FOS=7
Fabric FOS=6.
As considered by the National standards these theoretically, although not actually
have an equal probability of failing under the worst condition on which the standard
considers them appropriate to use, a use for which they are not likely to be exposed
in service on Tensile 1.
Consider also that be replacing the shackle by a fabricated steel plate system the
FOS could be reduced legitimately to around 1.5 and the need for appropriate
adjustments becomes apparent. The adjustments are listed below in the following
section.
The public should not be exposed, or indeed the work force during much of the
erection of the tent. Equally it would be inappropriate to allow public on the site
when winds were gusting above 20-25m/s as this is considered a dangerous level for
human exposure. At 25m/s the FOS of wind loads become 4 times greater than at
50m/s as the wind force is a function of the square of the wind speed. This
requirement when factored in sets an appropriate additional factor at times of public
use.
It is important that Tensile 1 is correctly and securely erected. Should large areas of
fabric be slack, maintenance poor, anchors insufficient, etc. then the margins
allowed as factors of safety will be severely eroded.
1.1.11 FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS), MATERIALS AND LOADS.
The following series of tables gives the factors used in deriving ultimate loads or the
FOS appropriate to a system or material. m is the material partial safety factor: l
loading partial safety factor. The combined factor ml is quoted below.
Steel structural members: ml as BS5950.6
Dead +
Pretension
Imposed
Dead &
Pretension +
imposed
Wind
Dead &
Pretension +
wind
Dead &
Pretension +
Imposed + wind
1.4DP
1.6I
1.4DP+1.6I
1.4W
1.4+1.4
1.2DP+1.2I
+ 1.2W
Static Steel cables and other static cable and anchor systems: m l as below.
Breaking strength
6
Except side poles.
11

Dead +
Pretension
Dead &
Pretension +
Imposed the
greater of
Dead &
Pretension +
imposed + wind
Erection and
dismantling
Dead &
Pretension +
wind
Shackles loaded
centrally and in
accordance with
code, static cable
systems
2.2DP
1.6DP+2.7I or
2.2DP+2.2I
2DP+2I+2W
2 Min with no
personnel
exposed to
danger
5 otherwise.
2DP+2W
2DP+2W or Min
of 2 on other
conditions.
Webbing and polyester ropes, permanently fitted: m l as below.
Breaking strength .
Dead +
Pretension
Dead &
Pretension +
Imposed the
greater of
Dead &
Pretension +
imposed + wind
Erection and
dismantling
Dead &
Pretension +
wind
2.5DP
1.6DP+2.7I
or
2.5DP+2.5I
2.5DP+2.5I
+ 2.5W
2E
2.5DP+2.5
W
12

Fabric and webbing reinforcement: ml as below.
Breaking strength (Based upon mean uniaxial breaking strength). .

Self weight +
4DP
Pretension
SW + Pretension 4
+ Imposed
0.2kN/m2
SW + Pretension 3
+ Wind 50m/sec
Erection and
4
dismantling
SW + Pretension 5
+ 1.5kN point
loads
Moving ropes and cables: m l
Breaking strength .
Erection only
Any static load
system
Erection +
pretensioning
5E
2.0 as
replaceable
cables
2.2
Webbing belt lines, detachable: m l
Breaking strength .
Erection only
Other load
systems,
minimum of
Erection +
pretensioning
5E
2.0 as
replaceable
cables
2.2
13

1.1.12 LOAD PATTERNS.

The largest loads operating on a membrane structure usually originate from wind
induced forces. The Tensile 1 structure is no exception. Positive pressure exists
only on the steeper sides of the cones, or hyperboloid surfaces. In these locations
uniformly distributed climatic loads will not remain on the surface. In other areas the
wind induces suction forces which will remove any previous climatic system load
likely to occur when the structure is utilised within the specified design parameters.
On the basis of the above parameters the structure has been designed for the
following load combinations, and the worst combination taken for the purposes of the
design.
Dead + Pretension
Dead + Pretension + Imposed truss loads
Dead + Pretension + wind parallel
Dead + Pretension + wind orthogonal
Dead & Pretension + wind parallel + truss
loads
Dead & Pretension + wind orthogonal +
truss loads
The membrane loads and system point loads were obtained by analysis in Easy7
with no additional factoring. All loads were factored utilising the appropriate
combinations identified from section 6 to achieve the relevant ultimate, loads or
appropriate design factors of safety.
Other load patterns investigated include point loads of 1.5kN to simulate access
requirements in the field and investigations of loads occurring during the erection
and dismantling procedures.
1.1.13 OPERATING PARAMETERS.
There are two principal constraints on the operation of the Tensile 1 structure. The
first of these arises as a consequence of the chosen design parameters and
specification; the other as a consequence of the mobility of the structure. The first
constraint is that arising from snow, or similar predominantly uniform gravitational
climatic loads. As designed the structure is not to be utilised when these loads are
to be expected. The system has a capability to carry these loads with certain
restrictions on the use of the internal truss system. However further analysis would
be required to verify the capabilities of the structure and derive the forces and
anchoring requirements.
The second constraint arises from use of temporary foundations and stakes as
anchoring systems. These will limit the capabilities of the system to below the
design and material limits for the structure. To achieve the higher limits a permanent
foundation system is probably required.
Summary of the operational constraints for Tensile 1.
Easy: - the membrane analysis software. See the section on analysis.
14

Vertical Imposed loads,

still air conditions,
uniformly distributed
Not greater than

0.2kN/m2 i.e. 20kg/m2 .
Snow loads
None.
Public use or hire,

25 m/sec (50mph)
maximum operational
wind speed.8
Maximum predicted
50m/sec (108mph)
survivable windspeed.
Ideal conditions 9.
Note: wind speed is that arising from the strongest gust. The survivable wind speed
is based upon a need to utilise the structure after a severe storm. The truss system
should be dropped close to the ground, and the membrane protected from damage
arising from flying debris. The above quoted figures relate to the designated design
system with sidewalls, double guys on sidewall poles, etc.
1.1.14 SIDE POLES.
The side poles of Tensile 1 are not a safety critical item for the tent. Failure of the
poles should not jeopardise the safety of the structure; providing it is being operated
within the prescribed design limits and the tent has been properly maintained and
erected.
The side poles have been designed on a modified basis to that which accords with
the principles of BS5950. Traditionally the poles are interwoven with the sidewalls
of the tent. Every second pole then acts in bending from the applied wind loads.
In the basic configuration Tensile 1 has side poles of between 6 to 8 metres in
height, spaced at 2.25m centres. Wind acting on the membrane off-loads the
sidepoles, and would put them into direct tension if they are anchored down
sufficiently well.
Designing the poles for the wind induced bending moments would make the erection
of the tent and poles beyond the capabilities of a single person, and would require
the use of machinery. As the poles are only functioning when the tent is subjected
to an applied down force; the design has been verified on that basis only.
A method of accurately forecasting and measuring site wind speed should be arranged.
Ideal conditions, i.e. Un-damaged fabric, properly erected, guyed to stiff foundations and anchors
capable of taking the loads, and all of the structure in as new condition.
9
15

When subjected to wind loads the poles are assumed to fail. By placing the poles
outside of the sidewall on the windward side this failure mode would be averted. This
would be an option for the tent-master under more extreme wind conditions.
For the axial loaded conditions the sidepoles comply with BS5950 in all regards with
the exception of slenderness.
There are guys and storm guys on the line of the sidewalls at 1.125 metre centres.
The number of potential side pole locations can be doubled if necessary. This facility
will also enable the Tent-master to move internal side poles outside when required,
or place additional external side poles on the windward side. By doubling the
number of sidepoles the ability of the tent to resist vertical loads is enhanced.
1.1.15 MATERIAL PROPERTIES, ANISOTROPIC BEHAVIOUR
The material supplied for the membrane has been obtained with the manufacturers
test certificates and performance data. Additional tests have been undertaken to
verify the manufacturers data, and to obtain information on the relevant data to use
for the purposes of setting the stiffness characteristics of the fabric in the computer
model, and also the stretch and compensation required during patterning. Further
information on testing and the manufacturers test date follows in the section on
testing and the Appendix.
The anisotropic material behaviour is illustrated in the following data.Typical values
for uniaxial test results for the Mehler material give mean warp strength of 80kN/mwidth warp strength and 60kN/m width on the weft. Biaxial strengths of 67% of these
values could be expected. The steepest slope and highest peak value represent the
warp strength and stiffness, and the others in ascending order represent the results
for the warp and bias.
16

The material is said to exhibit anisotropy because it behaves differently across the
two orthogonal axis, and yet differently again when strained across the bias. This
behaviour is a function of the fibre used to make the material, the yarn into which it is
spun, and the manner in which it is woven. For typical membrane fabrics there are
two common weaves. The first of these types include two different weaves; a plain
weave in which the fabric is loosely woven to form a scrim, or a tighter weave which
the yarns touch and form a cloth. Alternatively a fabric can be made in which the
yarn is directly laid over the top of each other. The advantages and disadvantages
of the differing types of fabric can be summarised as follows:
The reasons for the differing behaviour of the material across the warp and weft, the
anisotropic behaviour, will now become more apparent, but first we need to
understand some of the basic characteristics of fabrics and the manufacturing
processes in which they are made.
The long straight yarns of the plain weave are the warp yarns, the yarns interwoven
between the warp yarns are the weft yarns 10. The warp yarns are usually placed
under considerable tension during the weaving process by the action of stretching
them within the loom. The weft is crimped around the warp, adding to the thickness
of the material.
10
Some times called the fill yarns.
17

Type
Advantages
Disadvantages
Loosely woven
plain scrims:
High mechanical adhesion.

High tear strength
Low tensile strength.

Coating between the yarn
openings will be subjected to
excessive wear
Tightly woven
fabrics with plain
weave.
High tensile strength.

Easy to coat with liquid systems.
Plain weave. Laid

cloths.
Two layer thickness.

Very high tear strengths.
Excellent balance of tear and tensile
properties.
Balance of mechanical and
Chemical adhesion.
Only chemical adhesion is made.

There is no mechanical
adhesion.
Low tear strength.
Three layer thickness.
High filling strength.
Low elongation in both warp and
fill.
Poor interaction between warp
and fill fabrics.
When tested under a uniaxial load parallel with the yarn, the predominantly straight
and partially pretensioned warp yarns stretch. The weft has to firstly straighten out,
or flatten, by attempting to crimp the warp. This straightening of the fibres before full
tensioning of the weft ensures that woven weft strains further under any given load.
When tested across the bias the fabric coating predominantly takes the loads. This
is not a recognised test, but can give some useful correlating data for estimating the
correction of deflections when comparing cable net computer models with real
membrane fabric behaviour.
When tested under biaxial loads the woven plain cloths will not reach the breaking
loads that are achieved when tested uniaxially. The act of crimping by the weft
against the warp causes cutting of the yarn fibres and damage to both the weft and
warp yarns. This then limits their strength by comparison with a uniaxial loading.
Typically the strength is 67% of that obtained by testing the weft and warp strengths
uniaxially. A laid up fabric will behave differently to a woven fabric under biaxial
loading. The crimping effect does no occur, and it is possible to balance the strength
in both directions of the cloth lay-up.
Pretensioning before coating, varying the characteristics of the warp and weft
material, and altering the tightness of the weave can also be used to further modify
the material characteristics. It is also possible to alter the angle between warp and
weft, or the lay-up of the plain weaves. It is not necessary to encompass the
behaviour of fabrics with these additional characteristics in this document.
1.1.16 MODELLING ANIOSTROPIC BEHAVIOUR.
The anisotropic behaviour of the fabric is modelled by giving the computer-input files
values for the angle between warp and weft, and also stiffness values for the warp
and weft. The stiffness values were obtained from manufacturers data for the
material, and by a series of tests on material samples that were used to calibrate the
values used in the programme with those obtained by testing. Further samples were
used to verify the manufacturers testing data. The manufacturer supplied test data
relevant to the material that is in the appendix or included in the section on testing.
18

Additional tests were used to confirm the design requirements with regard to
patterning and compensation.
The graphs that are appended, and shown in the section on testing, summarise the
calibration exercise and prove the mean values for strength used in the design. The
important characteristics of the graphs include:
The stiffness; or extension modulus of the fabric. This corresponds in effect
to the Youngs modulus, or modulus of elasticity of the material.
The manner in which the computer generated stiffness tracks the graph for
the tested material. Where the material has been repeatedly strained and a
hysterisis has occurred after the initial set, it can be seen that the line derived
by analysis closely correlates to this condition. A mobile structure is
constantly erected and dismantled, and it is also subjected to cyclic climatic
and environmental loading. Thus it will be subjected to repeated straining
and the material will stiffen as a consequence. The membrane has been
modelled with this stiffening effect allowed for. Any permanent set can be
taken out by adjusting the guys and by compensation allowances when
patterning the fabric.
1.1.17 FIBRES AND COATINGS USED FOR TENSION FABRICS.

A Type number usually classifies architectural fabrics or materials used for
tensioned fabric structures. Most fabrics are in the range of 1 to 4, the higher
strength material being given the higher number.
Materials : Tensioned fabric structures can be constructed from yarns made from a
number of different materials. These include nylon, polyester, glass and aramids,
with fibreglass and polyester being the most commonly used materials. Each
material is characterised by different behaviour.
Nylon: higher strength than polyester but lower extension modulus.
Unstable when exposed to moisture. Degraded by exposure to Ultraviolet
light.
Polyester: Degraded by Ultraviolet light, lower tensile strength than nylon,
but greater stiffness by virtue of a higher extension modulus. Can be more
readily protected from UV light than nylon by blocking coatings.
Glass: high modulus of extension and tensile strength. Intolerant of
repeated flexure by virtue of the relative brittleness of the fibres. Glass
does not degrade when exposed to UV light. Unsuitable for temporary
structures. Needs handling with care.
Aramids: Kevlar is the well-known example of an aramid fibre. Aramids
are an organic material that may have a very high tensile strength. They
are more resistant than glass to repeated flexure, but not as good as
polyester. Aramids also degrade when exposed to UV light.
Coatings: The commonly used coatings for architectural fabrics are:
Polyvinylchloride: (PVC). Commonly used with nylon and polyester fabrics
PVC can be given most colours, is UV light resistant and pliable.
Polytetrafluoroethylene: (PTFE). This compound is chemically inert, stable
in normal environments, resistant to most forms of deterioration. It has
19

high strength and is flame resistant. PTFE is available in a white colour

only.
Silicone: This has excellent UV resistance, flame resistance, high tensile
strength and modulus of elasticity. As with PTFE it is most commonly
used with glass fabrics to give long lasting and dimensionally stable
fabrics.
Toppings: These are added onto the surface of a fabric to resist atmospheric
pollutants, UV light and add give an additional ability to self-clean. The following
materials are commonly used for toppings.
Polyvinylflouride (PVF): commonly used with bot PVC and PTFE coatings
on polyester.
Polyvinyl deneflouride (PVDF): used with polyester fabrics.
Urethane, again used with polyester based fabrics.
Acrylics: again used with polyester based fabrics
20

5. TESTING.
It can be seen from the foregoing that fabrics can have varying characteristics
according to their composition and weave or lay-up. Manufacturing processes can
add another level of variability. There are several test standards for materials. In the
UK BS EN 22286 and BS 3424 are applicable. Parts of the test procedures in this
British Standard also conform to ISO 2286. The Mehler fabric also has DIN testing
certificates and ASTM ratings, which are given here.
Mehler the manufacturer of the Tensile 1 membrane material supplied the following
information for the Type 2 material Valmex 900. The full size copies are appended
for this and the Type 1 material Valmex 700.
Testing to correlate the computer modelled behaviour against that of the real
material gave the simulations that are graphically outputted after the manufacturers
data. It will be noted that once the material has stiffened the relative stiffness of the
model and tested fabric relate closely in all but the direction of the bias, i.e. across
the warp and weft.
As the fabric can load in this direction by combining actions in warp and weft,
without lozenging as much as much as stated by the simulation at working fabric
loads this offers a partial explanation as to difference between the predicted and
actual behaviour of the tent in the field. The background information for this comes
from visual observations on the Kayam when erected during winds that were gusting
up to 90mph, (45m/s.) The following graphs, appended at A4 size, show the
calculated material behaviour versus that obtained by testing.
21

6. PATTERNING.
Patterning is the process by which the calculated surface geometry, stretch and
prestress are integrated to give a manufactured membrane fabric form that acts as
designed, and has the prescribed shape, stiffness, strength and prestress.
Patterning also encompasses other elements such as the connecting members,
webbing and cabling that need integration with the membrane to ensure that the total
system acts in the prescribed manner.
Patterning is accomplished by breaking the three-dimensional surface geometry into
a series of strips that are related to the shape, cloth width and the orientation of the
yarn. The individual elements form 2D surfaces that when placed together form a 3D
approximation to the defined surface geometry.
Allowances must be made for the stretch in the fabric, the formation of joints and the
cut-outs required for clamps and cables and webbing.
The patterns for Tensile 1 were developed on in-house software 11.
11
Patterner by Bruno Postle in conjunction with RE design.
22

7. WEATHER AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS

1.1.18 RAINFALL:
A storm with an intensity of 50mm per hour of rain will deposit approximately 1.2m3
of water on the fabric of the 20-pole version of the tent in a minute. The water will
run-off from the valleys of the tent and will quickly cause local flooding, and affect the
performance of the stakes. Water running of from a height of several metres at a
good velocity also has the ability to seriously erode loose soil. If a rainwater kit is not
used then precautions should be taken to ensure that the run-off does not erode the
soil, and that it is discharged away from the tent and anchors through a temporary
drainage system.
1.1.19 SITE CLIMATOLOGY:
There may be a need to make a more accurate assessment of the local macroclimatic conditions to suit ventilation or more particularly a simplified erection system.
Most countries have a design wind code from which an assessment of the tent
performance could be made. These are available through the BSI with an English
translation. A series of graphical outputs from the analysis with loads from the key
system points for differing wind speeds and directions would help with determining
the correct configuration.
Snow loads: the effect of these loads as against any revised design criterion will
have to be evaluated.
Topographical features, structures or other influenecs liable to affect the winds
impinging on the structure of Tensile 1 should be assessed whenever possible. Site
where these features are likely to severly distabilise or accelereate the wind should
be avoided.
1.1.20 OPEN SIDED TENT WITHOUT SIDEPOLES AND SIDEWALLS, ETC;
It is probable that other configurations, other than those assumed in the initial design
for the tent, will be required. Should a structure or display be mounted within the
Tensile 1 tent, when erected in an open sided configuration, this may well cause a
complete change in the wind-loads that the tent is exposed to. It will then be
necessary to:
Re-access the tent wind loads
Re-run the membrane analysis, and re-evaluate the anchorages and
maximum wind exposure levels for the structure.
In particular the possibility of any internal structures acting as wind obstructions;
shedding wind into the membrane needs to be considered.
23

1.1.21 UNUSUAL WEATHER.

The following weather systems or patterns are examples of weather systems that
may be problematical.
Ice accretion and snow systems particularly where the ice or snow
sticks or adheres to the membrane.
Micro-bursts and other severe wind turbulence with potential for
high vertical wind components.
Tornados, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons and other strong
cyclonic wind systems
Thunderstorms and other severe storm cells.
1.1.22 SEISMIC DESIGN, AREAS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, EARTHQUAKES

ETC;
There are many areas of the world where seismic and volcanic activity are a threat.
Dust and storms associated with volcanic activity would mean that areas where
current active volcanoes exist would need to be avoided. An active volcano is
defined in this case as a volcano likely, or liable to, deposit ash, noxious gases,
pyroclastic flows, or floodwaters, etc., on the tents location.
Membrane structures are inherently resistant to seismic activity because of the low
mass of the membrane and the ability resist dynamic loads. However the Kingpole
and truss system would need evaluating for this loading system.
Seismic design for the tent under different configurations and seismic events could
be undertaken either to the American or European codes.
The load events would need to be evaluated according to location, or alternatively a
unique set of data, similar to the 50m/sec. wind event, could be checked
24

1.1.23 ONE HOUR MEAN WIND SPEEDS EUROPE 50YR RETURN PERIOD
25
Tensile 1
Method Statement

Braintree, Essex
CM7 3HY
Tel: +44 (0) 1376 328961
Fax: +44 (0) 1376 553468

Part 2 ERECTION MANUAL
1. ERECTION METHOD
2.1.1 Anchors and setting out:
In most cases all anchors and the correct setting out and marking will have been
undertaken prior to the arrival of the components to the site. This work will be
undertaken by the setting out team (T1Prelim). For completeness the methods for
setting out have been added to this document.
2.1.2 Erection Procedure
The following section covers the erection of Tensile1. A previous version may be
referred to in the Tensile 1 Design and Operations Manual which was written by
Mr Rudi Enos.
There are seven major areas of concerns for those responsible for the erection of
Tensile 1. . These are:
The safety and welfare of all those working on the erection. Those not
required, or who have no immediate need to be present, should not be
within the safety zone, and those within the area should be trained,
competent personnel who clearly understand the risks and dangers that
are involved. The safety zone should be clearly established, and marked
on the ground. Only those authorised should be within this zone, and this
authorisation should be clearly labelled by the displaying of a photographic
pass appended to the clothing. PPEs, as identified by the risk analysis,
should be worn at all times.
The use of the correct rigging equipment and procedures with correctly
rated and maintained equipment with valid certification.
Ensuring that the system does not become overloaded and that all of the
major components are erected correctly and the loads remain within the
stated design limits.
The anchorage and stakes are correctly rated for the fitting and loads that
are liable to occur.
When the roof is being raised, there is a period when the structure is not in
full control, so high winds may require delays in hoisting.
When the A-frames are being raised, the roof may be overloaded along a
geodesic surface that has insufficient capacity and will tear.
Pretension the membrane to ensure that the correct surface shape and
profile are obtained. This may require the use of the side poles to define
the membrane edge shape.

2. PROCEDURE AND CHECKS.

The following safety procedures should be followed during the erection of Tensile1.
These procedures are based upon the usual green field site venue and may require
adaptation for special sites or the use of permanent foundations.
Pre-Erection Check. It is absolutely essential that this following check is
undertaken prior to commencing erection and the placement of the anchor and
staking systems.
Has the site been investigated and all hazards reported and marked. Is
the site cleared for the safe use and erection of Tensile 1. Is all of the
relevant paper work in place and hazards marked, enclosed by barriers or
the correct warning signs.
Weather information check for significant risks from winds etc. Do not
consider erecting the fabric when winds in excess of 10m/s are forecast.
Met Office http://www.met-office.gov.uk , 0336 411 211 international info,
0374 555 876 or 0374 555 828 for UK info.
The erection of Tensile 1 cannot take place until the Operations Manager has this
information and the Erection Manager has sighted this documentation and signed to
state that he is familiar and appraised of all of the risks associated with the chosen
location. The wind speed should be constantly monitored using portable and site
anemometers.
Erection. Stage 1 kingpoles, headtrees and electrical assemblies. Responsible
Officers are the Operations Manager and the Erection Manager
Significant risks:
The following are considered significant risks:
Unauthorised personnel within the safety zone.
Unqualified or inexperienced staff and personnel.
Incorrectly rated rigging or incorrectly rigged assemblies.
The use of damaged or derated equipment.
Anchors or stakes incapable of carrying the correct loads.
Anchors or stakes coming loose.
Rigging and running lines failing or becoming trapped.
Lifting Motors failing or the brakes failing.
Falling rigging and kingpoles.
Electrical short-circuits or shocks to personnel.

Weather changes, or changes in the ground stratum caused by changes in

the weather.
Accidents involving mechanical plant.
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
Plant required;
The following plant are required:
All terrain forklift.
Screw Anchor Driving plant
Stake driving plant.
Anchor testing plant.
Tirfors, pulllifts, electrical winches.
Hammers
All terrain lifts.
The following outlines the procedures for the erection of Tensile 1kingpoles.
Item
Description
Establish and cordon of the safety zone. Check and identify

the credentials of all the personnel involved and issue the
correct permits, IDs and PPEs. Allocate roles and
responsibilities to the relevant personnel and ensure that all
personnel are familiar with the chain of command, procedures,
facilities and layout of the site, and any hazards of risks
particular to the site.
Identify the marking out, and load the correct equipment

into the areas.
Place and position stakes and anchors as required for the

location and the site.
Checked
by/time date

Item
Description
Place the kingpole bases and balerings, plus the kingpole

units into location and attach to the adjoining sections.
Stake the bases into location. Connect the rigging. A set of
temporary diagonal guys will be needed to support each set
of poles until the final set are raised. Undertake a thorough
inspection of the components and layout1. Check that the
80 metre lifting cable is connected to the 28 metre
connecting cable.
Place and connect the Headtree as per the drawing,

ensuring that the rigging and motors are correctly supported
and placed.
Recheck the rigging for snagging and then identify and

check that all the correctly rated rigging is in the required
location. Check that spacers are in place as required on
the shackles.
Place all of the required electrical equipment and

accessories after all of the traffic and tracking by plant in
the area has been completed.
Place the lifting frames onto the kingpoles and rig as per
the assembly drawings
Recheck the anchorages and electrical accessories.

Obtain the permission of the responsible Electrician that all
is in order to proceed with the lift.
10
Recheck the anchorages and electrical accessories.

Obtain the permission of the responsible Electrician that all
is in order to proceed with the lift.
11
Tension the system, check all fittings and running lines.
12
Lift the kingpole clear of the ground and place on the support.
13
Dress the top of the kingpole with the flag-staff and the
fabric covering system.
Drawings 278 and 281
Checked
by/time date

Item
14
Description
Checked
by/time date
Do a final check on the rigging and running lines prior to

lifting to the kingpoles of the supports. Place a man on every
back anchor position to check for movement. When all is
ready continue the lift. When the poles are nearly vertical
incrementally inch to the plumb vertical position. The poles are
liable to sway until the securing guys are tensioned and need to be watched
closely. Poles may be lifted as a synchronised set, or in short lifts as pairs,
maintaining a balance in the connecting guys.
15
As soon as the King Poles have been hinged vertically they

should be checked for 'plumb' in both planes and then made
secure to avoid any possible danger.
16
17
Utilising the anchored kingpoles as the lifting frame, repeat

the relevant procedure for the remaining kingpoles on the
opposite side of the tent. When almost vertical, lateral instability at
Remove the lifting frame.
the head will also occur with these kingpoles and again care is
needed until tensioned guys secure them .
18
Check that the rigging and anchors are all secure, making
fast with the chains and shorteners.
19
Place and connect the balerings. 2 Check all lifting fittings

are free to move as required and correctly attached with
spacers as required.
20
Clear the centre of the structure within the area of the roof
of any tools, materials or items that may damage or puncture
the fabric.
Erection Stage 2, the roof fabric stage. Responsible officers the Operations
Manager and the Erection Manager.
Significant risks:
Drawing 276

Rigging and running lines failing or becoming trapped.
Lifting Motors failing or the brakes failing.
Falling rigging and kingpoles.
Electrical short-circuits or shocks to personnel.
Weather changes, particularly wind increases that will endanger the

partially erected structure, or changes in the ground stratum caused by
changes in the weather. Obtain a three day forecast from the Met Office
Weather Centre
Damage to hands from handling the sheeting, particularly when soaked.
Personnel climbing the kingpoles or fabric and falling.
The following outlines the procedures for the erection of Tensile 1roof fabric. The
method is written assuming a level site. Adjustment in the levels and angles given
will be required to allow for sites with undulating or sloping surfaces. It is usual on
an evenly sloping surface for the tent to be erected at right angles to the surface
(assuming slope angles less than 10 degrees). For undulating surfaces a common
level is given for the top of the kingpoles and all other items referenced to this.

Item
Checked
Description
by/time date
3
21
Layout and place the A Frames into the correct locations .

The lifting points are to face in towards the centre of the tent
and be placed upon a stand to avoid damaging the fabric.
Attach lifting lines to the top of the A Frames and attach to the
anchors with tirfors or winches.
22
Ensure that all side guy anchors are in place as per drawing
313.
23
Place the sheet pallets into the correct locations and unload
the sheets 4.
24
Attach sheets to the neighbour using the correct pins.
25
Attach belts to balering, and sheets to belts and balering with

correct pins and fittings.
26
Attach the webbing and fabric as required to the A Frames.

This operation may wait until the fabric has been initially lifted
by the balering if necessary.
Attach the rainflaps and waterproofing system.

27
It is essential that the roof is secured to the King Poles at the

lifting points with the fastenings provided.
28
Attach side guys to anchors and belting lines to anchors.
29
Before raising the roof all lifting gear must be checked to

ensure that it is in a sound condition and securely
attached. If it is excessively windy or there are problems
with soft ground conditions then the erection of the unit
should not be attempted.
See drawing 275, 281 and 313
Drawing 281

Item
30
Description
Before any attempt is made to lift the structure check

that all of the main guys, pins and stakes are secure.
No-one should stand beneath the roof until the lifting

gear and the main structure has been secured
During lifting, the roof must be kept fairly level at all

times, and regular checks should be made to ensure
that nothing is caught or snagging.
Additional brace webbings must be used during windy

conditions.
Update the weather information for the next 72 hours
Use the side guys to control the membrane in a breeze.
31
Commence the lifting of the fabric roof by lifting the balerings to

a level approximately 4 metres above the base of the kingpole.
Note that when lifting the tent roof on the balerings, the
balerings must be maintained close to level at all times.
32
Starting on two opposite corners and working anti-clockwise

commence pulling the A Frames towards the vertical. The
initial A Frame to be lifted approximately to a 60 degree angle
to the horizontal initially, facing the centre of the tent. Watch
for geodesic lines running from the A frame head through the
material and stop lifting when this occurs. Move onto to the
next frame in the anti clockwise direction and repeat, limiting
the lift when the geodesic line appears in the fabric.
33
In this manner both teams work around the tent until all of the
A Frames have been lifted to the initial position set by the
formation of a geodesic line through the fabric.
34
The teams then continue pulling the A Frames pass the

vertical and into the final position at an angle approximately 70
degrees to the horizontal.
35
Lift the centre fabric of the roof to a level approximately 1416metres above the base of the kingpoles.
36
Adjust all of the A Frames and side-pole guys and ratchet

them into the required final position approximately 60 degrees
to the vertical, facing away from the centre of the tent.
Checked
by/time date

Item
Description
38
Lift the centre of the tent on the balerings to the final height of
approximately 22metres above the base of the kingpoles.
Dress out and tension the structure by pulling out the guys and
adjusting the balering positions.
39
Clear the site of tools, check dressing out and adjust as

necessary.
40
Dead anchor the balering to the kingpoles to suit the dressing

out.
Checked
by/time date
Erection Stage 3, the walling stage. Responsible officers the Operations Manager
and the Erection Manager.
Significant risks:
Side poles coming loose and dropping.
Tools falling.
Weather changes, particularly wind increases that will endanger the

partially erected structure, or changes in the ground stratum caused by
changes in the weather. Update the weather report.
Damage to hands from handling the sheeting, particularly when soaked.
The following outlines the procedures for the erection of Tensile 1wall fabric. The
method is written assuming a level site. Adjustment in the levels and angles given
will be required to allow for sites with undulating or sloping surfaces.
10

Item
Description
41
Place any trussing system within the confines of the tent and
erect in accordance with the requisite method statement.
42
Identify and load out the side poles, organise this be area and
set the required teams to work.
43
Using the teams erect the sidepoles from the lifting platform
and stake at the base. Adjustable height sidepoles will be
required for undulating surfaces, or alternatively the sidepoles
will need to be angled to suit the variations in surface level.
Ensure that the head of the side poles is correctly fitted.
44
Adjust the dressing out of the tent and reset the kingploe
balering dead anchors.
45
Identify and locate the correct locations for door, emergency

exits and sidewall panel locations.
46
Starting on the windward side, place the wall, door and sidepanels into location, working from the lift as required. This
work may be split into sections with teams as previously noted.
47
Ensure that the base of the walls and head are correctly
anchored, and that adjoining sheets are fitted correctly.
48
Check that all is in order, the Erection Manager can sign the
tent over to the Production manger and T1 Safety Crew.
This assumes that any flying truss members that are required
are in situ as required and tested as necessary.
11
Checked
by/time date

3. ADDITIONAL ERECTION INFORMATION

2.1.3 Section one - Marking out
The marking out for tensile one will usually be undertaken prior to the arrival of the
erection team on site. The marking out team of two will usually require the site plan,
position of the tent and orientation.
The team will usually set out the structure from a co-ordinated grid system utilising a
differential GPS system, marking out the various structural units with spray paint.
Once the position and orientation is established, this setting out and marking can be
achieved by two men working a 12 hour day for two days. 32 large cans of paint, in 4
colours are required and 40 ranging rods for a 16 poler.
Sidepole positions and guys are not usually marked, and have been excluded from
this time analysis. However Sidepole corner locations, and the line running through
the guy positions is, defined again by corner positions, is included in this.
The kingpole and A Frame base positions and orientations are marked with an
outline pattern,
Anchor locations are marked with a star centred on the required driving point.
A marking out grid will usually be given to the Erection Manager with the grid and
reference points.
2.1.4 Anchors and stakes;
The anchor positions are marked on the ground utilising the ranging rods as a guide
to the angle at which the anchors are to be driven (Chance Screw anchors).
An advance team will usually drive the anchors and principle stakes before the main
erection team arrives. Their work may overlap with the Erection Team at times.
All stakes through base plates will be driven after the arrival of the Erection Team
during the setting up and assembly of the components. This work will commence
immediately the baseplates are correctly installed into position.
PLEASE SEE SEPARATE DOCUMENT STAKES & ANCHORS
2.1.5 Checking anchors guys and stakes
Never think that as you have checked the guys and that they are safe and do not
need checking again. Time taken to check and rechecking the guys and anchors is
never wasted.
12

A regular checking and recording system is required. It is recommended that this be

undertaken by the T1 (Safety) staff and recorded in the site diary. The Operations
manager is to implement the scheme and monitor the effectiveness.
13

4. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (ERECTION).

2.1.6 Bearing pressures:
The following bearing pressure can be expected on the base plates as a result of the
loading required.
Kingpoles;
Without staging and trussing the load will not exceed 40kN/m25 in normal service
unless the membrane pretension is increased or a vertical load is applied to the
membrane. (E.g. A uniform membrane load 0.2kN/m 2 gives a baseplate pressure of
320kN/m 2)
A frames.
The A Frames only load as a consequence of the applied pretension. The
recommended pretension is 23.5kN. Base plate loads of the order of 10kN/m2 are
probable.
General Note on baseplate pressures.
Transient loads during the erection sequence may exceed these quoted figures.
Sidepoles can carry up to 22.3kN6 under a uniform load of 0.2kN/m2 (13kN usual
max)
2.1.7 Connecting Kingpoles for Tensile 1 .
Significant risks directly related to kingpole unit assembly:
The use of damaged slings when lifting, this will allow the kingpoles to fall
if they should fail.
Trapped fingers, or damage sustained to hands by hitting them with the

hammer whilst drifting in the pins.
Required plant and tools:
limit set by motor assemby used and recommended pretension as mid 1999.
At webbing belt locations.
14


2 tonne SWL Slings
2lb hammer
Lump hammer
20mm rod to help with alignment
Pinch bars
Sledge hammer
PPEs
Safety or Rigger boots with steel caps, goggles, ear defenders, hard hat, Riggers
gloves, tool pouch with tools on lanyards
The kingpoles consist of 4 principal components, and usually arrive partially
assembled, as a top pole, bottom pole and adjustable base, and a baseplate.
The baseplates are placed and aligned on the prescribed spot, with the hinge line
parallel with the long axis of the tent (4 poles and above), and at right angles to the
opposite kingpole in the tent. The kingpole units are then placed facing out from the
centre in the correct alignment.
The kingpole assemblies require joining at midheight at 4 separate locations. The
joinis by means of a pin assembly. The kingpoles need to be laid out so that the axis
of the holes is parallel to the ground. The kingpoles my require packing to adjust to
height and level, and a forklift to facilitate lifting.
To facilitate joining the units the kingpoles must be placed into alignment, and then
the pins drifted gently through on one side so as to make a hinge assembly. Once
this hinge has been made, the unit may be lifted utilising a forklift or levers so that
the other pins can be gently drifted through to complete the connection.
The baseplate unit is aligned with the adjustable foot, and the securing pin and
spacers, etc. drifted in using a sledgehammer as required. The complete unit is
pinned together, and utilising the forklift placed in the correct final location over the
prescribed baseplate point. The securing pins are then driven through the
baseplate.
Dress the kingpole with the required fittings, cables, dead anchors, etc.
2.1.8 Balering assembly
Significant risks directly related to the balering assembly:
The use of damaged slings when lifting, this will allow the balering units to
fall if they should fail..
15


hammer whilst aligning the units.
2 tonne SWL Slings
2lb hammer
Pinch bars
PPEs
The balering is assembled in two halves around the base of the kingpole. The units
should be placed in location using the forklift. The pins through the base obstruct
access to the base area and make assembly difficult if they are insufficiently
embedded.
Place the units in contact and lever the units over each other so that the projecting
tongues overlap in the required alignment. When aligned place the correct bolt
through the top plate, and repeat on the opposite side. Utilising the services of the
forklift and slings as required lift the balering and support as necessary so as enable
the placing and tightening of the bottom bolts safely.
Tighten the top bolts and check the assembly. Dress the balering with the required
shackles and fittings.
2.1.9 A Frame assembly
Significant risks directly related to the A Frame assembly:
The use of damaged slings and shackles when lifting, this will allow the
units to fall if the slings should fail..

hammer whilst drifting in the pins and bolts.

16

2 tonne SWL Slings
2lb hammer
Lump hammer
Pinch bars
PPEs
The A Frames are assembled from 3 main components. The base units (2#), are
placed in the prescribed location and in alignment with the tent
The forklift is then used to bring the leg units to the location and lay them on the
ground facing the centre of the tent and centred at right angles to a line through the
base units.
The legs are then parted until they are placed at the correct angle to allow
connection to the baseplates. Remove the baseplate pins, and adjust to allow the
pins to be driven through the legs and baseplate to connect the units. Repeat for the
second leg.
Realign the baseplate and frame into the correct location and pin to the ground
utilising the 50mm pins driven through the baseplate holes formed for that purpose.
Dress with guys and shackles as required and lift onto the legs supports to allow the
positioning of the roof fabric.
2.1.10 Assembling and raising the truss sections.
Significant risks directly related to the A Frame assembly:
The use of damaged slings and shackles when lifting, this will allow the
units to fall if the slings should fail..

hammer whilst drifting in the pins and bolts.

17

2 tonne SWL Slings
2lb hammer
Lump hammer
Pinch bars
PPEs
SWL 20 tonnes evenly distributed, with a maximum node load of 1 tonne.
The truss units comprise of three primary units that unfold and pin together.
The units are laid flat in sequence and in the correct alignment. Utilising wooden
packers; to lift the units clear from the ground, and slinging the units from the forklift,
pull the sections apart and connect utilising the attached members, to form the
individual sections.
When completed, align these sections and connect to the centre section, utilising the
pin sections.
Hang from the lifting slings and align between the kingpoles.
Cross brace between the centre sections and ends of the truss, and tighten to
maintain the correct alignment.
Lift into location and dead anchor.
2.1.11 Section Seven - Dressing Out
The Tensile1 can now be 'dressed out' (pretensioned). A simple visual check is all
that is needed to ensure that the roof is pulled out in a regular manner. To check if
the roof is 'regular', stand on looking along one axis (long or short), and look carefully
down the tent. The joins of the tent should be in line from one end of the tent to the
other. With no wrinkling in the roof, or pulls or creases, (effectively, the roof is pulled
out 'flat'), and the main seams are in line, the tent is correctly shaped. To achieve
this balance it is necessary for the balering's on different king poles to be lifted to the
same height in respect of the roof membrane and each other.
18

2.1.12 Section Eight - Pretension

The roof can be correctly dressed but be insufficiently tensioned! It is necessary to
pretension the roof, prior to it being tensioned by wind loads. Unless the structure is
new and requires stretching, the roof should sit in it's intended shape without too
much tension in the plane of the roof; therefore tension radially as well as down the
seams. The rim must be taut, and this is achieved by adjusting the sideguys and
adding a radially tension around the surface of the roof. To obtain the correct
balance of forces within the tent, and shape, it is possible that some adjustment of
the balering positions will be required. The aggregate load on the balering resulting
from the tensioning process is approximately 4.5tonnes.
2.1.13 Section Nine - Signing Off
Upon completion of the erection, and when the Erection Manager has completed all
the final inspections, Gearhouse Structures Ltd. Require the manager to sign the
structure off. Signatures should be appended on all of the required completion
checks. Upon receipt of the Production managers counter signature, the Erection
Manager will hand over the day to day responsibility to the Production Manager and
the T1 Safety crew.
2.1.14 Dismantling the Tent:
Dismantling the tent is effectively a reverse of the erection process. The risks
associated with dismantling the tent are those associated with erection, and should
be referred to when briefing staff.
Summary;
Remove truss and stage systems

Check inside for obstructions and debris, clear as necessary.
Check the wind speeds and predicted weather for day
Dismantle sidewalls and doors and associated stakes
Check inside for obstructions and debris, clear as necessary.
Disconnect dead anchors on kingpoles
Lower balerings to approximately 16m above datum (Approximately 6m)
Remove tension from leeside sidewall guys, and remove every second guy
Move leeward A Frames to vertical position by allowing them to pull back
Reduce tension on windward side side poles and A Frames as previously
noted. Only remove every second sidewall guy if the conditions permit this.
Lower balerings to approximately 12m above the ground.
Lower the A Frames into the centre of the tent in a reversal of the erection
sequence, taking care to avoid overstressing the fabric and fittings along
geodesic lines as previously stated in the erection sequence.
Lower balerings to ground.
19

Remove guys to sidepoles, and all anchors liable to foul the fabric.
Remove the A Frames and fittings
Disconnect the fabric and roll this up.
Place the boxes into location and load.
Remove the kingpoles in a reversed operation to that of erection.
Remove all remaining anchors
Check all equipment and pack for transport and storage.
20

5. ACTION IN HIGH WINDS AND OTHER ADVERSE CONDITIONS.

The following advise in given as an assistance to the Operations Manager and
Erection Manager. The experience of these two key personnel, and the crew
responsible to them, is crucial when dealing with these difficult conditions.
2.1.15 High Winds during erection and dismantling:
Maximum advised wind speed <10m/s (20mph) during erection and
dismantling.
Tensile 1 should never be erected or dismantled in high winds. Long range (5 day),
and 24hr weather forecasts should be accessed to ensure this does not occur.
Should the erection team find themselves in the difficult position of erecting or
dismantling the tent when high winds strike then the current advise is as follows.
Before starting any work ensure the team are aware of all current risks assessments
for the actions they will be undertaking.
Rule #1-never endanger life. Keep a cool head. Be aware!
There is likely to be more happening than can be easily assimilated. It is therefore
essential that the actions and processes necessary have been thought through
previously.
Before erecting kingpoles:
All groundwork can be completed in any comfortable wind environment. Where the
item has a large wind area, the comfortable handling of that item will set the limit.
The anticipated limits are 20-24m/s and 14m/s respectively.
Whilst erecting kingpoles;
The current limits for erecting the kingpoles are 10m/s for side wind conditions, and
for winds acting along the length of the kingpole 20m/s. As the wind direction can
vary quickly it is advised that the lower limit be adhered to. The side wind condition
is set in recognition of the sensitivity of the kingpole whist vertical and prior to
tensioning and adjusting guys.
In the event of wind speed exceeding these limits during erection the kingpoles
should be lowered if it is safe to do so. Otherwise stop the lift and guy tight into
position.
21

Erecting the roof

The fabric roof should not be lifted in winds gusting above 10m/s. In the event that
these conditions are exceeded whilst lifting, the roof should be immediately lowered,
and the side pole guys utilised to stake the fabric tight if required. If the tent is almost
erected, and is in the process of dressing out, then if safe to do so, finish the
operation and make tight, completing the operation of final dressing out when safe to
do so.
Erecting sidewalls.
Sidewall placement is difficult when the wind speed exceeds 10m/s. It is important
that the tent is fully configured with all sidewalls if the wind speed is likely to exceed
30m/s. A partially configured tent may be a significant risk as the wind may stall
under the membrane and exceed the design loads.
If this condition occurs it is best to allow the side walls to stream in the wind and
allow the clear passage of the wind.
2.1.16 High winds when erected
Tensile 1 has the following design and operating advisory limits:
Design wind Speed
50m/s
Limit for public use
25m/s
Survivable wind speed
>35m/s
The term survivable wind speed has been used because it is the point at which the
wind environment becomes very hostile for personnel. Wind born debris, falling
trees and other hazards will become a significant risk. Personnel will have great
difficulty in standing and functioning properly.
Tornados, micro bursts and vertical wind shears, katabatic winds and turbulent
vortices are outside of the performance envelope of Tensile 1 and will cause
premature failure of the structure. Areas in which these winds will occur should be
avoided, or alternatively special precautions put in place which are outside of these
recommendations.
A properly anchored, fully maintained, correctly constructed Tensile 1will withstand a
50m/sec-wind speed under absolutely ideal conditions. In practice the structure will
rarely function at these levels of efficiency. The wind environment will not be clean,
as there will be large amounts of wind blown debris in evidence. This debris will
damage and weaken the fabric such that it will fail long before the design limit has
been reached.
Providing all openings are secure, the sidewalls in place, and the tent properly
dressed and anchored, the tent will withstand extreme winds. The practicable limit
for the safety of personnel must be around 35m/sec. Flying debris may well place a
22

actual limit well below this. Therefore the recommended method for dealing with
forecast high winds, to ensure crew safety, and in absence of further data must be
as follows:
v Whenever possible, lower the tent and strap down the fabric so that the
wind will pass over the fabric.
v In all cases the Operations Manager is to appoint a Safety Officer responsible
for deciding the safe limit for crew operations. (The Operations Manager
(T1OM) or Erection Manager (T1EM) may act as the Safety Officer, or appoint
another competent person as required )
v Have an agreed place of safety for crew.
v Have an agreed communication signal and method that can be heard or seen
by the crew and will inform them of the immediate need to recover to the
place of safety.
v Evacuate all members of the public, and advise other Event functions down
wind of any potential dangers.
v Check for upwind hazards and monitor as necessary.
v Have members with radio communications call regularly and advise the
Safety officer of the local conditions.
v Secure the tent and anchors and make the structure as weather tight as
practicable.
v Monitor the performance of the structure as the wind speeds increase. Log
wind speeds and video the performance of the structure if possible.
v Whilst safe to do so, supplement anchors and repair damage.
v Avoid placing the crew in danger. Do not work on the membrane or inside
when the structure starts to load significantly, flutter or behave in an unsafe
manner.
v Ensure the Safety Officer is aware of all crew actions and clears them before
commencing the work.
v NEVER RISK LIVES, LIMBS, OR THE SAFETY OF THE CREW OR THE
PUBLIC.
v IF SAFETY IS IN DOUBT, DO NOT ATTEMPT THE COURSE OF ACTION
THAT WILL IMPERIL THE INDIVIDUAL OR CREW.
v Ensure that the crew roster is available to check that all crew members are
safe.
v Where and when the structure of Tensile1 poses a risk to others at an Event,
the Safety Officer is to keep them fully informed and appraised of the risks so
that they may act accordingly and ensure the safety of their own personnel.
v Keep contemporary records, record all actions, times and warnings in the
Hazard log and diary.
The dangers to be aware of are:
Anchors and fittings pulling because of the movement of the fabric.

23

Debris flying into a damaging the fabric. This may lead to a total failure of a
sheet. Sheet failure may cause a large increase in the internal pressure as
the wind stalls within the tent. This in turn may lead to total failure.
It is probable that the Tensile 1may be used as a shelter without side walls. On its
own the units can in all probability resist loads of up to 35m/s, although this has not
been confirmed structurally.
However, event units within the membrane diverting or stalling the wind will
significantly reduce this figure. This configuration should therefore only be used in
very sheltered locations where winds below 15m/s can be expected at ground level.
2.1.17 Snow, Rain and other loads.
Minimum internal temperature 12.5 C in freezing or snow conditions .
The membrane has not been designed to withstand snow loads. Properly
configured, a uniform membrane load of 0.2kn/m2 can be resisted. This is roughly
equivalent to 200mm of fresh uncompacted snow. Snow must never be allowed to
accumulate on the membrane, either by ensuring that the membrane is heated or
cleared manually where this does not expose the operatives to risk.
Rain is unlikely to overload the tent unless this is allowed to pond. Ponding can only
occur when the fabric is loose, or misshapen, and subjected to a heavy deluge.
The only other significant vertical load likely to affect the membrane is wind blown
sands or volcanic ashes. These should be immediately cleared if safe to do so.
Always evacuate the tent if any of the conditions described is or is liable to occur.
Only send personnel onto the roof if it is safe to do so, when panels are not
liable to rip or fittings fail, and when no other course of action is possible. Try
clearing the membrane with hot air pumped inside, or jetted water in the case of dust
loads.
The Operations Manager is to appoint a Safety officer and implement the
recommendations above for as for high winds.
Do not endanger life, failure of the tent is preferable.

2.1.18 Maintenance requirements and the affect upon performance
Basic maintenance should include a wash down with warm soapy water to keep the
structure clean. The fabric should then be stored when dry.
Inspection, when ever the structure is erected or dismantled should include checks
on the fabric for tears and holes, fraying of webbing systems, pulled or damaged
bolts, pins and fittings, checks on wire rope assemblies, mechanical parts and the
certification of the same.
Premature failure of any one component will jeopardise the performance of the
structure. The exact change in performance will vary with the type of failure and can
24

not be readily predicted. An unexpected failure will always pose a major threat to the
safety and wellbeing of those working or utilising the tent.
The tear strength of a damaged fabric is a fraction (<20% typical) of the intact fabric.
The actual consequence of a hole or tear will vary with the position and likely loading
of the fabric. Many areas are more highly stressed than others and can be shown on
a stress diagram. The tent is also heavily reinforced with webbing systems, and if
these are fully bonded to the fabric substrate these will reduce the effects of any
damage by limiting the run of the tear and carrying the load.
Repairing large tears or rips by sending personnel onto the erected fabric is
not safe. The structure should be lowered and repaired.
2.1.19 Difficult Sites and non-standard configurations.
Difficult sites and non-standard erection configurations will be dealt with by referral to
the design team and specialists. This work will be controlled through the office of the
Operations Manager.
The results of the studies will be disseminated by the operations Manager to the
requisite field managers and a thorough briefing document prepared with the
required risk analysis and data.
25

6. GLOSSARY
neck or necks
Tapered top part of a tent section
section
The large fabric assemblies that form a tent
panels
The individual pieces of fabric that when seamed, form a

section
bale ring
The lifting ring(s) used to hoist the fabric of a tent. After the
ring used to hoist sails on ships.
Guy
Tie back or mast stabilising rope, cable or webbing.
king pole
The main or central poles or a tent or membrane.
horseshoe
The 'U' shaped brackets used to fasten the fabric to the bale.
26
Tensile 1
STAKES & ANCHORS.

Braintree, Essex
CM7 3HY
Tel: +44 (0) 1376 328961
Fax: +44 (0) 1376 553468

1. STAKES AND ANCHORS

The tent is totally dependent upon the stakes and ground anchors for stability.
Therefore the stakes and anchors capabilities should always be proven using site
tests, or from the tent-masters previous knowledge of the soil and site conditions.
There are many types of stakes and ground anchors available. In addition,
manufacturers such as A. B. Chance make systems for this type of temporary
structure 1. The following data and information has been compiled using data and
research undertaken by Ovesen and Stromann (1972) for computing the ultimate
resistance of ground anchors in sand; and by Mackenzie (1955) and Tschebotarioff
(1973) in cohesive materials. For comparison, other work by Broms (1964) has been
included at the rear of this section.
Position
Side pole (webbing belt)
Side pole (normal)
Side pole guy (webbing belt)
Side pole guy (normal)
End Outer Tie downs
Mid Outer Tie downs
End Inner Tie downs
A frames
SWL
105kN
23.0kN
148.0kN
27.5kN
107.0kN
308.0kN
135.5kN
123.5kN
Degrees
to Horiz.
45
45
45
45
43
62
46
45
Anchor loads at 50m/s wind speed

Two types of stake have been considered in this guide, and one pullout anchor. The
stakes are a pin of 50mm nominal diameter with an embedded length of 1.37m, and
a 175mm wide beam of 3 metres embedment. These are similar to the systems
currently used on the Kayam, and have been used successfully for a number of
years. The values given below in the graphs represent an anchor loaded at the
centre of area in the ground. For stakes loaded at the top, parallel with the ground
surface, these loads should be halved (1/2) where the soil acts plastically as it
deforms, or if failure occurs at the point the soil mass reaches the elastic critical
stress, by one third (1/3). As the load on the stakes is usually inclined from the
ground contour to give a vertical component the later value of 1/3 is probably more
appropriate
See manual 2 for further information on these types of anchor.

Location of points described in the text.

15
17
SWL KN for
50mm stake embedded
1370mm in the soil.
Dry soil co nditio ns.
=45
=40
=35
=30
=25
60
60
40
40
20
20
Loose sand
15
17
Soil Density
Dense sand
dense angular
gravelly silty sand.
Above is the output graph for a nominal 50mm width stake embedded1370mm in dry
granular material.
For a material with a dry density of 16.5 kN/m3 () and an angle of shearing
resistance () of 35 degrees a SWL (Safe working load) of 28kN can be estimated
from the graph. This value corresponds to the SWL for the stake loaded at the
centre of soil area. To allow for the load being applied to the top of the stake this
SWL should be further reduced to between 14 and 10kN. The choice is dependent
upon the soil characteristics, the angle to the ground contour line at which the stake
is placed, and the line in which the load action occurs. For most applications the
lower value is appropriate.
The largest concentrated load at a system point on Tensile 1 is of the order of 300kN
when using guyed sidewalls. Using a system of stakes based upon the 175mm wide
units embedded in a soil with the same characteristics as the previous example, and
assuming the spacing was sufficient to prevent them interacting, then each stake
would give a SWL of 305kN/3=102kN. For a 300kN load a system of 3 stakes
would be required.
Staking in saturated granular material is not to be recommended. Using formulae
developed from the previous estimates the graphs in the appendices give an
estimate of the SWL that can be expected. Alternatively a known value for sat and
sat can be used to look up values on the graphs for a dry material to gain an
estimate of the SWL. For most cases no reasonable capacity can be expected.
Only extremely dense material with a high angle of friction gives a consistent, but
low, pullout load. Permanent or tested foundations must be used where these
conditions are liable to occur.
4

To estimate for granular soils the following table proposed by Terzaghi and Peck
may be used.
Round grains
uniform.
Angular grains
well graded.
Silty sands.
Sandy gravels.
Inorganic silts.
Loose
27.5
33
27-33
35
27-30
Dense
34
45
30-34
50
30-35
When saturated the angle of should be reduced by 2 degrees from the above
figures.
The following graph relates the SPT (standard penetration values) on the vertical
0
Very
Loose
Loose
30
Medium dense
Dense
35
very dense
40
20
40
SPT versus angle of shearing resistance .

60
30
35
40
scale, to the angle of shearing resistance for granular soils.

The following table after Das et al gives typical moisture contents and dry-unit
weights for some soils.
Void ratio
e
Type of soil
Loose uniform sand

Dense uniform sand
0.8
0.45
Loose angular-grained silty sand

Dense angular grained silty sand
Stiff clay
Soft clay
Loess
Soft organic clay
Glacial till
0.65
0.4
0.6
Natural
moisture
content in
saturated
condition
(%)
30
16
25
15
21
Dry unit
weight
3
kN/m
d
Saturated
weight
3
kN/m
sat
14.5
18
Down to 9
16
19
17
9 to 12.5
9 to 12
10-13
9 to 13.5
0.9-1.4
0.9
2.5-3.2
30-50
25
90-120
11.5-14.5
13.5
6-8
6.5 to 9.5
0.3
10
21
10 to 13.5
6 to 9
0.5 to 4

2. STAKES AND ANCHORS IN CLAY SOILS:

The following table gives the values for undrained shear strength for some common
UK clays with their description. The clays found at or near the surface
Description
Hard boulder clays, hard fissured clays (e.g. deeper London and Gault
Clays)
Very stiff boulder clay, very stiff blue London Clay
Stiff fissured clays (e.g. stiff blue and brown London Clay), weathered
boulder clay.
Firm normally consolidated clays (at depth), fluvio-glacial and lake clays,
upper weathered brown London Clay.
Soft normally consolidated alluvial clays (e.g. marine, river and estuarine
clays.)
Guy loads and tie-downs @ wind speed of 50m/sec (unfactored kN).
Can be used as value for cohesion c. where =0, (s=c+tan)
Undrained
2
shear
strength
(kN/m2)
>300
150-300
75-150
40-75
20-40

25
200
SWl kN for 175mm wide

stake embedded 3 met res
loaded at centreof area in
cohesive mat eria ls.
50
75
100
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
Soft clays
S hear st rength kN/ m2.
25
Firm clays
50
75
stif f clays
0
100
The following graph gives the equivalent resistance for a 175mm wide stake
embedded in a cohesive soil 3 metres with =0. The following is an example of its
use. To resist a 300kN load, when the load is applied at the top of the stake, in a
firm clay c=100kN/m2 will require 300x3/180 stakes: i.e. Load to be resisted x factor
for loading at top (Between 2 and 3)/ value from graph at c=100kN/m2, i.e. 5 stakes.
When dealing with soils that exhibit cohesion and an angle of shearing resistance,
the so-called c soils, in the absence of test results, the SWL may be estimated from
the values for granular soils.
The following table gives a field test as to the consistency of clays. It is given as a
guide only and may need to be reassessed for individual sites.
Consistency
Field test
Very Soft
Exudes between the fingers when

squeezed in the hand
Moulded by light finger pressure
Soft
(Soft to firm)
Firm
(Firm to stiff)
Stiff
Very stiff or hard
Can be moulded by strong finger pressure.

Cannot be moulded by fingers. Can be
indented by thumb.
Can be indented by thumb nail
Undrained
shear
strength
range.
KN/m2
Approximate
Equivalent
N value
Under 20
Under 2
20 to 40
(40 to 50)
50 to 75
(75 to 100)
100-150
2 to 4
Over 150
4 to 8
8-15
Over 15

3. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING STAKES AND ANCHORS.

1.1.1 GROUNDWATER.
The proximity or presence of ground water can greatly affect the performance of a
stake or anchor. The water content of clays also greatly affects the amount of
cohesion that can be obtained. The natural water table needs to be at least half the
anchor depth below the embedded length of the anchor in a granular soil if the
predicted SWLs are to be achieved. The point and angle at which a stake is loaded,
the amount of superficial crust covering the main bearing stratum, and the bending
strength and head restraint avaible in the stake are other variables that affect
performance. A site investigation, or trial, should be undertaken to prove the
performance of the stakes or anchors.
1.1.2 RAINFALL.
Heavy rainfall can modify the behaviour of the soil greatly. Sands, gravels and other
granular soils are usually free draining. Whilst the soil remains unsaturated the
performance of the stakes will remain virtually unmodified from that of the original
placement. Should the drainage prove insufficient then the ability of the stakes to
resist load is modified dramatically downwards It is important that a functioning
rainwater catchement system is in place, and that extra stakes are driven when
these conditions are anticipated.

4. GROUND IMPROVEMENTS.
By locally improving the density of a granular soil in the staking zone the capabilities
of the stakes can be much improved. This improvement can be bought about by
vibrating the unsaturated material above the free water table. This vibration can be
made at the time of driving the stake if a hydraulic vibrator is placed on the stake as
it is driven. As an indication of the improvement in and that can be obtained the
following graph is appended. It can be seen that by improving the material from the
loose condition, to the very dense alters and considerably. Relative density is
defined as D r=(n-min/ maxmin) x ( max/n) where n is the condition of the soil
sample.
ef fect ive angl e of
shearing re sist ance.
0y = +0. 0800x
50
+ 38.0, m ax de v: 0. 00
20
40
60
80
100
50
So il t yp e in asending order t op t o b ott om.
45
Uniform gravel, well graded gravel-s and-s ilt

Uniform coars e sand, well graded medium s and.
Uniform medium sand, well graded fine sand.
Uniform fine s and
45
y = +0 .0800x +38. 0, m ax dev:0 .00
40
40
1
y = +0. 0960x + 34.8, m ax d ev:0. 00
y = +0. 112x +31.6 , max dev:0. 00
35
35
1
y = +0. 140x +28.0 , max dev:0. 00
30
25
0
30
20
40
60
rela tive density %
10
80
25
100

5. ESTIMATIONS OF SOIL STRENGTH.

By using these tables and the extracts from table 6 of BS5930 on the following page,
an estimate of the soil capabilities of a site may be made. This assessment can be
made in advance of any tests in-order that the correct stake combinations and types
can be selected. It is assumed that prior knowledge of the soil conditions has been
obtained either from a site investigation or previous use of the site.
This knowledge is essential in order to assess bearing capacities under the
kingpoles, staking requirements and drainage. The site investigation and
assessment also needs to look at the local seasonal wind conditions so as to ensure
the correct placement of the tent. These actions remain the responsibility of the
operator and the tent-master and are essential if the tent is to be operated safely and
reliably.
Rock: where this exists directly under the site it is assumed that proprietary anchors
will be used and tested in accordance with the manufacturers requirements.
The kingpole loads up to 400kN at the base plate when subjected to the full truss
loads of 200kN a uniform membrane loading of 0.2kN/m2, and a pretensionof 80kN.
The base-plate is sized at 1024mm square to give a underside unfactored bearing
pressure of 400kN/m2. This is above the capacity of most soils and therefore
spreaders in the form of concrete pads, steel plates, matting, or railway sleepers will
be required when these loads are expected.
The following table gives guidance as to the allowable bearing pressures on certain
soil types and the size of spreader required. Extracted from BS 8004.
Type of soil
Allowable bearing
pressure
2
Spreader plate size

(maximum req. for this bearing pressure)
(kN/m )
Loose sand
90
2.1ms square (i.e.

2.1x2.1metres)
Medium dense
sand
100
2ms squares
Firm clay
75
2.31ms square
Stiff clay
150
1.65ms square
11

6. SOIL TYPES: GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION

Basic Soil
type
BOULDER
S
COBBLES
GRAVELS
Particle size
mm
Only seen in pits or exposures
<200 but
>60
Often difficult to recover from

boreholes.
Coarse
20 to 60
Medium
6 to 20
Easily visible to the naked eye;

particle shape and grading can be
described.
Well graded, wide range of grain
sizes, well distributed. Poorly
graded: not well graded. May be
uniform: size of most particles lies
between narrow limits; or gap
graded: an intermediate size of
particle is markedly absent or under
represented.
Visible to the naked eye; very little or
no cohesion when dry; grading can
be described.
Well graded, wide range of grain
sizes, well distributed. Poorly
graded: not well graded. May be
uniform: size of most particles lies
between narrow limits; or gap
graded: an intermediate size of
particle is markedly absent or under
represented.
Only coarse silt is barely visible to
the naked eye; exhibits little
plasticity but marked dilatancy;
slightly granular or silky to the touch.
Disintegrates in water; lumps dry
quickly; possess cohesion but can
be powdered easily between the
fingers.
Coarse
0.6 to 2
Medium
0.2 to 0.6
Fine
0.06 to 0.2
SILTS
CLAYS
PEATS
Composite soil types. (Mixtures of

basic soil types.)
>200
Fine
2 to 6
SANDS
Visual identification
Coarse
0.02 to 0.06
Medium
0.006 to
0.02
Fine
0.002 to
0.006
Dry lumps can be broken but not

powdered between the fingers; they
also disintegrates under water but
much more slowly than silt; smooth
to the touch; exhibits plasticity but no
dilatancy; sticks to the fingers when
wet and dries slowly; shrinks
appreciably on drying and usually
cracks. INTERMEDIATE AND HIGH
PLASTICITY CLAYS show these
properties to a moderate and higher
degree respectively.
Compactness/strength
Term
Field test
Scale of secondary constituents

with coarse soils.
Term
% of
clay or
silt.
Slightly clayey, slightly
5
silty GRAVEL OR SAND
Clayey or silty GRAVEL
5 to 15
OR SAND
Loose
By inspection of voids
and particle packing.
Very clayey or very silty

GRAVEL OR SAND
Dense
Can be excavated with

a spade; 50mm wooded
peg can be easily driven
Requires pick for
excavation: 50mm
wooden peg hard to
drive.
Sandy GRAVEL
or gravely SAND
Sand or gravel
and important
second
constituent of
the coarse
fraction.
For composite types described as:
Clayey: fines are plastic, cohesive.
Silty: fines are not plastic or have
low plasticity.
Slightly
cemented
Visual examination; pick

removes soil in lumps
which can be abraded.
Scale of secondary constituents

with fine soils.
Term
% of
sand or
gravel
Sandy or gravely CLAY
35 to 65
OR SILT
Soft or
loose
Firm or
dense
CLAY:SILT
Soft
Easily moulded or
crushed in the fingers.
Can be moulded or
crushed by strong
pressure in the fingers.
Exudes between the
fingers when squeezed
in the fingers.
Moulded by light finger
pressure
Can be moulded by
strong finger pressure
Can only be dented with
the thumb
Can only be indented by
the thumb nail.
varies
Predominantly plant remains, usually dark brown or
black in colour, often has distinctive smell. Low bulk
density
15 to 35
Under
35
Dense
loose
Very soft
Firm
stiff
Very stiff
Firm
Spongy
Plastic
12
Fibres already
compressed together
Very compressible and
open structure
Can be moulded in the
hand and will smear
fingers.

7. METHOD FOR ESTIMATING STAKE LOADS BROMS (1964)

1.1.3 COHESIVE SOILS
13

8. AFTER BROMS (1964)

1.1.4 NON -COHESIVE SOILS
The previous graphs may be used to estimate the load carrying capacity of a stake,
accounting for the bending behaviour and capacity of the stake with an allowance for
the eccentricity of loading. Use of this graph requires structural knowledge of the
section properties and is best carried out by a structural engineer. However in its
simplest form it may be evaluated by use of the length depth ratio. For example:
14

Take a 90x90RSA of 2500mm embedded length placed into the soil such that
the diagonal face is at right angles to the direction of pull. The soil has a
cohesion of 50kN/m2.
From the above data the diagonal ditance can be estimated at 90 2 = 1 2 8 m m , b u t t h e b
oook value from British steel is 145mm which we will use.
L/D=2500/145=17.24, and e/D=0
from graph titled 18.10.2 short piles in cohesive soils we can read of the corresponding
2
value for Hu/CuD = 5 0

2
i.e Hu=50CuD =50x50x0.145 =52.5kN

SWL 52.5/2=26.3kN
the British steel section book also states that the ultimate moment of resistance of the
section is 7.64kNm
from the graph giving data on long piles in cohesive soils we calculate the value Mu/CuD
=7.64/50x0.145 =50.1.
Again e/D=0 and Hu=20x50x0.1452=21kN and SWL=21/2=10.5kN or under
half the original value. As the failure mode is related to a property of the steel and
occurs under wind load a lower safety factor of 1.4 would be appropiate which gives a
slightly higher value of a SWL=15kN
The corresponding value for the first calculation using the previous charts would give
a SWL of 27.8kN. These values should be now proven by testing up to 20% of the
anchors as per BS 8081 Code of Practice for Ground Anchors.
15

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Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW

Newton House, 3 The Avenue

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

1. FABRIC SPECIFICATION FOR ROOF

approx. 900 g/sq. m

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

2. FABRIC SPECIFICATION FOR WALLS

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Perform adequately in normal use throughout the design life;

Have appropriate levels of safety with regard to the consequence of

Give occupants adequate means of escape, and, or incorporate

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Incorporate a robust maintenance and inspection system on all those

Information on, and fundamentals of the methodology of shapefinding, the

Reports on fire testing and material properties.

Shapefinding and analysis outputs.

Calculations for cables, webbing, and supporting structure.

1.1.4 OTHER DOCUMENTATION.

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

4. DESIGN PARAMETERS, REQUIREMENTS AND

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

1.1.7 THE APPLICATION OF WIND DESIGN CODES TO MEMBRANE

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Steel structural members: ml as BS5950.6

Except side poles.

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Webbing and polyester ropes, permanently fitted: m l as below.

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Fabric and webbing reinforcement: ml as below.

Breaking strength (Based upon mean uniaxial breaking strength). .

Moving ropes and cables: m l

Webbing belt lines, detachable: m l

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

1.1.12 LOAD PATTERNS.

Easy: - the membrane analysis software. See the section on analysis.

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Vertical Imposed loads,

Not greater than

Public use or hire,

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

Some times called the fill yarns.

Gearhouse Structure Edition 1 1999

Tensile 1 Safety Manual:

High mechanical adhesion.

Low tensile strength.