RA2 Manual - Issue 2a PDF

An ISO 9001 Company
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
RA2
ISSUE 2
September 2009
Air Conditioning Unit RA2
RA2 Air Conditioning
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local safety regulations
which must be followed at all times.
It is the responsibility of the owner to ensure that all users are made aware of relevant local
regulations, and that the apparatus is operated in accordance with those regulations. If
requested then Armfield can supply a typical set of standard laboratory safety rules, but
these are guidelines only and should be modified as required. Supervision of users should
be provided whenever appropriate.
Your Air Conditioning Unit RA2 has been designed to be safe in use when installed,
operated and maintained in accordance with the instructions in this manual. As with any
piece of sophisticated equipment, dangers may exist if the equipment is misused,
mishandled or badly maintained.
Electrical Safety
The equipment described in this Instruction Manual operates from a mains voltage
electrical supply. It must be connected to a supply of the same frequency and voltage as
marked on the equipment or the mains lead. If in doubt, consult a qualified electrician or
contact Armfield.
The equipment must not be operated with any of the panels removed.
To give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current Device
(RCD), alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, as an integral part of this
equipment. If through misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically dangerous,
the RCD will switch off the electrical supply and reduce the severity of any electric shock
received by an operator to a level which, under normal circumstances, will not cause injury
to that person.
At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the TEST
button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to trip means
that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired by a
competent electrician before it is used.
Heavy Equipment
This apparatus is heavy.
The apparatus should be placed in a location that is sufficiently strong to support its
weight, as described in the Installation section of the manual.
When lifting is required, two or more people will be required for safety. All should
be made aware of safe lifting techniques to avoid strained backs, crushed toes, and
similar injuries.
Safety shoes and/or gloves should be worn as appropriate.
Hot Liquids and Steam

This apparatus contains steam and hot water at temperatures capable of causing scalds.
Always allow time for the apparatus to cool before disassembly.
Avoid skin contact with hot water and steam. Take particular care if refilling the
apparatus during use. Be aware that the flow of hot steam can extend for some
distance and may not be visible.
Ensure that the outlet is directed away from anything that could be harmed by
raised temperatures or damp air.
Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures described in

this manual.
Use only those fluids described in this manual when setting up and operating this
equipment.
Hot Surfaces
This apparatus is capable of producing temperatures that could cause burns.
The apparatus should not be left unattended while switched on.
Do not touch any surfaces with a Hot Surfaces warning label.
Do not allow the apparatus to come into contact with flammable materials or
liquids.
Allow enough time for the equipment to cool before handling any of the
components.
Do not cover or store the equipment until it has cooled.
Any safety guards or insulated covers are there for operator protection- they must
not be removed except as described in this manual,.
Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures described in

this manual.
Moving and Rotating Components

This apparatus has a rotating fan.
Do not remove any protective guards while the equipment is in operation.

2
Long hair should be tied back out of the way and dangling items such as necklaces,
scarves or neckties should be removed or secured so that they cannot become
entangled in the equipment.
Do not touch or insert any object into any moving component while the apparatus is
in use.
Ensure that the apparatus is switched off and that all moving parts have come to
rest before handling the equipment, except as described in the Operational
Procedures section of this manual.
High Pressures
A component within this apparatus (the refrigeration unit) is designed to operate with
internal pressures greater than that of the surrounding atmosphere.
Do not attempt to pierce or open any part of the refrigeration unit.
Ensure the unit is positioned so the pressure relief valve is pointed in a safe
direction.
Keep the external temperature above 0C and below 40C.*
Protect the unit from damage.
*Temperatures for storage only. The operational range is described in the Operation section
of this manual.
Water Borne Hazards

The equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water, which under
certain conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful micro-organisms.
For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on any
scale, rust, algae or sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of water is
between 20 and 45C. Any water containing this bacterium which is sprayed or splashed
creating air-borne droplets can produce a form of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease
which is potentially fatal.
Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water, but it serves as a
useful example of the need for cleanliness.
Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:
Any water contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, i.e. the
water must be changed regularly and drained if the equipment will not be in use for
some time.
Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be
removed regularly, i.e. the equipment must be cleaned regularly.
Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below 20C. If

this is not practicable then the water should be disinfected if it is safe and
appropriate to do so. Note that other hazards may exist in the handling of biocides
used to disinfect the water.
A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all
of the actions listed above.
Further details on preventing infection are contained in the UK publication The Control of
Legionellosis including Legionnaires Disease - Health and Safety Series booklet HS (G)
70.
Refrigerant R134a
This equipment incorporates a sealed unit containing refrigerant R134a (Also known as:
HFC-134a; 1,1,1-2 Tetrafluoroethane; Norflurane; Norfluran). This is a common
refrigerant introduced to replace CFC (chloro-fluoro-carbon) refrigerants such as R-12.
R134a is colourless, nonflammable and noncorrosive with a very faint odour. In the RA2 it
is contained within a completely sealed unit, and is safe under normal use as described in
this manual.
It is the responsibility of the owner to check local regulations regarding R134a and ensure
that these are complied with.
R134a can reach temperatures capable of causing cold burns (frostbite). This may
specifically constitute a hazard if R134a has been cooled and pressurised into liquid form
and then escapes as a liquid through a leak, or experiences sudden expansion (as may
happen if the sealed unit is pierced) forming a jet of cold vapour.
R134a vapour may cause irritation of the eyes and mild irritation of the skin. It is relatively
non-toxic if inhaled, but may cause asphyxiation if inhaled in sufficient concentration.
In the event of exposure to flames or high temperatures (over 50C), R134a may break
down into toxic components.
Do not attempt to open or pierce the sealed unit containing the refrigerant.
Always operate the equipment within the safe temperature limits described in this
manual.
In the event that the sealed unit is ruptured, follow local regulations and take
appropriate steps to reduce the potential hazard. As a suggestion only, procedure
may be as follows (local requirements will vary):
o Remove all personnel from the immediate area
o Avoid skin and eye contact with any escaped refrigerant
o Extinguish nearby flames
o Increase ventilation so that vaporised refrigerant can dissipate harmlessly

In the event of damage to the refrigeration unit, the unit must only be repaired or replaced
by a suitably qualified engineer. Contact Armfield or your local agent for advice.
AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

RA2
Contents
1
Introduction to the Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 8

1.1
Diagram 1: Front View of Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 9
1.2
Diagram 2: Top View of Apparatus......................................................................................................... 10
Description ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1
Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2
Control Box.............................................................................................................................................. 11
2.3
Axial Fan.................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.4
Pre-heater and Re-heater ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.5
Evaporator ............................................................................................................................................... 13
2.6
Condensing Unit ...................................................................................................................................... 14
2.7
Humidifier ................................................................................................................................................ 15
2.8
Air Velocity Sensor .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.9
Temperature / Relative Humidity Sensor ................................................................................................. 17
2.10
Data Logger/Equipment Controller and Software................................................................................... 17
Operation and Software.................................................................................................................................. 18

3.1
Safety........................................................................................................................................................ 18
3.2
Using the Software................................................................................................................................... 18
3.3
Operation of the Humidifier..................................................................................................................... 19
3.4
Operation of Remote Controller/Data Logger and Software................................................................... 19
3.5
Data Logging Facilities ........................................................................................................................... 21
3.6
USB Interface........................................................................................................................................... 22
Specifications.................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1
Overall Dimensions.................................................................................................................................. 23
4.2
Electrical Supply...................................................................................................................................... 23
4.3
Ventilation................................................................................................................................................ 23
4.4
Refrigerant ............................................................................................................................................... 23
4.5
USB Channel Numbers ............................................................................................................................ 24
4.6
Operating Conditions............................................................................................................................... 25
Routine Maintenance ...................................................................................................................................... 26
5.1
General.....................................................................................................................................................26
5.2
RCD Test ..................................................................................................................................................26
5.3
Calibration of Relative Humidity Sensors ................................................................................................26
5.4
Calibration of Temperature and Air Flow Sensors ..................................................................................27
5.5
Cleaning Procedure .................................................................................................................................27
Background and Theory..................................................................................................................................30

6.1
Background ..............................................................................................................................................30
6.2
Nomenclature ...........................................................................................................................................31
6.3
Psychrometric chart and Glossary ...........................................................................................................32
6.4
Using Calculations instead of the Psychrometric Chart to Determine the Air State................................34
6.5
Other Calculations Required....................................................................................................................38
Laboratory Teaching Exercises ......................................................................................................................41

7.1
Exercise A: Psychrometric Charts ...........................................................................................................41
7.2
Exercise B: Sensible Heating ...................................................................................................................44
7.3
Exercise C: Humidification ......................................................................................................................48
7.4
Exercise D: Cooling with Dehumidification ............................................................................................51
7.5
Exercise E: Enthalpy ................................................................................................................................55
Installation Guide................................................................................................................................................i
8.1
Connection to an electricity supply .............................................................................................................i
8.2
Data logger/remote controller and software...............................................................................................i
Electrical Wiring Diagram................................................................................................................................ii
1 Introduction to the Equipment

The Armfield RA2 Unit represents a model of an Air Conditioning system by
demonstrating the effects of essential Air Conditioning processes: cooling, heating,
humidifying and dehumidifying. The effect and relationships of the primary processes
involved in air handling systems can be investigated. The RA2 Unit is designed so that the
student can simulate different environments and perform measurements to allow
psychrometric data analysis.
The unit is totally self-contained and is supplied with software and a computer interface
device to allow remote control, on-line monitoring and logging of results. The software
also includes an online Help Text detailing each of the exercises defined in this manual.
RA2 Air Conditioning Unit
1.1
Evaporator
Pre-heaters
Fan
assembly
Boiler
outlet
RH/T
sensor
RH/T
sensor
Air velocity
sensor
Louver
assembly
9
RH/T
sensor
Diagram 1: Front View of Apparatus
Re-heaters
RH/T
sensor
LH duct assembly
RH duct assembly
Pre-heaters
Evaporator
RH/T
sensor
Air velocity
sensor
Louver
assembly
10
Fan assembly
Steam lance
LH duct assembly
Re-heaters
RH duct assembly
RH/T
sensor
Diagram 2: Top View of Apparatus
RH/T
sensor
1.2
RH/T
sensor
2 Description
Where necessary, refer to the drawings on pages 9 and 10.
2.1
Overview
The RA2 is a bench-top unit which comprises of a square ventilation duct mounted
on a mild steel support frame. The duct is made of clear acrylic so all components
are clearly visible: air fan, air preheater, humidifier tube, chiller/dehumidifier heat
exchanger and air reheater. The duct consists of 4 main parts: Left-Hand (LH)
assembly, Right-Hand (RH) assembly, Fan assembly and Louvre assembly.
An axial fan moves the air to be conditioned through the duct. Heating elements are
used to heat the air. Humidification is provided by steam delivered through a tube
from a boiler. The refrigerating capacity is generated by an evaporator (heat
exchanger) which is connected to the refrigeration unit. The refrigeration unit and
boiler are located underneath the duct.
Temperature and humidity sensors record the temperature and relative humidity at
every stage of operation. The air flow rate is determined using an air velocity
transmitter. An acrylic louvre is located at the end of the duct.
The equipment needs to be connected to a suitable PC (not included) to allow
remote control and data acquisition with the RA2 software. Additional USB drivers
are included to allow students to create their own control software, for example
using LabView.
2.2
Control Box
The control box is located beneath the louvre assembly. Accessible from the front
of this are the On/Off power switch for the whole unit, the RCD switch and test
button, and the USB socket for connection to a PC.
The signals accessible via the USB interface include the On/Off remote compressor
switch, fan speed control, air velocity display, preheater, reheater and boiler heater
control, temperature sensor displays and Relative Humidity sensor display.
RCD
USB
Interface
Connection
USB Status
Indicator Lights
Power On/Off
Figure 1. RA2 electrical control panel
11

2.3
Axial Fan
The axial fan moves the air through the duct. The speed of the fan may be
controlled to give different air flow rates. The fan must be on when both the preheater and re-heater are on to avoid heat damage to the acrylic duct during
operation.
The fan is protected with a guard, which prevents objects from reaching the blades.
Axial fan
Flow straightener
Figure 2. Front view of fan assembly

2.4
Pre-heater and Re-heater

The pre-heater comprises two electric elements of 200W each, for a total power of
400W. It is located downstream of the fan in order to preheat the air flowing
through the evaporator. In the second part of the duct, after the evaporator, there is a
re-heater (200W) which can be used to reheat the cooled or cooled and
dehumidified air. The elements are arranged at an angle to give efficient heat
transfer to the air stream. Air sensing thermostats are incorporated in the duct above
the heater elements to provide overheat protection.
Figure 3. Heating coils
12

2.5
Evaporator
The refrigerating capacity of approximately 500W at 20C is generated by an
evaporator, which is part of a compact refrigeration system. The refrigeration unit is
used to cool and dehumidify the air stream. The evaporator consists of a directexpansion coil operated with a thermostatic expansion valve. The evaporator is
clearly visible within the ventilation duct, and the rest of the refrigeration unit- the
condensing unit- is placed just underneath the duct.
The refrigerant used is R134a.
Air passing across the evaporator fins is cooled as the refrigerant flowing through
the tubes absorbs heat and is boiled (evaporated). Refrigerant flowing through the
coil tubes is controlled by a thermostatic expansion valve mounted at the inlet to the
evaporator coil. This valve automatically feeds just enough refrigerant into the coil
for the refrigerant to be completely converted (boiled) from liquid to gas. The valve
is controlled by a temperature-sensing bulb mounted on the coil outlet (suction)
connection.
The evaporator itself is complete with an angled draining tray at the bottom. During
the dehumidification experiment, condensate can be collected and measured with a
graduated cylinder.
Evaporator fins
Condensate outlet
Figure 4. Evaporator assembly
13

2.6
Condensing Unit
The Condensing Unit, located below the ventilation duct, incorporates a compressor and a
condenser. The compressor is used to compress gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator,
and in the fan cooled condenser the refrigerant gives away the heat gained in the
evaporator. The Condensing Unit also incorporates a refrigerant collector, filter/dryer, sight
glass and high/low pressure cut-out for safety purposes.
Exp. valve
thermocouple
Receiver
Expansion
valve
Compressor
Sight glass
Condenser
High pressure
line
Filter/Drier
Low pressure
line
High/Low
Pressure
Figure 5. Refrigeration unit assembly
14

2.7
Humidifier
Humidification is provided by a water boiler of 5L total volume. Steam is generated when

the water is boiled using the electric element, (2kW). The boiler is made of plastic and
includes a tube which delivers steam to the air duct. It also includes a drain valve, and can
be refilled manually through the filler cap and refill lance. Distilled water is recommended
in order to avoid scaling of the vessel and duct.
The boiler incorporates a cut-out switch, which prevents the electrical element from
overheating if the water level falls too low. If this occurs, wait 2 minutes and refill boiler,
the cut off will self reset and steam can be produced again with 5 -12 minutes.
Power to the boiler heaters can be remotely controlled and monitored using the Armfield
RA2 Software.
Vapour
Lance
Refill Cap
Boiler
vessel
Figure 6. Boiler assembly
15

2.8
Air Velocity Sensor
The air velocity in the duct is measured by the air velocity transmitter. This operates on the
hot film anemometer principle, using special thin film. It has very good accuracy at low air
velocities. The working range is 010m/s and the response time can be up to 4 seconds at
constant temperature. Therefore it is important to obtain steady conditions in order to have
stable velocity measurement. Steady state in the system is usually obtained after about 15
minutes.
The velocity transmitter is mounted in the duct in the best position to measure the average
air velocity. Care should be taken to ensure the correct angle between the sensor head and
the air flow.
Air velocity
sensor tip
with thin film
Figure 7. Air velocity sensor
16

2.9
Temperature / Relative Humidity Sensor
Temperature and Relative Humidity (T/RH) sensors are located at every stage of operation.
There are 4 T/RH sensors in total: at the duct inlet, before the evaporator, after the
evaporator and at the duct outlet. Temperature and Relative Humidity is measured by the
sensor. The RH sensor is a water resistant type so that it can operate in the range from 10 to
100% Relative Humidity.
Relative
Humidity sensor
Temperature
sensor
Holding Assembly
Figure8. Temperature/Relative Humidity (T/RH) sensor block

For improved accuracy, each RH sensor is provided with a manufacturers calibration
certificate. The values on this certificate should be entered into the software, see the
Routine Maintenance section.
2.10 Data Logger/Equipment Controller and Software

The Armfield RA2 Air Conditioning Unit is designed to be operated using the RA2-304
software supplied with the equipment. The RA2 Air Conditioning Unit must therefore be
connected to a suitable PC running the RA2-304 software (or an equivalent program
created by the student). The RA2 software also allows data logging of experimental results,
and performs some standard calculations on the data.
17
3 Operation and Software

Where necessary, refer to the drawings on pages 2 to 10.
3.1
Safety
The RA2 unit contains a highly volatile fluid under pressure, but it is completely
safe provided the instructions in this manual are followed correctly. Safety devices
have been incorporated into the unit to prevent accidents. Moreover the working
fluid is relatively harmless in the gas or liquid state. It is neither inflammable nor
toxic, but it must be not allowed to enter the eyes.
3.2
Using the Software

The CM12-304 Software is powerful Educational and Data Logging Software with
a wide range of features. Some of the major features are highlighted below, but the
full details on the software and how to use it are provided in the presentations and
Help texts provided with the Software
Check that the USB connection is made between the RA2 unit and the PC, and that
the RA2 software is installed and running. Check that the circuit breakers and RCD
device at the rear of the unit are in the on (up) position. Turn the unit on by pressing
the ON/OFF switch on the unit, then click on the Power On switch on the RA2
software mimic diagram.
On starting the software, the user is met
by a simple presentation which gives
them an overview of the capabilities of
the software and explains in simple terms
how to navigate around the software and
summarises the major facilities complete
with direct links to detailed context
sensitive help texts.
A toolbar is displayed at all times, so
users can jump immediately to the
facility they require. The toolbar shows a selection of icons (standard for all
Armfield Software) and pop-up text naming the icon when the cursor is placed over
it.
Example of Standard Toolbar
18

3.3
Operation of the Humidifier

The humidifier boiler should be filled with water before use, and drained after use if
the equipment is not to be used again for some time. Distilled water is
recommended for filling, in order to avoid scaling of the boiler vessel and duct
interior. The equipment is filled through the filling cap using the filling lance. The
sight glass in the front of the unit allows the water level to be viewed during filling.
Humidification is controlled from a PC via the RA2 software. A PID controller
within the software maintains the boiler setting based on the temperature measured
by temperature sensor T5. The temperature Set Point, Proportional Band, and the
Integral and Derivative times may be adjusted by the user. Alternatively the boiler
power setting may be entered manually as a percentage value, using the same
controller window as for the PID settings.
The water level must be monitored during use, and the boiler refilled as necessary
to maintain the level. Great care must be taken to avoid scalding from steam if
refilling the boiler during use. Do not look directly into the filling lance and wear
insulating gloves if available. Allow time for the water to cool before draining the
boiler vessel.
3.4
Operation of Remote Controller/Data Logger and Software

The Armfield RA2 Air Conditioning Unit is controlled using the RA2 software
supplied, which allows real-time monitoring and data logging of all sensor outputs
and control of the heaters and refrigeration unit. Recorded results can be displayed
in tabular and graph format. The software runs on a Windows PC which connects
to the RA2 using a USB interface.
Installation of the software is described in the Installation Guide, and the software
must be installed before connecting the PC to the RA2. The software may then be
run from the Start menu (Start > Programs > Armfield Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning > RA2). Operation of the software is described in a walkthrough
presentation within the software, and also in the online Help Text accessible via the
software Help menu. Operation and setting of specific controls is also provided
within the experiments described in this manual.
3.4.1
Mimic Diagram
The equipment is usually controlled from the Mimic Diagram screen in the
software. This shows all the sensor outputs, and includes controls for the fan, the
heaters, the humidifier and the Chiller.
The software also automatically generates a series of Watchdog pulses, required
by the plc, ensuring that the hardware shuts down safely in case of a software or
communications failure.
19
Figure 9. Screenshot of mimic diagram

3.4.2
Controlling the Heaters

The heaters are controlled by controllers in the software. Click on the appropriate
PID symbol to open the controller window.
Figure 10. Screenshot of the controller window

20
Control can be either closed loop (Automatic) which uses the temperature sensor
immediately following the heater as the process variable in a PID loop, or open
loop (Manual) where the user defines the percentage time the heaters are ON for,
and hence the output power.
When performing humidity measurements and investigations it is best to use
automatic control as this produces stable temperatures most rapidly, and maintains
these conditions by varying the heater power. However when doing quantitative
heater power investigations it is better to use Manual control. This allows an
accurate measurement of heater power to be made, but does take longer to stabilise.
3.4.3
Controlling the Fan

The Fan is controlled from the software using the up/down buttons. The associated
air velocity is displayed on the sensor reading box..
3.5 Data Logging Facilities

Sampling can be Automatic or Manual. In
automatic sampling, samples are taken regularly
at the requested interval. In manual sampling,
single samples are taken at operator request
(useful when conditions have to be changed and
the equipment let stabilise in the new condition).
The RA2 software defaults to manual data
sampling, allowing the operator to take a reading
once the equipment has stabilised.
As the data is sampled, it is stored in spreadsheet format, updated as the data is
sampled. The table also contains columns for the calculated values. New sheets can
be added to the spreadsheet for different data runs. Sheets can be renamed.
Extremely and powerful graph
plotting tools are available on the
software, allowing the user full
choice over what is displayed,
including dual y axes, points or
lines, displaying data from
different runs, etc. The automatic
formatting
and
scaling is
normally used but can be
overridden.
21
Other powerful operator facilities on the

software include:
-
Data scaling and multiple point

calibration of the sensor readings
Control of data update rates and
digital filtering
Graphical display of sensor
readings over the last two minutes
(useful for ascertaining when the
equipment has stabilised after a
change).
Bar graph display of sensor values
Manual Data Entry
Addition of user notes
Data can be saved as Armfield format data files (for reading back into the Software at
a later date) or exported as Microsoft Excel files.
3.6 USB Interface

The RA2 interfaces to the computer using a USB interface, built into the sensor and
instrumentation enclosure. This interface is sometimes referred to as the IFD5
interface.
The use of USB means that any current or projected Windows based PC can be used.
There is no need to open the PC or fit anything inside. Even if all the USB ports are
full, expanders are very cheap and readily available. The hardware and software are
fully compatible with Windows 98, ME, 2000 and XP operating systems.
22
4 Specifications
4.1
4.2
Overall Dimensions
Length:
1700mm
Depth:
440mm
Height
605mm
Electrical Supply
PRODUCT-A
4.3
PRODUCT-B
PRODUCT-G
Green/yellow lead
Earth (Ground) Earth (Ground) Earth (Ground)
Brown lead
Live (Hot)
Live (Hot)
Live (Hot)
Blue lead
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Fuse rating
13A
15A
13A
Voltage
220-240V
110-120V
220V
Frequency
50Hz
60Hz
60Hz
Ventilation
The equipment must be situated in a well ventilated environment or in a large room.
The laboratory should be a minimum 50m in order for the RA2 not to affect the lab
air conditions, consequently altering the results.
4.4
Refrigerant
This equipment includes a sealed unit containing refrigerant R134a (Also known as:
HFC-134a; 1,1,1-2 Tetrafluoroethane; Norflurane; Norfluran). This is a common
refrigerant introduced to replace CFC (chloro-fluoro-carbon) refrigerants such as R12. R134a is colourless, non-flammable and non-corrosive with a very faint odour,
and is safe under normal use as described in this manual. See the safety section at
the front of this manual for additional information.
23

4.5
USB Channel Numbers

The Armfield Windows-compatible software allows data logging of the sensor
outputs and operation of the fan. However, users may prefer to write their own
software for control and data logging, and for the convenience of those wishing to do
so, Armfield has provided additional USB drivers allowing operation of the
equipment via the USB socket on RA2. The relevant channel numbers are as
follows:CHANNEL NO
SIGNAL FUNCTION
Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc exported from socket):

Ch 0 signal
RH1
Ch 1 signal
T1
Ch 2 signal
RH2
Ch 3 return
T2
Ch 4 signal
RH3
Ch 5 signal
T3
Ch 6 signal
RH4
Ch 7 signal
T4
Ch 8 signal
RH5 (Not used on RA2)
Ch 9 signal
T5 (Not used on RA2)
Ch 10 signal
RH6 (Not used on RA2)
Ch 11 signal
T6 (Not used on RA2)
Ch 12 signal
Air flow 1
Ch 13 signal
Air flow 2 (Not used on RA2)
Ch 14 signal
Mains Voltage
Ch 15 signal
Not used
Analog Inputs (0-5 V dc input to socket):
DAC0 signal
Fan speed
Digital Outputs ( 0-5 V dc):
DC 0
Duct over-temperature
DC 1
Boiler low level
Digital Inputs (0-5 V dc):
Ch 0
ON signal
Ch 1
Watch dog
Ch 2
Preheat PWM
Ch 3
Reheat PWM
Ch 4
Boiler PWM
Ch 5
Compressor ON/OFF
24

4.6
Operating Conditions
Operating conditions for RA2 are enclosed by the air conditions envelope (refer to
psychrometric chart) as follows:
Temperature Operating Range

When operating the RA2 the ambient temperature and humidity must be taken into
consideration for the experiments to work effectively. Below is a table outlining the
operating conditions for the various components of the RA2:
Temperature
[C]
Relative
Humidity
[%]
10
20
30
40
-
PreHeater
Humidifier
/ Boiler
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dehumidifier
/ Chiller
ReHeater
The dot symbolises where that particular component could be used.
25
5 Routine Maintenance
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who
understand the operation of the equipment.
5.1
General
The equipment should be disconnected from the electrical supply when not in use.
Water should be drained from the boiler before storage and whenever the unit is not
to be used for several days.
5.2
RCD Test
Test the RCD by pressing the TEST button at least once a month. If the RCD does
not trip when the Test button is pressed then the equipment must not be used and
should be checked by a competent electrician.
5.3
Calibration of Relative Humidity Sensors

The humidity sensors are supplied with basic calibration already performed, but
greater accuracy can be achieved using the calibration data provided by the sensor
manufacturer.
From the Software select Options then Calibrate IFD Channels which opens the
calibration window. From the drop down menu select the sensor to be calibrated
(e.g. RH1) and press the button for Direct Calibration.
This should display a calibration graph and table similar to that shown.
Each sensor has a number marked on it, and calibration certificates are provided for
each number defining the Zero Offset and the Slope for the sensor.
Enter:
Zero Offset
Value
Enter:
(Slope * 100) +
zero Offset
26

The table shows the Engineering Units to be displayed corresponding to the voltage
input from the sensor. Up to 20 calibration points may be entered for precise
calibration.
To calibrate the RA2 RH Sensors enter the voltage from the sensor at 0%RH (the
zero offset value on the certificate) as indicated. Then calculate the voltage at 100%
RH (Slope (V/%) * 100 (%) + Zero Offset (V)) and enter in the table against 100%
RH as shown. Calibration of each sensor should be completed before calibration of
the next sensor is started. New calibration values will take effect after the software
is restarted, and will remain saved within the software on the PC used for the
calibration.
The original calibration supplied with the software may be recovered by reinstalling the software; any modified calibration will be lost if the software is reinstalled for any reason. Calibration must be performed separately for every PC that
will be used with the RA2.
5.4
Calibration of Temperature and Air Flow Sensors

The temperature sensors used are highly accurate thermistors and should never need
recalibration. The thermistors themselves can be physically replaced without
recalibration. Similarly the air flow sensor is delivered with a calibrated voltage
output.
However, if required these sensors can be calibrated in the same way as described
for the RH sensors above. Up to 20 calibration points can be accommodated in the
table. If required, the Manual calibration mode allows points to be added into the
table by inputting actual engineering values (measured on a reference sensor) at
different levels. The values entered into the table can still be viewed and altered
using the Direct mode.
5.5
Cleaning Procedure
Cleaning the ventilation duct
The duct must be dismantled to clean the internal parts. The duct consists of 4 parts:
Left-Hand assembly, Right-Hand assembly, Fan assembly and Louvre assembly.
The fan assembly comes off after undoing the 2 screws. The same applies to the
louver assembly on the opposite duct end. It is also possible to disconnect the two
main duct parts (LH and RH assemblies) from the evaporator by undoing the screws
holding them in place.
Care should be taken while cleaning the duct so that the sensors and heaters are not
damaged. Retain all screws for reassembly after cleaning.
Use a soft, lint-free brush, sponge or cloth for cleaning, with cold or warm water
and a small quantity of mild detergent if required. Cleaners designed for use with
acrylic baths are generally suitable; avoid the use of abrasives and solvents.
Deposits of scale may be cleaned with the application of a mild descaler suitable for
use on acrylic. It may be possible to remove shallow scratches and rubs on the clear
acrylic surfaces by using a specialist plastic polish. Dry all sections thoroughly
before re-assembling the duct.
27
Cleaning the velocity transmitter

The sensor element may be cleaned using blown air or a soft brush, or with gentle
application of isopropyl alcohol.
Cleaning the boiler
If it becomes necessary to descale the boiler, this will require the use of a
proprietary descaling solution. Always read the manufacturers label carefully when
using any descaling chemicals and follow the instructions properly. Check that the
product is suitable for use with all types of material it may come into contact with
during the descaling process. Flush the boiler thoroughly after descaling using clean
water, ensuring all traces of descaler are removed, and then rinse with distilled or
demineralised water. If the unit is not to be used immediately then dry the boiler
with a lint-free cloth.
28
5.6
Inverter Settings (Only on RA2-B and RA2-G)
An inverter is fitted to versions RA2-B and RA2-G to convert the 60Hz electrical supply to
50 Hz to suit the compressor in the refrigeration system. The following inverter settings are
included for information in the event that the settings need to be restored.
Channel
P-01
P-02
P-03
P-04
P-05
P-06
P-07
P-08
P-09
P-10
P-11
P-12
P-13
P-14
P-15
P-16
P-17
P-18
P-19
P-20
P-21
P-22
P-23
P-24
P-25
P-26
P-27
P-28
P-29
P-30
P-31
P-32
P-33
P-34
P-35
P-36
P-37
P-38
P-39
P-40
P-41
P-42
P-43
P-44
P-45
P-46
P-47
Value
50
50
0.5
0.5
0
0
240
7
50
0
3
0
Read only
0
0
0..10V
4
1
100
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0.0
Auto-0
1
P-09
5
0
100
1
0P-buS
t 3000 (3 second trip)
101
0
0
0
1.0
1.0
0
0
0
0
0..10
Parameter
Maximum speed in Hertz
Minimum Speed in Hertz
Acceleration ramp time in seconds
Deceleration ramp time in seconds
Stop mode select
Reserved
Motor rated voltage in Volts
Drive rating in Amps
Motor rated frequency in Hertz
Motor rated speed
Boost start voltage as a percentage
Drive control mode selection
Trip log
Extended menu access
Digital input function select
Analogue input format in Volts
Effective switching frequency in Hertz
User relay output select
User relay output limit as a percentage
Preset speed 1 in Hertz
2nd decal ramp time in Seconds
Analogue output function select
Skip frequency hysteresis band in Hertz
Skip frequency in Hertz
V/F characteristics adjustment voltage in Volts
V/F characteristics frequency adjust in Hertz
Terminal mode restart function
Keypad mode restart function
Boost frequency
Boost period duration in Seconds
Brake chopper enable (not S1)
Analogue input scaling as a Percentage
Serial communications address
MODBUS enable / baudrate select
Trip enable / delay
Access code deffinition
Parameter access lock
Analogue input offset as a Percentage
Display speed scaling factor (0 is disabled)
User PI proportional gain
User PI intergral time constant in Seconds
User PI operating mode
User PI reference select
User PI digital reference as a Percentage
User PI feedback select
2nd analogue input format in Volts
29
6 Background and Theory

6.1
Background
The changes of air condition that may be investigated with the RA2 are:
Heating of air
Cooling of air
Humidification of air
Dehumidification of air with cooling
The properties of air that may be measured directly by the RA2 sensors and controls
are:
Air velocity
Relative humidity
Temperature (at multiple locations)
Power input (electrical) to each heater unit (preheat, reheat and boiler)
The constants assumed by the software for calculations are:
Heat capacity ratio ( or ) for air:
1.41 @20C
[ratio, dimensionless]
Heat capacity ratio ( or ) for water: 1.33 @20C
[ratio, dimensionless]
Acceleration due to gravity (g):
9.81
[m/s]
Ideal gas constant (R):
8.314472
[J K-1 mol-1]
Constant pressure specific heat (cp): 1.005 @20C [kJ kg-1 K-1]
Constant volume specific heat (cv): 0.715?
[kJ kg-1 K-1]
Variables that cannot be measured by the RA2 and must be input from additional
measurements are:
Ambient (atmospheric) pressure
30

6.2
Nomenclature
Name
Symbol
Units
Temperature (Dry Bulb)
T, DBT
Vapour pressure
Pw
Pa
Saturation pressure
Ps
Pa
Relative Humidity
RH
Mixed air velocity
m/s
Recirculate air velocity
m/s
x or
kg/kg dry air
Q&
Watts
Enthalpy change rate
H&
kJ/kg
Work transfer rate
W&
kJ/kg
Compressor work
W& comp
kJ/kg
Work transfer from fan motor
W& fan
kJ/kg
Cross-sectional area of duct
m2
Specific air volume
m3/kg dry air
Air mass flow rate
m& a
kg/s dry air
Vapour mass flow rate
m& w
kg/s dry air
Condensate mass flow rate
m& cond
kg/s dry air
Refrigerant mass flow rate
m& ref
kg/s
hA,B,C,D
kJ/kg
Heat transfer rate at reheater
Q& reh
kJ/kg
Heat transfer rate at preheater
Q& preh
kJ/kg
Humidity Ratio
Heat transfer rate
Air enthalpy
31
Notes
Measured by temperature
sensor
RH = Pw / Ps * 100 [%]
Many psychrometric chart

read g/Kg
0.04m2
Measured at points A, B, C,
D etc.

6.3
6.3.1
Psychrometric chart and Glossary

Introduction to the Psychrometric Chart
A simple Psychrometric chart. (A larger Psychrometric chart is located with Exercise

A)
A psychrometric chart is a graph of the physical properties of moist air at a constant
pressure or often equated to an elevation relative to sea-level. The chart graphically
expresses how various properties relate to each other, and is thus a graphical 'equation
of state'.
The versatility of the psychrometric chart lies in the fact that by knowing two
independent properties of some moist air (at a constant known pressure), the other
properties can be determined. Changes in state, such as when two air streams mix, can
easily be graphically modeled using the correct psychrometric chart for the location's
air pressure or elevation relative to sea level. For locations at or below 2000 ft (600
m), a common assumption is to use the sea level psychrometric chart.
The most common chart is the "-t" (omega-t) chart in which the Dry Bulb
Temperature (DBT) appears horizontally as the abscissa and the humidity ratios ()
appear as the ordinates. This is the type of chart shown above and provided with the
RA2.
In order to use a particular chart, for a given air pressure or elevation, at least two of
the six independent properties must be known (DBT, WBT, RH, Humidity Ratio,
Specific Enthalpy, and Specific Volume).
The RA2 measures the Temperature (dry bulb temperature) and the relative humidity
at various places along the duct. Thus the state of the humid air can be determined
for each of the four measurement points by plotting the T and RH measurements on
the psychrometric chart.
From the chart it is then possible to determine the Humidity Ratio (x), the Enthalpy (h)
and the Specific Volume (v) at each of the measurement points.
32
6.3.2
Glossary of Terms
Dry Bulb Temperature, DBT or T (oC) is that of an air sample, as determined by an
ordinary thermometer, the thermometer's bulb being dry. On the standard
psychrometric chart this is shown horizontally along the abscissa.
Wet Bulb Temperature or Saturation Temperature, WBT, (oC) is that of an air
sample after it has passed through a constant-pressure, ideal adiabatic saturation
process, that is, after the air has passed over a large surface of liquid water in an
insulated channel. In practice, this is the reading of a thermometer whose sensing bulb
is covered with a wet sock evaporating into a rapid stream of the sample air.
Note: the Wet Bulb Temperature has been omitted from the Psychrometric chart
provided with the RA2 for clarity. It would normally be displayed on the 100% RH
line, with gridlines approximately parallel to those of Enthalpy.
Relative Humidity, or RH, (%) is the ratio between the actual water vapour
pressure and the saturation vapour pressure (the vapour pressure of saturated air at the
same temperature). As the actual vapour pressure cannot exceed the saturation
pressure, the maximum value for relative humidity (RH) is 100%. It is sometimes
considered to be the amount of water in the air compared with the amount of water
that the air could contain (at the same temperature) if saturated (100% RH).
Humidity Ratio, w () or x, (kg/kg). The humidity of air, expressed as a percentage
mass of water vapour in a unit mass of dry air. Also sometimes called the mixing ratio.
Specific Enthalpy, h (kJ/kg) also called heat content per unit mass, is the sum of the
internal energy of a thermodynamic system. It is a measure of the useful work that may
be done by the air.
Specific Volume, v (m3/kg) also called Inverse Density. Volume per unit mass of dry
air.
Dew Point Temperature, DP (oC) is that at which a moist air sample at the same
pressure would reach water vapour saturation, i.e. at which water will begin to
condense out of air during cooling. This will vary according to the moisture content of
the air. At this saturation point, water vapour would begin to condense into liquid
water fog or (if below freezing) solid hoarfrost, as heat is removed. The dew point
temperature is measured easily and provides useful information, but is normally not
considered an independent property. It duplicates information available via other
humidity properties and the saturation curve. The dew point temperature has been
omitted from the Psychrometric chart provided with the RA2 for clarity.
Saturation Vapour Pressure Ps (N/m2, Pa) The pressure at which the vapour phase
of a material is in equilibrium with the liquid phase of the same material. The
saturation vapour pressure varies with temperature. In the case of saturated air (air
saturated with water vapour), the saturation vapour pressure is the pressure (at a
specific temperature) when the rate of evaporation of water equals the rate of
condensation of water, and is also the point at which the relative humidity is 100%.
33

6.4
Using Calculations instead of the Psychrometric Chart to Determine the Air State
The standard method of determining the parameters required to analyse HVAC
systems is to use the psychrometric chart as described above. However these
parameters can also be calculated. This section describes the formulae used in the RA2
software to determine the air state.
6.4.1
Saturation Pressure and Partial Pressure of the Water Vapour

The maximum saturation pressure of the water vapor in moist air varies with the
temperature of the air vapor mixture and can be expressed as:
pws = e(77.3450 + 0.0057 T - 7,235 / T) / T8.2
(1)
where
pws = water vapor saturation pressure (Pa)

e = the constant 2.718.......
T = temperature of the moist air (K)
Equation (1) represents the curve on the psychrometric chart at 100% RH.
Relative Humidity (RH) is defined as the partial pressure of the water vapour, divided
by the partial pressure of saturated air at the same temperature.
RH = pw / pws x 100%
(2)
From equations (1) and (2) the partial pressure of the water vapour can be calculated if
the temperature and RH are known.
6.4.2
Humidity Ratio
The humidity ratio can be determined from the partial pressure of water vapor and air:
x = 0.62198 pw / (pa - pw)
(3)
where
pw = partial pressure of water vapor in the moist air (Pa)

pa = atmospheric pressure of the moist air (Pa)
Thus from equations (1), (2) and (3), the humidity ratio (x) (i.e. the abscissa of the
psychrometric chart) can be determined from the temperature and RH measurements.
34

6.4.3
Calculating Enthalpy
The enthalpy of moist air can be expressed as:
h = cpa t + x [cpw t + hwe]
(4)
where
= specific enthalpy of moist air (kJ/kg)
cpa
= specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure
(kJ/kg.oC,)
= 1.01
t
= air temperature (oC)
= humidity ratio (kg/kg)
cpw
= specific heat capacity of water vapour, (kJ/kg.oC)

= 1.84
hwe
6.4.4
= 2,502 - evaporation heat of water at 0oC (kJ/kg)
Specific Volume of Moist Air per Mass Unit of Dry Air

Specific volume is defined as the total volume of dry air and water vapor mixture per
kg of dry air (SI-units). The specific volume can be expressed as:
vda = V / ma
(6)
where
vda = specific volume of moist air per mass unit of dry air
(m3/kg)
V = total volume of moist air (m3)
ma = mass of dry air (kg)
When dry air and water vapor with the same temperature occupies the same volume
the equation for an ideal gas can be applied.
pa V = ma Ra T
(7)
where
pa
= partial pressure air (Pa)
Ra
= the individual gas constant air (J/kg.K)

= 286.9
= temperature of the moist air (K)
Combining (6) and (7):
35

vda = Ra T / pa
(8)
The partial pressure of air can be expressed as:

pa = p - pw
(9)
where
p = pressure in the humid air (Pa)

pw = partial pressure water vapour (Pa)
vda = Ra T / (p - pw)
(10)
The ideal gas law can also be applied for the water vapor:
pw V = mw Rw T
(11)
where
pw
= partial pressure water vapor (Pa)
Rw
= the individual gas constant water vapor (J/kg.K)

= 455
= temperature of the moist air (K)
The mass of water vapor can be expressed by the humidity ratio and the mass
of air:
mw = x ma
(12)
where
x = humidity ratio (kg/kg)

pw V = x ma Rw T
Therefore, from (6):
vda = x Rw T / pw
i.e.
pw = x Rw T / vda

vda = Ra T / (p - (x Rw T / vda))
Which can be re-arranged to express the specific volume of moist air per unit
mass of dry air as:
36
vda = (1 + x Rw / Ra) Ra T / p
6.4.5
(13)
Specific Volume of Moist Air per unit Mass of Dry Air and Water Vapour
To calculate the total mass flow from the air speed, we need to know the density of the
moist air.
The specific volume, v, of the moist air can be expressed as:
v = V / ma + mw
where
v = specific volume of moist air per mass unit of dry air and
water vapor (m3/kg)
v = V / ma (1 + x)
From (6)
v = vda / (1 + x)
Combining this with (13) and re-arranging, the specific volume of moist air per unit
mass of dry air and water vapor can be expressed as:
v = (Ra T / p) [(1 + x Rw / Ra)/ (1 + x)]
(14)
For the low humidity ratios found in an air conditioning system such as RA2 there will
only be very small differences between the specific volume of moist air per unit mass
of dry air (vda) and the specific volume of moist air per unit mass of dry air and water
vapour (v).
37
6.5
6.5.1
Other Calculations Required

Calculating Mass Flow Rate
From the continuity equation:
.
m aA = m aB = m a
where A and B are two points along the duct. In the experiments that follow, the letter
subscripts refer to the positions along the duct as shown below:
Inlet
Preheat
Refrigerator
Reheat
Outlet
Thus, for a simple duct, the mass flow rate is constant through the duct.
The air flow rate (F) is measured by the air speed sensor at position D.
The volume flow rate can be calculated to be F.A m3/s, where A is the cross section
area of the duct.
Therefore the mass flow rate can be expressed as:
.
m a = F . A. / v
(15)
where
v = specific volume of moist air per mass unit of dry air and
water vapor (m3/kg)
F = Flow rate of the air (m/s)
A = Area of the duct (m2)
The Specific Volume, v, (Inverse Density) of the air can be calculated from equation
(14) or determined from the psychrometric chart, by plotting the dry bulb temperature
and measured RH at the air flow sensor position.
38

Note: most standard psychrometric charts show vda, not v, but the difference will be
small when calculating flow rates, see section 6.6.5 for more details.
6.5.2
Sensible Air Heating

Sensible Heating is heating that does not involve a change of phase (e.g. evaporation)
of any of the materials involved. Similarly sensible cooling of air does not involve any
condensation.
The sensible heat of a material is the heat energy of the air that may be gained or lost
through convection and conduction. The sensible heat is a result of the materials
specific heat capacity, its mass, and its temperature compared to some defined datum
or reference temperature (e.g. measured using a standard scale of temperature such as
Kelvin, Fahrenheit or Celsius, all of which use fixed reference points). The term
sensible heat rather than simply heat is used in order to distinguish it from latent
heat.
From first law of thermodynamics:
& = H
& W
&
Q
AB
W (work transfer rate) is zero
Therefore the effective heating (or cooling) of the air between positions A and
B can be expressed as:
& = m (h h )
Q
AB
a
B
A
(16)
Individual enthalpy can be determined from the psychrometric chart or

calculated from equation (4)
Alternatively, the change in enthalpy may be calculated as
cpa(TB TA) + x cpw (TB TA)
where TA is the initial temperature of the air
TB is the temperature of the air after heating
cpa is the specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure
cpw is the specific heat capacity of water vapour at constant
pressure
x is the humidity ratio
Note on Latent Heat: Latent heat is the heat energy required for a material (e.g.
water) to undergo a change of phase (e.g. evaporation from liquid to vapour). For
example, a mass of liquid water will not immediately and completely change phase to
water vapour as it reaches the evaporation temperature of 100C, but requires
additional heat input for the entire mass to evaporate. The temperature of the water
39

will remain at 100C (the temperature of the phase change) until the change is
complete. The heat that must be added to enable the phase change, which does not
result in a change of temperature, is the latent heat.
The RA2 provides the facilities to investigate latent heat as the input power to the
humidifier is measured. Also it is possible to collect the condensate from the chiller
over a period of time. However detailed analysis of this non-sensible heating and
cooling is beyond the scope of the standard experiments for the RA2. This would
make an ideal topic for project work.
6.5.3
Energy Balance and Heating Efficiency

Electrical Heater power = V2/R watts x mark space ratio
Efficiency = sensible air heating/ Electrical Heater power
Note: In an HVAC system it is quite possible to obtain efficiencies of >100% as
heat may be gained from the surroundings as well as lost. It is more correct to term
efficiency investigations as an Energy Balance.
40
7 Laboratory Teaching Exercises

7.1
Exercise A: Psychrometric Charts
Objective
To investigate and understand the use of psychrometric charts, understand relative
humidity (RH) measurements and the effect of temperature on RH and understand the
Humidity Ratio.
Method
To change the conditions of the air entering a duct and looking at the changes in RH,
temperature and humidity ratio by using a psychrometric chart and computerised
calculations.
Equipment Required
Compatible PC (not supplied by Armfield)
RA2-304 Software
Optional Equipment
Barometer for measuring local ambient pressure (if not available then some alternative
is required, such as a local weather report or an appropriate default value).
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is not required for this exercise and need not be filled.
Ensure that the equipment and PC have been set up as described in the installation
guide, and that the PC is connected and switched on with the RA2-304 software
running. The software should indicate IFD: OK in the bottom right of the software
window, and the red and green USB indicator lights on the electrical console should be
illuminated.
Check that the RCCD (circuit breaker) on the electrical console is in the up (OFF)
position.
Check that the sensor readings in the software indicate reasonable values.
Procedure
Switch on the fan to 40%, set PID1 to control T2 at 28oC. Set PID3 to control T4 at
20oC. Switch the chiller on. (These values are suitable for typical ambient
temperatures in the laboratory around 21oC. They can be raised or lowered to suit the
actual laboratory conditions.)
41

Check that the preheat element on the mimic diagram should change between grey and
red to indicate the times during which power is being supplied to the heater. Check
that the preheat temperature sensor rises then stabilises at approximately the set
temperature.
Check that the velocity sensor reading in the software increases.
Adjust the sampling configuration by selecting Sample from the top menu and the
configure, select the sampling operation as manual.
Allow the system to stabilise for approximately 15 minutes.
Select the
icon to record the sensor readings in the results table.
Results
From the results table record T and RH at each of the four positions.
From the psychrometric chart, estimate the Humidity Ratio (x), the Enthalpy (h) and
the Specific Volume (v) at each of the positions.
Compare the estimates with the values of x, h and v in the table produced by the
software.
Discussion
Describe what happens to the Humidity Ratio as the air proceeds down the duct and
how it is related to the Relative Humidity.
What would happen to the Humidity Ratio if the Humidifier was set to 50%?
42
43

7.2
Exercise B: Sensible Heating
Objective
To investigate sensible heating of air in a duct.
Method
To change the condition of the air entering a duct by increasing the preheat
temperature. To investigate the effect of temperature change on heating power and
electrical power.
Equipment Required
RA2-304 Software
Optional Equipment
Theory
Heating of Air
The air is heated without adding any additional moisture, so the humidity ratio remains
constant.
The vapour pressure of saturated air increases with increasing temperature. Hence the
relative humidity of the heated air decreases.
The heating of air in the duct using the preheater can be represented in the following
diagram:
hA
hB
wA
wB
maA
maB
The relevant equations have already been covered in Common Theory and
Calculations.
44
Mass balance
From continuity equation
.
m aA = m aB = m a
.
m aB = m aC = m a
where
.
m aA
= mass flow rate at inlet to duct,
m aB
= mass flow rate at inlet to refrigerator, and
m aC
= mass flow rate at outlet of refrigerator
Energy balance
From first law of thermodynamics:
& = H
& W
&
Q
AB
where
&
Q
AB = change in energy between duct inlet and entrance to
refrigerator,
&
H
= change in enthalpy
&
W
= rate of work done by the air
& (work transfer rate) is zero

Within the duct, W
& = m (h h )
Q
AB
a
B
A
where
hA
= enthalpy at duct inlet, and
hB
= enthalpy at entrance to refrigerator
A similar energy balance can be performed across the refrigerator:

& = m (h h )
Q
BC
a
C
B
The energy balance across the reheater is illustrated below:

hC
hD
wC
wD
maC
maD
45
which may be expressed as:

& = m (h h )
Q
CD
a
D
C
Heat Transfer
The heat transfer between two points may be calculated as in the following equations
& a Cpa (TB TA )

m
(between duct inlet and refrigerator inlet)
& a Cpa (TC TB )

m
(between refrigerator inlet and refrigerator outlet)
where
Cpa
= Constant pressure specific heat capacity of dry air at constant
pressure
= 1.0035 kJ/kga
When apparatus runs at nearly ambient temperatures, external losses or gains are very
small and close agreements should be achieved between the enthalpy change and heat
transfer.
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is not required for this exercise and need not be filled.
illuminated.
position.
Procedure
Set the fan to 60%. Set the Preheat control to manual and set to 30%. Let the system
stabilise.
Adjust the sampling configuration by selecting Sample from the top menu and the
configure select the sampling operation as manual.
Once the system has stabilised select the
results table
icon to record the sensor readings in the
Increase the Preheat control in steps of 10%, allowing stabilising and repeat
experiment.
46

Check that the preheat element on the mimic diagram changes to red to indicate that
the heater is in operation. Check that the preheat temperature sensor rises then
stabilises at approximately the set temperature. The heater element on the mimic
diagram should change between grey and red to indicate the times during which power
is being supplied to the heater.
Results
Using the data collected in the experiment calculate the following for each of the
conditions:
the mass flow rate
the heat transferred into the air
electrical power input to the heater
Now plot the following graphs:
heat transfer Vs Change in Temperature (T)
Electrical Power Vs Change in Temperature (T)
Discussion
The heat transfer graph should be a straight line, why?

The electrical power input of the heater may not be, comment.
Does the mass flow rate affect the heat transferred to the air?
Does varying the power supplied to the heat have an affect?
47

7.3
Exercise C: Humidification
Objective
To investigate the humidification of air. To investigate the effect of vapour content and
temperature on relative humidity.
Method
To humidify air by the introduction of water vapour using a supply of steam. To heat
the air stream in order to allow investigation of the effect of heating. To perform mass
and energy balances for this humidification system.
Equipment Required

RA2-304 Software
Optional Equipment
Theory
Humidification of the air flow can be represented as in the following diagram:

hA
hB
wA
wB
maA
maB
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is required for this exercise, and should be filled before use to MAX
LEVEL (as indicated on the sight glass) with clean, preferably distilled or de-ionised
(demineralised), water. The filling procedure is described in the Operational
Procedures section of this manual (see 3.3).
48

illuminated.
position.
Procedure
In the software, set the fan to 40%.

Select the boiler controller (PID). Set the controller to Manual Control and the Manual
Output to 100% to run the boiler heater at full power.
Observe the equipment as the boiler heats the water. As soon as steam appears at the
steam lance outlet, decrease the boiler setting to 40%.
Allow the system to stabilise (this will take approximately 10 minutes).
Select the
icon to record the sensor data on the results sheet.
Set the boiler to 30%. Allow the system to stabilise (approx. 10 minutes) and select the
icon.
Set the boiler to 20%, allow the system to stabilise and select the
icon.
Remember to refill the boiler as necessary.
Investigate the effect of temperature on relative humidity

hA
hB
wA
wB
maA
maB
Set the boiler to 40%.

Open the preheat controller window and set the preheater to Manual. Set the Manual
Output to 50%.
Allow the system to stabilise, then select the
icon.
Set the preheater to 100%. Allow the system to stabilise then select the
icon.
If time permits, the experiment may be repeated at a lower air flow rate by adjusting
the fan speed setting. Ensure that the flow rate is never less than 82 m/hr.
49

If draining the boiler after use, remember to first allow sufficient time for the water to
cool.
Results
The software logs the output from the relevant flow, temperature and humidity sensors.
The software calculates the mass flow rate from the flow velocity. Check the
calculation for one set of sensor readings.
The software calculates the heat transfer. Check the calculation for one set of sensor
readings.
For each set of data in turn, enter the values of temperature and humidity on the h-x
diagram and identify the change of state (dew point).
For each set of data, determine the enthalpy, h, and relative humidity, , from the
diagram.
For the first set of data, compare the enthalpy to the heat transfer.
Compare the results obtained at different boiler power settings, including the first set
of data.
Compare the results obtained at different preheat temperatures, including the first set
of data.
If the experiment was performed at different flow rates then compare the results
obtained from this, including the first set of data.
Discussion
What effect would you expect decreasing the boiler setting to have on the relative
humidity and on the humidity ratio of the air stream? Was this reflected in the results
obtained?
Is there any observable relationship between the relative humidity and the humidity
ratio? How is this affected by the boiler setting? What is the effect of heating the air
with the preheater?
Describe any change in the energy balance with different boiler settings. Contrast this
with any change in the energy balance resulting from the preheater setting.
If the experiment was performed at different flow rates, include a discussion of the
effect of changing the air flow rate.
What are the implications of your findings on the use of steam to humidify air? In what
situations might both heating and humidification be required? Are there any additional
considerations in air conditioning systems that might arise from the use of water
vapour and heating?
50

7.4
Exercise D: Cooling with Dehumidification
Objective
To investigate wet surface cooling and dehumidification of air.

Method
By humidifying air using the introduction of steam to the air stream. By cooling this
humidified air using a compression-based refrigeration (cooling) unit. By performing
mass and energy balances on the system. By varying the moisture content of the air to
investigate the effect this has on the results obtained.
Equipment Required

RA2-304 Software
Optional Equipment
Theory
Cooling with dehumidification can be represented in diagram form as follows:

hB
wB
hC
wC
maB
maC
mcond
h4
h1
hcond
Mass and energy balances may be performed as described in earlier experiments.

The electrical power input into the compressor is logged by the software. This is taken
to be approximately equal to the energy consumed by the compressor in doing work.
51

Mass balance
From continuity equation:
& aC = m
& aB = m
&a
m
From this, the mass flow rate of steam can be calculated as:
& cond = m
& a w = m
& a (w B w C )
m
Hence total mass flow of moist air [kg/s] is:
& a m
& cond = m
& a (1 w )
m
Energy balance
& = H
& W
&
Q
BC
comp
&
W
comp = Compressor work Compressor power input
.
&
& a (h B h C ) m
& cond h cond ] W
Q BC = [m
comp
Air enthalpy change can be calculated as:

& a (h B h C )
m
Condensate enthalpy can be calculated as:

& cond h cond
m
(assume hcond = 419.04kJ/kg )
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is required for this exercise, and should be filled before use to MAX
LEVEL (as indicated on the sight glass) with clean, preferably distilled or de-ionised
(demineralised), water. The filling procedure is described in the Operational
Procedures section of this manual (see 3.3).
illuminated.
position.
52
Procedure
NOTE: Where the ambient temperature of the laboratory is low, better results may be
obtained with the use of the preheater. Exact requirements will vary as the ambient
humidity will also affect the results, and so are left to the discretion of the individual
user.
In the event of extremely high ambient humidity (relative humidity close to 100%), it
may not be possible to investigate cooling over a sufficiently wide range of humidity
values, and in such cases it may be preferable to postpone the experiment until
ambient conditions are more favourable. However, in high ambient humidity
conditions it should be possible to investigate dehumidification without needing to
humidify first (i.e. without using the boiler).
In the software, set the fan speed to 40% and turn the cooler on.
In low to moderate humidity conditions it will be necessary to use the boiler to
humidify the air. Set the boiler to full power until steam appears at the exit to the
steam lance, then switch off full power and set the boiler Manual Output to 25%.
Allow the system to stabilise (approximately 25 minutes), then perform a condensate
collection by collecting the condensate from the compressor condensate outlet tube
over a timed period of 20 minutes. Record the volume collected and the time.
Select the
icon and collect data for 15 minutes every 10 seconds.
Repeat for a boiler setting of 50% and 75%.

If time permits, the experiment may be repeated at a lower air flow rate by adjusting
the fan speed setting. Ensure that the flow rate is never less than 82 m/hr.
Switch off the boiler (set Mode of Operation to Off).
Switch off the preheater, if used.
Allow a few minutes for the temperatures to stabilise, and then switch off the fan.
If draining the boiler after use, remember to first allow sufficient time for the water to
cool.
Results
The software logs the output from the flow, temperature and humidity sensors.
Calculate the mass flow rate of dry air from the flow velocity.
Calculate the mass flow rate of steam from the continuity equation.
Calculate the mass flow rate of moist air by performing a mass balance calculation.
Calculate the vapour condensation rate from the times condensate collection values.
The software calculates the heat transfer. Check the calculation for one set of sensor
readings.
Compare the flow rate of moist air with the vapour condensation rate.
53

For each set of data in turn, enter the values of temperature and humidity on the h-x
diagram and identify the change of state (dew point).
For each set of data, determine the enthalpy, h, and relative humidity, , from the
diagram.
Determine the moisture content drop, w.
Compare the results obtained at different boiler power settings, including the first set
of data.
If the experiment was performed at different flow rates then compare the results
obtained from this, including the first set of data.
Discussion
What was the effect on the relative humidity and humidity ratio? What was the effect
of water vapour content on air cooling, as shown by the experiment? What is the
significance of the results when considering air conditioning system design? Discuss
the positioning of the humidifier within a system when cooling is to be employed:
what would be the effect on the energy balance and efficiency if the air was humidified
after cooling and not before as in the RA2?
Discuss methods for improving the accuracy of results. As project work, students may
devise a method of determining compressor efficiency.
54

7.5
Exercise E: Enthalpy
Objective
To investigate and understand the affect on enthalpy, understand relative humidity

(RH) measurements and the effect of temperature on RH and understand the Humidity
Ratio.
Method
Looking at the changes in enthalpy as the temperature and humidity are changed.
Equipment Required

RA2-304 Software
Optional Equipment
Theory
The enthalpy of moist air can be expressed as:

h = cpa t + x [cpw t + hwe]
(4)
where
h
= specific enthalpy of moist air (kJ/kg)
cpa
= specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure

(kJ/kg.oC,)
= 1.01
= air temperature (oC)
= humidity ratio (kg/kg)
cpw
= specific heat capacity of water vapour, (kJ/kg.oC)

= 1.84
hwe
= 2,502 - evaporation heat of water at 0oC (kJ/kg)
55

Equipment Set Up
The boiler is required for this exercise and needs to be filled.

illuminated.
position.
Procedure
Switch on the fan to 40%, set PID1 to control T2 at 23oC. (These values are suitable
for typical ambient temperatures in the laboratory around 21oC. They can be raised or
lowered to suit the actual laboratory conditions.)
Check that the velocity sensor reading in the software increases.
Allow the system to stabilise.
Select the
icon to record the sensor readings in the results table every 10 seconds
for 15 minutes.
Turn the boiler on to 40% and allow the system to stabilise.
Select the
icon to record the sensor readings in the results table every 10 seconds
for 15 minutes.
Turn the boiler off and the cooler on.
Make sure dehumidification is occurring before selecting the
icon to record the
sensor readings in the results table every 10 seconds for 15 minutes.
Results
From the results table calculate the average enthalpy at each of the four positions and
plot these in a bar graph.
Conclusion
Describe what happens to the enthalpy as the air proceeds down the duct and how it is
related to the Relative Humidity and temperature.
If the experiment was performed at different flow rates, include a discussion of the
effect of changing the air flow rate.
56
8 Installation Guide
Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and
installed as described in this Installation Guide. Safe use of the
equipment depends on following the correct installation procedure.
The RA2 Air Conditioning Unit is supplied fully assembled and ready for use. It is a benchtop unit. Due to its weight it should be carried by two people. The following procedures must
be carried out prior to operation
8.1
Connection to an electricity supply
Check that the voltage specified on the equipment matches the supply voltage. Note: this unit
must be earthed. Ensure that the miniature circuit breakers are in the off (down) position. The
mains electrical connection is on the rear of the unit.
For details about the electricity supply refer to the Electrical Supply in the Specifications
section of this manual.
8.2
Data logger/remote controller and software
The RA2 unit is controlled via computer software. A USB port is located on the electrical
control panel at the right hand end of the RA2. The USB lead from the RA2 should be
connected to the USB port on a suitable computer running the Armfield RA2 Software.
The basic operation of the Air Conditioning Unit has been confirmed.
Refer to the Operational Procedures section in the product manual for
further information.
9 Electrical Wiring Diagram
Electrical Wiring Diagram

ADM31712
ii
Main Office:
US Office:
Armfield Limited
Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY
Armfield Inc.
436 West Commodore Blvd (#2)
Jackson, NJ 08527
Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781

Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916
Email: sales@armfield.co.uk
Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk
Tel:
(732) 928 3332
Fax:
(732) 928 3542
Email:
info@armfieldinc.com

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An ISO 9001 Company

Air Conditioning Unit RA2

RA2 Air Conditioning

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

RA2 Air Conditioning

Safety shoes and/or gloves should be worn as appropriate.

Hot Liquids and Steam

Always allow time for the apparatus to cool before disassembly.

Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures described in

The apparatus should not be left unattended while switched on.

Do not touch any surfaces with a Hot Surfaces warning label.

Do not cover or store the equipment until it has cooled.

Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures described in

Moving and Rotating Components

Do not remove any protective guards while the equipment is in operation.

RA2 Air Conditioning

Do not attempt to pierce or open any part of the refrigeration unit.

Keep the external temperature above 0C and below 40C.*

Protect the unit from damage.

Water Borne Hazards

RA2 Air Conditioning

Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below 20C. If

RA2 Air Conditioning

RA2 Air Conditioning

AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

Introduction to the Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 8

Diagram 1: Front View of Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 9

Diagram 2: Top View of Apparatus......................................................................................................... 10

Pre-heater and Re-heater ........................................................................................................................ 12

Condensing Unit ...................................................................................................................................... 14

Air Velocity Sensor .................................................................................................................................. 16

Temperature / Relative Humidity Sensor ................................................................................................. 17

Data Logger/Equipment Controller and Software................................................................................... 17

Operation and Software.................................................................................................................................. 18

Using the Software................................................................................................................................... 18

Operation of the Humidifier..................................................................................................................... 19

Operation of Remote Controller/Data Logger and Software................................................................... 19

Data Logging Facilities ........................................................................................................................... 21

USB Channel Numbers ............................................................................................................................ 24

Routine Maintenance ...................................................................................................................................... 26

RA2 Air Conditioning

RCD Test ..................................................................................................................................................26

Calibration of Relative Humidity Sensors ................................................................................................26

Calibration of Temperature and Air Flow Sensors ..................................................................................27

Cleaning Procedure .................................................................................................................................27

Background and Theory..................................................................................................................................30

Psychrometric chart and Glossary ...........................................................................................................32

Other Calculations Required....................................................................................................................38

Laboratory Teaching Exercises ......................................................................................................................41

Exercise A: Psychrometric Charts ...........................................................................................................41

Exercise B: Sensible Heating ...................................................................................................................44

Exercise C: Humidification ......................................................................................................................48

Exercise D: Cooling with Dehumidification ............................................................................................51

Exercise E: Enthalpy ................................................................................................................................55

Connection to an electricity supply .............................................................................................................i

Data logger/remote controller and software...............................................................................................i

Electrical Wiring Diagram................................................................................................................................ii

RA2 Air Conditioning

1 Introduction to the Equipment

RA2 Air Conditioning Unit

Diagram 1: Front View of Apparatus

RA2 Air Conditioning

Diagram 2: Top View of Apparatus