Final Approval of VW Settlement

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 1 of 48
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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United States District Court

Northern District of California
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IN RE: VOLKSWAGEN CLEAN DIESEL

MARKETING, SALES PRACTICES, AND
PRODUCTS LIABILITY LITIGATION
_____________________________________/
This Order Relates To:
ALL ACTIONS (except the securities action)
______________________________________/
MDL No. 2672 CRB (JSC)

ORDER GRANTING FINAL
APPROVAL OF THE 2.0-LITER TDI
CONSUMER AND RESELLER
DEALERSHIP CLASS ACTION
SETTLEMENT
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Just over one year ago, Volkswagen publicly admitted it had secretly and deliberately
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installed a defeat devicesoftware designed to cheat emissions tests and deceive federal and state
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regulatorsin nearly 500,000 Volkswagen- and Audi-branded TDI diesel vehicles sold to
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American consumers. Litigation quickly ensued, and hundreds of consumers lawsuits were
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assigned to this Court as a multidistrict litigation (MDL).
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After five months of intensive negotiations conducted under the guidance of a Court-
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appointed Settlement Master, Plaintiffs and Defendants Volkswagen AG, Audi AG, and
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Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (collectively, Volkswagen) reached a settlement that
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resolves consumer claims concerning the 2.0-liter TDI diesel vehicles. The Court preliminarily
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approved the Amended Consumer Class Action Settlement Agreement (Settlement) on July 26,
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2016 (Dkt. No. 1688) and entered its Amended Order on July 29, 2016 (Dkt. No. 1698). The
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Settlement Class Representatives now move the Court to finally approve the Settlement. (Dkt.
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No. 1784.) On October 18, 2016, the Court held a fairness hearing regarding final approval,
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during which 18 Class Members or attorneys for Class Members addressed the Court. Having
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considered the parties submissions and with the benefit of oral argument, the Court GRANTS
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final approval of the Settlement Agreement. The Settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate.
I.
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A.
Factual Background
Over the course of six years, Volkswagen sold nearly 500,000 Volkswagen- and Audi-

BACKGROUND
branded TDI clean diesel vehicles, which they marketed as being environmentally friendly, fuel
efficient, and high performing. Consumers were unaware, however, that Volkswagen had secretly
equipped these vehicles with a defeat device that allowed Volkswagen to evade United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB)
emissions test procedures. Specifically, the defeat device produces regulation-compliant results
when it senses the vehicle is undergoing testing, but operates a less effective emissions control
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system when the vehicle is driven under normal circumstances. It was only by using the defeat
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device that Volkswagen was able to obtain Certificates of Conformity from EPA and Executive
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Orders from CARB for its TDI diesel engine vehicles. In reality, these vehicles emit nitrogen
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oxides (NOx) at a factor of up to 40 times over the permitted limit.
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B.
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Procedural History
On September 3, 2015, Volkswagen admitted to EPA and CARB that it had installed
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defeat devices on its model years 2009 through 2015 Volkswagen and Audi 2.0-liter diesel engine
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vehicles. The public learned of this admission on September 18, 2015, when the EPA issued a
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Notice of Violation (NOV) that alleged Volkswagens use of the defeat device violated
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provisions of the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. That same day, CARB sent Volkswagen
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a notification letter stating CARB had commenced an enforcement investigation concerning the
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defeat device.
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Two months later, EPA issued a second NOV to Volkswagen, as well as Dr. Ing. h.c. F.
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Porsche AG (Porsche AG) and Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (PCNA), which alleged
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Volkswagen had installed in its 3.0-liter diesel engine vehicles a defeat device similar to the one
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described in the September 18 NOV. CARB also sent a second letter concerning the same matter.
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1.
Consumer Actions
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Consumers nationwide filed hundreds of lawsuits after Volkswagens use of the defeat
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device became public, and on December 8, 2015, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
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(JPML) transferred 56 related actions, including numerous putative class actions, to this Court
for coordinated pretrial proceedings in the above-captioned MDL. (Dkt. No. 1.) The JPML has
since transferred an additional 1,101 tag-along actions to the Court. (Dkt. No. 2092.)

In January 2016, the Court appointed Elizabeth J. Cabraser of Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann &
Bernstein, LLP as Lead Plaintiffs Counsel and Chair of the Plaintiffs Steering Committee
(PSC), to which the Court also named 21 attorneys. (Dkt. No. 1084.) On February 22, 2016,
the PSC filed its Consolidated Consumer Class Action Complaint against 13 Defendants:
VWGoA; VWAG; Audi AG; Audi of America, LLC; Porsche AG; PCNA; Martin Winterkorn;
Mattias Mller; Michael Horn; Rupert Stadler; Robert Bosch GmbH (Bosch GmbH); Robert
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Bosch, LLC (Bosch LLC); and Volkmar Denner. (Dkt. No. 1230.) The Consolidated
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Complaint asserted claims under (1) the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
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(RICO), 18 U.S.C. 1962(c)-(d), and the Magnusson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. 2301 et
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seq.; (2) state fraud, breach of contract, and unjust enrichment laws; and (3) all fifty States
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consumer protection laws. (Id. 361-3432.) The PSC also filed a Consolidated Amended
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Reseller Dealership Class Action Complaint against the same 13 Defendants, which asserted
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RICO, fraud, failure to recall/retrofit, and unjust enrichment claims. (Dkt. No. 1231 179-292.)
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The PSC subsequently filed an Amended Consolidated Consumer Class Action Complaint
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(Amended Consumer Complaint, Dkt. No. 1804) and a Second Amended Consolidated Reseller
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Dealership Class Action Complaint (Second Amended Reseller Complaint, Dkt. No. 1805).
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2.
Government Actions
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This MDL also includes actions brought by federal and state government entities. The
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United States Department of Justice (United States) on behalf of EPA has sued VWAG, Audi
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AG, VWGoA; Volkswagen Group of America Chattanooga Operations, LLC (VW
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Chattanooga), Porsche AG, and PCNA for claims arising under Sections 204 and 205 of the
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Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7523 and 7524. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has also
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brought an action against VWGoA. The FTC brings its claims pursuant to Section 13(b) of the
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Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act), 15 U.S.C. 53(b), and alleges violations of Section
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5(a) of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. 45(a). Additionally, the State of California, on behalf of the
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People and CARB, has sued VWAG, VWGoA, VW Chattanooga, Audi AG, Porsche AG, and
PCNA for violations of the Consumer Financial Protection Act, 12 U.S.C. 5536, and various
California state laws.
3.
Settlement Negotiations
In January 2016 the Court appointed former Director of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation Robert S. Mueller III as Settlement Master to oversee settlement negotiations
between the parties. (Dkt. No. 973.) Settlement talks began almost immediately, and by April
2016, the parties reached agreements in principle regarding 2.0-liter diesel engine vehicles. (Dkt.
No. 1439 at 4:25-6:15.) On June 28, 2016, the United States, the PSC, and the FTC filed a Partial
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Consent Decree, proposed Consumer Class Action Settlement Agreement, and Partial Consent
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Order, respectively. (Dkt. Nos. 1605-07.) Additionally, on July 7, 2016, the State of California
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filed a Partial Consent Decree resolving claims brought on behalf of the People. (Dkt. No. 1642.)
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The PSC and the United States subsequently filed an Amended Settlement and an Amended
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Partial Consent Decree. (See Dkt. Nos. 1685, 1973-1.) Negotiations concerning the 3.0-liter
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diesel engine vehicles remain ongoing.
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4.
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The Court granted preliminary approval of the Settlement on July 26, 2016. Thereafter,
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Approval of Settlements
the Court entered the State of Californias consent decree on September 1, 2016 (Dkt. No. 1801).
In accordance with the Courts Order Granting Preliminary Approval, Plaintiffs filed a
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statement regarding their prospective request for attorneys fees and costs on August 10, 2016 and
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a motion for final approval on August 26, 2016. (Dkt. Nos. 1730, 1784.) The Notice
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Administrator implemented the Court-approved Notice Program on July 28, 2016 by sending
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email notice to potential Class Members, and on August 10, 2016, the Notice Administrator
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mailed Notice of the proposed Settlement Agreement to the putative Class via first class U.S.
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Mail. (Dkt. No. 1978 10, 12; Dkt. No. 1979 8, 13.) By September 30, 2016, there were 462
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timely objections and 3,298 exclusions. (Dkt. No. 1976 at 3-4; Dkt. No. 1976-2 6.)
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II.
The key provisions of the Settlement are as follows. The Settlement Class is defined as
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all persons (including individuals and entities) who, on September

18, 2015, were registered owners or lessees of, or, in the case of
Non-Volkswagen Dealers, held title to or held by bill of sale dated
on or before September 18, 2015, a Volkswagen or Audi 2.0-liter
TDI vehicle in the United States or its territories (an Eligible
Vehicle), or who, between September 18, 2015, and the end of the
Claim Period, become a registered owner of, or, in the case of NonVolkswagen Dealers, hold title to or hold by bill of sale dated after
September 18, 2015, but before the end of the Claims Period, an
Eligible Vehicle in the United States or its territories.
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(Dkt. No. 1685 2.6.) Eligible Vehicles are
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Model Year 2009 through 2015 Volkswagen and Audi light-duty

vehicles equipped with 2.0-liter TDI engines that (1) are covered, or
purported to be covered, by the EPA Test Groups in the table [in
paragraph 2.33]; (2) are, at any point during the period September
18, 2015 to June 28, 2016, registered with a state Department of
Motor Vehicles or equivalent agency or owned by a NonVolkswagen Dealer in the United States or its territories that (a)
holds title to the vehicle or (b) holds the vehicle by bill of sale; (3)
for an Eligible Owner, are currently Operable or cease to be
Operable only after the Opt-Out Deadline; and (4) have not been
modified pursuant to an Approved Emissions Modification.
Eligible Vehicle also excludes any Volkswagen or Audi vehicle that
was never sold in the United States or its territories.

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(Id. 2.33.)
Class Members are categorized as Eligible Owners, Eligible Lessees, or Eligible Sellers.
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SETTLEMENT TERMS1
An Eligible Owner is
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the registered owner or owners of an Eligible Vehicle on June 28,

2016, or the registered owner or owners who acquire an Eligible
Vehicle after June 28, 2016, but before the end of the Claim Period,
except that the owner of an Eligible Vehicle who had an active lease
issued by VW Credit, Inc. as of September 18, 2015, and purchased
an Eligible Vehicle previously leased by that owner after June 28,
2016 shall be an Eligible Lessee. A Non-Volkswagen Dealer who,
on or after June 28, 2016, holds title to or holds by bill of sale an
Eligible Vehicle in the United States or its territories shall qualify as
an Eligible Owner regardless of whether that Non-Volkswagen
Dealer is registered as the owner of the Eligible Vehicle, provided
that the Non-Volkswagen Dealer otherwise meets the definition of
Eligible Owner.
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A more detailed explanation of the Settlement terms can be found in the Courts Amended
Order. (Dkt. No. 1698 at 4-14.)
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(Id. 2.30.) An Eligible Lessee is
(1) the current lessee or lessees of an Eligible Vehicle with a lease

issued by VW Credit, Inc.; (2) the former lessee or lessees of an
Eligible Vehicle who had an active lease issued by VW Credit, Inc.
as of September 18, 2015 and who surrendered or surrenders the
leased Eligible Vehicle to Volkswagen; or (3) the owner of an
Eligible Vehicle who had an active lease issued by VW Credit, Inc.
as of September 18, 2015, and who acquired ownership of the
previously leased Eligible Vehicle at the conclusion of the lease
after June 28, 2016. For avoidance of doubt, no person shall be
considered an Eligible Lessee by virtue of holding a lease issued by
a lessor other than VW Credit, Inc.
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(Id. 2.29.) An Eligible Seller is
a person who purchased or otherwise acquired an Eligible Vehicle

on or before September 18, 2015, and sold or otherwise transferred
ownership of such vehicle after September 18, 2015, but before June
28, 2016. For avoidance of doubt, Eligible Seller includes any
owner (1) who acquired his, her, or its Eligible Vehicle on or before
September 18, 2015, (2) whose Eligible Vehicle was totaled, and (3)
who consequently transferred title of his, her, or its vehicle to an
insurance company after September 18, 2015, but before June 28,
2016.
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(Id. 2.31.)
The Settlement gives Class Members choices as to remedies. Eligible Owners have two
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options: Volkswagen will pay cash (Owner Restitution) and either (1) buy the Class Members
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Eligible Vehicle at its pre-defeat device disclosure value (the Buyback), or (2) fix the Class
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Members vehicle when and if EPA and CARB approve an emissions modification (a Fix). 2
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(Dkt. No. 1685 4.2.1-4.2.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.3.) Eligible Lessees also have two options. They may (1)
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terminate their leases without penalty plus receive additional cash (Lessee Restitution), or (2) if
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a Fix is approved, have their leased car fixed plus receive Lessee Restitution. (Id. 4.2.3-4.2.4,
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4.3.1, 4.3.3.) Finally, Eligible Sellers, that is, consumers who sold their Eligible Vehicle prior to
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the filing of the Settlement, receive cash (Seller Restitution). (Id. 2.60.) The Buyback price
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and Restitution amounts are based on the September 2015 National Automobile Dealers
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Association (NADA) Clean Trade-In value for each Eligible Vehicle. (Id. 2.5, 2.64.)
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Compensation for Buybacks, Lease Terminations, and Restitution will be drawn from a $10.033
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The schedule for Volkswagen to submit proposed Fixes can be found in Exhibit 1 to the
Settlement (Dkt. No. 1685-1 at 6-7) and the Long Form Notice (Dkt. No. 1685-3 at 19).
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The Settlement further requires Volkswagen to pay reasonable attorneys fees and costs.
(Id. 11.1.) Class Counsel has agreed to seek no more than $324 million, plus no more than $8.5
million in actual and reasonable out-of-pocket costs, for expenses incurred through October 18,
2016. (Dkt. No. 1730 at 2-3.)
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billion funding pool. (Id. 1.)
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In exchange for benefits under the Settlement, Class Members agree to release all
Released Claims against Released Parties. The Settlement defines Released Parties as
(1) Volkswagen AG, Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (d/b/a
Volkswagen of America, Inc. or Audi of America, Inc.),
Volkswagen Group of America Chattanooga Operations, LLC, Audi
AG, Audi of America, LLC, VW Credit, Inc., VW Credit Leasing,
Ltd., VCI Loan Services, LLC, and any former, present, and future
owners, shareholders, directors, officers, employees, attorneys,
affiliates, parent companies, subsidiaries, predecessors, and
successors of any of the foregoing (the VW Released Entities);
(2) any and all contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers of the VW
Released Entities;
(3) any and all persons and entities indemnified by any VW
Released Entity with respect to the 2.0-liter TDI Matter;
(4) any and all other persons and entities involved in the design,
research, development, manufacture, assembly, testing, sale, leasing,
repair, warranting, marketing, advertising, public relations,
promotion, or distribution of any Eligible Vehicle, even if such
persons are not specifically named in this paragraph, including
without limitation all Volkswagen Dealers, as well as nonauthorized dealers and sellers;
(5) Claims Supervisor;
(6) Notice Administrator;
(7) lenders, creditors, financial institutions, or any other parties that
financed any purchase or lease of an Eligible Vehicle; and
(8) for each of the foregoing, their respective former, present, and
future affiliates, parent companies, subsidiaries, predecessors,
successors, shareholders, indemnitors, subrogees, spouses, joint
ventures, general or limited partners, attorneys, assigns, principals,
officers, directors, employees, members, agents, representatives,
trustees, insurers, reinsurers, heirs, beneficiaries, wards, estates,
executors, administrators, receivers, conservators, personal
representatives, divisions, dealers, and suppliers.
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(Dkt. No. 1685 9.2.) The Settlement does not, however, release any claims against Bosch
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GmbH; Bosch LLC; or any of its any of its former, present, and future owners, shareholders,
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directors, officers, employees, attorneys, affiliates, parent companies, subsidiaries, predecessors,
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or successors. (Id.; Dkt. No. 1685-5 6.)

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In exchange for benefits under the Settlement, Class members release
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any and all claims, demands, actions, or causes of action of any kind
or nature whatsoever, whether in law or in equity, known or
unknown, direct, indirect or consequential, liquidated or
unliquidated, past, present or future, foreseen or unforeseen,
developed or undeveloped, contingent or noncontingent, suspected
or unsuspected, whether or not concealed or hidden, arising from or
in any way related to the 2.0-liter TDI Matter, including without
limitation (1) any claims that were or could have been asserted in
the Action; and (2) any claims for fines, penalties, criminal
assessments, economic damages, punitive damages, exemplary
damages, liens, injunctive relief, attorneys, expert, consultant, or
other litigation fees or costs other than fees and costs awarded by the
Court in connection with this Settlement, or any other liabilities, that
were or could have been asserted in any civil, criminal,
administrative, or other proceeding, including arbitration.
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(Dkt. No. 1685 9.3.)
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Class Members also expressly waive and relinquish any rights they may have under
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California Civil Code section 1542 or similar federal or state law. (Id. 9.9; Dkt. No. 1685-5 3);
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see Cal. Civ. Code 1542 (A general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does
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not know or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release, which if known
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by him or her must have materially affected his or her settlement with the debtor.).
III.
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A.
DISCUSSION FINAL APPROVAL OF SETTLEMENT
Legal Standard
The Ninth Circuit maintains a strong judicial policy that favors class action settlements.
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Allen v. Bedolla, 787 F.3d 1218, 1223 (9th Cir. 2015). Nevertheless, Federal Rule of Civil
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Procedure (Rule) 23(e) requires courts to approve any class action settlement. Fed. R. Civ. P.
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23(e). [S]ettlement class actions present unique due process concerns for absent class members.
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Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998). As such, the district court has a
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fiduciary duty to look after the interests of those absent class members. Allen, 787 F.3d at 1223
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(collecting cases). Specifically, courts must determine whether a proposed settlement is
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fundamentally fair, adequate, and reasonable. Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026; see Fed. R. Civ. P.
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23(e)(2). In particular, where the parties reach a settlement agreement prior to class certification,
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courts must peruse the proposed compromise to ratify both the propriety of the certification and
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the fairness of the settlement. Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 952 (9th Cir. 2003).
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Approval of a settlement is a two-step process. Courts first determine[] whether a

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proposed class action settlement deserves preliminary approval and then, after notice is given to
class members, whether final approval is warranted. In re High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litig.,
2014 WL 3917126, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2014). At the fairness hearing, . . . after notice is
given to putative class members, the court entertains any of their objections to (1) the treatment of
the litigation as a class action and/or (2) the terms of the settlement. Ontiveros v. Zamora, 303
F.R.D. 356, 363 (E.D. Cal. 2014) (citing Diaz v. Trust Territory of Pac. Islands, 876 F.2d 1401,
1408 (9th Cir. 1989)). After the fairness hearing, the court determines whether the parties should
be allowed to settle the class action pursuant to the agreed-upon terms. Chavez v. Lumber
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Liquidators, Inc., 2015 WL 2174168, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 8, 2015) (citing Natl Rural
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Telecomms. Coop. v. DIRECTV, Inc., 221 F.R.D. 523, 525 (C.D. Cal. 2004)).
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B.
Final Certification of the Settlement Class
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1.
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A class action is maintainable only if it meets the four Rule 23(a) prerequisites:
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Rule 23(a) and (b) Requirements
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(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is

impracticable;
(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of
the claims or defenses of the class; and
(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the class.
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). In a settlement-only certification context, the specifications of the Rule . . .
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designed to protect absentees by blocking unwarranted or overbroad class definitions . . . demand
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undiluted, even heightened, attention[.] Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 620
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(1997). Such attention is of vital importance, for a court asked to certify a settlement class will
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lack the opportunity, present when a case is litigated, to adjust the class, informed by the
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proceedings as they unfold. (Id.)
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In addition to the Rule 23(a) prerequisites, parties seeking class certification must show
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that the action is maintainable under Rule 23(b)(1), (2), or (3). Amchem Prods., Inc., 521 U.S. at
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614. Rule 23(b)(3), relevant here, requires that (1) questions of law or fact common to class
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members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members and (2) a class
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action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the
controversy. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). The pertinent matters to these findings include
(A) the class members interests in individually controlling the

prosecution or defense of separate actions;
(B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the
controversy already begun by or against class members;
(C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of
the claims in the particular forum; and
(D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.
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(Id.)
In its Amended Order, the Court carefully considered whether Plaintiffs satisfied the Rule
23(a) and (b)(3) requirements. (See Dkt. No. 1698 at 15-20.) Because the Settlement Class has
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not changed, the Court sees no reason to revisit the analysis of Rule 23. G.F. v. Contra Costa
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Cty., 2015 WL 7571789, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation
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omitted).
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2.
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Adequate notice is critical to court approval of a class settlement under Rule 23(e).
Rule 23(c) Requirements
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Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1025. Rule 23(c)(2)(B) requires that [f]or any class certified under Rule
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23(b)(3), the court must direct to class members the best notice that is practicable under the
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circumstances, including individual notice to all members who can be identified through
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reasonable effort. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2)(B). [T]he express language and intent of Rule
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23(c)(2) leave no doubt that individual notice must be provided to those class members who are
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identifiable through reasonable effort. Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 175 (1974).
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a.
Implementation of the Notice Program
The Court previously approved the form and content of the Long and Short Form Notices,
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as well as the Notice Program as set forth in the Settlement. (Dkt. No. 1698 at 28-31; see Dkt.
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Nos. 1680; Dkt. No. 1685 8.1-8.8.) The Court appointed Kinsella Media LLC (KM) as
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Notice Administrator to implement the Notice Program on July 27, 2016. (Dkt. No. 1698 at 32.)
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Individual direct notice served as the primary means of notification. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 38.)
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Rust Consulting, Inc. (Rust), of which KM is a subsidiary, provided direct mail services. (Dkt.
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No. 1978 7-8.) Between August 10 and 16, 2016, Rust mailed via First Class U.S. Mail a
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personalized cover letter and the Long Form Notice to 811,944 identified Class Members. (Dkt.
No. 1784 at 37-38; Dkt. No. 1978 10; Dkt. No. 1979 8; see Dkt. Nos. 1979-1, 1979-2.) Rust
obtained Class Members addresses through Volkswagens records and/or registration data and by
purchasing a mailing list of non-Volkswagen/Audi new and used car dealers. (Dkt. No. 1784 at
38; Dkt. No. 1979 5-6.) Rust checked these addresses against the United States Postal
Services National Change of Address database prior to mailing. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 38; Dkt. No.
1979 7.) As of September 28, 2016, Rust received 732 undeliverable Notices with a forwarding
address, of which 531 have been re-mailed. (Dkt. No. 1979 9.) As of September 28, 2016, Rust
received an additional 29,257 undeliverable Notices without a forwarding address. (Id. 10.)
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After running these Notices through an advance address search, such as a skip trace, to locate a
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more current address, Rust obtained updated addresses for 12,885 records and has re-mailed 8,767
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Notices. (Id.) As of September 29, 2016, 16,372 mailed Notices remained undelivered. (Dkt. No.
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1978 11.) Put another way, 97.98% of mailings were delivered. (Id.)
To supplement the direct mail notice, Rust sent 79,772 email notifications to individuals
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who registered on the Settlement Website (www.VWCourtSettlement.com) and provided an email
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address. (Dkt. No. 1979 12; see Dkt. No. 1979-4.) Of those, 76,806 (96.28%) were delivered.
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(Id.) Rust also sent 374,025 email notifications to individuals who signed up for the Volkswagen
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or Audi Goodwill Programs.3 (Dkt. No. 1784 at 37-39; Dkt. No. 1979 12, 14; see Dkt. No.
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1979-5.) Out of those 374,025 emails, 357,103 (95.48%) were delivered. (Dkt. No. 1979 12.)
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In total, Rust sent 453,797 emails. (Dkt. No. 1978.) Class Members will again receive direct
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notice via mail or email when EPA and CARB approve or reject Volkswagens proposed fixes.
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(Dkt. No. 1784 at 39.)

The Notice Program also provided for notice by publication, both in print and digital form.
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There have been 125 strategically-placed print notifications in national and regional publications.
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(Dkt. No. 1784 at 37.) Specifically, the Short Form Notice appeared as a two-color advertisement
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(where available) in the Sunday edition of The New York Times; the daily edition of The Wall
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The Volkswagen and Audi TDI Goodwill Programs are not part of the Settlement.
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Street Journal; the daily edition of USA Today; both the Sunday and daily editions of nineteen
newspapers covering markets with 5,000 or more Eligible Vehicles; the Sunday edition of 26
newspapers covering markets with 2,000-4,999 Eligible Vehicles; the weekly editions of 31
Hispanic newspapers, with the Notice translated into Spanish; and the weekly editions of 27
African American newspapers. (Id. at 39; Dkt. No. 1978 14-16; see Dkt. Nos. 1978-1, 1978-2.)
Together, these publications have circulations in the millions. (See Dkt. No. 1784 at 37, 39; see
Dkt. No. 1978-1 at 4.)

The digital and social media campaign consisted of publishing more than 112,582,506
digital impressions on dozens of relevant websites and on leading social media platforms. (Dkt.
10
No. 1784 at 37, 39-40; Dkt. No. 1978 18-27.) Between July 27, 2016 and August 19, 2016,
11
targeted banner advertisements with a bold message and graphics were published on automotive
12
websites that Class Members visited, according to IHS Automotive data. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 39;
13
Dkt. No. 1978 18-19; see Dkt. No. 1978-3.) These websites included the National Automobile
14
Dealers Association (www.nada.org), Hemmings (www.hemmings.com), Kelley Blue Book
15
(www.kbb.com). (Dkt. No. 1784 at 39; Dkt. No. 1978 21.) An individual who clicked on a
16
banner advertisement was taken directly to the Settlement Website. (Dkt. No. 1978 19.)
17
Targeted internet advertising generated 250,724 clicks to the Settlement Website. (Id. 18.)
18
Additionally, to target individuals interested in or researching automobiles, banner
19
advertisements and high-impact units appeared on websites associated with popular consumer
20
automotive magazines, such as Automobile (www.automobilemag.com), Car & Driver
21
(www.caranddriver.com), Motor Trend (www.motortrend.com), and Road & Track
22
(www.roadandtrack.com). (Dkt. No. 1784 at 39; Dkt. No. 1978 21.) Targeted banner
23
advertisements on the National Association of Fleet Administrators website (www.nafa.org) and
24
other websites associated with relevant trade publications, including Automotive Fleet, Automotive
25
News, Auto Rental News, and FLEETSolutions, sought to reach fleet owners who may be included
26
in the Settlement. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 40-41; Dkt. No. 1978 22.)
27
28
The digital publications also consisted of Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter advertisements
to target consumers; banner and video advertisements published on a broad and diverse range of
12
websites through the Google Display Network; and the use of sponsored keywords/phrases on all
major search engines, such as Google AdWords, Bing Microsoft Advertising, and their search
partners. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 40; Dkt. No. 1978 23-25.)

There was also significant media coverage of the Settlement. Between June 28, 2016 and
July 25, 2016, there were approximately 11,780 pieces from U.S. media outlets. (Dkt. No. 1978
28(a).) Between July 26, 2016 and September 16, 2016, an additional 5,630 news pieces were
generated. (Id.) Approximately 72.3% of the total coverage came from online and print news
sources, 18.1% from television news, and 9.4% from blogs. (Id.) On July 29, 2016, an earned
media program consisting of a campaign hero microsite, or a multimedia news release, was
10
distributed on PR Newswires US1 National Circuit, which reaches approximately 5,000 media
11
outlets and 5,400 websites. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 40; Dkt. No. 1978 28(b).)
12
Finally, the Short and Long Form Notices direct Class Members to the Settlement Website
13
and a toll-free telephone number (1-844-98-CLAIM). (Dkt. No. 1784 at 40; Dkt. No. 1978 32;
14
see Dkt. Nos. 1685-2, 1685-3.) Both the Website and the telephone number allow Class Members
15
to, among other things, obtain additional information and access the Settlement documents. As of
16
September 29, 2016, there had been 105,420 calls to the toll-free number. (Dkt. No. 1978 32.)
17
The Settlement Website has also received 885,290 unique visits. (Dkt. No. 1976 at 3.)
18
b.
CAFA Compliance
19
The Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) provides that each defendant that is
20
participating in the proposed settlement shall serve upon the appropriate State official of each
21
State in which a class member resides and the appropriate Federal official, a notice of the
22
proposed settlement[.] 28 U.S.C. 1715(b). Volkswagen mailed notice of the proposed
23
Settlement and Release to the United States Attorney General and all 50 States Attorneys General
24
on July 5, 2016. (Dkt. No. 1783 2; see Dkt. No. 1783-1.)
25
26
c.
Adequacy of Notice
The Court is satisfied that the extensive Notice Program was reasonably calculated to
27
notify Class Members of the proposed Settlement. The Notice apprise[d] interested parties of the
28
pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections. Mullane v.
13
Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). Indeed, the Notice Administrator
reports the Notice Program reached more than 90% of potential Class Members. (Dkt. No. 1978
35.)
Objector Autoport, LLC (Autoport) states it did not receive actual notice and asserts that

4
5
presumably hundreds if not thousands of other dealers nationwide who are likewise unaware of
their rights under the settlement[.] (Dkt. No. 1879 at 3-4.) But due process does not require that
class members receive actual notice, only that notice be the best practicable, reasonably
calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action
and afford them an opportunity to present their objections. Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472
10
U.S. 797, 812 (1985) (quoting Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314). Moreover, Autoports timely-filed
11
objection indicates it was aware of the Settlement, and its claim that hundreds if not thousands of
12
other dealers did not receive notice is unsupported speculation. The Court therefore overrules
13
Autoports objection regarding notice.

*****
14
The Settlement Class satisfies Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3), and Notice satisfies Rule 23(c).
15
16
Accordingly, the Court grants final class certification.
17
C.
18
Fairness, Adequacy, and Reasonableness

Courts may approve a class action settlement only after a hearing and on finding that it is
19
fair, reasonable, and adequate. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). Courts assessing the fairness of a
20
settlement generally weigh
21
22
23
24
25
26
(1) the strength of the plaintiffs case; (2) the risk, expense,
complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; (3) the risk of
maintaining class action status throughout the trial; (4) the amount
offered in settlement; (5) the extent of discovery completed and the
stage of the proceedings; (6) the experience and views of counsel;
(7) the presence of a governmental participant; and (8) the reaction
of the class members of the proposed settlement.
Churchill Vill., L.L.C. v. Gen. Elec., 361 F.3d 566, 575 (9th Cir. 2004).
But where, as here, the parties negotiate a settlement before a class has been certified,
27
courts must peruse the proposed compromise to ratify both the propriety of the certification and
28
the fairness of the settlement. Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 952 (9th Cir. 2003). Pre-class
14

certification settlements must withstand an even higher level of scrutiny for evidence of collusion
or other conflicts of interest than is ordinarily required under Rule 23(e) before securing the
courts approval as fair. In re Bluetooth Prods. Liability Litig., 654 F.3d 935, 946 (9th Cir. 2011)
(citing Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026). This heightened scrutiny ensure[s] that class representatives
and their counsel do not secure a disproportionate benefit at the expense of the unnamed plaintiffs
who class counsel had a duty to represent. Lane v. Facebook, Inc., 696 F.3d 811, 819 (9th Cir.
2012) (quoting Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1027). As such, courts must evaluate the settlement for
evidence of collusion. (Id.)
Because [c]ollusion may not always be evident on the face of a settlement, . . . courts
10
therefore must be particularly vigilant not only for explicit collusion, but also for more subtle
11
signs that class counsel have allowed pursuit of their own self-interests and that of certain class
12
members to infect the negotiations. In re Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 947. Signs of subtle collusion
13
include, but are not limited to,
14
(1) when counsel receive a disproportionate distribution of the

settlement, or when the class receives no monetary distribution but
class counsel are amply rewarded,
(2) when the parties negotiate a clear sailing arrangement
providing for the payment of attorneys fees separate and apart from
class funds, which carries the potential of enabling a defendant to
pay class counsel excessive fees and costs in exchange for counsel
accepting an unfair settlement on behalf of the class; and
(3) when the parties arrange for fees not awarded to revert to
defendants rather than be added to the class fund[.]
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).

1.
The Churchill Factors

a.
Strength of Plaintiffs Case
23
The first Churchill factor does not favor settlement. Approval of a class settlement is
24
appropriate when plaintiffs must overcome significant barriers to make their case. G.F., 2015
25
WL 7571789, at *8 (citing Chun-Hoon v. McKee Foods Corp., 716 F. Supp. 2d 848, 851 (N.D.
26
Cal. 2010)). But courts need not reach any ultimate conclusions on the contested issues of fact
27
and law which underlie the merits of the dispute, for it is the very uncertainty of outcome in
28
litigation and avoidance of wasteful and expensive litigation that induce consensual settlements.
15
Officers for Justice v. Civil Serv. Commn of City & Cty. of San Francisco, 688 F.2d 615, 625 (9th
Cir. 1982).

Plaintiffs concede they have a strong case. (See Dkt. No. 2079 at 19:4.) Liability is not an
issue: Volkswagen admits to installing and failing to disclose the defeat device in its TDI diesel
engine vehicles, which it marketed as environmentally friendly. Thus, only the amount of
recovery is in dispute. Plaintiffs submit the declaration of Andrew Kull, Distinguished Senior
Lecturer at the University of Texas and former Reporter for the American Law Institute, regarding
the strength of the Settlements remedies. (Dkt. No. 1784-2 4, 9.) Mr. Kull notes that [a]n
Eligible Owner who chose to pursue an independent suit for rescission and restitution would
10
probably be allowed to do so, because the threshold requirements that limit access to the remedy
11
wouldin the context of the clean diesel litigationbe liberally interpreted in favor of the
12
owner. (Id. 12; see id. 16 ([T]he facts underlying the clean diesel litigation make it
13
probable that courts would interpret these rules [regarding rescission] liberally in favor of an
14
Eligible Owner seeking rescission and restitution against Volkswagen.). But recovery of
15
damages is less certain given that [t]he direct harm caused by the TDI engines nonconformity
16
was not to the vehicle ownerwho obtained a vehicle that performed as expectedbut to the
17
public at large. Something could be allowed on account of the owners frustration and
18
inconvenience, but recovery on this basis might be only modest. (Id. 28(b); see id. 29(a).)
19
That said, Mr. Kull concedes that [e]nhanced or exemplary damages might be available in some
20
cases. (Id. 28(c).)
21
In their Amended Consumer Complaint and Second Amended Reseller Complaint,
22
Plaintiffs seek rescission, restitution, and compensatory damages. (Dkt. No. 1804 E-F; Dkt.
23
No. 1805 at 110-11.) Plaintiffs have a high probability of successfully obtaining their sought-after
24
remedies. Thus, this factor does not favor final approval.
25
26
b.
Risk, Expense, Complexity, and Likely Duration of Further Litigation
But Plaintiffs strong claims are balanced by the risk, expense, and complexity of their
27
case, as well as the likely duration of further litigation. See In re Mego Fin. Corp. Sec. Litig., 213
28
F.3d 454, 458 (9th Cir. 2000), as amended (June 19, 2000). Settlement is favored in cases that are
16
complex, expensive, and lengthy to try. See Rodriguez v. W. Publg Corp., 563 F.3d 948, 966 (9th
Cir. 2009). This factor supports final approval.
3
4
Volkswagen to conclusion, any recovery would come years in the future and at far greater expense
to the environment and the Class. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 20.) Plaintiffs also emphasize that
prolonged litigation risks further environmental damage caused by the Eligible Vehicles. (Dkt.
No. 1784 at 21; see Dkt. No. 2079 at 19:6-9.) Settlement, however, will remove the Eligible
Vehicles from roads and thus reduce additional environmental damage and air pollution. (Dkt.
No. 1784 at 21.)
10

Plaintiffs assert that should Settlement Class Counsel prosecute these claims against
There are also potential monetary risks associated with litigation. Despite their strong
11
claims, Class Counsel recognize there are always uncertainties in litigation[.] (Id. at 19.) It is
12
possible that a litigation Class would receive less or nothing at all, despite the compelling merit
13
of its claims, not only because of the risks of litigation, but also because of the solvency risks such
14
prolonged and expanding litigation could impose upon Volkswagen. (Id. at 20.)
15
First, any class recovery obtained at trial could be reduced through offsets. Several state
16
laws account for offsets based on the owners use of the vehicle. See e.g., Cal. Civ. Code
17
1793.2(d)(2)(C) (When restitution is made . . . , the amount to be paid by the manufacturer to the
18
buyer may be reduced by the manufacturer by that amount directly attributable to use by the buyer
19
prior to the time the buyer first delivered the vehicle to the manufacturer or distributor, or its
20
authorized service and repair facility for correction of the problem that gave rise to the
21
nonconformity.); Md. Code Ann. Com. Law 14-1502(c)(1)(ii)(2) (requiring manufacturer to
22
[a]ccept return of the motor vehicle from the consumer and refund to the consumer the full
23
purchase price . . . less: 1. A reasonable allowance for the consumers use of the vehicle not to
24
exceed 15 percent of the purchase price; and 2. A reasonable allowance for damage not
25
attributable to normal wear . . . .); Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 90, 7N 1/2 (In instances in which
26
a vehicle is sold and subsequently returned, the manufacturer shall refund the full contract price of
27
the vehicle . . . , less . . . a reasonable allowance for use . . . .); Wash. Rev. Code Ann.
28
19.118.041(1)(a) (Compensation for a reasonable offset for use shall be paid by the consumer to
17
the manufacturer in the event that the consumer accepts a replacement motor vehicle.).
Second, Mr. Kull opines that if an Eligible Owner were to litigate his or her claims,

2
3
Volkswagen could reasonably be expected to defend against the action. (Dkt. No. 1784-2 18.)
Mr. Kull sets forth a number of threshold issues regarding rescission that Volkswagen could
contest, including fraudulent inducement, notice, and continued use. (Id. 18(a)-(f).) But
[e]ven with a favorable resolution of these issues, the consequence would be to increase the cost
and delay the outcome of independent litigationthereby depressing the expected recovery of an
owners suit for rescission. (Id. 18(f).) Moreover, monetary compensation obtained through
an independent lawsuit will necessarily be reduced by the amount of associated legal expenses,
10
resulting in a significant reduction in an owners expected recovery from independent litigation.
11
(Id. 28(d).)
Given the risks of prolonged litigation, the immediate settlement of this matter is far
12
13
preferable. As the Court stated at the outset, the priority was to get the polluting cars off the road
14
as soon as possible. (See Dkt. No. 365 at 5:7-6:6.) The Settlement does that. It requires
15
Volkswagen to make the funds to compensate Class Members available within ten days of the
16
Courts final approval order (Dkt. No. 1685 10.1), and the Buyback program will begin
17
immediately upon final approval of the Settlement and entry of the United States Consent Decree
18
(Dkt. No. 1685-3 at 3). For those Class Members who elect a Fix, the Consent Decree sets forth a
19
schedule for Volkswagen to submit proposed Fixes; the last deadline for Volkswagens final
20
submittal is October 30, 2017. (See Appx B 4.2, Dkt. No. 1973-1.) And, if no Fix is approved,
21
Class Members may instead participate in a Buyback. The Settlement thus ensures Class
22
Members that a remedywhether a Buyback or a Fixis available immediately or, at the latest,
23
2018. (See Dkt. No. 1685 4.3.1; Dkt. No. 1784 at 5.)
While Plaintiffs might ultimately prevail on their claims, the Settlement provides benefits
24
25
much sooner than if litigation were to continue. Moreover, litigation would cause additional
26
environmental damage that the Settlement otherwise reduces. The second Churchill factor
27
therefore supports final approval.
28
//
18
c.
The potential difficulties in obtaining and maintaining class certification weighs in favor in
2
3
final approval. Plaintiffs represent they would have successfully certified a litigation class and
maintained certification through trial. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 17.) There does not appear to be any
issue with maintaining class certification at this point. That said, if the parties had not settled,
Volkswagen could have opposed Plaintiffs motion for class certification and, even if the Court
certified the class, there is a risk the Court could later de-certify it. As such, this factor favors
settlement.
d.
Amount Offered in Settlement
The amount offered in the Settlement favors final approval. This factor is considered the
10

Risk of Maintaining Class Action Status throughout Trial
11
most important variable in assessing a class settlement is the amount of relief obtained for the
12
class. In re TracFone Unlimited Serv. Plan Litig., 112 F. Supp. 3d 993, 1001 (N.D. Cal. 2015),
13
reconsideration denied, 2015 WL 4735521 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 2015). It is well-settled law that
14
a cash settlement amounting to only a fraction of the potential recovery does not per se render the
15
settlement inadequate or unfair. In re Mego Fin. Corp. Sec. Litig., 213 F.3d 454, 459 (9th Cir.
16
2000), as amended (June 19, 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, courts evaluating
17
the amount offered in settlement for fairness must consider the settlement as a complete package
18
taken as a whole, rather than the individual component parts[.] Officers for Justice, 688 F.2d at
19
628.
20
The Settlement adequately and fairly compensates Class Members. The Settlement
21
requires Volkswagen to establish a Funding Pool in the amount of $10.033 billion. (Dkt. No.
22
1685 2.42.) This amount presumes 100% Buyback of all purchased Eligible Vehicles and 100%
23
Lease Termination of all leased Eligible Vehicles. (Id.)
24
The amount of cash a Class Member receives depends on the value of his or her Eligible
25
Vehicle. The Settlement uses the NADA Clean Trade-In (CTI) price as of September 2015 as a
26
baseline for the Vehicle Value, which determines the price at which Volkswagen will purchase the
27
Eligible Vehicle in a Buyback. (Dkt. No. 1685 2.5, 4.2.1.) Edward M. Stockton, Vice
28
President and Director of Economics Services of The Fontana Group, Inc., explains that the
19

September 2015 CTI baseline benefits Class Members, as it (1) inherently avoid[s] price
depreciation that occurred in the post-scandal market; (2) allow[s] customers participating in the
buyback to mitigate the effect on the vehicles value that resulted from overpayment for the TDI
premium; and (3) allow[s] owners . . . to continue to use their vehicles until the buyback date
without the vehicles value experiencing age-related depreciation that normally occurs in the retail
vehicle market. (Dkt. No. 1784-1 15.) The Vehicle Value is further customized by taking into
account OEM-installed options and mileage. (Dkt. No. 1685-1 12.)
Restitution, which Class Members receive in addition to either a Buyback or Lease
Termination or a Fix, provides additional monetary compensation. Eligible Owners are entitled to
10
a Restitution Payment of $5,100 or 20% of the vehicle value plus $2,986.73, whichever is greater.
11
(Id. 5(a).) Thus, not only do Eligible Owners participating in a Buyback receive monetary
12
compensation that allows them to replace their vehicles at a September 2015 retail value, but they
13
also receive an additional cash payment for other costs. Mr. Stockton calculates this combination
14
of payments is equal to a minimum of 112.6% of the Eligible Vehicles retail values as of
15
September 2015. (Dkt. No. 1784-1 28.)
16
The Settlement also guarantees Eligible Lessees a Restitution Payment comprised of 10%
17
of the Vehicle Value plus $1,529. (Dkt. No. 1685-1 9.) While this formula means Restitution
18
for Eligible Lessees is less than Restitution for Eligible Owners, compensation for Eligible
19
Lessees is still fair and adequate. Mr. Stockton notes that the Lessees and Owners have different
20
economic considerations which justify a lesser monetary payment. (Dkt. No. 1784-1 34.)
21
Specifically,
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
[w]hereas purchasers pay up-front for the entire vehicle, lessees

essentially pay for the amount that vehicles value is expected to
diminish over the period of their lease. Lessees pre-negotiate the
values of their vehicles that will apply at the end of the lease
(residual value) and are, therefore, generally not at a financial risk of
excess depreciation. Lessees generally retain their vehicles for
shorter time periods than do purchasers and, as a consequence,
would have had their subsequent purchases accelerated less by the
scandal than did purchasers. Lessees also tend to have strict mileage
limitations within their least terms and would experience less harm
from overpayment than would purchasers. Finally, lessees would
have experienced less uncertainty about their vehicles than would
have purchasers as return conditions were pre-established prior to
20
1
2
(Id.) Thus, it is not unreasonable that Eligible Lessees should receive a smaller payment than
Eligible Owners.
In sum, the Settlement provides recovery for the losses Class Members suffered as a result
of Volkswagens use and subsequent disclosure of the defeat device. By giving them the
September 2015 value of their vehicle, it not only provides sufficient compensation to place Class
Members in the same position they were in pre-disclosure but also gives them additional
compensation. As such, the Settlement offers Class Members relief that is fair and adequate. This
factor therefore favors final approval.
10

the scandal.
e.
Extent of Discovery Completed and the Stage of the Proceedings
11
In the context of class action settlements, formal discovery is not a necessary ticket to the
12
bargaining table where the parties have sufficient information to make an informed decision about
13
settlement. In re Mego Fin. Corp., 213 F.3d at 459 (9th Cir. 2000) (brackets, citation, and
14
internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, courts look for indications the parties carefully
15
investigated the claims before reaching a resolution. Ontiveros, 303 F.R.D. at 371.
16
The extent of discovery completed and the stage of the proceeding weighs in favor of
17
approving the Settlement. The parties reached this Settlement at an early phase of the litigation;
18
the parties have not engaged in any dispositive motion practice. But a swift resolution does not
19
mean the parties were unprepared to engage in settlement negotiations. To the contrary, Class
20
Counsel and Volkswagen engaged in significant discovery such that each party was fully informed
21
to participate in settlement discussions.
22
Prior to filing the Complaint, Class Counsel served Volkswagen with extensive written
23
discovery requests, including interrogatories, requests for production, and requests for
24
admissions[.] (Dkt. No. 1784 at 7.) In response, Volkswagen produced over 12 million pages of
25
documents; Class Counsel has reviewed and analyzed approximately 70% of them. (Id.)
26
Additionally, Class Counsel analyz[ed] economic damages (and retain[ed] experts concerning
27
those issues); review[ed] Volkswagens financial condition and ability to pay any settlement or
28
judgment; assess[ed] technical and engineering issues; . . . and research[ed] environmental issues,
21
among others. (Id. at 6.) Volkswagen also propounded discovery requests on Class Counsel,
who in turn produc[ed] documents from 174 named Plaintiffs, in addition to compiling
information to complete comprehensive fact sheets, which also included document requests, for
each named Plaintiff. (Id.)
Thus, Class Counsels careful investigation of their claims before they filed their
Complaint and their extensive review of discovery materials indicates they had sufficient
information to make an informed decision about the Settlement. As such, this factor favors
approving the Settlement.

10
f.
Experience and Views of Counsel
Parties represented by competent counsel are better positioned than courts to produce a
11
settlement that fairly reflects each partys expected outcome in litigation. In re Pac. Enters. Sec.
12
Litig., 47 F.3d 373, 378 (9th Cir. 1995). Courts afford great weight to the recommendation of
13
counsel, who are most closely acquainted with the facts of the underlying litigation. Natl Rural
14
Telecomm. Coop., 221 F.R.D. at 528 (internal quotation marks omitted).
15
Class Counsel believe it is highly uncertain whether the Class would be able to obtain and
16
sustain a better outcome through continued litigation, trial, and appeal. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 17.)
17
As the Court previously noted, Class Counsel are qualified attorneys with extensive experience in
18
consumer class action litigation and other complex cases who the Court selected after a
19
competitive application process. (Dkt. No. 1698 at 18.) In light of Class Counsels considerable
20
experience and their belief that the Settlement provides more than adequate benefits to Class
21
Members, this factor favors final approval.
22
g.
Presence of Government Participant
23
This factor weighs heavily in favor of final approval. Volkswagen provided notice to all
24
50 State Attorneys General and the U.S. Attorney in accordance with CAFA. Although CAFA
25
does not create an affirmative duty for either state or federal officials to take any action in
26
response to a class action settlement, CAFA presumes that, once put on notice, state or federal
27
officials will raise any concerns that they may have during the normal course of the class action
28
settlement procedures. Garner v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2010 WL 1687832, at *14
22

(N.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2010) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)). No state or federal official objected.
To the contrary, 44 State Attorneys General support the Settlement. (Dkt. No. 1784 at 3 n.3; Dkt.
No. 2079 at 26:10-13.) Indeed, in a letter to Kentucky residents, the Attorney General for the
State of Kentucky stated that his office had evaluated the options for Kentucky consumers under
the national class action settlement, to make certain they would be adequate they are. (Dkt. No.
1976-3 at 1.)
Moreover, although no government entity is a direct party to the Settlement, Class Counsel
negotiated the Settlement alongside the United States, FTC, and CARB. For over five months, the
Settlement Master communicated on a continuous basis with the representatives of the MDL
10
parties originally Volkswagen, the Department of Justice, the Environmental Protection Agency
11
and the California Air Resources Board, and the PSC; subsequently, upon the filing of its
12
Complaint, the Federal Trade Commission; and ultimately the California Attorney General.
13
(Dkt. No. 1977 4.) As a result, the agreementsthe Consumer and Reseller Dealership Class
14
Action Settlement, the United States Consent Decree, the FTCs Consent Order, and the State of
15
Californias Consent Decreeare inextricably tied to one another. Indeed, the Settlement Master
16
explains that [t]his settlement process was iterative and had multiple moving parts and shifting
17
dynamics because it had to address the needs and interests of consumers and state and federal
18
government entities. (Id. 7.) To that end, the FTC strongly supports the Settlement, noting it
19
provides the same generous, but appropriate compensation to each consumer as the FTC Order
20
and is clearly in the public interest. (Dkt. No. 1781 at 1-2.) Accordingly, the Court finds this
21
factor strongly favors settlement.
22
Objector Jolian Kangas challenges the Settlement Masters competence on two grounds.
23
The Court finds no merit in either argument. First, Kangas asserts that the Settlement Master has
24
maintained a profitable relationship with Volkswagen. (Dkt. No. 1826 at 3.) This allegation is
25
unfounded. The Settlement Master disclosed any potential conflicts prior to his appointment.
26
(See Dkt. No. 797-1.) The Court was therefore fully aware of these possible issues and was
27
satisfied they would not influence the Settlement Masters ability to guide settlement negotiations.
28
Specifically, the Settlement Master noted WilmerHale had or was currently representing
23

Volkswagen in matters unrelated to the defeat device. (Id.) He stated, however, that he and other
WilmerHale staff working on his team would be walled off from any other Volkswagen-related
matters, and that the attorneys involved in the other matters would likewise be walled off from his
work as Settlement Master. (Dkt. No. 797-1 at 1.) Kangas presents no evidence beyond his bare
assertion that the Settlement Master did not abide by his representation or otherwise allowed
WilmerHales unrelated dealings with Volkswagen to influence his work in this MDL. Indeed,
that Class Members are adequately compensated under the Settlement suggests the Settlement
Master did not supervise settlement negotiations to the detriment of Class Members. The Court
therefore finds this contention meritless.
10
Second, Kangas accuses the Court of appointing the Settlement Master through
11
cronyism. (Dkt. No. 1826 at 3.) Again, this allegation is specious. The Court appointed the
12
Settlement Master due to his extensive experience dealing with government entities and private
13
individuals, experience accumulated during his tenure as the former Director of the FBI and as the
14
U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California, as well as his years in private practice. (Dkt.
15
No. 797 at 2.) This made the Settlement Master uniquely qualified to handle settlement
16
negotiations in this MDL, which involved several state and federal government entities, foreign
17
parties, and private individuals. That the Court was familiar with the Settlement Masters resume
18
is not cronyism; it is these very qualifications that warranted the Settlement Masters
19
appointment.
20
Finally, the Court notes that parties had an opportunity to respond to its intent to appoint
21
the Settlement Master to his current role. (Dkt. No. 797 at 2.) No partyincluding Kangas
22
objected to his appointment. Accordingly, the Court overrules Kangas objection concerning the
23
Settlement Master.
24
Yet another objector, Matthew Comlish, seems to believe the participation of government
25
entities detracts from the Settlement. Comlish alleges the Settlement provides a negative value
26
to Class Members because it provides no additional benefits to class members that the United
27
States and FTC Consent Decrees dont already provide. (Dkt. No. 1891 at 23.) He further
28
contends the Settlement . . . actually imposes negative value because class members are required
24
to release their claims in exchange for nothing but transaction costs of $332 million in attorneys
fees and expenses. (Id. at 23-24 (emphasis in the original).) These objections are without merit.
Comlish erroneously claims the Settlement offers nothing more than what is required by
3
4
the United States Partial Consent Decree and the FTCs Partial Consent Order. Simply put, none
of the agreements can be viewed in a vacuum and none can function without the others. As the
Settlement Master explains,
10
[t]his settlement was iterative and had multiple moving parts and
shifting dynamics because it had to address the needs and interests
of consumers and federal government entities. The parties had
overlapping claims and authority; multiple parties sought economic,
injunctive, and environmental relief; no single party could, as a
jurisdictional or practical matter obtain and enforce all the relief
sought; and the parties had different priorities and perspectives.
11
(Dkt. No. 1977 7 (emphasis added).) For instance, while the Partial Consent Decree sets forth a
12
Recall Rate that requires Volkswagen to buy back or fix 85% of the Eligible Vehicles by June
13
2019 (see Appx A 6.1, 6.3, Dkt. No. 1973-1), the Settlement requires Volkswagen to pay Class
14
Members monetary compensation (see Dkt. No. 1685 4.2.1-4.2.2, 4.2.3). Thus, if the Partial
15
Consent Decree were to operate without the Settlement, the cars would be removed from the
16
roads, but Class Members would not be entitled to any compensation for their losses.
17
Undoubtedly, Class Members would have little incentive to give back or fix their cars if they
18
received nothing in return. On the other hand, if the Settlement were to stand alone, Class
19
Members could receive a Buyback or Fix and Restitution, but Volkswagen would have little
20
motivation buy back or fix as many cars as possible. The Partial Consent Decrees penalties for
21
failing to meet the Recall Rate ensure Volkswagen will attempt to buy back or fix as many
22
Eligible Vehicles as possible. Thus, the Settlement does not fail to provide additional benefits as
23
Comlish arguesfar from it. In fact, the Settlement provides the benefits necessary to encourage
24
Class Members to ensure the polluting vehicles are removed from the road, but these benefits can
25
only be successful with the implementation of the Partial Consent Decree and the Partial Consent
26
Order. Accordingly, the Court overrules Comlishs objection.
27
//
28
//

25
h.
1
2
There are approximately 490,000 Class Members.4 (Dkt. No. 1976 at 6.) Their interest in
the Settlement has been high, as evidenced by the fact that Class Counsel attorneys and staff have
responded by phone, email, and correspondence to over 16,000 inquiries from more than 8,000
Class members; the Settlement call center has received approximately 105,420 calls; and the
Settlement website has received 885,290 unique visits since its launch. (Dkt. No. 1976; see Dkt.
No. 1976-2 4.) At the hearing, Plaintiffs represented that the number of calls to the settlement
call center had increased to more than 130,000, and the number of unique visits to the Settlement
website had increased to more than 1 million, or approximately 7,000 visits per day. (Dkt. No.
10
2079 at 16:23-17:1.)
As of September 29, 2016, a total of 311,209 Class Members (63.5%) from all 50 states,
11
Reactions of Class Members
12
the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam had registered for
13
benefits under the Settlement. (Id. at 3, 26.) At the hearing, Plaintiffs stated that as of October 13,
14
2016, the number of registrations increased to 336,612. (Dkt. No. 2079 at 16:12-14.) This
15
includes 11,199 current Lessees; 1,715 former Lessees; and 18,045 Eligible Sellers. (Id. at 16:14-
16
16.) In contrast, only 3,298 Class Members (approximately 0.7%) have opted out. (Dkt. No. 1976
17
at 3.) Notably, the number of opt outs continues to decrease as Class Members revoke their
18
request for exclusion. (Dkt. No. 2079 at 17:4-5.) A list of Class Members who have opted out of
19
the Settlement can be found in Exhibit 1 to this Order. An additional 462 Class Members
20
(approximately 0.09%) have timely objected. (Dkt. No. 1976 at 3.)

Given the high claim rate and the low opt-out and objection rates, this factor strongly
21
22
favors final approval. See Churchill Vill., 361 F.3d at 577 (finding no abuse of discretion where
23
district court, among other things, reviewed list of 500 opt-outs in a class of 90,000 class
24
members); Cruz v. Sky Chefs, Inc., 2014 WL 7247065, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 19, 2014) (A court
25
may appropriately infer that a class action settlement is fair, adequate, and reasonable when few
26
class members object to it.); Chun-Hoon, 716 F. Supp. 2d at 852 (granting final approval of
27
28
Although there are 475,745 Eligible Vehicles, some of them have had multiple owners. This
accounts for the higher number of Class Members than Eligible Vehicles.
26

settlement where 16 out of 329 class members (4.86%) requested exclusion). That more than half
of Class Members have filed a claim also supports final approval. See In re TracFone, 112 F.
Supp. 3d 993 at 1006 (approving class action settlement with claim rate of approximately 25-
30%); Moore v. Verizon Commcns Inc., 2013 WL 4610764, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2013)
(approving class action settlement with 3% claim rate). While this figure is remarkable in and of
itself, it is particularly impressive given that Class Members have until 2018 to submit a claim.
(See Dkt. No. 1685 2.11.) Nonetheless, the Court recognizes that not allalbeit a small
percentageof Class Members are not entirely satisfied with the Settlement. [I]t is the nature of
a settlement, as a highly negotiated compromise . . . that it may be unavoidable that some class
10
members will always be happier with a given result than others. Allen, 787 F.3d at 1223 (internal
11
quotation marks omitted). The Court has addressed some of those objections above; it addresses
12
the remaining ones here.
13
i.
Objections to Vehicle Valuation
14
o 2015 NADA CTI Vehicle Valuation
15
The most common objection was to the use of the NADA CTI valuation rather than, for
16
instance, the NADA Clean Retail. (See Dkt. No. 1976-2 at 5.) Plaintiffs argue [t]he best industry
17
valuation for large numbers of vehicles is NADA Clean Trade-In, which provides a fair and
18
reasonable reference point for vehicle valuation. (Dkt. No. 1976 at 11.) They emphasize that
19
other valuation methods, such as MSRP minus depreciation and Kelley Blue Book (KBB),
20
require more individualized calculations and determinations as to vehicle conditions. (Id.
21
(footnote omitted).) Using the NADA CTI value thus benefits Class Members, as it does not
22
reduce benefits if their vehicles are in less than clean condition.
23
Some Class Members argue the Settlement should rely on the NADA Clean Retail
24
valuation, rather than CTI. By focusing on the NADA CTI valuation alone, these objections
25
neglect to take into account that the cash payment consists of not just the Buyback price but also a
26
Restitution Payment. This combination results in a payment that is significantly more than the
27
Clean Retail value. (Dkt. No. 1976-1 40 (emphasis in original); see Dkt. No. 1784-1 28 (The
28
blended payment schedule for purchase vehicles are equal to a minimum of 112.6% of the subject
27

vehicles retail values as of September 2015. (emphasis added).) Also, by relying on the
September 2015 value, the Settlement allocates the diminution in value caused by the defeat
device to Volkswagen and ensures Class Members do not bear the burden of the disclosure.
The FTC agrees that the Settlements compensation fully compensates victims of
Volkswagens unprecedented deception. (Dkt. No. 1781 at 1.) Noting that [f]ull compensation
has to be sufficient for consumers to replace their vehicle[,] the FTC began the calculations for its
Partial Consent Order with the NADA Clean Retail value, then factored in the additional losses,
including the shoe leather cost of shopping for a new car, sales taxes and registration, the value
of the lost opportunity to drive an environmentally-friendly vehicle, and the additional amount
10
Clean Diesel consumers paid for a vehicle feature (clean emissions) that Volkswagen falsely
11
advertised. (Id. at 1-2.) In the end, [t]he proposed private settlement provides the same
12
generous, but appropriate, compensation to each consumer as the FTC Order. (Id. at 2.)
13
In sum, although the Settlement begins with NADA CTI value, the addition of the
14
Restitution Payment ensures Class Members are made whole. As such, the compensation based
15
on the NADA CTI value fairly and adequately compensates Class Members.
16
o Recovery of Full Purchase Price
17
Eighty-nine Class Members object to their inability to obtain a full refund of the purchase
18
price of their vehicles. The Court is not persuaded by these objections. Again, the Buyback price
19
plus the Restitution Payment place Class Members in a position where they can purchase a vehicle
20
comparable to the one they believed they had in September 2015, before the disclosure of the
21
defeat device.
22
Class Members could only be entitled to a full refund of purchase price if they returned
23
their vehicles in the same condition they received it. Such a scenario is virtually inconceivable as
24
it is highly unlikely Class Members never used their vehicles after purchasing them. Indeed, many
25
Class Members received a great deal of use out of their vehicles over the years. Under such
26
circumstances, courts have been unwilling to award plaintiffs the full purchase price as either
27
restitution or damages. See Brady v. Mercedes-Benz USA, Inc., 243 F. Supp. 2d 1004, 1008 (N.D.
28
Cal. 2002) ([T]he restitution awardable under [California Civil Code] 1793.2(d)(2)(B) must be
28

reduced by the amount directly attributable to use (as measured by miles driven) by the consumer
prior to the first repair (or attempted repair) of the problem as pro-rated against a base of 120,000
miles.); Kruse v. Chevrolet Motor Div., 1997 WL 408039, at *2 (E.D. Pa. July 17, 1997)
([I]mplicit in the concept of a refund of the purchase price is the condition that the purchaser
return the consumer good at issue. [ ] [P]laintiff accepted and used the car for approximately one
and one-half years, thereby diminishing the value of the car. Awarding damages equal to the full
purchase price does not take into account the natural depreciation of the vehicle from normal
usage. (internal citations omitted)). And, as the Court previously noted, state laws generally
award consumers the cost of the vehicle less an amount for reasonable use.
10
Additionally, Professor Klonoff opines that requiring Volkswagen to pay the full
11
purchase, regardless of the age of the vehicle, would increase the cost of the settlement multifold.
12
The possibility of bankruptcy under such a scenario cannot be ignored. (Id. 32 (footnote
13
omitted).) Bankruptcy would present a huge impediment to prompt, efficient, and fair payments
14
to injured claimants. (Id. (footnote omitted).) Weighing this possibility against the immediate
15
and guaranteed benefits provided by the Settlement, settlement is clearly favored.

Some Class Members will inevitably wish they could recover more. But the very essence
16
17
of a settlement is compromise, a yielding of absolutes and an abandoning of highest hopes.
18
Officers for Justice v. Civil Serv. Commn of City & Cty. of San Francisco, 688 F.2d 615, 624 (9th
19
Cir. 1982) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The Settlement provides cash benefits
20
that are consistent with the recovery provided by state and federal laws and are reasonable under
21
the circumstances.5
22
//
23
24
25
26
27
28
Even if recovery of the full purchase price were possible, calculating those amounts on a
classwide basis could present challenges. For instance, Manufacturer Suggested Retail Prices
(MSRP) would be an unreliable measure of purchase price. Mr. Stockton notes that
[d]ealerships and consumers negotiate prices on the sales of retail vehicles, which are vehicles
sold to end-using consumers. In general, retail vehicles sell for less, and possibly substantially
less than MSRP. (Dkt. No. 1784-1 14.) Thus, even if Class Members could recover the full
purchase price, MSRP would not accurately reflect that amount.
29
o Mileage Adjustments
Many Class Members objected to the use of mileage adjustments. Specifically, Class
Members oppose the downward adjustment in the Vehicle Value for high mileage, i.e., mileage
that exceeds the allowed 12,500 miles per year. They contend the Eligible Vehicles were designed
to drive long distances and were promoted for their excellent gas mileage. (Dkt. No. 1976 at 10.)
Relying on this representation, Class members drove their vehicles long distances. (Id.)

Class Members who frequently drove their vehicles undeniably got more use out of them,
and, quite simply, mileage affects a vehicles value. A vehicle with high mileage is worth less
than a vehicle with low mileage. Indeed, this notion is reflected in federal and state laws, which
10
allow a reduction in a consumers recovery based on his or her use of the vehicle. See, e.g., 15
11
U.S.C. 2301(12) (The term refund means refunding the actual purchase price (less reasonable
12
depreciation based on actual use where permitted by rules of the Commission).); Ala. Code 8-
13
20A-2(b)(4) (There shall be offset against any monetary recovery of the consumer a reasonable
14
allowance for the consumers use of the vehicle.); Alaska Stat. 45.45.305 ([T]he manufacturer
15
or distributor shall . . ., at the owners option, . . . refund the full purchase price to the owner less a
16
reasonable allowance for the use of the motor vehicle from the time it was delivered to the original
17
owner.); Cal. Civ. Code 1793.2(d)(2)(C) (When restitution is made . . . , the amount to be paid
18
by the manufacturer to the buyer may be reduced by the manufacturer by that amount directly
19
attributable to use by the buyer prior to the time the buyer first delivered the vehicle to the
20
manufacturer or distributor[.]); Va. Code. Ann. 59.1-207.13 (The subtraction of a reasonable
21
allowance for use shall apply to either a replacement or refund of the motor vehicle.). The
22
Settlement is consistent with this practice. Notably, the Settlement also increases compensation
23
for Class Members who drove less than 12,500 miles per year and thus incurred less depreciation.
24
Moreover, the 12,500 mile allowance was a negotiated term that is consistent with, if not
25
more generous than, accepted car valuations. (See Dkt. No. 1976 at 10 (12,500 miles of driving
26
per year for each vehiclean allowance that was negotiatedis more generous than the average
27
drivers estimated annual mileage of approximately 12,000 miles. (footnote omitted).) Plaintiffs
28
submit the Declaration of Professor Robert Klonoff, who reviewed the objections relating to the
30
adequacy of the class relief. (See Dkt. No. 1976-1 10, 14.) Professor Klonoff explains that the
12,500 figure is in line with various accepted car valuations and points out that [m]ost
calculations offered by Carmax, Kelley Blue Book, Edmunds, and others are based on 11,500 to
13,000 annual miles. (Id. 46.) Indeed, the 12,500 mileage allowance set forth in the
Settlement falls on the higher end of that range.

At the hearing and in its written objection, Objector Wheels, Inc. (Wheels) argued the
Settlement should value Eligible Vehicles based on their September 2015 mileage in cases where
Class Members can produce accurate records of such mileage. (Dkt. No. 1882 at 5; Dkt. No. 2079
at 31:18:24.) But with close to 500,000 Eligible Vehicles, it would take a substantial amount of
10
time to individually review records of each Vehicles mileage; this would inevitably impede Class
11
Members ability to quickly receive their benefits. In light of the ongoing environmental harms
12
caused by these Vehicles, the need to efficiently process their repurchase is paramount.
13
Thus, the Court finds the mileage adjustment is appropriate.
14
o Reimbursement for Sales Tax and Other Fees
15
Class Members have also objected that the Settlement does not provide reimbursement for
16
sales taxes and other fees, including licensing, DMV fees, smog certificates, and title costs. Their
17
frustration lies in the notion that they will pay sales tax and other official fees twice: once for the
18
Eligible Vehicle and again for the replacement.
19
Mr. Klonoff notes that the blue book value of a car does not depend on how much the
20
owner paid for sales taxes and other fees. (Dkt. No. 1976-1 64.) Such costs are not part of a
21
sellers consideration, and the fact that such payments were made does not increase the
22
attractiveness of a vehicle from a buyers perspective. (Id.) A vehicles value is independent of
23
the sales tax and fees that the owner paid. Put another way, a buyer will not pay more for a
24
vehicle simply because of the taxes and fees.
25
Moreover, as noted earlier, the Settlement awards Class Members 112.6% of their Eligible
26
Vehicles September 2015 value. This allows Class Members to replace their Eligible Vehicles
27
with an equivalent make and model and still have enough remaining cash to pay the sales tax and
28
other fees on that new purchase. True, as Mr. Klonoff points out, some lemon laws cover sales
31
taxes and other official fees. (Id. 62 (citing N.J. Stat. Ann. 56:12-21(a)(b); Wis. Stat. Ann.
218.015(2)(b).) But the Settlement is not unfair even if it does not separately compensate these
expenses. Importantly, the Settlement provides Class Members sufficient compensation to
purchase an equivalent replacement vehicle at no additional expense.
At the hearing, Class Member Mark Dietrich objected to his inability to recover
registration expenses. (Dkt. No. 2079 at 35:14-21.) Dietrich had renewed his vehicles
registration just ten days ago, which also required a smog test. (Id. at 35:14-17.) But, as Plaintiffs
noted, although state governments have not been willing to refund registration fees, Class
Members can choose to drive their vehicles until the registration expires and then complete the
10

11
12
Buyback before they have to renew the registration again. (Id. at 71:15-21.)
Accordingly, the Court finds the Settlement is not unfair because it does not separately
reimburse Class Members for the taxes and other fees paid on their Eligible Vehicles.
13
o Reimbursement for Extended Warranties and Service Contracts
14
Many Class Members purchased extended warranties or service contracts on their Eligible
15
Vehicles. Some of them seek reimbursement of the entire costs of those warranties and object on
16
this basis.
17
Mr. Stockton explains that [u]nder most extended warranties, a consumer may cancel the
18
warranty for a $50 charge or other nominal amount. Upon cancellation, customers receive a
19
prorated refund for the remaining period of warranty coverage. (Dkt. No. 1784-1 24.) The
20
same applies to service contracts. (Dkt. No. 1976-1 52.) Thus, should Class Members wish to
21
cancel their extended warranties or service contracts, they would only be responsible for the
22
cancellation fee. The Restitution Payment covers this expense. Class Members therefore will not
23
be penalized for cancelling their extended warranties or service contracts.
24
o Reimbursement for Other Expenses
25
Other Class Members seek reimbursement for factory-installed options. The Court
26
overrules objections on this ground. The Settlement provides that Vehicle Value shall be adjusted
27
for Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)-installed options. (Dkt. No. 1685-1 4, 12.) As
28
such, the Settlement fairly compensates Class Members for OEM-installed features on their
32

Eligible Vehicles.
Yet other Class Members seek compensation for non-OEM features, in other words,
aftermarket add-ons such as window tinting, security systems, hitches, stereo systems, and car
mats. True, the Settlement only provides reimbursement for OEM-installed options and not
aftermarket add-ons. To offer compensation for aftermarket add-ons complicates the claims
process and risks delaying Class Members payments. First, Mr. Klonoff notes that the very
question of what constitutes an add-on can be problematic. (Dkt. No. 1976-1 57 ([W]hat would
be the scope of the covered additions? For instance, would a high-powered stereo system, easily
removable but nonetheless purchased for use in that vehicle, be covered? What about seat covers
10
that presumably could be used on another car and sold separately on eBay? Just defining add-on
11
would be difficult.).) Second, even assuming a workable definition of an add-on, the value of
12
each one would have to be determined on a case-by-case basis. Whereas Vehicle Value can be
13
determined by a straightforward formulai.e., mileage and OEM-installed optionsthere is no
14
similarly objective way to calculate the value of each aftermarket add-on, particularly given the
15
wide range of add-ons Class Members may have installed on their vehicles. Further, aftermarket
16
add-ons do not necessarily increase a vehicles value; according to Mr. Klonoff, some add-ons
17
may actually be undesirable to most consumers and thus decrease the value of the vehicle. (Id.
18
58 (emphasis in the original).) Given the size of the Class, an individual review of each
19
aftermarket add-on would require substantial time and resources. This in turn would significantly
20
delay relief to Class Members. The Settlement presumes all Vehicles are in the same good
21
condition; the same approach is necessary here to ensure the efficient distribution of benefits. See,
22
e.g., In re Holocaust Victim Assets Litig., 105 F. Supp. 2d 139, 155 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) (noting steps
23
to be taken to ensure fair and efficient claims process).
24
o Compensation for Eligible Sellers
25
Some Eligible Sellers object to the amount of Seller Restitution to which they are entitled,
26
asserting that it is less than what Eligible Owners receive. Seller Restitution is calculated as 10%
27
of the Vehicle Value plus $1,493; however, the Settlement guarantees Eligible Sellers a $2,550
28
minimum in Restitution. (Dkt. No. 1685-3 at 8.) The Court finds this fairly and adequately
33
compensates Eligible Sellers. If a Class Member has already sold his or her vehicle to a third
party, he or she has already received some compensation for that Eligible Vehicle. But because a
post-September 2015 sale price would reflect a diminution in value caused by Volkswagens
disclosure, Seller Restitution accounts for the difference between the pre- and post-disclosure
values. The Settlement thus makes most Eligible Sellers whole.
o Loan Forgiveness
Some objectors take issue with the amount of loan forgiveness; specifically, some Class
Members dislike the additional payment of up to 30% of the combined Buyback plus Restitution
Payments (Buyback Package) for those who owe more on their vehicle than the Buyback
10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Package provides. Plaintiffs explain that

[o]ne of the Settlements many goals was to make Class members
whole. If that were the only objective, then Class members should
be treated identically regardless of whether they financed a portion
of their purchase or paid all cash. But another important objective
of the Settlement was to get the polluting cars off the road.
Forgiving the loans (up to a certain point) helps advance both goals
by ensuring that no Class member (or at least, very few) would be
required to pay additional money to Volkswagen to free themselves
of the polluting Vehicles. It therefore incentivizes more of those
Class members to participate in the Settlement and to sell their
polluting vehicles back to Volkswagen.
(Dkt. No. 1976 at 15-16.)
18
The loan forgiveness does not render the Settlement unfair. Although loan forgiveness
19
provides additional benefits to some Class Members, it does not entitle them to more cash than
20
Class Members who own their vehicles outright. Rather, the additional compensation is paid
21
directly to the lender. (Dkt. No. 1685-1 14.) This ensures Class Members can sell back their
22
vehicles without continuing to be responsible for an outstanding balance on a car they no longer
23
own; at the very least, if loan forgiveness does not cover the entire balance, it reduces the amount
24
owed on the loan and thus the Class Members obligations. The Settlement therefore obtains the
25
same benefit for all Class Members regardless of whether they financed their vehicle or not, i.e., it
26
allows Class Members to return their vehicles and relieves or reduces their financial obligations
27
associated with ownership. Ultimately, loan forgiveness is simply a supplementary benefit to
28
those who need it; it does not reduce the benefits of other Class Members. And while some Class
34

Members eligible for loan forgiveness may want an additional payment on top of the loan
forgiveness, they have not shown that the additional 30% is so insufficient so as to render the
Settlement unfair. The Court therefore overrules objections based on loan forgiveness.
o Lessee Compensation
Seventeen Eligible Lessees have objected to various parts of the Settlement. First, some
protest the amount of compensation available to them. In addition to a Lease Termination or a
Fix, Eligible Lessees are entitled to Lessee Restitution. Although Lessee Restitution is less than
Owner Restitution (see Dkt. No. 1685 4.2.2, 4.2.4), as discussed above, this reflects the fact that
owners and lessees have different economic relationships with their vehicles. Owners, for
10
instance, must bear the diminution in value caused by Volkswagens disclosure of the defeat
11
device, but Lessees can simply return the vehicle to the lessor without bearing the brunt of the
12
loss. Moreover, the Settlement treats Eligible Lessees and Eligible Owners equallythey both
13
have the option to return their vehicles to Volkswagen, or they may instead obtain a Fix and retain
14
possession of their vehicles. In either situation, both Eligible Lessees and Eligible Owners are
15
entitled to Restitution that takes into account their respective losses.
16
Second, some Eligible Lessees have objected to the Settlement due to the structure of their
17
lease contracts, specifically, the contractual charges on mileage overages. (Dkt. No. 1976 at 15.)
18
But as Plaintiffs point out, [a]ny charges related to mileage overages stem from the Class
19
members initial lease contract and would be owed whether or not the vehicles met relevant
20
emissions limits. (Id.) Additionally, there is no downward adjustment to Lessee Restitution
21
based on mileage. Put another way, even if an Eligible Lessee exceeds the allowed mileage as
22
provided for in his or her lease contract, the amount of Lessee Restitution remains unaffected.
23
Third, other Eligible Lessees object that the Settlement treats them as Lessees
24
notwithstanding their intention to purchase their leased vehicles at the end of their lease. (Dkt.
25
No. 1976 at 15.) That they intended to become an owner does not negate the fact they are not now
26
owners. Lesseeseven those who intended to purchase their vehiclessimply have not suffered
27
the same harm as those Class Members who have already purchased their vehicles.
28
ii.
Objections to Reversion
35

Some Class Members object that unused Funds will revert to Volkswagen. (See Dkt. No.
1976 at 32.) Plaintiffs explained at the hearing that the $10.33 billion Funding Pool is not a fixed-
fund settlement but rather a commitment for the maximum amount of compensation Volkswagen
agrees to pay Class Members. (Dkt. No. 2079 at 69:21-22.) Put another way, [i]f every
consumer comes in for the settlement and chooses a buyback, every penny of that gets spent[.]
(Id. at 70:3-4.) But the Settlement is designed to allow Class Members to choose their remedy. It
is possible that not all Class Members will select a Buyback or a Lease Termination; some may
choose a Fix. (See id. at 70:9-13 (If there is a delay in emissions modification, more of them will
choose the buyback. More of the money will be spent. If people like the emissions modification
10
and they choose to wait and drive their cars, then less of that money will be spent.).) Because
11
those Class Members will receive less cash, it is reasonable to expect that not all of the $10.033
12
billion will be needed. Moreover, as noted above, Volkswagen has strong financial incentives to
13
compensate as many Class Members as possible. Any money it could save by not compensating
14
Class Members would be lost in the form of penalties for failing to achieve the Recall Rate.
iii.
15
16
17
Objections Regarding the Class Definition
o Individuals Excluded from the Class Definition

Some individuals have objected to the Settlements failure to include vehicles sold and
18
leases terminated prior to the defeat devices disclosure. The Class Definition requires Class
19
Members to have owned or leased their Eligible Vehicles on September 18, 2015. (See Dkt. No.
20
1685 2.16.) Thus, these individuals are not Class Members, and the Court need not consider
21
their objections. See San Francisco NAACP v. San Francisco Unified Sch. Dist., 59 F. Supp. 2d
22
1021, 1032 (N.D. Cal. 1999) ([N]onclass members have no standing to object to the settlement of
23
a class action.).
24
25
o Eligible Sellers
Objector Wheels argues the June 28, 2016 Eligible Seller cut-off date is arbitrary and
26
unfair. (Dkt. No. 1882 at 1-2.) To be an Eligible Seller, a person must have purchased or
27
otherwise acquired an Eligible Vehicle on or before September 18, 2015, and sold or otherwise
28
transferred ownership of such vehicle after September 18, 2015, but before June 28, 2016. (Dkt.
36

No. 1685 2.31.) The June 28, 2016 cut-off is not unfair. On that day, Eligible Sellers knew they
would be beneficiaries of the Settlement only if they held onto their Eligible Vehicles. Thus,
those who sold their Eligible Vehicles after the proposed Settlement did so knowing they would be
ineligible for benefits.
The Settlement further requires Eligible Sellers to identify themselves within 45 days of
the Courts preliminary approval order. (Id. 2.32.) Although Objector Autoport contends this
deadline is also arbitrary, the Court disagrees. First, Autoports assertion that [t]his opt-in
deadline does not apply to consumers, only dealers is simply not true. (See Dkt. No. 1879 at 2.)
The Settlement required dealers and consumers alike to identify themselves as Eligible Sellers by
10
September 16, 2016. Moreover, this deadline had a purpose. The Settlement designates certain
11
funds for Seller Restitution; the unclaimed portion of that is distributed to Eligible Owners who
12
purchased their cars after September 18, 2015. (Dkt. No. 1685 2.42; Dkt. No. 1685-1 5(b).)
13
Thus, in to accurately calculate the amount of Owner Restitution for those who purchased after the
14
fraud disclosure, the parties must first know which Eligible Sellers will seek Restitution. The
15
Eligible Seller deadline is therefore appropriate.
16
iv.
17
18
Objections to Attorneys Fees
o Class Counsels Fee Request

A number of Class Members take issue with the timing and structure of Class Counsels
19
prospective fee request. Although Class Counsel still has not moved for attorneys fees and costs,
20
this does not warrant denying final approval. Indeed, Rule 23(h) does not require Class Counsel
21
to seek attorneys fees at the final approval stage. See Fed. R. Civ. P 23(h); In re Natl Football
22
League Players Concussion Injury Litig. (In re NFL Players), 821 F.3d 410 (3d Cir. 2016)
23
([T]he separation of a fee award from final approval of the settlement does not violate Rule
24
23(h).); In re Oil Spill by Oil Rig Deepwater Horizon in Gulf of Mexico, on Apr. 20, 2010, 910 F.
25
Supp. 2d 891, 918 n.16 (E.D. La. 2012), affd sub nom. In re Deepwater Horizon, 739 F.3d 790
26
(5th Cir. 2014) (granting final approval where parties had no discussions regarding fees other
27
than the PSCs making clear that it would eventually file a request for attorneys fees.). Nor are
28
Class Members in the dark about Class Counsels prospective fee request. In accordance with the
37
Courts Order (Dkt. No. 1689 at 23-24), Class Counsel submitted a Statement detailing their
forthcoming request for attorneys fees and costs (Dkt. No. 1730). Specifically, Class Counsels
common benefit fee application will seek no more than $324 million in attorneys fees, plus actual
and reasonable out-of-pocket costs, not to exceed $8.5 million. (Id. at 3.) Class Counsel will
also propose a formula, such as the equivalent of a small percentage of payments made to Class
Members, to cover costs they continue to incur for addressing Class Members ongoing requests
for information and questions about the Settlement. (Id. at 3-4.)

Class Members therefore had sufficient information as to Class Counsels prospective

request prior to the Opt-Out Deadline. See In re NFL Players, 821 F.3d at 446 (Even if the class
10
members were missing certain informationfor example, the number of hours class counsel
11
worked and the terms of any contingency fee arrangements class counsel have with particular
12
retired playersthey still had enough information to make an informed decision about whether to
13
object to or opt out from the settlement.). As of August 10, 2016more than a month before the
14
Opt-Out DeadlineClass Members knew the maximum amount of attorneys fees and costs Class
15
Counsel intended to request and also knew Class Counsel would seek ongoing costs to be
16
calculated by a Court-approved formula. Class Members could thus evaluate the prospective fee
17
request and make an informed decision as to whether to remain in the Class.
18
Importantly, Class Counsels attorneys fees will not diminish the benefits awarded to
19
Class Members under the Settlement. (Dkt. No. 1685 4.4.5 (To the extent Volkswagen elects
20
or is ordered to pay private attorneys fees or costs, Volkswagen will not receive credit for such
21
payments against obligations to Class Members under this Class Action Agreement and the Final
22
Approval Order.).) And, in any event, the Court must approve any fee request as reasonable. See
23
In re Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 941 ([C]ourts have an independent obligation to ensure that the
24
award, like the settlement itself, is reasonable, even if the parties have already agreed to an
25
amount.). Class Members will also be notified of Class Counsels fee request, once it is filed.
26
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h)(1) (Notice of the motion must be served on all parties and, for motions
27
by class counsel, directed to class members in a reasonable manner.). Thereafter, Class Members
28
will have an opportunity to object to the motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h)(2). As the Court stated
38
at the Fairness Hearing, the fees to be sought by Class Counsel did not have any relationship to the
monies Volkswagen was willing to devote to compensate the Class. (Dkt. No. 2079 at 54:19-
55:3).

o Class Members Personal Attorneys Fees

Some objectors argue the Settlement is unfair because it does not compensate Class
Members for fees for their private attorneys, in other words, those attorneys not appointed to the
PSC. The Settlement is silent as to Volkswagens obligations to pay the fees and costs for
attorneys other than Class Counsel or attorneys Class Counsel designated to perform work in
connection with this litigation. (See Dkt. No. 1685.) However, the Settlement is not unfair simply
10
because it does not require Volkswagen to pay the private attorneys fees of those Class Members
11
who chose to retain an attorney.
12
13
v.
Objections Based on Public Policy
A number of objectors raise concerns about public policy. For instance, some Class
14
Members argue Volkswagen will profit from the Settlement. Mr. Stockton estimates that
15
Volkswagen received at most $12.937 billion in gross revenues for the Eligible Vehicles. (Dkt.
16
No. 1784-1 33.) Incentives, discounts, and other rebates likely reduce this figure. (Id.) In
17
comparison, Volkswagens liability under the Settlement is $10.033 billion. At first glance,
18
$10.033 billion is less than the estimated revenues Volkswagen received. However, the United
19
States Partial Consent Decree, which imposes fines and requires Volkswagen to pay for
20
environmental remediation, increases Volkswagens liability to $14.7 billion. That figure could
21
also increase in the event Volkswagen fails to buy back or fix 85% of Eligible Vehicles. Thus,
22
Volkswagen will not profit under the terms of the Settlement.
23
24
vi.
Objections Regarding Environmental Concerns
Other objectors take issue with the Settlements ability to address environmental concerns.
25
As an initial matter, the United States on behalf of the EPA can more effectively address
26
environmental concerns than Class Counsel who represent consumers. The United States
27
Consent Decree does just that. Under that agreement, Volkswagen agrees to pay $2 billion over
28
ten years to promote the use of zero emissions vehicles (ZEV) and $2.7 billion over three years
39
to reduce the excess NOx emissions attributed to the Eligible Vehicles. (See Appx C-D, Dkt.
No. 1973-1.) These efforts address the environmental damage caused by Eligible Vehicles.
Objector Ronald Clark Fleshman, Jr. argues the Settlement improperly allows Class
Members to continue driving their Eligible Vehicles in violation of federal and state laws.6 (Dkt.
No. 1893 at 10-11.) Fleshman has previously raised, and the Court rejected, this concern. (See
Dkt. No. 1760 at 5, 8; Dkt. No. 1991 at 7-8.) No federal or state authority has declared the
Eligible Vehicles illegal to drive. As Plaintiffs note, EPA has explicitly stated it will not
confiscate Eligible Vehicles, and [t]he 44 states participating in the Attorneys General statement
have also agreed to allow Class vehicles to stay on the road pending participation in the Class
10
Action Settlement. (Dkt. No. 1976 at 31.)

vii.

11
Objections to Release
Several Class Members object to the Release. (See Dkt. No. 1685-5.) In particular,
12
13
Objectors Kangas and Scott Siewert raise two concerns. First, Kangas and Siewert argue Class
14
Members cannot be bound to a class-wide compulsory release if the underl[ying] agreement is
15
voided. (Dkt. No. 1826 at 12; Dkt. No. 1877 at 6.) Class Members execute an Individual
16
Release only upon acceptance of an offer. (Dkt. No. 1685 2.57; Dkt. No. 1685-4 4(b).) If a
17
Class Member receives benefits under the Settlement before the Settlement is reversed on appeal,
18
an Individual Release is appropriate consideration. The Court therefore does not find the
19
Individual Release is unfair.
20
Second, Kangas and Siewert object to the release of concealed or hidden claims. (Dkt.
21
No. 1826 at 13-14; Dkt. No. 1877 at 7-8.) Class action settlement agreements commonly release
22
concealed or hidden claims. See In re Zynga Inc. Sec. Litig., 2015 WL 6471171, at *4 (N.D. Cal.
23
Oct. 27, 2015); Wakefield v. Wells Fargo & Co., 2014 WL 7240339, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 18,
24
2014); Torchia v. W.W. Grainger, Inc., 2014 WL 3966292, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2014).
25
Moreover, the Release is limited to claims related to the 2.0-liter TDI Matter, which the
26
Settlement defines as
27
28
Many of Fleshmans objections concern the United States Partial Consent Decree, not the
Settlement. (See Dkt. No. 1893.) The Court does not address those objections here.
40
(1) the installation or presence of any Defeat Device or other

auxiliary emission control device in any Eligible Vehicle; (2) the
design, manufacture, assembly, testing, or development of any
Defeat Device or other auxiliary emission control device used or for
use in an Eligible Vehicle; (3) the marketing or advertisement of any
Eligible Vehicle as green, environmentally friendly, and/or
compliant with state or federal emissions standards; (4) the actual or
alleged noncompliance of any Eligible Vehicle with state or federal
emissions standards; and/or (5) the subject matter of the Action, as
well as any related events or allegations, with respect to Eligible
Vehicles.
Dkt. No. 1685 2.1, 9.3; see Taylor v. W. Marine Prod., Inc., 2015 WL 307236, at *1 (N.D. Cal.
Jan. 20, 2015) (preliminarily approving settlement that released . . . only . . . claims relating to
underpayment of daily overtime pay whether such claims were concealed or not concealed or
2
3
4

10
hidden). To that end, the Release expressly does not include claims of personal injury or
11
wrongful death. (Dkt. No. 1685 9.3; Dkt. No. 1685-5 1.) Thus, Class Members who wish to
12
litigate such claims may do so.

viii.
13
14
Objections Regarding Other Motions
Objectors Maria Barrera, Shawn Blanton, Travis Bourland, Steven Bracht, Pablo Cortez,
15
Jonathan Evans, Evangelina/Leonel Falcon, Luis Guarjardo, Eliseo Hernandez, Allison Kaminski,
16
David King, Sean Luchnick, Maria C. Martinez-Diaz, Duncan Moskowitz, Paul Munro, Brian
17
Planto, Angela Purvis, Ronnie Robledo, Ray A. Robeldo, Ray A. Sarabia, Storm Taliaferrow, and
18
Terry Woodford (collectively, Barrera Objectors) argue Class Counsel have actively worked
19
against the interest[s] of non-representative class members because Class Counsel have allegedly
20
urged the Court not to consider pending motions to remand until after the Opt Out Deadline. (Dkt.
21
No. 1863-3 at 8-9.) The Barrera Objectors fail to explain why delaying ruling on these motions
22
adversely affects Class Members. Moreover, if Class Members seeking to remand their case
23
wished to litigate their claims in state court, they simply had to exclude themselves from the
24
Settlement.
25
The Barrera Objectors further raise the Courts denial of Class Member Jolian Kangas
26
motion to intervene to conduct discovery. (Id. at 7, 10; see Dkt. No. 1746.) Specifically, they take
27
issue with Class Counsels opposition to Kangas motion. (Dkt. No. 1863-3 at 10.) They contend
28
this is a sign that Class Counsel have actively worked against any interest but its own by forcing
41
its proposed settlement to become a fait accompli among class members. (Id.)
The Barrera Objectors do not explain why opposing the motion was contrary to Class

2
3
Members interests. The Court denied Kangas motion because he failed to show that his interests
were impaired and to present evidence of collusion. (See Dkt. 1746 at 3-6.) Given the size of the
Class and the scale of the discovery produced, it would delay Class compensation and the removal
of polluting cars from roads. It would also waste resources if Class Counsel allowed any Class
Member to conduct discovery into the settlement negotiations, particularly when the Class
Member did not provide a basis to do so. Their opposition was thus proper and not adverse to the
Class.
10
2.
The Bluetooth Factors
11
Although the Churchill factors favor settlement, consideration of those factors alone is
12
insufficient. See In re Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 946. Where, as here, the parties reach a settlement
13
prior to class certification, courts must examine the settlement with an even higher level of
14
scrutiny for evidence of collusion or other conflicts of interest than is ordinarily required under
15
Rule 23(e) before securing the courts approval as fair. (Id. (citations omitted).) Collusion may
16
not always be evident on the face of a settlement, and courts therefore must be particularly vigilant
17
not only for explicit collusion, but also for more subtle signs that class counsel have allowed
18
pursuit of their own self-interests and that of certain class members to infect the negotiations.
19
(Id. at 947.) Signs of subtle collusion include
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
(1) when counsel receive a disproportionate distribution of the

settlement, or when the class receives no monetary distribution but
class counsel are amply rewarded;
(2) when the parties negotiate a clear sailing arrangement
providing for the payment of attorneys fees separate and apart from
class funds, which carries the potential of enabling a defendant to
pay class counsel excessive fees and costs in exchange for counsel
accepting an unfair settlement on behalf of the class; and
(3) when the parties arrange for fees not awarded to revert to
defendants rather than be added to the class fund.
(Id. (internal quotations marks and citations omitted).)
Despite the presence of one Bluetooth factor, the Court finds no evidence of collusion.
The Bluetooth court made clear that these factors are not dispositive but merely warning signs or
42
indicia of possible implicit collusion. (Id.) Even if all three signs are present, courts may still
find that a settlement is reasonable. See id. at 50 (noting that the district court may find the
settlement reasonable notwithstanding the presence of all three Bluetooth factors).

The first Bluetooth factor asks whether Class Counsel receive a disproportionate
distribution of the Settlement or whether Counsel are amply rewarded while the Class receives no
monetary distribution. (Id. at 947.) This factor is not implicated. First, the Settlement does not
entitle Class Counsel to any portion of the Settlement funds; the $10.033 billion Funding Pool is
designated solely for Class Members. Second, the Settlement provides for monetary benefits for
all Class Members, namely, the price of a Buyback and/or Restitution. Thus, there is no question
10
Counsel is rewarded while the Class receives no monetary award. Further, even if Class Counsel
11
were to receive the maximum they stated they would seek (an unlikely outcome), that amount
12
$324 millionis less than four percent of the Settlement. As such, this factor does not suggest
13
collusion.
14
The second Bluetooth factor considers whether the parties negotiated a clear sailing
15
agreement for the payment of attorneys fees separate from the class funds. (Id. at 947.) The
16
Settlement provides that Volkswagen will pay attorneys fees separate from, and in addition to, the
17
compensation provided to Class Members. (Dkt. No. 1685 11.1.) As noted above, Class
18
Counsel will not seek more than $324 million in attorneys fees and $8.5 million in costs. (Dkt.
19
No. 1730 at 3.) Importantly, at this juncture, there is no clear sailing agreement to cause
20
concern for collusion. Although Class Counsel has agreed not to seek more than a total of $332.5
21
million in attorneys fees and costs, plus future costs to be determined by a formula, Volkswagen
22
has not agreed not to contest such a request. Moreover, that dialogues for attorneys fees began
23
after the parties filed the Settlement suggests Class Counsel did not accept an excessive fee in
24
exchange for an unfair settlement or otherwise allow their fees to interfere with their negotiations
25
for Class Members benefits. As such, this factor is not indicative of collusion.
26
The third Bluetooth factor, which considers whether the settlement provides for funds not
27
awarded to revert to defendants, is to some extent present. The Settlement provides that upon
28
either the conclusion of the Claim Period or the termination or invalidation of the Settlement, any
43
unused funds shall revert to Volkswagen. (Dkt. No. 1685 10.3-10.4.) While reversionary
provisions can sometimes be problematic, that is not the case here. The proposed Partial Consent
Decree requires Volkswagen to buyback or fix 85% of the Eligible Vehicles by June 30, 2019.
(Dkt. No. 1973-1 3; Appx A 6.1 & 6.3, id.) Failure to do so results in additional monetary
penalties for Volkswagen. (Dkt. No. 1973-1 3; Appx A 6.1 & 6.3, id.) And, as the Court
previously discussed, Volkswagen appears to have the infrastructure and manpower to fulfill its
obligations under the Settlement. (See Dkt. No. 1698 at 25-26.) Thus, although the Settlement
provides that any unused funds will revert to Volkswagen, the Court is satisfied that it is not
evidence of collusion.
10

11
In sum, although one of the three Bluetooth factors is present, the Court finds the
Settlement is not the result of, or was influenced by, collusion.
12
*****
13
In light of the foregoing analysis, the Court finds final approval is appropriate. The
14
number of objections is small, and their substance does not call into doubt the Settlements
15
fairness. The Churchill factors support final approval, and the Bluetooth factors do not suggest
16
collusion. Thus, even under heightened scrutiny, the Court concludes the Settlement is fair,
17
adequate, and reasonable.
18
19
IV.
DISCUSSION CLAIMS REVIEW COMMITTEE
The Settlement creates a Claims Review Committee (CRC) to review appeals of
20
contested claims deemed ineligible. (Dkt. No. 1685 5.3.) The CRC is a three-member
21
committee comprised of one PSC representative, one Volkswagen representative, and one Court-
22
appointed neutral. (Id.) Class Counsel and Volkswagen nominate David S. Stellings and
23
Sharon L. Nelles, respectively, to serve on the CRC. The Court now appoints the Honorable Fern
24
M. Smith (ret.) to serve as the third and neutral member.
25
V.
26
DISCUSSION ALL WRITS ACT
The All Writs Act authorizes district courts to issue all writs necessary or appropriate in
27
aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law. 28 U.S.C.
28
1651(a). The power conferred by the [All Writs] Act extends, under appropriate circumstances,
44

to persons who, though not parties to the original action or engaged in wrongdoing, are in a
position to frustrate the implementation of a court order or the proper administration of justice, [ ]
and encompasses even those who have not taken any affirmative action to hinder justice. United
States v. New York Tel. Co., 434 U.S. 159, 174 (1977) (internal citations omitted). However, the
authority granted by the All Writs Act, though broad, is not unlimited. Negrete v. Allianz Life Ins.
Co. of N. Am., 523 F.3d 1091, 1098 (9th Cir. 2008). Indeed, the Anti-Injunction Act limits the
district courts ability to enjoin state proceedings except as expressly authorized by Act of
Congress, or where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction, or to protect or effectuate its judgments.
28 U.S.C. 2283. Although comity requires federal courts to exercise extreme caution in
10
interfering with state litigation, federal courts have the power to do so when their jurisdiction is
11
threatened. Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1025; see Keith v. Volpe, 118 F.3d 1386, 1390 (9th Cir. 1997)
12
([T]he All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. 1651, empowers the federal courts to enjoin state proceedings
13
that interfere, derogate, or conflict with federal judgments, orders, or settlements.).
14
A stay of all state court actions relating to Released Claims, that is, the claims of Class
15
Members who have not properly opted out, is necessary to preserve the Courts jurisdiction. First,
16
Class Members have been given an opportunity to opt out of the Settlement. See Jacobs v. CSAA
17
Inter-Ins., 2009 WL 1201996, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 1, 2009) (A district court may enjoin named
18
and absent members who have been given the opportunity to opt out of a class from prosecuting
19
separate class actions in state court. (citing Carlough v. Amchem Prods., Inc., 10 F.3d 189, 204
20
(3d Cir. 1993)). Second, a state courts disposition of claims similar to or overlapping the
21
Released Claims would implicate the same legal and evidentiary issues; thus, such action would
22
threaten the Courts jurisdiction and hinder its ability to decide the case. See Jacobs, 2009 WL
23
1201996, at *3 (A preliminary injunction is appropriate to preserve jurisdiction because there is a
24
sufficient overlap of claims between the federal and state class actions, such that the same legal
25
and evidentiary issues will be implicated in each case.); In re Jamster Mktg. Litig., 2008 WL
26
4482307, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2008) (Any litigant may be enjoined from proceeding with a
27
state court action where it is necessary to prevent a state court from so interfering with a federal
28
courts consideration or disposition of a case as to seriously impair the federal courts flexibility
45
and authority to decide the case. (quoting In re Diet Drugs Prod. Liab. Litig., 282 F.3d 220, 234
(3d Cir. 2002)). Accordingly, the Court enjoins Class Members who have not opted out from
participating in any state court litigation relating to the Released Claims. This injunction,
however, does not prevent Class Members from dismissing or staying his or her Released Claims.
VI.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS the following:
1. Plaintiffs Motion for Final Approval of the Settlement is GRANTED. The
Settlement in its current form is fair, adequate, and reasonable and is in the best
interest of Class Members. Benefits under the Settlement shall immediately be
10
11
CONCLUSION
12
13
made available to Class Members.

2. The Court CONFIRMS the appointment of Lead Plaintiffs Counsel and the PSC
listed in Pretrial Order No. 7 (Dkt. No. 1084) as Settlement Class Counsel.
3. The Court CONFIRMS the appointment of the Settlement Class Representatives
14
listed in Exhibit 1 to the Plaintiffs Motion for Preliminary Approval of the
15
Settlement and Approval of Class Notice (Dkt. No 1609-1).
16
4. The Court CONFIRMS the appointment of Ankura Consulting Group, LLC as
17
Claims Supervisor. The Claims Supervisor, including its subcontractors, and the
18
directors, officers, employees, agents, counsel, affiliates and advisors, shall not be
19
liable for their good-faith compliance with their duties and responsibilities as
20
Claims Supervisor under the Settlement, this Order, all prior orders, the Partial
21
Consent Decree, or any further Settlement-related orders or decrees, except upon a
22
finding by this Court that they acted or failed to act as a result of malfeasance, bad
23
faith, gross negligence, or in reckless disregard of their duties.
24
5. The Court APPOINTS Citibank Private Bank to serve as the Escrow Agent.
25
6. The Court CONFIRMS the appointment of David S. Stellings and Sharon L.
26
Nelles to the Claims Review Committee and APPOINTS and the Hon. Fern M.
27
Smith to serve as the CRCs neutral member on the Courts behalf.
28
7. The Court DISMISSES WITH PREJUDICE the following without costs to any
46
1
2
a. The claims pertaining to Eligible Vehicles, as between the Settlement Class
and all its Members who have not timely and properly excluded themselves,
on the one hand, and any Released Party or Parties. However, costs shall be
awarded as specified in this Final Order and Judgment and in the
Settlement, such as the motion for an award of attorneys fees and costs, as
contemplated by the settling Parties in Section 11 of the Settlement, which
may be filed at the appropriate time to be determined by the Court, and
posted on the official Settlement website, www.VWCourtSettlement.com.
10

party:
b. All related lawsuits pending in the MDL centralized in this Court by the
11
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation on December 8, 2015 (MDL),
12
see In re Volkswagen Clean Diesel Mktg., Sales Practices, & Prods.
13
Liab. Litig., 148 F. Supp. 3d 1367 (J.P.M.L. 2015), asserting claims
14
pertaining to Eligible Vehicles, as between a Settlement Class Member who
15
is not an opt-out or otherwise excluded, and any Released Party or Parties.
16
c. All related lawsuits pending in this MDL containing only claims between a
17
Settlement Class Member who is not an opt-out or otherwise excluded, and
18
against any Released Party or Parties, and pertaining to Eligible Vehicles.
19
8. Claims related to the 3.0-liter TDI diesel engine vehicles are NOT DISMISSED.
20
9. Class Members who have not properly opted out and any person purportedly acting
21
on behalf of any Class Member(s) are ENJOINED from commencing, filing,
22
initiating, instituting, pursuing, maintaining, enforcing or prosecuting, either
23
directly or indirectly, any Released Claims in any judicial, administrative,
24
regulatory, arbitral or other proceeding, in any jurisdiction or forum, against any of
25
the Released Parties. Nothing herein shall prevent any Class Member, or any
26
person actually or purportedly acting on behalf of any Class Member(s), from
27
taking any actions to dismiss his, her or its Released Claims.
28
10. Only those persons and entities who timely submitted valid requests to opt out of
47
the Settlement Class are not bound by this Order, and any such excluded persons
and entities are not entitled to any recovery from the Settlement. A list of those
persons can be found in Exhibit 1 to this Order.
4
5
to be excluded from the Class, because his/her/its vehicle is not an Eligible
Vehicle, or for any other reason, are not bound by the Final Order and Judgment,
and are not entitled to any recovery from the Settlement.
8
9

11. Persons and entities that are determined by the Claims Administrator or the Court
12. For Settlement Class Members who, because a Fix has not become available,
withdraw from the class between May 1, 2018 and June 1, 2018, the statutes of
10
limitations on claims asserted on behalf of those Settlement Class Members in this
11
MDL shall be tolled from the date of the Preliminary Approval Order to the date
12
such Settlement Class Members withdraw from the Settlement Class.
13
13. Settlement Class Counsel shall file their application for attorneys fees and costs by
14
November 8, 2016. Any responses shall be due December 20, 2016, and any
15
replies shall be due January 17, 2016. The Court will advise the parties if a
16
hearing is necessary.
17
14. The Court retains the exclusive jurisdiction to enforce, administer, and ensure
18
compliance with all terms of the Settlement in accordance with the Settlement and
19
this Order.
20
This Order disposes of Docket No. 1784.
21
IT IS SO ORDERED.
22
23
Dated: October 25, 2016
24
25
CHARLES R. BREYER
United States District Judge
26
27
28
48
Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102-1 Filed 10/25/16 Page 1 of 41
EXHIBIT 1

LIST OF OPT-OUTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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21.
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24.
25.
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27.
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30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
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40.
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44.
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61.
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84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
Aakre, Chad (CA)

Abajian, Sharie (CA)
Abbey, Neil and Janet (CA)
Abbott, Dinah (VA)
Abel, Abigayle (TX)
Abell, Timothy W. (NC)
Abrahams, Hank (CA)
Abshier, David D. (CA)
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Albright, Mary J. (TX)
1
Alcalay, Ron (CA)

Aldrich, Benjamin (TX)
Ledesma, Irma (TX)
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Anderson, Nicole (FL)
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Andrade, Angelena and Jesse (TX)

Andre, Laurie (CA)
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Anthony, Bryan (CA)
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App, Cynthia E. (FL)
Aqueveque, Jose (CA)
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Ashley, Gary and Deborah (TX)
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Ashurova, Zumrud (NY)

Aspiras, Maria (CA)
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Austin/Caruso, Holland Edward and
Rebecca Holland Caruso (TX)
Avila, Jose (TX)
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Awbrey, David (CA)
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Aylor-Morris, Candice (TX)
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Baker, Adam (CO)
Baker, Cecilia (TX)
Baker, Kory (TX)
Baker-Lopez, Shannon (CA)
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Balderson, Elaine Packett and Graham A.

(VA)
Balena, John (TX)
Baliles, Kelly Handy (VA)
Ballariano, Placido (TX)
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Bank Of Abbeville & Trust Co, Bank Of
(LA)
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Banman, Christina E (CA)
Banman, Edward J. (CA)
Barba, Pedro (CA)
Barbarino, Vincent & Katherine (CA)
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Barker, Paul (TX)
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Barnes, Kenneth (NC)
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Barnett, Arlene J. (TX)
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Barney, Jonathan (TX)
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Barraza, Hilda (CA)
Barreda, Leonel (IL)
Barrera, Javier (TX)
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Bartek, Sheila (TX)
Bartlett, Bruce (NC)
Bartlett, Lawrence (WI)
Basaraba, William & Victoria (FL)
Bash, Eric (FL)
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Bat, Randall and Joy (CA)

Batchelor, John (TX)
Bates, Ariana (CA)
Bates, Bruce (CT)
Bates, William (FL)
Baughman, Kent and Bonita (CA)
Bauhofer, Scott & Tracy Cockerham (CA)
Baur, Jill S (TX)
Baura, Gary L. (FL)
Bautista, Andrew (CA)
Bautista, Jessica (CA)
Bautista, Juan (TX)
Baxley, John J. (FL)
Beal, Stacy (TX)
Beale, Joseph A. and Leslie (TX)
Beam, Dorothy (GA)
Villagomez, Mike and Alfredo Villagomez
(CA)
Beard, Eric (OR)
Bearden, Walter (TX)
Bearer, Beth (CA)
Beatriz, Zelia (CA)
Beatty, Charles and Vickie (TX)
Beaudette, Dane and Sonya (CA)
Beavers, Stephanie and John (OK)
Beck, Mimi-Noelle (CA)
Beck-Brattin, Ericka (OR)
Becker, Stephen (CA)
Becker, Steven (FL)
Bedinelli, Ernest & Carolyn Bedinelli (FL)
Beganovic, Azra (MI)
Begley, Stephen (NC)
Behne, Tim and Sheri (WA)
Behr, Matty and Kristopher (CA)
Belcher, Vanessa (FL)
Belinsky, Diane (CA)
Belizario, Vicente and Michelle (CA)
Bell, James Harllee (VA)
Bell, Judith (FL)
Bell, Kyle (VA)
Bell, Lisa (VA)
Bell Jr., Joseph P. (TX)
Bender, Todd (MO)
Benefield, Trae and Deborah (CA)
Beneto, Jon (TX)
Benjamin, William and Kay Vetter (CA)
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Bennett, C Michele (WA)

Bennett, Donald Dean (MT)
Bennett, Katherine (TX)
Bennett, Nicole (CA)
Bennett, Robert & Jo Marie (TX)
Bennett, Wendy (LA)
Bensel Jr, Ralph F (NJ)
Benson, Richard and Nichole (AL)
Benton, Grady Lynn (TX)
Benz, Rena and Robert (CA)
Berbari, Luis (CA)
Bereny, Joshua (CA)
Berglund, Maria (TX)
Bernal, Danielle Santos (CA)
Bernal, David (TX)
Bernal / Lamb, Rodney / Stormie (TX)
Bernard, Elisabeth (FL)
Bernard, Ian J. and Penny L. (CA)
Berndt, Timothy (MI)
Bernier, Ross (CT)
Bernthal, David Patrick Tyson (FL)
Berry, Michael R. and Carolyn D. (CO)
Bersuch, Jeff (TX)
Bertagnolli, Martin and James (CA)
Berthoud, Raymond and Rose Marie (MT)
Bessette, Richard (CA)
Bettencourt, Joseph and Judith (CO)
Bettini, Rebecca H. (NC)
Betts, Amy (AZ)
Beveridge, Jo-Anne (TX)
Biconclova, Paul (WA)
Bienvenu, Reuben (LA)
Bijev, Hristo and Debrinka (CA)
Billingsley, Todd (NJ)
Bilyeu, Randall (TX)
Binowski, Mark and Brenda (CA)
Bippart, Peter (CA)
Bishay, Karim (CA)
Bitner, Daniel M. (TX)
Black, Robert J. (TX)
Blair, Donald and Sharon (FL)
Blais, Mitchell (CA)
Blaise, Cheryl and Eric (TX)
Blaise, Tracy and James (TX)
Blake, Grant (TX)
Blake, Gregory (CA)
Blakely, Steven (TX)

Blakeney, Chantal and Graham (CA)
Blanchard, Andrew and Callee (LA)
Blankenship, Paul (CA)
Blanks, Jeanine (TX)
Blanquiz, Joeray (TX)
Blaylock, Larry and Holly Stuart (CA)
Blinn, Adam (FL)
Blixt, Debra (MT)
Blocher, Kathi and Marc Hrossawyc (CA)
Blom, Sascha (TX)
Bluff, Jerry (VA)
Bobo, Robert (TX)
Bock, Kevin R. (TX)
Bodden Sr., Cyril E. (CA)
Bodon Jr., Frank R. (WV)
Boe, Marjorie (WI)
Boelter, William (CA)
Boersma, Deanna (CA)
Bogash, Michael (CA)
Boggs, Jacqueline (GA)
Boggs, William (Earl) (AL)
Bogle, Fergus (KY)
Bogyo, Matthew (CA)
Bohannon, Danny (TX)
Bohnenkamp, Ryan (CA)
Boike, Matthew (TX)
Bolanos, Juan (CA)
Bolstad, Steven/Laura Ellen (MT)
Bonnet, Tracey (CA)
Bonson, James (CA)
Boom, Daniel and Margaret (CA)
Booth, Denise A. and Donald C. (VA)
Borelli, Kenneth (NJ)
Borkowski, Matthew (FL)
Borman, Byron and Karen (CA)
Borza, Daniel and George (CA)
Borzello, Gavin (GA)
Bosch, Mibsam E. (FL)
Bosch, Mibsam (FL)
Boswell Jr., Joseph (TX)
Boucher, Eva and Russell (TX)
Boucher, Kent-Andrew (TX)
Boucher, Jean-Denis (TX)
Bourg, George (LA)
Boutros, Bassem (CA)
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Bowden, Ronald (TX)

Bowker, Linda (AR)
Bowling, Morgan (TX)
Bowns, Allison (AZ)
Boyer, Frank H. (PA)
Boyle, Daniel (CA)
Boyles, Karin D. (FL)
Boyles, Linda (FL)
Bozkurt, Emin (CA)
Braden, Erica (TX)
Bradley, David (TX)
Bradley, Lawrence (CA)
Bradley, Richard (TN)
Bradley, Ronald (PA)
Bradshaw, Lauren (TX)
Bradshaw, Nick (TX)
Bradshaw, Troy (TX)
Bradt, Nancy (VA)
Brady, Bertha (TX)
Brady, Donna Lynn & Timothy John (VA)
Brady, Ida Louise (CA)
Bramlett, Michael and Susan (TX)
Branch, Anthony (NY)
Branch, David E. (FL)
Brandon, Emily (MT)
Brandon, Sean (Gulf Services Contracting
Inc.) (AL)
Branham, Janice (TX)
Brannock, James V. (VA)
Branson, Robert and Kathleen (CA)
Brar, Gurjant S. and Gurjit K. (CA)
Braswell, Melissa (FL)
Braucht, Loren (WA)
Brauer, Bradley D. (VA)
Brauer, Janet (TX)
Bravo, Anna (State Not Provided)
Bravo, Ricardo R. (TX)
Bravo, Robert & Natalie (CA)
Bravo, Stephanie and Raul (CA)
Bray, Stephen (UT)
Bredemeier, Judith A. & Kenneth H. (VA)
Bredemeier, Kenneth (VA)
Breidenbach, Steven (VA)
Brennan, Michael (TX)
Brent, Karen and Michael (TX)
Breuer, Michael (CA)
Brewster, J.J. (TX)

Brickman, Robert D. and Susan M. (VA)
Bridges, Jean (NC)
Brinkman, Steve (MO)
Brinkman Sr., Danny C. (MS)
Brinkmann, Michael (FL)
Britsch, Darin (CA)
Brock, Frank (TX)
Brock, Stacie (TX)
Brockman, Timothy (MD)
Brody, Jon (TX)
Brombaugh, William (TX)
Brooks, Joe (NC)
Brooks, Phillip A. (VA)
Brown, Barbara (VA)
Brown, Carol (VA)
Brown, Colleen (CA)
Brown, Dace and Masakazu Aoe (CA)
Brown, Daniel (VA)
Brown, Joan Ann (VA)
Brown, Leslie and Daniel (FL)
Brown, Michael Z. (TX)
Brown, Rachelle (CA)
Brown, Ronna (CA)
Brown, Royce (CA)
Brown, Samuel and Angela (AL)
Brown, Stephen (CA)
Brown, Timothy (TX)
Brown, Virgil A. (TX)
Brownson, Tim (FL)
Brubaker, Dan (TX)
Bruening, Elizabeth (WI)
Bruinsma, James (TX)
Brunda, Kai Li Diane & Michael John (VA)
Brunn, David (CA)
Bruns, Tamara N. (CA)
Brutsche, John (TX)
Bryan, John (FL)
Bryant, Janet and Terry (MS)
Bryant, Thomas (IN)
Bubis, Dmitry (FL)
Bucard, Daniel (LA)
Buccieri, Jenna (CA)
Buck, John (CA)
Buck, Reginald (TX)
Buckley, Elizabeth (TX)
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Buddenhagen, Douglas and Joan (CA)

Buffington, Mark and Teresa (MN)
Bullard, Lesonya (VA)
Bullerwell, David L. and Carol L. (TX)
Buoy, Mike (TX)
Burch, Joe and Christine (CO)
Burcher, Jr., Clyde (VA)
Burchstead, Jr., Harry B. (SC)
Burger, Dora and Bryan (IL)
Burgess, Gifford and Cindy (WY)
Burke, Kevin P. (CA)
Burkhalter, James (CO)
Burkhardt, Arlene D. (VA)
Burkman, Kay (TX)
Burks, Tracy (TX)
Burlingis, Lukas (CA)
Burney, Perry (LA)
Burns, Cayla (MS)
Burrell, Donna (State Not Provided)
Burrer, Jr., Travis (TX)
Burton, Jason (CA)
Burton, Jennifer (TX)
Burton, Matthew and Andrea (VT)
Bussey, Ashley Lynn (FL)
Butler, Marcus (CA)
Butterfield, Jeff (TX)
Buxton, Carol (TX)
Byars, Noel and Tara (TX)
Bybee, Morgen (ID)
Byerly, David Brian and Suzanna Lorrain
(TX)
Byers, David F (NC)
Byrd, Daniel (KS)
Byrd, Tracy (LA)
Byrnes, Jean (MN)
Byrum, Tony R. (LA)
Caballero, Santos (TX)
Cabana, Stefan (ME)
Cacciatore, James and Josephine (CA)
Cachine, Michael Ney (VA)
Calhoun, Leroy (GA)
Cain, Matthew and Alicia M. (CA)
Cain, Michael A. (LA)
Cain-Fletcher, Brittny (LA)
Cairney, George and Vicki (CA)
Calabrese, Anthony M. (NJ)
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Calama, Juan (FL)

Callahan, Craig Tricou (VA)
Callaway, Diana (TX)
Calloway, Arleen (FL)
Camacho, Norma (TX)
Campagna, Brian (CA)
Campanella, Carol Jo (FL)
Campbell, David and Constance (CA)
Campbell, Delano (VA)
Campbell, Eddie (TX)
Campbell, Jeffrey A. (VA)
Campbell, Kimberly (TX)
Campbell, Rod (CA)
Campbell, Todd J. (TX)
Campos, Sara and Jesus (TX)
Campos, Jr., Antonio (CA)
Canales, Daylin and Francisco (CA)
Caniglia, Umberto (FL)
Canizales, Juan (NC)
Cannon, Angela (TX)
Cannon, Diane (David Cannon Well
Drilling, Inc.) (FL)
Cantu, Dora (TX)
Cantu, Joshua (TX)
Capelle, Ed (OR)
Capito, William (FL)
Capozzi, Lori J. (FL)
Caraway, Lla (TX)
Carden, Richard (VA)
Cardenas, Gabriel (CA)
Cardenas, John A. (TX)
Cardenas, Roberto & Annie (TX)
Carey, Grant (CA)
Carll-Young, Patricia J. (TX)
Carlson, Christopher C. (VA)
Carlson, Frank E. and Dorothy K. (TX)
Carlson, Michael (WA)
Carlson, Nathan (TX)
Carlton, Randal (FL)
Carmichael, Andrew and Lisa Buckowsky
(VA)
Carmona, Gustavo (CA)
Carnish, Craig (TX)
Carpenter, Karen (OR)
Carraway, Jarrett (MS)
Carrell, Kenneth (AL)
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Carreon, Delia (CA)

Carrete, Lourdes C. (TX)
Carrigan, Max I. (UT)
Carrillo, Osvaldo (CA)
Carroll, Cynthia and Steven (TX)
Carroll, Lisa Val (WY)
Carruthers, Patrick (TX)
Carter, Cheryl (CA)
Carter, Mary F. (VA)
Carter, Sarah (VA)
Carter, Shawna (IL)
Carter, Zelda Jane (AL)
Caruthers, Geneva T. (TX)
Casarez, Enedina (TX)
Cascio, Joseph L. and Janet K. (TX)
Cassidy, Steven (FL)
Castellucci, Carlos (FL)
Castillo, Diane (ID)
Castillo, Jesus (TX)
Castillo-Walsh, Michael (CA)
Castonguay, Leon J. & Linda St. John (CA)
Castro, Elisa G. & Noverto Gonzales (TX)
Castro, Luz (GA)
Catanzaro, Antonio (CA)
Cates, Caron (TX)
Caton, Wilson (VA)
Cattaneo, A.D. (CA)
Cauthron, Timothy (LA)
Cavaliere, Jose (TX)
Cebo, Adi (CA)
Cefail, Kenyatta A. and Robert (FL)
Cemashko, Virginia (CA)
Cerovich, Brenda (CA)
Cervantes, Michael (AZ)
Chacon, Anthony (CA)
Chacon, Edmond (CA)
Chadwick, Elizabeth A. & John R. Jr. (AL)
Chadwick, Janet (CO)
Chambless, Kenneth (TX)
Champoux, Daniel S. and Reba (CA)
Chan, Eric S. and Heidi L. (CA)
Chapman, Kristi (TX)
Chappex, Jorge (FL)
Charles, Gary and Linda S. Travis (VA)
Charron, Michael (TX)
Chase, Bachitter & Kalash (CA)
Chavez, Christina and Raymond (CO)

Chavez, Christopher (TX)
Chavez, Emilio (CA)
Chavez, Jose B. (CA)
Chaykin, Alice (FL)
Chaykin, Richard (FL)
Chen, Yang (CA)
Chesney, Fred (TX)
Chesser, Randy (TX)
Chester, Kelly (TX)
Chetkovich, Kathryn (CA)
Chi, Edward (CA)
Chibel, Ann Marie (FL)
Chichyan, Samuel (CA)
Childress, John and Terri (CO)
Chilton, Margaret (TX)
Chinoy, Naveed and Jaffer (FL)
Chmielewski, Vanna (TX)
Cho, John (CA)
Choi, Nick (TX)
Choi, Victor (CA)
Chota, Ana (CA)
Chow, Davy (TX)
Christensen, Jeff (CA)
Christensen, Richard (NV)
Christensen, Russell and Trudy (TX)
Christian, James and Katie Kim (TX)
Christiansen, Gina (CA)
Christy, James and Janice (FL)
Chun, Ted (CA)
Chupa, Tammy and Jeff (NC)
Churchley, David and Candace (OR)
Churchman, Layne & Mariann (TX)
Chuyanova, Natalya (CA)
Chynoweth, Nancy (UT)
Ciesla, Jacob (GA)
Cisneros, Oscar (CA)
Cisneros, Rudy and Karina (TX)
Claar, Derrick and Elissa (CA)
Clader, Robert C, Jr. (FL)
Clancy/Lindeman, Jim/Teresa (CA)
Clark, Cyndal (GA)
Clark, James (TX)
Clark, Lynn and Christine (CA)
Clark, Nadia (CA)
Clark, Nancy (IN)
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726.
Clark, Tyral (CA)

Clarke, Stephen and Geraldine Waltz (FL)
Claus, Mary (CA)
Clauson, Robert and Jane Perry (TX)
Clegg, Anita and David (VA)
Clegg, Dave and Francine (NV)
Clements, Curtis (TX)
Clemons, Ray (VA)
Clemons, Wilma (TX)
Clennon, James and Carolyn (MO)
Clifton, Amanda and Kurtis (TX)
Cline, Charles (GA)
Clinton, Sally (NY)
Clompus, Richard (CA)
Cloud, Patrick (VA)
Coble, Jr., Charles G. (VA)
Cochran, Steven (VA)
Cochran, William (LA)
Coffey, Alden (TX)
Coffin, Richard and Roxanne (CA)
Cogburn, Kenneth (LA)
Cogley, Brian (OR)
Cohan, Margaret (CA)
Cohn, Jeffrey (FL)
Cohron, Glyn A. and Wil (TX)
Coker, Earl & Irene (TX)
Colby, George (NC)
Colesworthy, Caroline (CA)
Colin, Denise and Christopher (CA)
Coll, Marta (FL)
Colley, William (NV)
Collins, Darrell and Anita (CA)
Collins, Wayne (CA)
Colwell, Sean (CA)
Comerford, Suzette and Felicia Fernandez
(CA)
Comly, Frank (TX)
Conde, Olegario (TX)
Conner, Ryan (CA)
Connolly, David (CA)
Conrad, Billy (IA)
Conrad, Brock (TX)
Conrad, Peter and Kayla (CA)
Consoli, John and Kathleen Marko (CT)
Contreras, Louis and Michelle (CA)
Conway, Robbie (TX)
Cook, Gordon (TX)

Cook, Harvey and Holly (GA)
Cook, Michael (State Not Provided)
Cookston, Todd (CA)
Cooley, Donna (CA)
Cooper, Alan (CA)
Cooper, Bridget (CA)
Cooper, Casey (CA)
Cooper, Eugene (VA)
Cooper, Freddie (TX)
Cooper, Gerald (TX)
Cooper, Joshua (CA)
Cooper, Lorri and Paul Wiatroski (OH)
Cooper, Michelle (FL)
Copeland, Alvin (VA)
Copen, Jason (OH)
Coppage, Amy (VA)
Coppo, Mario (FL)
Corbeil, Pauline (ME)
Corbett, Lisa V. (CA)
Corena, Alberto (NY)
Corgiat, Claudia (CA)
Corley, Jordan (OR)
Cornelius, Hugh and Diane (TX)
Cornwell, Zachary and Emily (TX)
Corrales, Jesus (AZ)
Correia, Lori (CA)
Correll, Wayne (TX)
Cortes, Salomon (CA)
Cortez, Lawrence (PA)
Cosin, Wendy (CA)
Costley, Barbara and John (CA)
Coulter, Kristey (NC)
Courtney, Bernard and Janet (FL)
Couvillion, Ronald & Kelli (MD)
Covington, Lee Ann (VA)
Cowan, Robert and Pia Caruso (TX)
Cowart, Roberta (TX)
Cox, Brent (FL)
Cox, Cleon and Angelita (FL)
Cox, Jean (VA)
Cox, Kevin and Adriana (CA)
Cox, Lee and Emily-Jo (WA)
Cox, Llewellyn (TX)
Cox, Michael and Cheri (TX)
Cox, Patricia (TX)
727.
728.
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730.
731.
732.
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737.
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807.
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810.
811.
812.
813.
814.
815.
816.
817.
818.
Cox, Richard and Susan (CA)

Cox, Tina (VA)
Cox, William Jones (FL)
Coyle, Richard (TX)
Crabtree, Kristie (TX)
Crane, Carmel (CA)
Crawford, Paul (CA)
Cree, Martin Robert (FL)
Creel, Ralph (LA)
Crescenzo, Frank and Maria (CA)
Cress, Mark A. (WA)
Crist, Julie Anne (CA)
Crocker, Brandon (CA)
Cronauer, Thomas and Charlotte (CA)
Crook, Jennifer (State Not Provided)
Crooks, Amber and Guyron (TX)
Crooks, Amber (TX)
Crosbie, Ben and Rosa (TX)
Crosby, Dale and Bobby (WA)
Crose, Daniel (CA)
Cross, David and Dixie (FL)
Crotsley, Frank (FL)
Crouch, Brian (TX)
Crouse, Thomas (TX)
Crowgey, Steven (GA)
Cruz, Francis (CA)
Cruz-Torres, Victor and Martha (TX)
Cuaresma, Michael and Marta (CA)
Cudanes, Jaime (CA)
Cude, James (TX)
Cuevas, Chea (TX)
Cunneen, Michele (CA)
Cunningham, Blake (TX)
Cunningham, James Michael (FL)
Cunningham, Robert (TX)
Curiel, Jose (CA)
Currier, Christopher (NC)
Curtin, Daniel (TX)
Curtis, Elsa (CA)
Cushman, Lloyd (NC)
Cushmore, Stephen (PA)
Czechowski, Aaron (WA)
D'Aquila, Kenny (CA)
Dahlman, Peter B. (TX)
Dail, Joseph D. Jr. (NC)
Dailey, Sidney Milton (VA)
Dalmolin, Phillip (TX)

Daly, George (MI)
Daly, Kristen (CA)
Daly, Michael W. and Margaret B. (FL)
Dameron, David B. and Sheryl L. (CA)
Damon, Semiramis (NV)
Danaher, Paul G. (KS)
Daniel, Leslie S. (TX)
Daniels, John B. (CA)
Daniels, Vanessa D. and Shawn L. (TX)
Danley, Stephen B. (GA)
Darbo, Greg (MN)
Darren, John (TX)
Dashiell, Emily (CA)
Dasilva, Edward (NY)
Dattoia, William (CA)
Dauerer, Joseph A. (VA)
Daussin, Gary (LA)
Dauwalter, Heidi and Michael (CA)
Daux, Alex Logemann (ID)
Davenport, Aaron C. (VA)
Davila, Christopher (NY)
Davila, Lucia (TX)
Davis, Cory (TX)
Davis, Doris D. (TX)
Davis, Doug (TX)
Davis, Joshua (VA)
Davis, Joshua (PA)
Davis, Karen (CA)
Davis, Kevin and Jeanine B. (FL)
Davis, Mitchell (TX)
Davis, Nora (TX)
Davis, Regina (CA)
Davis, Vincent K (OR)
Davy, Elizabeth M. (CA)
Day, Margaret F. and Cary H. (FL)
Day, Mark and Janet (OR)
Dayzie, Tony (AZ)
De Geus, James (NE)
De Hoyos, Fermin (TX)
De La Fuente, Jorge (TX)
De La Rosa, Ricardo and Maria E. (CA)
De Leon, Raul (CA)
De Miranda, Kevin and Michelle (TX)
Deal, Reuben (CA)
Debert, Kristin A.And Richard A. (AZ)
819.
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821.
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857.
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859.
860.
861.
862.
863.
Deboskey, Robert R. (VA)

Debuck, Asa and Heather (GA)
Decker, Shannon (AZ)
Deere, Stephen (MO)
Degiovanni, Edgar (CA)
Deguzman, Romeo (TX)
Dehant, Doug (NJ)
Dehart, Sharon (TX)
Deherrera, Noemi (TX)
Deleon, George (TX)
Delgado, Ediberto (TX)
Delgado, Hector and Milan Ortiz (FL)
Delimitros, Jodie (CA)
Dell, Thomas (MI)
Deloach, Samuel L. (VA)
Deluna, Larry D. and Florinda G. (TX)
Deluna, Sandra S. and Gilbert (TX)
Demery, Jason (CA)
Demuth, Mary Ann (GA)
Denney, Ben and Crystal (TX)
Dennis/Graham, Angela G. and Marsha J.
Graham (CA)
Dennis, Catherine (MO)
Denson, Terry Lee (TX)
Depaoli, Robert (FL)
Derevec, Barry (GA)
Derk, Adam (FL)
Dermody, Christine (CO)
Dervisagic, Adnan (CA)
Desgroseillers, Nathalie (CA)
Deshotels, Brian (LA)
Determan, Carol (MN)
Dettman, William (CA)
Deusenberry, Mark (FL)
Deveno, Carol and Michael (NH)
Devine, Jennifer (FL)
Devor, Michelle (CA)
Dewitt, Edward (NC)
Diaz, Jose (FL)
Diaz, Ruben and Mireya (CA)
Dicarlo, Michael (VA)
Dicenso, David (CA)
Dichoso, Kelly (CA)
Dickens, Amber (ID)
Dickerson, Jason (WA)
Diera, Lewis (GA)
864.
865.
866.
867.
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871.
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904.
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907.
908.
10
Dietz, Frederick (NC)

Diggens, Aaron and Christi D. (TX)
Dillard, Michael (AZ)
Dillard, Phyllis (TX)
Dillon, Mary (CA)
Dimeo, Darren and Elizabeth (FL)
Dimmerling, Maria (PA)
Dipierro, Charles G. (VA)
Diskin, Jennifer (NY)
Divila, Marvin L. (TX)
Divine, Gilbert L. (OR)
Dixon, Andrea (SC)
Dixon, James (CA)
Dixon, John (TX)
Dixon, William D (FL)
Doan, Binh (TX)
Doan, Binh and Thuy (TX)
Doane, Mary Ann (TX)
Doane, Randall and Mary Ann (TX)
Doar, David (NC)
Dobson, T.J. (TX)
Dockery, Kenneth (IL)
Dockins, Ira and Lois (WI)
Dodd, Dustin and Jenny (CA)
Dolan, Mark (FL)
Dolotina, Tracy James (TX)
Domingo/Withers, Michael and Christine
Withers (CA)
Dominguez, Oscar (TX)
Donahoe, Michael/Wendy (MT)
Donaldson, Arthur and Teresa (WI)
Donis, Chris (FL)
Donnelly, Brian (CA)
Dorr, Charles and Heather (KY)
Doty, Mike (TX)
Dougherty, Walter and Barbara (PA)
Dowd, Jason (VA)
Dowling, Jonathan (GA)
Drake, Elvie (TX)
Draney, Katherine and David (CA)
Drayton, Donna (TX)
Drescher, Teresa and Brock (TX)
Drouin, Richard (FL)
Droz, Arthur and Marilyn (CA)
Du Bois, Louise (CA)
Du Boise, Daniel R. and Linda (TX)
909.
910.
911.
912.
913.
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915.
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951.
952.
953.
954.
Ducrot, Richard (MT)

Duffy, James (TX)
Dufresne, Holly (FL)
Duggins, Manfred W. (VA)
Duke, Steve (CA)
Duncan, Douglas (TX)
Duncan, Tiffany (PA)
Duniec, Michael Anthony (OH)
Dunn, Carolyn (NC)
Dunning, Dirk (OR)
Dupont, Timothy and Maureen (CA)
Duran, Daniel (TX)
Durden, Ronda and Bobby (GA)
Duringer, Mike (CA)
Durkee Jr, Don (CA)
Durst Storts, Rochelle (CA)
Dykins, Alexya (CA)
Earls, Donnie (TN)
Easley, Mark D. (OR)
Eaton, Jeff (CA)
Eaton, Timothy (CA)
Ebert, Gerald (CA)
Ebner, Claudia (CA)
Eby, Darvin (PA)
Echevarnia, Eladio (TX)
Eckstein, Julie Roscoe & Howard W. (VA)
Eddings, Jonathan and Lauren (NC)
Eddings, Michael (AR)
Edens, Jason (MN)
Edson, Rachael (CA)
Edwards, Aaron S. (LA)
Edwards, Diane Gloria (IL)
Edwards, Glenn (LA)
Edwards, Jack (TX)
Edwards Jr., Kenneth J. (TX)
Ehry, Hazel (MT)
Eicher, Daniel and Dennis Ang (NC)
Eischeid, James and Amy (CA)
Eisner, Harold (CA)
Elizarraras, Jose (TX)
Elizarraraz, Antonio (CA)
Elkeshen, Jadd (CA)
Elkin, Amanda (TX)
Ellevold, Abelina and Cynthia (CA)
Ellington, Jeff & Hollie (Ca)
Ellis, Christina (VA)
955.
956.
957.
958.
959.
960.
961.
962.
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964.
965.
966.
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987.
988.
989.
990.
991.
992.
993.
994.
995.
996.
997.
998.
999.
1000.
11
Elrod, Joshua O. and Francile D. (VA)

Emblem, Toni and Olaf (TX)
Emert, Steven (TX)
Emett, Dennis (TX)
Emmert, Robert (CA)
Enderle, Kevin and Christie (FL)
Endy, Karin R. (NY)
England, Mary Jo (WI)
England, Richard (CA)
English, Gary (KY)
Ensey, Greg (WA)
Eperjesi, Jan (CA)
Epperson, Hazel (VA)
Erickson, Lee W. (AL)
Erickson, Michael (OK)
Erickson, Thor and Jennifer (CA)
Erstling, Mark and Le'Etta J. (CA)
Escalette, Phil (CA)
Escobar, Arely (CA)
Escolero, Louis (CA)
Esparaza, Sasha (TX)
Espinosa, Michael (TX)
Esquibel-Dunlap, Catherine I. (VA)
Esquivel, John (TX)
Esquivel, Ramiro and Deborah (TX)
Esson, John and Wendy (CA)
Essres, Bonnie (VA)
Estenssoro, Ramiro (CA)
Estes, Pat (FL)
Estrada, Ricardo (TX)
Estrada Jr., Marcelino G. (TX)
Ethridge, Jason U. (TX)
Ettlin, Dennis (CA)
Eubanks, Norma (AL)
Eubanks Jr, John (Jay) (AL)
Evans, Nick (CA)
Evans, Thomas R (FL)
Evans, Travis (TX)
Evans, William C. (WA)
Eveland, Christopher (FL)
Ezzell, Leon (NC)
Fadely, Chad (MT)
Faheem, Askia (CA)
Faircloth, Danny (VA)
Falcon, Carlos (TX)
Falcon, Lucila (TX)
1001.
1002.
1003.
1004.
1005.
1006.
1007.
1008.
1009.
1010.
1011.
1012.
1013.
1014.
1015.
1016.
1017.
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1019.
1020.
1021.
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1024.
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1035.
1036.
1037.
1038.
1039.
1040.
1041.
1042.
1043.
1044.
1045.
Falcon, Lucy (TX)

Famiglietti, Allen (VA)
Fang, Albert (TX)
Fanguy, Timothy S (SC)
Faria, Darlino and Christine (TX)
Farkas, Susan (TX)
Farley, Terrence E. (VA)
Farmer, John Stephen and Kari L. Knight
(VA)
Farr, David (CA)
Farrell, Patrick (PA)
Farris, Cody (TN)
Fasnacht, Luther (TX)
Faulkner, William (CA)
Favors/Carballar, John/Diana (CA)
Feaganes, Jr., Samuel M. (VA)
Feallock, William J. (FL)
Fears, Kenan P. (VA)
Feddersen, Greg (CA)
Fedigan, John (VA)
Fees, Stacy M. (CA)
Feigner, Margaret & Norman Hollis (CA)
Felix, Colin B. (CA)
Felix, David L. (NJ)
Felix, Shannon (CA)
Felton, James (VA)
Fenner, Carol (CA)
Fenton, Stephen (AZ)
Ferguson, Peggy D. and Lawrence R. (VA)
Fernandez, Antonio (CA)
Fernandez, Hector and Kimberly (TX)
Fernandez, Jorge (TX)
Fernandez, Merari (FL)
Fernando, Miguel and Norma (CA)
Ferretti, Bruce C. (FL)
Ferris, Rachel and James (NV)
Ferros, Mary (CA)
Fertitta, Michael (TX)
Fewell, Randall Scott (TN)
Ficarra, Salvatore (IL)
Fields, Jacquelyn (TX)
Fields, Richard (TX)
Fieseler, Allison (TX)
Figueroa, Juan (CA)
Figueroa, Sergio & Guadalupe (TX)
Filippou, Carmen (MD)
1046.
1047.
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1080.
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1082.
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1084.
1085.
1086.
1087.
1088.
1089.
1090.
12
Fine, Barry (CA)

Finegan, John (RI)
Fingerman, Mike (CA)
Finkbeiner, Mark (FL)
Finn, Thomas Andrew (VA)
Fioritto, Donna (NC)
Fischer, Herbert (CA)
Fischer, Olivia (TX)
Fisher, Jesse and Stephanie (CA)
Fisher, Loretta (TX)
Fisher Jr., Robert D. (ID)
Fitts, Frederick (CA)
Fitzgerald, Nicholas and Elizabeth Eilender
(NJ)
Fitzhugh, Michael (TX)
Fix, Noel Steve (MN)
Flagstad, Trond (CA)
Fleece, William (FL)
Fleming, Nicholas (IN)
Flicker, Jodi (CA)
Flores, Adam (CA)
Flores, Arthur (TX)
Flores, Regina and Justin Burnett (CA)
Flores, Reynaldo (TX)
Flores, Ricardo (TX)
Flores, Marco (CA)
Flores/Jaime, Maria E./Octavio S. (CA)
Flowers, Derrick (TX)
Flury, Mike (TX)
Fodor, Deborah M. (CA)
Fogarty, Michael and Monica (WA)
Fogleman, Nichole (VA)
Foit, Peter (CA)
Foley, Kelly (CO)
Fong, Frank (CA)
Fontenot, Gary and Barbara (LA)
Ford, Jeff (VA)
Fordyce, George (VA)
Foreman, Ernestine (TX)
Fornal, Dominic (FL)
Forrest, Megan (CA)
Foss, Jess and Laurel (CA)
Foss, Stephen (FL)
Fossey, Robert (MO)
Foster, Ginger (TX)
Fox, Kenneth and Helen (CO)
1091.
1092.
1093.
1094.
1095.
1096.
1097.
1098.
1099.
1100.
1101.
1102.
1103.
1104.
1105.
1106.
1107.
1108.
1109.
1110.
1111.
1112.
1113.
1114.
1115.
1116.
1117.
1118.
1119.
1120.
1121.
1122.
1123.
1124.
1125.
1126.
1127.
1128.
1129.
1130.
1131.
1132.
1133.
1134.
1135.
1136.
Fox, III, Sharon and Alfred (VA)

Francis, Ronald (WY)
Francis, Selph (MD)
Francucci, Nicholas (MA)
Franzell, William (CA)
Frazier, Sonya (VA)
Frech, John (CA)
Frechette, Kimberly (FL)
Frederick, Terry (WA)
Free, Vickie (CA)
Freelander, Michael R. (NC)
Freeman, Arthur and Shirley (CA)
Freeman, Christy and George (OR)
Freeman, Derek (CA)
Freeman, Doreen L. (FL)
Freitez, Francys (FL)
French, Harold (VA)
Frerking, Robert and Laura (CA)
Friedl, Mark and Martha (GA)
Friedl, Martha (GA)
Friese, Christopher M. (MO)
Fritz, Andrew (WA)
Frohock, Brian (TX)
Fromhold, Stephen (OH)
Frost, Abigail (AK)
Fruchter, Scott (CA)
Fruge, Marion (TX)
Frye, Jesse (VA)
Fuentes, Amber N. (CA)
Fuentes, Stephanie (TX)
Fuentes, Victor (CA)
Fulker, Patrick (TX)
Fuller, Jason Lee (VA)
Fung, Lawrence (AZ)
Funk, Jeffrey (VA)
Fylypovych, Andrew (PA)
Gaffney, Thomas (TX)
Gage, William and Anita (TX)
Galanis, Kelly (TX)
Galindo, Gisselle (TX)
Gallagher, James (FL)
Gallagher, Michael J (FL)
Gallo, Moises and Maria Elena (TX)
Galloway, Erik and Diana (TX)
Galvan, Maria and Miguel (TX)
Gamble, Beverly (TX)
1137.
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13
Gamel, Ben (TX)

Garcia, Antonio and Elvia (TX)
Garcia, David A. (TX)
Garcia, Franklin/Leticia (CA)
Garcia, Jaime (TX)
Garcia, Jose (TX)
Garcia, Jose Sr. (TX)
Garcia, Karen Lynn (TX)
Garcia, Misty and Wesley (TX)
Garcia, Paul (CA)
Garcia, Ray (TX)
Garcia, Salvador (CA)
Garcia, Yunia Martiza (FL)
Garcia, Zachary J. (TX)
Garcia, III, Rafael (TX)
Gardea, Flavio (TX)
Gardner, Kelly (CA)
Gardner, Michael and Eli (CA)
Gardner, John (LA)
Garner, Sally (TX)
Garnes, Alfred and Helen (CA)
Garvin, Matthew (NC)
Garza, Eva and Yolissa (TX)
Garza, Gordon (TX)
Garza, Julissa (TX)
Garza, Maria and Jesus (TX)
Garza, Oton Javier and Armando Joel (TX)
Gassman, Keith and I. Melissa (TX)
Gatling, Hardy and Tracy (CA)
Gaube, Jack (OR)
Gaudreau, Paul (CA)
Gause, Michael Wylie (TX)
Gaze, Brian (CA)
Gebauer, Michael (MT)
Gee, Alice and Edgar (CA)
Geffs, Carey and Catherine (FL)
Gelovani, Giorgi (TX)
Genereux, Julie (ID)
Genetti, Sherrie (NE)
Genzer, Glenda and Joseph (TX)
George, Christopher (VA)
George, Kalen Loel (CA)
George, Rhonell and Nancy (TX)
Gerber, Barbara and Erhard (CA)
Gest-Arneson, Cynthia Lynn (VA)
Ghazarian, Vahe (CA)
1183.
1184.
1185.
1186.
1187.
1188.
1189.
1190.
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1227.
1228.
Ghezaili, Lorena (CA)

Giannakopoulos, Holly (TX)
Gibb, Brian (CA)
Gibson, Elizabeth (MT)
Gilbert, Roger (TX)
Gilbreath, John W. (TX)
Giles, Lawrence John (VA)
Gilkeson, Michael (MO)
Gill, Rajwant (CA)
Gillan, Jean-Pierre (CA)
Gillespie, Edgar (NM)
Gillespie, Joseph J. (TX)
Gilliam, James K. (VA)
Gillies, Stuart (NY)
Gillis, Debra (CA)
Gilson, Harry (TX)
Gilson, Jerry (CA)
Ginas, Alec (VA)
Ginther, Darin and Melissa (TX)
Gion, Cynthia (CA)
Gion, Robert (NC)
Gipson, Denise (TX)
Girardi, David (TX)
Gittins, Jonathan (CA)
Gladbach, Nona (CO)
Gladwin, Ralph (CA)
Glass, Kenneth and Teresa (MD)
Glass, Octavious (AL)
Glassberg-Decrenza, Allyn (NY)
Glenn, Albert (MS)
Glenn, John & Linda (TX)
Glenn, Maria (NC)
Glenn, Sherlayne (CA)
Glorian, Louis (FL)
Glover, Donald (CA)
Gmur, Steven (AZ)
Gocala, Mark (OH)
Godbee, Darren (GA)
Godsey, Richard A. (AZ)
Goerger, Ashley N. (VA)
Goff, Steven James and Jamie Lei (MT)
Gold, Allan (NV)
Goldberg, Paul (CA)
Goldstein, Michael (Germany)
Goliro, Alessandro (FL)
Gomez, Lorena and Juan (TX)
1229.
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1234.
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14
Gomez, Michelle (TX)

Gomez, Ruben & Diana (TX)
Gone, Joseph (MI)
Gonzales, Andrea V. and Guadalupe V.
(TX)
Gonzales, Frank (NM)
Gonzalez, Alex (TX)
Gonzalez, Alex (CA)
Gonzalez, Andrea (CA)
Gonzalez, Angel (TX)
Gonzalez, David (FL)
Gonzalez, Guillermo (TX)
Gonzalez, Javier and Sherry (TX)
Gonzalez, Rodolfo (TX)
Goodin, Christine (CA)
Goodlatte, Joyce S. (CA)
Goodman, Alan (FL)
Goodman, Laryl (TX)
Goodson, Gregory (OH)
Goodwin, Paul (LA)
Goodwin, Ursula (CA)
Gooley, Patrick (AZ and CA)
Gordillo, Alma (TX)
Gordon, Charles (CA)
Gorman, Robert (CA)
Gormley, Christopher (CA)
Gorta, Michael and Debra (CA)
Goss, Christopher (GA)
Gould, Dwight and Cheryl (FL)
Goy, Michael (TX)
Grace, Wylie and Sherry (TX)
Gradel, Frederick and Tina (CA)
Graf, Robert (FL)
Graham, Gary (CA)
Graham, Henry Keith (NC)
Graham, James (CA)
Gramlow, Douglas G. (CA)
Granade, Joseph (TX)
Grandy, Kathy (OK)
Granelli, Megan and Nicholas (TX)
Grant, Bobbie and Jay (CA)
Grant, Matthew Gavin (AL)
Grantham, Randall (FL)
Grason, Jennifer and Craig (FL)
Gravel, Mike and Whitney (CA)
Gray, Charles and Lynda (CA)
1274.
1275.
1276.
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1313.
1314.
1315.
1316.
Gray, Jason (CA)

Graybill, Cody (TX)
Greblunas, Mary (VA)
Greene, Aaron (TX)
Greening, Sam (CA)
Greenroad-Ford, Leaza (TX)
Greenway, Donald (TX)
Greenwell, Clayton (TX)
Gregory, Kerry (FL)
Greig, Gerald (MS)
Grenz, Kelly (MT)
Griener, David and Diane (TX)
Griffin, Charles and Roxann (NJ)
Griffin, III., Lauren Murray & John D.
(VA)
Griggs, Jeffrey (TX)
Grindel, Cynde (AZ)
Grisack, Robert (FL)
Grivno, Nicholas (CA)
Grizzell, Cedric (MS)
Groff, Lee (PA)
Grohman, Darryl (TX)
Gross, Steven (PA)
Grossman, Janece and Charles (CA)
Grundman, Paul and Bernard (CA)
Grygiel, Gloria (CA)
Guajardo, Esmeralda (TX)
Guardado, Alexis (CA)
Guardia, Edwin (CA)
Guarnieri, Patrick (FL)
Guerra, Domaciamo (TX)
Guerra, Sr., Rolando (TX)
Guerrero, Adam (TX)
Guest, Jackson (GA)
Guest, Mona (State Not Provided)
Guidotti, Guido (MA)
Guieb, Maria (HI)
Gulati, Sudeepa (CA)
Gullotti, Camille Jackson and John Michael
(CA)
Gurvin, Linda & Lanekia (LA)
Gusam, Suja (FL)
Gutierrez, Rogelio and Midaily Romero
(FL)
Gutierrez, Rosa (CA)
Guttenberg, Randy (TX)
1317.
1318.
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1362.
15
Gutu, Dorln (CA)

Gvatua, Nicolai (CA)
Gyolai, Kelly and Gary (TX)
Haag, Sonia and Dave (CA)
Haas, Jeanette and Rollin (CA)
Habisreitinger, James (TX)
Hacker, Karla (CA)
Hadder, Van (OK)
Hadzic, Fahrudin (CA)
Haehn, Rosella (CA)
Hagen, Harold and Marie (FL)
Hagerman, Richard (FL)
Haile, James (CA)
Hale, Allen M. and Barbara J. Fiske (VA)
Hale, Jack and Cindy (IN)
Hale, Shawn (AL)
Hale, Susan (AL)
Hale, Kathleen (TX)
Hall, Ewing (GA)
Hall, Janet and Michael (CA)
Hall, Michael D. (CA)
Hall, William and Maria (CA)
Hall, William T. (TX)
Haller, Patricia and Edward (HI)
Halloran, Alicia (CA)
Haman, William (MO)
Hamilton, Don and Sharon (CA)
Hamlin, Layne and Judtih (AZ)
Hammond, David (VA)
Hammond, Edward (TX)
Hammons, Jeremy (NC)
Hammons, Sarah (FL)
Hance, Maria (TX)
Hance, Nathan (NY)
Hanke, Kaleen (NC)
Hankey, Patrick (CA)
Hanley, Darwin and Michelle (CO)
Hanna, Raymond and Cindy (OR)
Hansen, Anna (FL)
Hansen, Lisa (WY)
Hansen, Ronald (FL)
Hanzelka, Edward (TX)
Haque, Roshan (FL)
Harbin, Dawn (TX)
Harbus, Kathryn (PA)
Harder, William (TX)
1363.
1364.
1365.
1366.
1367.
1368.
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1370.
1371.
1372.
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1400.
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1402.
1403.
1404.
1405.
1406.
1407.
1408.
Hardin, Martha (TX)

Hardman, Hugh James (CA)
Hardman, Cynthia (UT)
Hark, Glen (CA)
Harmel, Jonathan (TX)
Harnett, III, John J. and Jennifer (TX)
Harper, Linda (State Not Provided)
Harper, Michael (State Not Provided)
Harper, Ryan (CA)
Harrell, Charles (TX)
Harrington, Frank and Emma (CA)
Harrington, Joseph (CO)
Harris, Dennis and Connie (TX)
Harris, Elizabeth (TX)
Harris, William (OH)
Harrison, Cynthia (TX)
Harrison, Dan (CA)
Harrison, Dave (TX)
Harrison, Linda (AL)
Hartenstein, Charlene (CA)
Hartman, Colette (CA)
Hartman, Kathryn (CA)
Hartnett, Michael (VA)
Harvell, Donald and Larametta (FL)
Harvell, Richard (FL)
Harvell, Roger (NC)
Harvey, David (CO)
Hastings, Allen (TX)
Hathaway, Ryan John (CA)
Hathsegal/Segal, Niranjan (TX)
Hauber, Juergen (VA)
Haug, William and Melania (CA)
Hauser, Ernest (CA)
Havard, Jay and Violet (CA)
Hawkins, Robert (TX)
Hawkins, Whitney (VA)
Hayes, Douglas (LA)
Hayes, Megan (CA)
Hayes, Patti (TX)
Hayes, Susan (TX)
Hayford, Kelvin (TX)
Haynes, Herschel (VA)
Haynes, Robert (TX)
Heath, Norma (NC)
Heberer, Matthew (CA)
Hebrard, Daniel (OR)
1409.
1410.
1411.
1412.
1413.
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1453.
1454.
16
Heidl, William (OH)

Heilder, John (FL)
Heiligenmann, Jennifer (MO)
Heindel, Mallory and Debra (TX)
Heine, Walter Scott & Jeanetta Diane (TX)
Heitner, Eric (FL)
Helman, Dr. Jerome and Sandra B. (CA)
Helms, Jane C. (NC)
Hemphill, Brad (TN)
Henderson, Raymond Todd (TX)
Henderson, Todd (AL)
Henderson, Rod (FL)
Hendrick, Kimberly (AL)
Hendricks, Chistopher (FL)
Hendrickson, Alexander Thomas (ME)
Henry, Jaret (AL)
Hensler, Paul and Domonique (CA)
Hensley, Todd Anthony (VA)
Henton, Frankie and Lisa (CA)
Herbert, Joseph M. (CA)
Hernandez, Agustin (TX)
Hernandez, Antonio (CA)
Hernandez, Deciderio and Maricela (CA)
Hernandez, Gema and Moses (TX)
Hernandez, Leonor (TX)
Hernandez, Raul (CA)
Hernandez, Rene (TX)
Hernandez, Romein (CA)
Herrera, Alexi (FL)
Herrera, Eduardo (TX)
Herrera, Ronald & Gloria (TX)
Herrera, Rosa (CA)
Herrera-Beltran, Luisa F. (VA)
Herrick, Mary (TX)
Herriott, William and Monica (CA)
Hershberger, William and Soon Ho (GA)
Hess, Joshua (LA)
Hesseltine, Graig & Cindi (TX)
Hiatt, Leonard and Vickie (FL)
High, William L. (TX)
Hight, Terry (CA)
Hightower, Sophia (CA)
Higinbotham, Carder (LA)
Hildebrandt, Harry (FL)
Hill, Chris (TX)
Hill, Daphne (CA)
1455. Hillel, Janai (CA)

1456. Hillyer, Richard Wall and Brenda Louise
(NC)
1457. Hinderscheid, Katherine (MN)
1458. Hinds, Hazel (FL)
1459. Hinesman, Jeremy (OH)
1460. Hinton, Everett (VA)
1461. Hintz, Mark (CA)
1462. Hirschey, Auldyn (LA)
1463. Hixson, Frances A. and Dennis K. (TX)
1464. Hluchan, Barry (TX)
1465. Hobizal, Patrick and Julie (OR)
1466. Hoch, Werner (CA)
1467. Hodges, Stephen and Joyce (NC)
1468. Hof, Dennis (NV)
1469. Hoffman, Theodore (TX)
1470. Hogge, David (VA)
1471. Holaday, Robert E. (CA)
1472. Holbert, Brian (FL)
1473. Holbrook, Gerald (FL)
1474. Holderegger, Claudia (OR)
1475. Holderman, Ralph and Patricia (TX)
1476. Hollar, Randy (TX)
1477. Hollett, Anna-Emilia (SC)
1478. Holley, Butch (TX)
1479. Hollinger, Michael (VA)
1480. Holmes, Shawn and Angela (CO)
1481. Holt, John (CA)
1482. Holtkamp, Ryan (CA)
1483. Holzworth, James (OH)
1484. Hong, Glen (CA)
1485. Honigmann, Peter and Molly Foley (IL)
1486. Hooper, Gilbert and Diane (CA)
1487. Hooper, Hanna (TX)
1488. Hopewell, Samuel (FL)
1489. Horansky, Peggy (GA)
1490. Horn, David and Sandra (CA)
1491. Horner, Harlan and Regina (CA)
1492. Horner, Jeremy (CA)
1493. Hornyak, Christopher Michael and Heather
Marie (TX)
1494. Horst, Errol (PA)
1495. Horton, Morgan A. (PA)
1496. Hostler, Shari and William (CA)
1497. Houdeshell, Charlotte (State Not Provided)
1498. Houseman, John (MO)
1499.
1500.
1501.
1502.
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1542.
1543.
1544.
17
Houston, Zachary (CA)

Howard, Kim (WA)
Howe, Timothy (CA)
Howell, Henry (TX)
Howling, Kirkland (CA)
Hoyos, Fanor (FL)
Hubbard, Kenneth (FL)
Huber, Brian and Maryam (CA)
Huebel, Charles E. and Linda R. (TX)
Huerta, Robert (TX)
Huey, Fred (AL)
Huffman, Marvin (FL)
Hughes, Deborah (TX)
Hughes, Stephanie (TX)
Hughes, Vickie (CA)
Huisman, Shirley (SC)
Humphrey, Nancy A. (NC)
Hunnicutt, Samuel A. and Julianne C. (TX)
Hunsader, Alexander (FL)
Hunt, Bryce (CO)
Hunter, Daryl (TX)
Hunter, Richard (TX)
Hunziker, Scotty J. (CA)
Hurdle, Thomas (TX)
Hurst, Robert (TX)
Hurst, Stephen (CA)
Husby, Megan (TX)
Huston, Stacie (CA)
Huston, Steven and Deborah (CA)
Hutchinson, Neil and Shellie (FL)
Huynh, Dung (CA)
Hylaris, Elza (FL)
Hymes, Robert (CA)
Ibarra, Humberto E. and Sandra L. (TX)
Ickes, Tim and Rachael Bercey (TX)
Ignacio, Ross (CA)
Ikeme, Rebecca (NC)
Imhoff, William Joseph (VA)
Indest, Robert L. (LA)
Iniguez, Elia (CA)
Inzer, Robert W. (TX)
Irahola, Johnny (CA)
Irish, Jason (IA)
Isaac, Benny (CA)
Isaev, Alexei and Daria Rostovtseva (CA)
Isam, Alanna (OR)
1545.
1546.
1547.
1548.
1549.
1550.
1551.
1552.
1553.
1554.
1555.
1556.
1557.
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1561.
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1564.
1565.
1566.
1567.
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1569.
1570.
1571.
1572.
1573.
1574.
1575.
1576.
1577.
1578.
1579.
1580.
1581.
1582.
1583.
1584.
1585.
1586.
1587.
1588.
1589.
Ivy, Ben C. (CA)

Jacko, William J (FL)
Jackson, Byron E. (OH)
Jackson, Garnett D. and Linda S. (VA)
Jackson, Jacqueline (AZ)
Jackson, Larry and Kay (OR)
Jackson, Roger and Wendy (TX)
Jackson, Ryan and Jen (CA)
Jaco, Marc (TX)
Jacob, Phillip (TX)
Jacobowitz, Ira and Leslie (CA)
Jacobs, Amy (TX)
Jacobs, Eric N. (CA)
Jacobsen, Debra K. (TX)
Jacobson, Edwin (AR)
Jacobson, Kathleen and Melody
Dojchinovska (TX)
Jacobson, Mark (CO)
Jaeger, Kathryn and Karl Menges (CA)
Jaffe, Patricia (FL)
James, Jeremy (CO)
James, Nykita (VA)
Jamison, Jeremiah (CO)
Jaramillo, Armando and Kathryn (CA)
Jaramillo, Porfirio (CA)
Jarwin, Robert P. and Joseph A. (TX)
Jason, Patrick and Tealia Deberry (FL)
Jason Jr., Richard (TX)
Jeffery, Julie (GA)
Jenkins, Norman L. (CA)
Jennings, Clifton and Jacqueline (FL)
Jensen, Eric C. (CA)
Jensen, Erik (NH)
Jensen, Mark (CA)
Jensen, Peter (TX)
Jensen, Steven P. (CA)
Jeon, Soo J. and Dong S. Jung (CA)
Jerman, John (OR)
Jerman, Sherill (OR)
Jeter, Corey (TX)
Jhatu, Harpreet S. (CA)
Jimenez, Jorge (DE)
Jimenez, Miguel (CA)
Jimenez, Victor (TX)
Jiranek, William (VA)
Jodoin, Richard and Pauline (FL)
1590. Johns, Harry E Johns and Miranda M

Vorhis (CA)
1591. Johnson, Anne (Kelley) (TX)
1592. Johnson, Bev (TX)
1593. Johnson, Christopher and Kenneth (CA)
1594. Johnson, Danziola (TX)
1595. Johnson, David (CA)
1596. Johnson, Don and Martha (CA)
1597. Johnson, Douglas (TX)
1598. Johnson, Eric and Julia (WA)
1599. Johnson, Ernest and Judy (TX)
1600. Johnson, Glen (TX)
1601. Johnson, Jim (CA)
1602. Johnson, Jo Dean and Mark (CA)
1603. Johnson, Joanna and Bryan (CA)
1604. Johnson, Lester (TX)
1605. Johnson, Lorena (FL)
1606. Johnson, Reynold (CO)
1607. Johnson, Sheila (TX)
1608. Johnson, Stephen (VA)
1609. Johnson, Steve (FL)
1610. Johnson, Tyler (CA)
1611. Johnson, Dabney and Linda (TX)
1612. Johnston, Garry (CA)
1613. Johnston, Tyler (FL)
1614. Jones, Carl (TX)
1615. Jones, David (TX)
1616. Jones, Delphine and James (TX)
1617. Jones, Dorothy (MO)
1618. Jones, Gervonda F. (TX)
1619. Jones, Jay R. (TX)
1620. Jones, Joe (GA)
1621. Jones, Jonathan and Imelda Bowen (CA)
1622. Jones, Lonnie E. (MD)
1623. Jones, Patricia (NC)
1624. Jones, Richard and Sylvia (CA)
1625. Jones, Kelly (CA)
1626. Jordan, Jamie (FL)
1627. Jordan, Jonathan and Allison (VA)
1628. Jordan, Paul (TX)
1629. Josephs, John and Gail (CA)
1630. Journell, Joseph (CA)
1631. Juarez, Adolph (CA)
1632. Juarez, Diana and Marcos (TX)
1633. Judge, Michael (CA)
1634. Jungerman, Robert (TX)
18
1635.
1636.
1637.
1638.
1639.
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1664.
1665.
1666.
1667.
1668.
1669.
1670.
1671.
1672.
1673.
1674.
1675.
1676.
1677.
1678.
Jurado, Beatriz and Jose (TX)

Kadel, Steven I. (CA)
Kadell, Kyle (CA)
Kadish, Michael (CA)
Kadyk, Paula and David (FL)
Kahmann, Christalyne (TX)
Kainath, Herbert (FL)
Kaiser, Alexandra (CA)
Kajeckas, Gabriel (VA)
Kalbhenn, Ray and Kelley (CA)
Kalish, Mark (NY)
Kaluskar, Arun & Rita (TX)
Kaplow, Gary (TX)
Karakhanov, Alex (WA)
Karl, Patrick (PA)
Kashnig, Claude and Gina (FL)
Kaufman, Frank (TX)
Kaut, Lon (MO)
Kavros, Michael George and Roxanne
Angela (VA)
Kay, Leonard (VA)
Kayan, Bora (FL)
Kazmaj, Fatmir (FL)
Keck, Charles (CO)
Kedrowski, Steven and Christina (MN)
Keefe, Dennis (VA)
Keeler, Jimmy Lamar (SC)
Keeney, David (CA)
Kehl, Joan and Lawrence (CO)
Keith, Teresa and Hailey Donahue (FL)
Keller, Joseph (FL)
Keller, Joshua (GA)
Keller, Ronald and Verlayn (TX)
Kelley, William (TX)
Kelsey, Edward (CA)
Kelso, Eric (TX)
Kenna, Michael (VA)
Kennedy, Seth (PA)
Kenney III, John (NC)
Kent, Paul (CA)
Kent, Jeff (TX)
Kent, Jeff & Anissa (TX)
Keohane, Jonathan (VA)
Kern, David and Eleanor (NC)
Kerrigan, Carrie (WA)
1679. Ketner, Harvey Michael and Marilyn

Yvonne Hill (VA)
1680. Keyes, James and Marie B. (TX)
1681. Khalsa, Varnjeet K (NM)
1682. Khan, Veronica and Joseph Garcia (TX)
1683. Khatibi, Azam (CA)
1684. Kheric, Souhi (CA)
1685. Khoury, P. Cholla (TX)
1686. Kianpour, Elizabeth (CA)
1687. Kidwell, Charla R. (TX)
1688. Kiefer, Pam (FL)
1689. Kiehlmeier, John (PA)
1690. Kienzle, Richard (Armed Forces - AE)
1691. Kiesau, Timothy (CA)
1692. Kiest, Kimberly (CA)
1693. Kim, Amos (NY)
1694. Kim, Jung (CA)
1695. Kim, Sophia (FL)
1696. Kim, Steve (CA)
1697. Kimel, Bredon (MS)
1698. Kincaid, Janie and Destiny (CA)
1699. Kinder, Christopher D (FL)
1700. King, Melissa (TX)
1701. Kinsey, Charles and Barbara (TX)
1702. Kirkman, Traci (NC)
1703. Kirkpatrick, James (TX)
1704. Kirsch, Karen (FL)
1705. Kischefsky, Margaret E. and Stacy
Fairbanks (TX)
1706. Kitchen, Helen M. (MT)
1707. Klajder, Thomas and Christine (TX)
1708. Klar, Marvin and Kathy (TX)
1709. Klee, Pierre (MN)
1710. Kleinberger, Richard (CA)
1711. Kleyman, Yuri (FL)
1712. Klimstra, David & Ann (NC)
1713. Kline, Forrest (CA)
1714. Kline, Paul (CA)
1715. Klock, Richard (TX)
1716. Klump, George E. & Barbara A. (CA)
1717. Klus, Ronald (VA)
1718. Klutho, Barbara (FL)
1719. Klutho, Barbara and Mark (FL)
1720. Knape, Christopher (CA)
1721. Knez, Stephen M. and Xuan Shao (VA)
1722. Knight, Ryan (TX)
19
1723.
1724.
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1764.
1765.
1766.
1767.
1768.
Knorr, David and Dina (CA)

Kobler, Kurt (CA)
Kocek, Ivan and Jana (TX)
Koguc, Warren (FL)
Kohn, Bryan & Sandi (FL)
Konizer, Stephen W. (PA)
Koogler, James and Debra (VA)
Kopinski, Donald (TX)
Korio, Robert (CA)
Kory, Sean (CA)
Koscinski, Christopher (TX)
Koshy, Alex & Achu (TX)
Kosloff, Carlos (FL)
Koszarek, William E. (VA)
Koucouthakis, Christina and Steven (TX)
Koutz, Jeffrey (CA)
Kovacs, Gabriel (FL)
Kozar, Jerome P. (TX)
Krak, Michael and Lydia (CA)
Kramer, Ethan (OR)
Kramer, Lorianne (CA)
Krattli, Edward and Jennifer (VA)
Krautsdorfer, Matthew & Farrah (LA)
Krawczynski, Douglas (TX)
Krebser/Moore, Frances (VA)
Kreiner, Pat (TX)
Krieger, Jolene and Don (MN)
Krishan, Deepa (TX)
Krpata, Donald and Kathleen (FL)
Kuhn, Jennifer (CA)
Kuhn, Karl (CA)
Kunst, Dieter and Geraldine (FL)
Kupiszewski, Joseph (TX)
Kuzma, Andy (TX)
Kuzma, Thomas (FL)
La Porte, Judith (TX)
La Rosa, Alfredo (TX)
Labauve, Brenda (TX)
Labeau, Randall and Elizabeth (LA)
Lacroix, Kyle (TX)
Ladane, Gabriel and Brandy (CA)
Laforce, Erica Susmarski (CA)
Laird, Donna K. (TX)
Lake, Mary (CA)
Lam, Lan (TX)
Lamarche, Robert (FL)
1769.
1770.
1771.
1772.
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1814.
20
Lamb, Yullises (AL)

Lampl, Brent (TX)
Land, Gerald (SC)
Landry, Kristina (LA)
Lane, Mark (CA)
Langford, Barbara (CO)
Lanier, John (AL)
Lanzarotta-Leek, Benjamin (CA)
Lara, Rodrigo (CA)
Larck, Steven D. (IL)
Larke, Norman (TX)
Larralde, Adrian and Paolo Cimino (CA)
Larsen, Matthew (FL)
Larson, Amanda and Cory (TX)
Larson, Bryan and Janel (WY)
Larson, Lindsay (TX)
Larson, Wendall F. and Isabel M. (VA)
Lasater, Jerry and Florence (TX)
Lashbrooke, Frank (CA)
Latterell, Kyle (CA)
Laub, Stephen (CA)
Lauderbach, Ronald (CA)
Laughlin, Laura (MO)
Laughrun, George and Cynthia (FL)
Laurs, Alex (CA)
Lauth, Jonathan and Tyla (TX)
Lavas, Cynthia (TX)
Law, Brandie (TX)
Law, Lewis L. and Janis K. (TX)
Lawrence, Andrew (PA)
Lawrence, Bernardo (TX)
Lawrence, Christopher (GA)
Lawson, Charles (WA)
Layman, Aaron (TX)
Layman, Bobby (FL)
Layne, Elizabeth (VA)
Lazaro, Quirino (CA)
Le, Nam (CA)
Lea, Amber (TX)
Lease, Eddie & Jessie (TX)
Leath, James (FL)
Leatherman, Nancy (TX)
Leavitt, Mark L. and Marian (VA)
Leblanc, Joy (LA)
Lebovits, Moses and Jessica (CA)
Lee, Debbie and Byron (TX)
1815.
1816.
1817.
1818.
1819.
1820.
1821.
1822.
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1849.
1850.
1851.
1852.
1853.
1854.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
Lee, Gary (VA)

Lee, Katie (OR)
Lee, Mary (AR)
Leggett, Michael and Donna (AL)
Lehmann, Holly (CO)
Leid, Leroy (PA)
Lein, John (TX)
Lembi, George (CA)
Leming, Toni (LA)
Lemmon, Paige (CA)
Lenhart, William and Judith (FL)
Leon, Christin and Joseph (CA)
Leon, Damaris (VA)
Leonetti, Michael (CO)
Leonick, David (CA)
Leslie, David (IL)
Lespron, Myrna (TX)
Lessard, George (MN)
Lesser, Jan C. and Diana G. (VA)
Levine, Benjamin and Erin (CA)
Levy, Lisa (CA)
Lewis, Kandi Marie (VA)
Lewis, Melvin (TX)
Lewis, Morris (VA)
Lewis, Rudolph & Shirley (TX)
Lewis, Stefan (WA)
Lewis, Walter (NY)
Lexer, Daniel (IL)
Lezama, John (TX)
Liber, David and Otille (TX)
Lichterman, Josh and Holly Leeds (CA)
Liesch, Alan (CA)
Lilley, Christopher Ludi (GA)
Limtiaco, Kim and Steve (CA)
Lin, Miao (CA)
Lincoln, Ashley (LA)
Lindamood Jr., Douglas (VA)
Lindbauer, Kathleen (FL)
Lineberry, Larry (AZ)
Lingafeldt, Corey (CA)
Lippert, Maria and Helmut (CA)
Lisk, Warren (NC)
Lista, Steve (CA)
Litchfield, Lois (State Not Provided)
Litman, Cynthia Elena and David Lamar
(VA)
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
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1866.
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1869.
1870.
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1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
21
Littlefield, Joseph (CA)

Lmmethun, David (CA)
Lobendze, Eugene (CA)
Lockett, Jane and Steve Darr (FL)
Loeb, Albert (AL)
Loelkes, Roland (CA)
Loffler, Jarod (TX)
Loftus, John (CA)
Lojac, Anthony (CA)
Lombardi, Christine and Federico (TX)
Long, Amy and Charles A. (VA)
Longley, Kristin (TX)
Longnecker, Beth (TX)
Looges, Peter (CA)
Looke, William (TX)
Lopez, Abraham and Shani (TX)
Lopez, Carlos (TX)
Lopez, Christopher (TX)
Lopez, Lucy (TX)
Lopez, Miguel (TX)
Lopez, Daniel (TX)
Lopp, William (TX)
Lora, Alain (CA)
Lora, Luis (CA)
Lord, Amanda (WY)
Lord, Christopher (CA)
Lord, Robert Allen (TN)
Lord, Sterling and Suzanna (CO)
Louscher, Michael (IA)
Louzek, David and Gayla (CA)
Love, Amanda (TX)
Lovejoy, Michael Luke (TX)
Lowe, James (TX)
Lowe, Mark (TX)
Lowey, Shannon (TX)
Loyd, Nancy R. (MO)
Lucas, William S (IL)
Luce, Randall (TX)
Lucey, Dave (GA)
Lugano, Frank (FL)
Lugliani, Caleb (CA)
Lujan, Gilbert (GA)
Lujan, Katherine and Gilbert (GA)
Lukowicz, Gary (NC)
Lum, Dickson (VA)
Luna, Carlos M. (CA)
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
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1936.
1937.
1938.
1939.
1940.
1941.
1942.
1943.
1944.
1945.
1946.
1947.
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
Lunsford, Rusil (TX)

Lust, Kenneth (TX)
Lustgraaf, Darell Arrion (OR)
Lutchka, Margaret and Jacob Pitcher (CO)
Luthe, John (NC)
Lutyens, Marcos (CA)
Lyons, Edna and Ronnie (TX)
Lyons, Joyce (TX)
Mabrey, Thomas (VA)
Mabwa, Edgar (CA)
Macgillis, George D. and Diane L. (TX)
Macias, Juan (TX)
Macias, Martina (CA)
Maciel, Edward (CA)
Maciel, Richard (MT)
Maciel, Robert (CA)
Mackenzie, Dale (GA)
Mackey, Thomas C. (WA)
Maddox, James H. (NC)
Madison, Antonio John-Randolph (VA)
Madison, Scott W. (PA)
Madrigal, Carlos (TX)
Maestas, Andy (GA)
Maffett, Randal (TX)
Magana, Neil (FL)
Magana, Rolando (CA)
Magarian, Arlene (CA)
Mahan, John and Judy (State Not Provided)
Mahendra, Winata (CA)
Mahin, Jesse (TX)
Mailey, Zak and Dana Millet (TX)
Major, Leroy (MA)
Majors, Mark B. (TX)
Mak, Michael (CA)
Maksimovic, Salvisa and Ivana (CA)
Malaney, Saloma (CA)
Maldonado, Crispin (TX)
Maletz, Charles (CA)
Mancieri, Joseph (RI)
Mandap, Ryan (CA)
Manderson, Emily (TX)
Mangano III, Collie James (TX)
Manke, Mike (CA)
Mann, Joan (LA)
Manning, Francisca (GA)
Manos, Katrina (CA)
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
1958.
1959.
1960.
1961.
1962.
1963.
1964.
1965.
1966.
1967.
1968.
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1971.
1972.
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1977.
1978.
1979.
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1981.
1982.
1983.
1984.
1985.
1986.
1987.
1988.
1989.
1990.
1991.
1992.
1993.
1994.
1995.
1996.
22
Manriquez, Sheila and Sergio (TX)

Mansfield, Christie (TX)
Mansperger, Bill (CA)
Mantanona, Leah and Jordan (TX)
Mantz, John and Martha (CA)
Maple, Michael R. (FL)
Maples, Patrick (TX)
Marasco, Deborah (NY)
Marcelin, Jean A. (VA)
March, Carl (FL)
Marchigiano, Dolores (FL)
Marchione, Nicholas (FL)
Marcus, Christel (CA)
Marcus, Richard (TX)
Marek, Maury and Teresa (TX)
Mari, Ryan (GA)
Marick, Louis D. (TX)
Marino, Vince (AL)
Mark, Mary (NC)
Markevich, Daniil & Svetlana (CA)
Markey, Earl and Fatu Badiane (PA)
Markovic, Theodore (CA)
Marks, Carol Rea (MO)
Marquez, Israel (CA)
Marquez, Steven (TX)
Marroquin, Pam (TX)
Marshall, Jonathan and Teri (TX)
Marshall, Matthew (WI)
Marshburn, Martha (TX)
Marth, John and Stephanie (OR)
Martin, Frank (TX)
Martin, Frank and Tracy (CA)
Martin, John Adam (MS)
Martin, John and Susan (FL)
Martin, Kervin (PA)
Martin, Mike (TX)
Martin, Neil (PA)
Martin, Phyllis (TX)
Martin, Richard E. & Marisa Perez (CA)
Martin, Ricky (TX)
Martin, Robert Douglas/Melissa Barrentine
(NC)
Martin, Thomas and Stacey (FL)
Martin, Bryan (CA)
Martinez, Anthony (TX)
Martinez, Jacqueline (CA)
1997.
1998.
1999.
2000.
2001.
2002.
2003.
2004.
2005.
2006.
2007.
2008.
2009.
2010.
2011.
2012.
2013.
2014.
2015.
2016.
2017.
2018.
2019.
2020.
2021.
2022.
2023.
2024.
2025.
2026.
2027.
2028.
2029.
2030.
2031.
2032.
2033.
2034.
2035.
2036.
2037.
2038.
2039.
Martinez, Jose (TX)

Martinez, Manuel (TX)
Martinez, Mashada (TX)
Martinez, Miriam (TX)
Martinez, Rosalinda and Victor (TX)
Martinez, Susan (TX)
Martinez, Victor (CA)
Mascolo, Joe (NY)
Masih, George & Rubina (TX)
Mask, Anne (CA)
Maslowski, Michael (CA)
Mason, Christopher and Kimberly S. (VA)
Mastrangelo, Francesco (OH)
Mata, Manuel (CA)
Mathews, Loren D. and Carol (IA)
Matory, Kevin (MS)
Matraia, Evan (CA)
Matson, Emily (CA)
Mattes, Michael and Joni (CA)
Maulbeck, Edward (VA)
Mauro, Tamara R. and Charles Anthony
(AZ)
Maxwell, Steven (TX)
May, Byron (FL)
May, John (CA)
May, Penney (CA)
Mayberry, Christine (CA)
Maydian, Curtis Scott and Matthew
Thomas (VA)
Mayer, Carl (CA)
Mayer, Maximilian (VA)
Mayes, Mary and James (FL)
Mayes, Wanda (NC)
Mayes, William (TX)
Mazaka, Roseann E. and Jonathan B.
Aaronsohn (VA)
Mazingo, Sue (CA)
Mazzara, Amanda (TX)
Mcadams, Jeremiah and Ashlee (TX)
Mcatee, Thomas (VA)
Mccall, Gerald (AL)
Mccall, Joseph (MD)
Mccallum, John (CA)
Mccartney, Catherine M. (AZ)
Mccarty, Dana Ray (CA)
Mccarver, Michael (CA)
2040.
2041.
2042.
2043.
2044.
2045.
2046.
2047.
2048.
2049.
2050.
2051.
2052.
2053.
2054.
2055.
2056.
2057.
2058.
2059.
2060.
2061.
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2066.
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2071.
2072.
2073.
2074.
2075.
2076.
2077.
2078.
2079.
2080.
2081.
2082.
2083.
2084.
23
Mccauley, Donna and Robert (NC)

Mccauley, Helen (VA)
Mcclain, Paul (CO)
Mcclain, Scott and Melody (CA)
Mcclung, John (CA)
Mcclure, Don (TX)
Mcclure, John (TX)
Mcclure, John W. (CA)
Mcclure, Kenneth and Exer (GA)
Mccollom, Ian (CA)
Mccord, Anisha (TX)
Mccormick, David and Sandra (TX)
Mccracken, Brenda & Dayna (TX)
Mccuan, Alvin (CA)
Mccurdy, Allie Blake and Pamela Kaye
(VA)
Mccurley, Frances and Robert (CA)
Mccurley, Suzanne (TX)
Mcdaniel, Larry and Linda (MO)
Mcdaniel, Rob (VA)
Mcdermott, Samuel (CA)
Mcdill, Chere (FL)
Mcdill, David (TX)
Mcdonald, David and Kelli (CO)
Mcdowell, Shelly and Jeff (OR)
Mcelroy, Lee Ann (TX)
Mcfadden, Charles and Elizabeth (TX)
Mcfadden, Sandy (CA)
Mcfadyen, Mark A. (CA)
Mcgehee, Carrie (CA)
Mcghee, David and Pam (TX)
Mcgill, Susan (FL)
Mcgillis, Garrett (TX)
Mcgowan, Thomas and Darlene (CA)
Mcgrath, Thomas (AL)
Mcgregor, Anne M. and Malcolm H. (VA)
Mcgregor, George and Susan (FL)
Mcguffey, Rebecca H. (TX)
Mcguire, Henry & Carla (MS)
Mcillwain, Carolyn D. (FL)
Mcilroy, John (TX)
Mcjimson, Galveston (CA)
Mckeever, Timothy J. (CA)
Mckeon, James G. (PA)
Mckibbin, David and Tracy (AZ)
Mckinney, Kari (TX)
2085.
2086.
2087.
2088.
2089.
2090.
2091.
2092.
2093.
2094.
2095.
2096.
2097.
2098.
2099.
2100.
2101.
2102.
2103.
2104.
2105.
2106.
2107.
2108.
2109.
2110.
2111.
2112.
2113.
2114.
2115.
2116.
2117.
2118.
2119.
2120.
2121.
2122.
2123.
2124.
2125.
2126.
2127.
2128.
2129.
Mclafferty, Donald & Carol (CA)

Mclarty, Dennis (TX)
Mclaughlin, Chris (VA)
Mclaughlin, Kathyrne (VA)
Mclawhlin, Michael (TX)
Mclean, Charles (TX)
Mcleese, Steven (IL)
Mclellan, Lisa and Madison (TX)
Mcleod, Jonathan and Shelia (AL)
Mcleod, Max (NC)
Mclin, Benjamin F. and Emma J. (FL)
Mcmanis, Bryan (FL)
Mcmanuis, Karen (TX)
Mcmanus, Brian (FL)
Mcmullen, Ronald/Lisa (AZ)
Mcnally, Mary and William (CA)
Mcnorvell, Thea and Lee (CA)
Mcquiston, Michelle L. (VA)
Mcrae, Daniel Benjamin (TX)
Meacham, Elizabeth (TX)
Meador, Gregory (TX)
Mecono, Kathryn (CA)
Medaris, John and Terry (CA)
Medina, Crystal and Martin De La Fuente,
Jr. (TX)
Medina, Jorge (TX)
Medina, Michael (TX)
Meier, Gregory (TX)
Melig, Joe (TX)
Mellors, William (TX)
Melnar, Joyce (TX)
Melnyk, Walter (FL)
Melton, Gerald (FL)
Melton, Kathleen (FL)
Membreno, Joshua (TX)
Mena, Sean (CO)
Mena, Miguel (FL)
Mendez, Hector (TX)
Mendiola Jr., Danny Lee (TX)
Mendiola, Jr., Germanico (TX)
Mendoza, Eduardo (TX)
Mendoza, Hilda M. and Basilio (TX)
Mendoza, Jacinto (CA)
Mendoza, Jesus (TX)
Mendoza, Lisa (CA)
Mendoza, Jesus & Veronica Salgado (TX)
2130.
2131.
2132.
2133.
2134.
2135.
2136.
2137.
2138.
2139.
2140.
2141.
2142.
2143.
2144.
2145.
2146.
2147.
2148.
2149.
2150.
2151.
2152.
2153.
2154.
2155.
2156.
2157.
2158.
2159.
2160.
2161.
2162.
2163.
2164.
2165.
2166.
2167.
2168.
2169.
2170.
2171.
2172.
2173.
2174.
2175.
24
Mendoza, Lisa and Raul (CA)

Menzel, Jennifer and Martin (CA)
Mercer, Rachel & Garrett (TX)
Mercer, Weldon (TX)
Mersiovsky, Martha (TX)
Mesher, Alan (FL)
Messenger, Billy (CA)
Metner, Christopher (FL)
Metz, Gretchen (WA)
Metz, Robert (FL)
Mewbourne, Cody (CA)
Meyer, Michael Thomas (IN)
Meyer, Paul (OR)
Meyer, Steven (CA)
Meyer, Todd & Tanya (MN)
Micklin, Justin (TX)
Migliore, Madeline (FL)
Migliore, Vincent (KY)
Miguel, Chris (TX)
Millarez, Allan (CA)
Miller, Andrew and Whitney Wyatt (CA)
Miller, Brian K (OR)
Miller, Cynthia (NC)
Miller, Daniel (TX)
Miller, Frank (FL)
Miller, James and Linda (TX)
Miller, Kevin M. (FL)
Miller, Michael (TX)
Miller, Russell (TX)
Miller, Samuel C. (TN)
Miller, Valerie (CA)
Miller, Benjamin and Patricia (TX)
Mills, Robert (CA)
Milo, Marie Elaine (FL)
Milovanovic, Edith (TX)
Milovanovic, Ilija (TX)
Minera, Robert (CA)
Miranda, Jose (CA)
Miranda, Robert A. (CA)
Miranda, Sonia and Ursulina (TX)
Mirek, Andre (CA)
Mitchell, Christina & Darron B. (LA)
Mitchell, Dennis and Diane (CA)
Mitchell, Peter (TX)
Mitchell, Will (CA)
Mitnick, Mordecai (CA)
2176.
2177.
2178.
2179.
2180.
2181.
2182.
2183.
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2219.
2220.
2221.
Mitschke, Dwayne and Glenda (TX)

Mitz, Samuel (TX)
Miyakawa, Felicia M. (TX)
Moal, Matthew C. (CA)
Modlin, Linda G. (NC)
Moeck, Elizabeth (TX)
Mohn, Charles (MA)
Molina, Noela (TX)
Molina, Wendi Soria (CA)
Molinas, Juan and Eloisa (TX)
Monaghan, Richard (TX)
Monceaux, Marlane & John (TX)
Monreal, Sandra (TX)
Montarbo, Jayne (CA)
Montes, Abelardo and Dora (TX)
Montes, Arturo and Neomie (TX)
Montes, Juan (CA)
Montoya, Joseph (CA)
Moon, Mark (LA)
Moore, Donna (TX)
Moore, Joe A. and Clara (TX)
Moore, Thomas Cole (TX)
Moore, Whitney (AL)
Moore, Winston & Dorothy (TX)
Moore II, Gary D. (FL)
Moorehouse, Naaman (CO)
Morales, Libia (TX)
Morales, Maria (CA)
Morales Jr., Mario (TX)
Moran, John (OH)
Moran, Marcelo (CA)
Moran, Rodimiro (CA)
Morejon, Peter (CA)
Moreland, Marie (CA)
Moreno, Kyle (CA)
Moreno, Tyler (CA)
Morgan, Laura (NC)
Morgan, Ronald M. (FL)
Mork, Tracy (CA)
Morosa, Monique (CA)
Morosin, Bruce (CA)
Morris, David (CA)
Morris, Dorothy and Lance (CA)
Morris, Homer and Donna (TX)
Morris, Linda (TX)
Morris, Michelle (MT)
2222.
2223.
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2240.
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2264.
2265.
2266.
25
Morris, Wade and Ashley (TX)

Morrison, Brian (CA)
Morrison, Dorthea (CA)
Morrison, Gay (GA)
Morrison, John and Yvonne (CA)
Morrison, Lindsey (GA)
Morros, Alina (FL)
Morse, Howard (CA)
Mosca, Jennifer (CA)
Mosel, Randy Dale (SD)
Moseley, Peter (GA)
Moser, Patricia (NC)
Moskovwitz, Mark R. and Nancy B. Paris
(CA)
Moss, Perry (CO)
Mossler, Scott (CA)
Motamen, Aralan (CA)
Motamen, Manijeh and Arsalan (CA)
Mourra, Julio (FL)
Mucci, John (CA)
Mueller-Smith, Mary (TX)
Muenich, Tyson (State Not Provided)
Mulligan, Talley (GA)
Mullins, Samuel (TN)
Mullis, Clarence (VA)
Munaf, Mohammad (TX)
Munford, Thurman (VA)
Munguia, Carlos and Irma Guerrero (CA)
Munoz-Guzman, Carmen (TX)
Munoz, Ricardo (TX)
Munoz, Rubi-Anne (TX)
Murphy, David (AZ)
Murphy, Janice (TX)
Murphy, Paul (TX)
Murphy, Ricci (MI)
Murray, Jane and Rick Loux (MN)
Muse, Brock (LA)
Myers, Andrew (VA)
Myers, Candace (CA)
Myers, Steven C. and Gretchen D. (CA)
Myers, Steven E. and Linell A. (CA)
Nadeau, Nanette & Robert (TX)
Nadella, Krishnamurthy (FL)
Naeem, Mohsin (FL)
Nagy, Aniko (CA)
Nahmias, Richard C. (CA)
2267.
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2311.
2312.
Nanamkin, Jeffrey (WA)

Nankil, Patrick and Kelly (CA)
Napper, Benjamin (CA)
Naquin, Scott (TX)
Naranjo, Carrie & Michael (CA)
Naranjo, Diego (FL)
Nash, Garry (TX)
Nash, Marcus (NV)
Nayfeld, Mark and Tatiana (CA)
Neggaz, Anna Meira & Aberrahmane (DC)
Neher, Duane (IN)
Nehlen II, Ronald J. (OH)
Nehus, Linda (GA)
Neira, Carlos (TX)
Nelson, James (CA)
Nelson, James J. (WA)
Nelson, John (AL)
Nelson, Kellie (CA)
Nelson, Scott (CA)
Nelson, Tiffany (TX)
Nelson, Patricia J. and Robert A. (CA)
Neschich, Paul (TX)
Nesson, Tiffany (CA)
Neu, Emil (CA)
Neukirch, Jeffrey/Kristi (TX)
Nevarez, Eric and Fabiola (TX)
Nevels, Thomas & Delores Mary (TX)
Nevels, Thomas & Misty Mcrae (TX)
Nevels, Thomas & Tina Marie (TX)
Newgren, Joseph (MN)
Newkirk, Matthew L (FL)
Newman, Julia/Karel (CA)
Ng, Francis and Helen (CA)
Nguyen, Dat (CA)
Nguyen, Phillip (Armed Forces - AE)
Nguyen, Hung (CA)
Niblick, Jennifer (TX)
Nice, Carter (FL)
Nichols, Gary (CA)
Nichols, Ronald and Sherry (FL)
Nicholson, Burke (CA)
Nickeloth, Leo (WI)
Nicol, Thomas (NC)
Niebuhr, David & Christine (CA)
Nieman, Mark (CA)
Nieto, Antonio (TX)
2313.
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2358.
26
Nieto, Moises (TX)

Nishikawa, Kimiyo (OR)
Nix, Laura and Crystal (TX)
Noble, Jerome Kenton (FL)
Noce, Santo (CA)
Norbeck, Suzanna (FL)
Norberg, Kristofer (TX)
Norman, Gerald (CA)
Norris, Michael (Armed Forces - AE)
Norsworthy, Alexander (VT)
Notti, Robert (AK)
Novelo, Reynaldo (CA)
Nugent, Ximena Ames (CA)
Nuncio, Timothy and Roxanne (TX)
Nunes, Melanie (VA)
Nunez, Tim (TX)
Nybo, Dana and Sarah (MN)
Nyiradi, Joseph (CA)
Nyisztor, Ferenc (CA)
Nyman, William (MN)
O'Connor, Ann (NJ)
O'Donnell, Matthew (CA)
O'Malley, James (CA)
O'Malley, Thomas (FL)
O'Neal, Ronald (TX)
Oakland, Lisa (OR)
Ochoa, Michael (TX)
Ochoa, Jose (VA)
Ockelmann, Regina and Gregory (TX)
Odesho, Bitris (CA)
Odza, Agim (TX)
Oelrich, Mike (TX)
Ohler, Zachary (LA)
Ohsako, Kenji (CA)
Ojeda, Victor (CA)
Okolita, Maria Olga (VA)
Older, Wesly and Annie (TX)
Olivares, Gabriel (TX)
Omerovic, Almir and Dzenan (CO)
Oneal, Charles (TX)
Oregbesan, Edward & Tamesha (TX)
Orlean, Jerzy (TX)
Orozco, Edgar (TX)
Orozco, Jose (CA)
Orsinger, Kristi (VA)
Ortega, Alizardo (CA)
2359.
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2400.
2401.
2402.
2403.
2404.
Ortega, Eddie and Sherry Ivey (TX)

Ortega, Tony (CA)
Ortega Jr., Manuel (TX)
Ortiz, Juan (TX)
Ortiz, Luis (TX)
Ortiz, Luz (TX)
Ortiz, Richard and Virginia (CA)
Ortiz, Vanessa (TX)
Ortiz-Lopez, Francisco (TX)
Ortmann, William (CA)
Osborno, Mark (MN)
Osedach, Ronald J. (FL)
Oshiro, Joshua (CA)
Oslie, Daniel (TX)
Osoria, Adrian (CA)
Ostrander, Darl Reed (FL)
Otis, Robert (MA)
Ott, Richard A. (CA)
Oulson, Keith (FL)
Owen, Kimberly (CA)
Owens, Edward (SC)
Owens, Martha (CA)
Owermohle, Kurt (VA)
Owings, Jon (AL)
Oyervides, Adalberto (TX)
Pacheco, Mary and Hinger (NV)
Pacheo, Rudy (CA)
Pacitto, Ltalo (CA)
Padgett, Amber & Jeremy (TX)
Padgett, Pamela (GA)
Paez, Torrey & Phillip (CA)
Paez, Torrey & Christina (CA)
Pagan, Mary S. (NC)
Pagano, Laura (CA)
Pailthorp, Keith and Alice (CA)
Paintiff, Shawn (CA)
Pais, Enrique (CA)
Paisis, Michael (GA)
Palmer, David and Annak (WA)
Palmore, Waylon (TX)
Palomino, Erendira (CA)
Pamintuan, Dante (CA)
Pamphilon, Lisa (CA)
Pamuk, Taner & Sarah D. Hartmann (CA)
Pancoe, Kathy (VA)
Pantelides, George (CA)
2405.
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27
Panter, Randall (GA)

Pantoja, Carlos (CA)
Paonessa, Danielle (VA)
Pape, Barbara S. (TX)
Pape, Kenneth (TX)
Papineau, Florence (AZ)
Pare, Linda (NC)
Paredes, Marcos (CA)
Parish, James (MO)
Parker, Beverly (CA)
Parker, Garrison (GA)
Parker, Gregory and Beverly (TX)
Parker, Jennifer (CA)
Parker, Jerry L & Constance T. (CA)
Parker, Mathew (CA)
Parker, Robert (FL)
Parker, Robert (TX)
Parkinson, William (WY)
Parks, Clint (TX)
Parks, Lydia and Ralph (FL)
Parks, Lynda (TX)
Parsons, Gene (AL)
Partain, Leslie (CA)
Paslay, David and Mindy Frisch (CA)
Pasqua, Carl and Sheila (CA)
Pate, Curtis and Britnee (CA)
Patek, Joseph and Kelsey (TX)
Patrick, John & Sandra (TX)
Patterson, David (FL)
Patterson, Jason (CA)
Patterson, Nathaniel and Flenda (TX)
Patterson, Randy (CA)
Patterson, William (CO)
Patton, William (TX)
Patullo, Alex (NJ)
Pawelko, Ronald & Leah Weatherford (IL)
Paxson, George (VA)
Payne, Alicia (VA)
Peace, Rebecca (TX)
Peacock, Mark (FL)
Peacock, Mary R (OK)
Peale, Anita G. (FL)
Pearlman, Dustin (CA)
Pearson, Monte (UT)
Pedder, Lorraine (CA)
Pedersen, Henning (VA)
2451.
2452.
2453.
2454.
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2484.
2485.
2486.
2487.
2488.
2489.
2490.
2491.
2492.
2493.
2494.
Pejman, Al (CA)
Pendelton, Reva (CO)
Penn, Brittney (TX)
Pennings, Michelle (CA)
Pennington, Fred (FL)
Peno, Justin (LA)
Pera, Jonathan (CA)
Perales, Francisco (TX)
Perea, Giovanni (CA)
Perelli-Minetti, Joshua (ID)
Perez, Alejandra and Pastor (CA)
Perez, Jesus (CA)
Perez, Orlando (TX)
Perkins, Emmanuel & Valerie (CA)
Perkins, Janice (CA)
Perko, Mark (CA)
Perrow, Michelle (AZ)
Perry, Christopher and Theresa (TX)
Perry, John and Bridget (CA)
Persuad, Janet (FL)
Pesnell, Patrick (TX)
Peters, David (TX)
Peters, Lyndsay Ray (WA)
Peterson, Jeffrey and Denise Watte (CA)
Peterson, Jodi Lynn and Christopher James
(VA)
Peterson, Leif (CA)
Peterson, William (FL)
Peterson, Winston Wood (TX)
Peterson, Zeynep (TX)
Petree, James (FL)
Petree, Ross (TX)
Petterson, Laila (OR)
Petty, Roy (TX)
Petty, Stephanie (TX)
Pham, Tao M. (CA)
Phelan, Julie (CA)
Phelps, James Douglas and Gwendolen Sue
(VA)
Phenix, Morgan Scott (VA)
Phillips, James and Alice (CA)
Phillips, Jeffrey A. (OR)
Phillips, Kevin (CA)
Phillips, Tessi (AZ)
Picciau, Matteo (NV)
Pickell, William (CA)
2495.
2496.
2497.
2498.
2499.
2500.
2501.
2502.
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2504.
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2535.
2536.
2537.
2538.
2539.
2540.
28
Pickett, Tracy Uschan (TX)

Picon, Ricardo (VA)
Piehet, Melissa (LA)
Pierce, Joel (TX)
Pierson, Ashley and Bret (CA)
Pike, John (CA)
Pilcher/Bull, Charles B. and Leasha (OK)
Pilipovic, Cedo (NC)
Pinachio, John (CA)
Pinckney, Brian (TX)
Pintens, Gloria Rosetta & James Leo (TX)
Pippen, Luther (AL)
Pires, Joao and Elizabeth (CA)
Pisciotta, Anthony & Rachel S. (CA)
Pitman, Paul and Cheryl (TN)
Pitney, Angelique (CA)
Pittenger, Nathan (CO)
Pitts, Salina (FL)
Pivaral, Enrique and Ramiro (CA)
Plank, Holly and Daryl (TX)
Plant, Krystle (CA)
Plascencia, Ramiro (CA)
Poage, Gaelen (WA)
Pokorski, Robert (CA)
Polasek, Amanda (TX)
Polese, John (CA)
Pollard, Brian (CA)
Pollock, Mary L (NC)
Pomonis, Jason Day and Kathryn (TX)
Ponce, Alma and Jorge (CA)
Ponder, Jan (CA)
Poniktera, John and Luella (CA)
Pontarelli, Brian (CO)
Pontious, Marshall (GA)
Poodiack, James (VA)
Pool, Gene (TX)
Pope, Kendall (TX)
Pope, Timothy (TX)
Popkov, Alexander (FL)
Poremski, Tod (WI)
Poriss, Sarah (CT)
Porter, Richard (TX)
Porter, Robert (CA)
Porter, William and Norma (TX)
Portillo, Virginia & Luis (CA)
Posadas, Maricar and Anthony (CA)
2541.
2542.
2543.
2544.
2545.
2546.
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2573.
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2575.
2576.
2577.
2578.
2579.
2580.
2581.
2582.
2583.
2584.
2585.
2586.
Potter, Mary T. Mezzano (MI)

Potter, Richard T. (NJ)
Poursaid, Ray (CA)
Powell, Helena (CA)
Powell, Jason (TX)
Powers, Maureen (CA)
Prager, Glenda (TX)
Pratt, Cheryl (TX)
Pratt, William (TX)
Prechter, William (CA)
Presley, Jr., Roy F. (CA)
Price, Kurtis W. (PA)
Price, Larry (SC)
Pridgen, Ronald and Sophie (FL)
Priest, Jason (CA)
Priest, Lauren (AL)
Priestley, Alan (CA)
Prihoda, Tajuana (TX)
Pritchett, Dana (CA)
Probst, Thomas (GA)
Proctor, Amanda and Lestat (TX)
Provenzano, Daniel (FL)
Pruett, Brian (FL)
Pruitt, Matthew (CA)
Ptacek, Cheryl (MN)
Puente, Benjamin (TX)
Puentes, Estela and Victor (CA)
Pulley, John and Maryanne (CA)
Purcell, Jenevieve (GA)
Purisic, Halim (NY)
Pywell, Joe (TX)
Qiu, Xiaoming (TX)
Quattlebaum, Carla (TX)
Queen, Marc (MD)
Quigley, Debora (GA)
Quinley, Robert S. (AL)
Quinto, Milena (CT)
Quiros, Maribel (TX)
Qureshi, Mujahid (CA)
Raab, Ira (FL)
Rabadi, Lawrence (CA)
Racey, C. Aaron (VA)
Rader, Mark (CA)
Rafati, Mahmoud (TX)
Rainwater, Sonya (TX)
Rambo, Charles (CA)
2587. Rambuski, Edwin (CA)

2588. Ramirez, Christopher and Jessica Villegas
(TX)
2589. Ramirez, Eliud (TX)
2590. Ramirez, Javier (TX)
2591. Ramirez, Jose and Carolina (CA)
2592. Ramirez, Ramon Eloy (TX)
2593. Ramirez, Annette (TX)
2594. Ramming, Karen (VA)
2595. Ramos, Edgar (TX)
2596. Ramos, Josue (CA)
2597. Ramos, Terance (TX)
2598. Ramsey, Karen (TX)
2599. Ramussen, Matthew (TX)
2600. Rand, Robert and Alexandra (CA)
2601. Randall, Don (TX)
2602. Randall, Richard D. (VA)
2603. Randolph, Franklin (TX)
2604. Raney, Christopher (CA)
2605. Rapaport, Lisa G. (SC)
2606. Rapp, Erin and Joe (CO)
2607. Rapstine, Richard F. (TX)
2608. Rasberry, James and Deborah (VA)
2609. Rathjen, Kurt (TX)
2610. Ratliff, April (KY)
2611. Ratliff, John and Carla Carvalho (CA)
2612. Ratliff, Scott (CA)
2613. Rawls, Lester and Wonitta (FL)
2614. Raye, Peter (WI)
2615. Raymond, Stephen (OH)
2616. Razniak, Jack (CA)
2617. Rea, Carolyn (MO)
2618. Read, Rodney and Donna (CA)
2619. Ready, Cindy (CA)
2620. Reale, Noel (FL)
2621. Reasner-Bennett, Darla (TX)
2622. Reaves, Timothy and Tina (CA)
2623. Reback, Rochelle A. (FL)
2624. Reciniello, Karen Mary (VA)
2625. Reed, James S. (TX)
2626. Reed, Jeremy (CA)
2627. Reed, Linda M. (PA)
2628. Reed, Robert M. (VA)
2629. Reeves, Bobby (TX)
2630. Reeves, Robert (West-Reeves Ltd.) (TX)
2631. Reffo, Phyllis (CA)
29
2632.
2633.
2634.
2635.
2636.
2637.
2638.
2639.
2640.
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2642.
2643.
2644.
2645.
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2647.
2648.
2649.
2650.
2651.
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2653.
2654.
2655.
2656.
2657.
2658.
2659.
2660.
2661.
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2665.
2666.
2667.
2668.
2669.
2670.
2671.
2672.
2673.
2674.
2675.
2676.
2677.
Regal, Jill (CA)

Reichley, David (VA)
Reilly, George F. (VA)
Reilly, Michael (CO)
Reim, Kalyn (TX)
Reiszner, Jeremy (TX)
Reiszner, Paul (LA)
Rendon, Gerard R. (TX)
Reno, Donald (CA)
Reoh, Roucal (CA)
Resendiz, Tristen (TX)
Restine, Joe (CA)
Rettke, Gary J. (MN)
Reulecke, Gayle (AZ)
Reveles, Michael (CA)
Rey, Jose R. (TX)
Reyes, Luz (CA)
Reyes, Manuel (CA)
Reyna, Daniel (TX)
Reyna, Krista (TX)
Reyna, Nicholas and Ashley Rowley (TX)
Reyna, Rhoda (TX)
Reynolds, Rachel (Va)
Reynosa, Andrea (NY)
Rhile, Michael R. (PA)
Rhodes, Lisa (NV)
Rhyne, George E. (TX)
Riauba, Karl (CA)
Ricardo, Carol J. (CA)
Richard, Alan (VA)
Richardson, Carol (OH)
Richardson, Shirley Porter (AZ)
Richardson Ill, Joe (GA)
Richerson, Paul (FL)
Richie, Robert and Michelle (CO)
Richter, Cecilia (CA)
Rickard, David (VA)
Rickman, Margaret (TX)
Ridad, Mario and Genevieve (TX)
Riddle, Kay A. and Daniel J. (TX)
Ridley, Robert and Valerie (TX)
Righi, Alberto (FL)
Rigsby, Janie (CA)
Riley, Kathy (TX)
Riley, Timothy G. (CA)
Riley-Buedel, Alison V. (CA)
2678.
2679.
2680.
2681.
2682.
2683.
2684.
2685.
2686.
2687.
2688.
2689.
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2723.
30
Ring, Robert V. Carmen A. (CA)

Rios, Israel (FL)
Rios, Roberto and Margarita V. D. (CA)
Rios, Sergio A. (CA)
Ripke, Mitch (OR)
Risnoveanu, Julian (CA)
Rist, Deverne (State Not Provided)
Rivara, Juan B. (TX)
Rivas, Miriam (CA)
Rivera, Alejandro M. Jr. and Mary (Tx)
Rivera, Jose and Maria C. (CA)
Rivera-Delorme, Hilda (TX)
Rizopoulos, Michael N. (FL)
Rizzi, Cali and Clayton (CO)
Roark, Nathan (CA)
Robbins, Alyssa (TX)
Robbins, Gary (TX)
Robbins, Clement J. and Lynn (VA)
Roberson, Charlene and Charles L. (CA)
Roberts, Alan and Irene K. (AZ)
Roberts, Amalie (OR)
Roberts, Barbara (TX)
Roberts, Dwight (FL)
Roberts, Paul (AR)
Roberts, Sheila and Travis (MT)
Robertson, Kyle and Jill (CA)
Robertson, Micah (WA)
Robertson, Stuart and Lisa (CA)
Robillard, Douglas (NY)
Robinson, Benny and Diane (VA)
Robinson, Jahnni (TX)
Robinson, Jimmy M. (TX)
Robinson, Mark (CA)
Robinson, Marla (TX)
Robinson, Pamela Pittman (NC)
Robinson, Rudolph Benjamin (TX)
Robinson, Scott (WY)
Robinson Jr., Paul (CA)
Robles, Gilbert (CA)
Rocha, Cliff and Aariel (CA)
Rocha, Juan (TX)
Rodgers, Shea (TX)
Rodriguez, Andrew (CA)
Rodriguez, Belem (TX)
Rodriguez, Eduvina (TX)
Rodriguez, Joel (TX)
2724.
2725.
2726.
2727.
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2760.
2761.
2762.
2763.
2764.
2765.
2766.
2767.
Rodriguez, Krystin and Hilda Boykin (TX)

Rodriguez, Luis (TX)
Rodriguez, Miguel (CA)
Rodriguez, Robert M (CA)
Rodriguez, Sabrina (TX)
Rodriguez-Moran, Sabrina (CA)
Rodriquez, Henry (CA)
Rodway, Sydney (MO)
Roesh, Erik (TX)
Rogers, Charles and Sharon (CA)
Rojas, Angel (VA)
Rojas, Edgardo and Zoraida (TX/Armed
Forces - AE)
Rollins, Joshua and Miselehl Ehseukkoro
(TX)
Rollins, Randolph (NV)
Roma, Terry and Elizabeth (CA)
Roman, Jason (VA)
Roman, Rosalio (CA)
Romansanta, Robert and Edwin (CA)
Romero, Mason (LA)
Romero, Wuilfredo (TX)
Romero, II, Julian G. (TX)
Roney, Thomas (MI)
Roose, Clinton (OR)
Rosas, Aaron V. (TX)
Rosas, Joseph and Melissa (CA)
Rose, Ian (OH)
Rose, Michael L. (VA)
Rosenberger, Stephen and Brenda (TX)
Rosenow, George (WI)
Rosetta, Joe and Eva (TX)
Roshong, Stephan Edgar (OH)
Ross, Andre (CA)
Ross, Carolyn and John (TX)
Ross, Kelsey (VA)
Ross, Nicholas (CA)
Rotch, Edward C. (ME)
Rothman, Jay S. and Lacey (CA)
Rouane/Manis, Mike/Diane (MT)
Rowe, Gerald (CA)
Rowe, Helene (AZ)
Rowland, Patrick (VA)
Royals, Rebecca (VA)
Rozewicz, Roscoe L. (FL)
Rozzo, Michael (NC)
2768.
2769.
2770.
2771.
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2773.
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2808.
2809.
2810.
2811.
2812.
31
Ruckman, Harold E. (VA)

Ruddy, William and Joseph (MD)
Rudin, Justin (OH)
Rudolf Medvejer, James J. (GA)
Ruff, Rhonda (TX)
Ruiz, Edgar and Leticia Resendez (TX)
Ruiz, Gabriel (TX)
Ruiz, Yolanda and Enrique (CA)
Rung, Colene and Corry (CA)
Rushton, Jerry and Sandra (TX)
Rushton, Kimberly (LA)
Rusnak, Bart (CA)
Russell, Angela M. (TN)
Russell, Shannon (TX)
Ruth, Lorie and Arthur (CA)
Rutherford, Michael and Peggy (VA)
Ruzich, Christopher (NJ)
Ryan, Laura and Cary (FL)
Ryan, Stacy A. (FL)
Saavedra, Francisco (CA)
Sabol, John (TX)
Sack, Galen (CA)
Sadler, William (TX)
Saez, Yvonne J (CA)
Saglamer, Liza (CA)
Sahakian, Armen (CA)
Sakow, Keith (CA)
Salazar, Alan (VA)
Salazar, Araceli (CA)
Salazar, Candelario (TX)
Salazar, Loren (TX)
Salazar, Michael S. and Hortencia (TX)
Salcetti, Robert (CO)
Saldana, Melinda (TX)
Salgado, Veronica and Teresa Mendoza
(TX)
Salinas, Juan (TX)
Salveston, Maria (FL)
Salvo, Louis (FL)
Sampson, Emily (NC)
Sampson, Tifaney (TX)
Sams, Delbert (VA)
Samson, Wendell and Victoria (CA)
Sanchez, Antonia and Alan Zahn (FL)
Sanchez, Ernesto & Kathy (TX)
Sanchez, Gustavo (TX)
2813.
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2853.
2854.
2855.
2856.
Sanchez, Osvaldo (CA)

Sancianco, Angelita (CA)
Sanders, Dawn (LA)
Sanders, William (FL)
Sanders, Douglas (TX)
Sanderson, Rebecca and Rodney (OR)
Sandoval, Janice (CA)
Sandoval, Lourdes and Roberto (TX)
Sandvold, David (CA)
Santa Maria-Jaen, Jose (TX)
Santiago, Luis & Sylvia (FL)
Santiago, Sylvia (FL)
Santiesteban, Anisleidy (TX)
Sanyour, Abraham Frank (VA)
Saranec, Chris and Margaret (CA)
Sargent, Jeffrey and Stacey (CA)
Sarumian, Victor (CA)
Sater, Rachel (CA)
Sauls, Kayla Danielle Turner (VA)
Saunders, Belinda C. (VA)
Saunders, Brandon and Doris Tessner (TX)
Sawyer, Kathy (TX)
Sawyer, Marvin and Carol (CA)
Sawyer Jr., Wayne C. (VA)
Sax, Kelly (MT)
Saye, Teddy Joe and Michelle (TX)
Sayler, Bradley and Melanie Sprung (VA)
Scarr, Brian and Leeann (OR)
Schaefer, Ann (OR)
Schaefer, Dina and Jeff (TX)
Schafbuch, Joel (MN)
Schamber, Scott (CA)
Scharwath, Todd and Katherine (AL)
Schecter, Susan Anne (VA)
Scheel, Nathan (TX)
Scheiner, Andrew (VA)
Schena, Michael Charles and Ashley
Clarke (VA)
Schexnider, Regi (TX)
Schimel, David (FL)
Schirmeister, John (CA)
Schlecht, Kirstin (CA)
Schmidt, Robert and Christina Donaldson
(WA)
Schmidt, Dalette and Robert (TX)
Schmotzer, Ron and Carol Gooch (TX)
2857.
2858.
2859.
2860.
2861.
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2899.
2900.
2901.
2902.
32
Schneider, Gary (CA)

Schott, Stephen and Laura (TX)
Schreiber, Roger and Karen (CA)
Schroeder, William (TX)
Schroeter, Carl (CA)
Schuber, Nancy (TX)
Schulman, Harold (IL)
Schultz, David (FL)
Schulz, Anthony (MO)
Schulze, Mark (CA)
Schumacher, Barbara (WI)
Schupbach, Matthew (CA)
Schwalm, Jane (VA)
Schwartz, Joy (TX)
Schwartz, Joann (NJ)
Schweigert, William (CA)
Scott, Deborah and Warren (TX)
Scott, Terry (TX)
Scruggs, Ralph E. (FL)
Scruggs, Thomas (FL)
Seaberry, James (TX)
Seale, Carol (VA)
Seaton, Dennis (CA)
Seaunier, Noelle (WA)
Seaver, Elizabeth (CA)
Sedley, Susan (GA)
Segovia, Edward and Hortencia (TX)
Segura, San Pablo (TX)
Seidler, Grant (FL)
Seipp, Lynne (CO)
Seiter, David and Dorothy (FL)
Self, Brandon (CA)
Sendejo, Connie (TX)
Seridge, Eugene F. and Jean (FL)
Serna III, Conrado (TX)
Serrano, Hector and Carman (CA)
Serrano, Larry (TX)
Sertlian, Cheryl (DE)
Sewell, Robert L. (TX)
Seymour, Emily (MA)
Seymour, Gary (TX)
Sgalato, Anthony (GA)
Sgarlato, Camelia (CA)
Shade, Thomas (IN)
Shafer, Stephen and Elizabeth (NY)
Shaffer, William B. (CA)
2903.
2904.
2905.
2906.
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2938.
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2941.
2942.
2943.
2944.
2945.
2946.
2947.
2948.
Shaner, John (FL)

Shanske, Uri (NY)
Sharif, Ryan (TX)
Sharif, Yardaan (FL)
Sharma, Neeraj (CA)
Sharp, Glen and Patrice (TX)
Sharp, Gregory (TX)
Shattuck, James (TX)
Shaver, Joyce and Wayne (TX)
Shearlock, Sheila M. (FL)
Sheets, David (MO)
Sheetz, Robert (CO)
Sheffield, Donald (TX)
Shelton, Charles (GA)
Shelton, Kenneth (MI)
Shelton-Farias, Takara (AL)
Shepherd, Roger (CA)
Sheppard, Patrick (TX)
Sherman, Andrew and Jody (CA)
Sherman, Barry (ID)
Shezaf, Rafi (CA)
Shields, Beverly (AL)
Shipway, Cindy (CA)
Shirah, Erin (TX)
Shisler, Robert (CA)
Shoemaker, Mark Weybright (MD)
Short, Amanda (LA)
Short, David & Stephanie (LA)
Short, Joshua and Karla (MD)
Shtayerman, Mark (CA)
Shultz, Mark (CA)
Shultz, Melinda M. (PA)
Shuster, William (CA)
Sickert, Dave A. (CA)
Siefker, Joseph (LA)
Sigler, Todd and Patricia (NC)
Silas, Carolyn (CA)
Siller, Jorge (TX)
Silos, Joaquin (CA)
Silva, Tomas (CA)
Silva, Victoriana (TX)
Silveri, Patricia and Bryan C. (VA)
Simas, Janet (CA)
Simcik, Joyce K. (TX)
Simeone, Elisa (CA)
Simmons, Karl (TX)
2949.
2950.
2951.
2952.
2953.
2954.
2955.
2956.
2957.
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2984.
2985.
2986.
2987.
2988.
2989.
2990.
2991.
2992.
2993.
2994.
33
Simmons, Olive (NJ)

Simmons-Dick, Patricia (NV)
Simon, Frank (CA)
Simons, Charles (WA)
Simons, James (TX)
Simonsen, Roseanne (MA)
Simpson, Faelyn (NC)
Simpson, George (AL)
Simpson, John (TX)
Singleton, Cleve B. and Ida Jean (TX)
Sisco, David and Kara (VA)
Sivadas, Iraja (CA)
Sizemore, Timothy (CA)
Skiffington, Matt and Hanna (CA)
Skinner, Stephen J. (PA)
Skow-Canales, Jon (TX)
Skurka, Richard (CA)
Slater, David (CA)
Slaymaker, Marvin Dale (PA)
Sleeper, Lisa (VA)
Sloan, Kevin (CO)
Small, Jessica (TX)
Smiachen, Russell (VA)
Smisek, James (FL)
Smith, Brian and Amy (FL)
Smith, Buddy (TX)
Smith, Cathy S. and Edward J. (CA)
Smith, Charles (TX)
Smith, Christopher A (CT)
Smith, Darrin (TX)
Smith, David (TX)
Smith, David (OR)
Smith, Donna (TX)
Smith, Francique (NY)
Smith, Garry (TX)
Smith, Gregory and Leslie (CA)
Smith, Gregory Perry (WV)
Smith, Howard (WY)
Smith, James and Megan (VA)
Smith, John (MO)
Smith, Kevin and Erica (CA)
Smith, Leeanne (CA)
Smith, Louize (UT)
Smith, Mark (NH)
Smith, Mary and Luke Young (OR)
Smith, Paul & Angeline (TX)
2995.
2996.
2997.
2998.
2999.
3000.
3001.
3002.
3003.
3004.
3005.
3006.
3007.
3008.
3009.
3010.
3011.
3012.
3013.
3014.
3015.
3016.
3017.
3018.
3019.
3020.
3021.
3022.
3023.
3024.
3025.
3026.
3027.
3028.
3029.
3030.
3031.
3032.
3033.
3034.
3035.
3036.
3037.
3038.
Smith, Rodney (IL)

Smith, Sherrie A. (TX)
Smithson, Harry Wayne (WA)
Smothermon, Scotti (TX)
Sniff, Dick (CO)
Snow, Andrew (OH)
Snyder, David (CA)
Snyder, Robert (CA)
Snyder, William Bowman and Cheryl Lee
(VA)
Solano, Jorge A. (TX)
Solano, Jose (CA)
Solarte, James Kevin (VA)
Sole, Steve (CA)
Sonders, Robert (AZ)
Sooch, Kuldip (CA)
Sood, Rozy (CA)
Soper, Allen and Phyllis (CA)
Sorel, Robert and Kathryn Townsend (CA)
Sorensen, Arjuna (AZ)
Sorenson, Thomas (OH)
Souza, George and Maria (VA)
Spade, Alan (FL)
Spann, Shannon and Scott (FL)
Spawn, Scott and Shannon (FL)
Speakes, Scott (CA)
Spencer, Leah (TX)
Spencer, Tamra (WA)
Spilletti, Annalisa (NJ)
Spore, James K. (VA)
Spragins, Linda (TX)
Springstead, Kirk A. & Sandra Koorejian
(CT)
Spurling, Micheal and Patricia (OH)
St. Julien, Jason (TX)
Stachwick, Steven Paul (CA)
Staengl, Galen (VA)
Stamper, Barbara (TX)
Standifer, Lester (FL)
Stanford, Dan T. and Jeanne M. (VA)
Stanislow, Michael (VA)
Stark, Brendan and Lisa (CA)
Statham, Ondina (CA)
Stavley, Courtland & Maria Cristina (NC)
Steben, William (AR)
Steele, Nadine (VA)
3039.
3040.
3041.
3042.
3043.
3044.
3045.
3046.
3047.
3048.
3049.
3050.
3051.
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3058.
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3070.
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3073.
3074.
3075.
3076.
3077.
3078.
3079.
3080.
3081.
3082.
3083.
3084.
34
Steelman, Karen (GA)

Steffy, Barbara A. and John W. (NC)
Steger, John (TX)
Stegman, Kimberly (TX)
Stein, Fredric (VA)
Steinberg, Shawn (CA)
Steiner, Chris (TX)
Steinway, Stefani (MO)
Steliga, Joseph (TX)
Stephens, David (TX)
Stephens, Donald and Judith (TX)
Stephenson, Eva (VA)
Steuber, Nancy C. (FL)
Steven-Capps, Donna (ND)
Stevens, Pamela (CA)
Stevens, Trevor E. (OR)
Stevenson, John (LA)
Stewart, Aaron (CA)
Stewart, Chad (MO)
Stewart, Dawn (CA)
Stewart, Debbie (CA)
Stewart, Gwenne (MO)
Stewart, Matthew (NY)
Steyer, Richard (CA)
Stice, Randall R (FL)
Sticha, Joel (MN)
Stiffler, Thomas (TX)
Stilwell, Diane (CA)
Stockton, Greg (TX)
Stoddard, Roy (CA)
Stokes, Elizabeth & Jimmie M. (LA)
Stokes, Gary (CA)
Stokes, Nikki (VA)
Stone, Elizabeth (CA)
Stone, Julie and James (TX)
Stone, Thomas J. (VA)
Stone, Barbara (TX)
Stoner, Priscilla (TX)
Stooner, Sharen and Jonathan (CA)
Stoopack, Charles (CA)
Storm, Carey (CA)
Stout-Torres, Sherri (CA)
Straley, Christopher (TX)
Strawn, Lisa (IA)
Streater, Sam (FL)
Strebeigh, Pete and Nancy (CA)
3085.
3086.
3087.
3088.
3089.
3090.
3091.
3092.
3093.
3094.
3095.
3096.
3097.
3098.
3099.
3100.
3101.
3102.
3103.
3104.
3105.
3106.
3107.
3108.
3109.
3110.
3111.
3112.
3113.
3114.
3115.
3116.
3117.
3118.
3119.
3120.
3121.
3122.
3123.
3124.
3125.
3126.
3127.
3128.
3129.
Street, James Brian (TN)

Strigle, Johnny (FL)
Stringer, Phillip (AL)
Strobehn, Jennifer (OR)
Stroud, Vina (TX)
Stroy, Edward (CA)
Strulla, Louis (NY)
Studley, David (CA)
Stuever III, Frank (TX)
Stuhr, Dale (CA)
Sturdvant, Jeanette (NC)
Stuver, Kristy (TX)
Suarez, Edward and Theora (TX)
Sugrue, Matthew L. (NY)
Sukman, Julie (GA)
Sulemanji, Sultan (TX)
Sullivan, James (GA)
Sullivan, Stephanie (TX)
Sultana, Mahmuda (TX)
Summers, Leah (AL)
Summers, Neil (CA)
Sumner, Brett (FL)
Sumner, Thomas (CA)
Sumrall, Melvin and Patricia (TX)
Surman, Roger J (NY)
Surratt, Jimmy (TX)
Sushko, Igor (CA)
Sutherland, Earl and Robbie (CA)
Sutphin Jr., George E. (NY)
Sutton, Tommy and Linda (TX)
Suwabe, Machiko (CA)
Svec, Theo and Gladys (TX)
Svendsen, Denise and John (OR)
Svoboda, Robert and Maricela and
Navanno (TX)
Swafford, John (CA)
Swancey, Aaron and Kathrin (TX)
Swanson, Marcus and Natasha (NC)
Swanson, Timothy S. and Robin L. (AL)
Swartz, Sue (TX)
Sweet, Leonard Arthur (TX)
Swetz, Nick (VA)
Swinson, Karon (FL)
Swisher, Kevin (WV)
Switzer, John (FL)
Sylvester, Elizabeth (ME)
3130.
3131.
3132.
3133.
3134.
3135.
3136.
3137.
3138.
3139.
3140.
3141.
3142.
3143.
3144.
3145.
3146.
3147.
3148.
3149.
3150.
3151.
3152.
3153.
3154.
3155.
3156.
3157.
3158.
3159.
3160.
3161.
3162.
3163.
3164.
3165.
3166.
3167.
3168.
3169.
3170.
3171.
3172.
3173.
3174.
35
Szilasi, Terry (WA)

Szmuera, James A. (TX)
Tadepalli, Srinivas (CA)
Tady, Julius (CA)
Taggart, Mindy and Michael (TX)
Takeshita-Dotty, Kristine Emiko and David
(CA)
Talbot, Daniel G. (FL)
Talbot, Jay (CA)
Talpos, Ioan (CA)
Tangco, Marie (CA)
Tarter, Scott & Dana (TX)
Tassin, Derek (TX)
Tayebati, Pejhan (CA)
Taylor, Berba (TX)
Taylor, Catherine T. (RI)
Taylor, Charles (VA)
Taylor, Christine (TX)
Taylor, Gabrielle (CA)
Taylor, James R. (CA)
Taylor, Larry and Sonya (TX)
Taylor, Michael and Vicky (CA)
Taylor, My Thi Do and Wayne (OR)
Taylor, Ned (TX)
Taylor, Ryan (CA)
Taylor, Timothy (TX)
Teller, Jon (FL)
Tellez, April (TX)
Telson, Linda and George (CA)
Temme, Juergen (NY)
Tennell, Jonathan (TX)
Tennies, Tommy (CA)
Terriquez, Jose (CA)
Terry, Julie & James (CA)
Testa, John and Audrey (FL)
Than, Christine (CA)
Theodosis, Mark (Fl)
Theser, Frank & Sandy (TX)
Thibodeau, Howard F. (VA)
Thigpen, Aaron and Theresa (TX)
Thomas, Carolyn (CA)
Thomas, Clara L. and Paul M. (CA)
Thomas, Craig L. (CA)
Thomas, Frank (VA)
Thomas, Joy (TX)
Thomas, Judy (IA)
3175.
3176.
3177.
3178.
3179.
3180.
3181.
3182.
3183.
3184.
3185.
3186.
3187.
3188.
3189.
3190.
3191.
3192.
3193.
3194.
3195.
3196.
3197.
3198.
3199.
3200.
3201.
3202.
3203.
3204.
3205.
3206.
3207.
3208.
3209.
3210.
3211.
3212.
3213.
3214.
3215.
3216.
3217.
3218.
3219.
3220.
Thomas, Mary (TX)

Thomas, Pamela Sue and Charles J. (FL)
Thomas, Priscilla (TX)
Thompson, Caryl Ann Jones (VA)
Thompson, David and Tahnee (TX)
Thompson, Jill (VA)
Thompson, Lowell (CA)
Thompson, Nita (KY)
Thompson, Jennifer and Marc (TX)
Thomsen, Jack and Dana (CA)
Thomson, Andy (CA)
Thornton, Amy W.B. and John T. (VA)
Thornton, James K. (TX)
Threadgill, Tony and Annette (AL)
Thuftin, Jeremy (MN)
Thurber, Susan (TX)
Tibbs, Gary (VA)
Tidwell, Rose (WA)
Tilton, Christopher E and Tip R. (CA)
Timboe, Daniel (CA)
Timmons, Larry (CA)
Timmons, Nancy (TX)
Tobar, Jorge (TX)
Todd, Harold (NY)
Toland, Michael (TX)
Tolle, Shirin (CA)
Tolstykh, Gleb (TX)
Tomberlin, Rhonda (TX)
Tomer, Yossi and Caryn (CA)
Tomez, Terry (TX)
Tomlinson, Robert (ID)
Toms, Boyd & Janet (IA)
Toms, Jerry (NC)
Tontisakis, Lesia (CA)
Toomay, Timothy (CA)
Tope, Patrick and Kathy (OR)
Topole, Timothy (CA)
Torres, Estefana and Alfonso (WA)
Torres, Gerardo (CA)
Torres, Jose (CA)
Torres, Laura (TX)
Torres, Orlando (TX)
Torres, Ralph (TX)
Torres, Norman (TX)
Toten, Tamera (CA)
Totzke, Lawrence F. (CA)
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Touski, Nourollah (CA)

Towers, Donald (CA)
Townsend, Mark (FL)
Toynton, Lesley (CA)
Tran, Jane H. (CA)
Tran, Vinh (CA)
Traore, Kadidia (CA)
Trayer, Kenneth (PA)
Trefil, Christopher (CA)
Treib, Patricia K. (FL)
Treppiccione, James (NV)
Trevino, Crystal (TX)
Trevino, Guadalupe (TX)
Trevino, Jorge (TX)
Trevino, Jose (TX)
Trevino, Julio (TX)
Trevino, Richard (TX)
Trimmer, Thomas (FL)
Trincale, Christina (CA)
Trinh, Matt-Phuoc (CA)
Trosclair, Daniel (TX)
Trounce, John & Kathleen (CA)
Trout, Niesha (CA)
Trubee, Norman (TX)
Truitt, Jarrell (TX)
Trujillo, Rosemary (CA)
Truslow, Helen (VA)
Trzaskos, Paul (FL)
Tsehaye, Amanuel (CA)
Tseng, Yu Hsiang (NV)
Tubbs, Michael (CA)
Tubesing, Roy M. and Linda (TX)
Tubis, Richard (CA)
Tucker, Jesse and Amy (CA)
Tuell, James (CA)
Tuplano, Eden (CA)
Turman, Gail and Larry (CA)
Turman, Larry (CA)
Turner, David (CA)
Turner, James Brian (NJ)
Turner, Linda (TX)
Turner, Steve (AL)
Tusinger, Michael and Terri (TX)
Tuttle, George (CA)
Tweeddale, Luke Louis (FL)
Tyser, Alan (TX)
3267.
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3303.
3304.
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3306.
3307.
3308.
3309.
3310.
3311.
Ullberg, Angelina (CA)

Umstead, Vernon (TX)
Unruh, Gary (CA)
Urban, Christian (TX)
Urban, Martin (TX)
Urie, Brad (CA)
Usher, Jayne & Barron (TX)
Ussery, Jeremy (CA)
Vaello, Helen (TX)
Vajinapalli, Omprakash (TX)
Valade, Elizabeth (VA)
Valdez, Barbara (TX)
Valdez, David (TX)
Valencia, Cuauhtemoc (TX)
Valente, Gerald & Lucille (CA)
Vallot, Freddie and Eula (CA)
Valverde, Feliciano (TX)
Van Ekeren, Jaden (CA)
Van Gils, Marc (TX)
Van Horn, James Bruce (CA)
Van Houten, Roy and Jennifer (VA)
Van Huss, Mark (CO)
Vanhouten, Lee and Hilary Howard (CA)
Vantassel, Ernest (FL)
Vargas, Rudolph D. (CA)
Vasile, Marius (FL)
Vasquez, Christopher (CA)
Vasquez, Edward & Jennifer (TX)
Vaughan, Christopher & Carmen Roman
(CA)
Vaughn, Cherrissa (CA)
Vazquez, Orlando (CA)
Vazquez, Rigoberto (CA)
Vega, Felix (FL)
Vega/Marrero, Felix & Seisy Marrero (FL)
Vela, Arturo G. (State Not Provided)
Velasquez, Felmer and Raquel (CA)
Velasquez, Janette (TX)
Velasquez, Marissa (CA)
Vella, Louis (NY)
Ventura, Andrew (VA)
Ventura, John J. and Joandell D. (VA)
Venzon, London (CA)
Vera, Juan (CA)
Verde, Milagros (CA)
Vessello, Jerry and Ivonne Saed (OR)
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3354.
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3356.
3357.
37
Via, Bernard (VA)

Vidal, Juan (TX)
Vignolini, Danyelle E. (PA)
Villabona, Adriana (CA)
Villalobos, Carmen & Reynaldo (CA)
Villalobos, Luis (CA)
Villalpando Jr., Reynaldo (TX)
Villanueva, Bernice and Jimmy (TX)
Villareal, Richard A. (TX)
Villarreal, Josue (TX)
Vincent, Theodore A. (TX)
Vinson, Marla (CA)
Vinton, Troy (CA)
Viramontes, Gilbert (CA)
Viscusi, Raymond J. (VA)
Vodonick, Emil J. (CA)
Vogel, Oliver C. (CA)
Voigt, Carl C. and Marci L. (ID)
Voisin, Angie L. (LA)
Volpe, Arturo (TX)
Von Holt, Patrick (GA)
Vondrak, Mark (TX)
Vuong, Linh (CA)
Wade, James L. (CA)
Wager, John D. and Peggy H. (LA)
Wagner, James (TX)
Wagner, Janet (AL)
Wagner, Ron (MT)
Wagner-Diggs, Michael (VA)
Wahlman, Matthew (WA)
Wainio, Steven (CO)
Wakefield, Shelby (TX)
Waldrop, Alice (TX)
Walia, Rohit (CA)
Walker, Arlene (MS)
Walker, Damon (TX)
Walker, Glenn (TX)
Walker, Jean P. and Marie (CA)
Walker, Jennifer (TX)
Walker, Kelly and Brad (TX)
Walker, Lisa (CA)
Walker, Michael (CA)
Walker, Randall (CA)
Walker, Rebecca (VA)
Walker, Tim and Patricia (CA)
Wallace, Kathleen (TX)
3358.
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3396.
3397.
3398.
3399.
3400.
3401.
3402.
3403.
Wallach, Gary S. (FL)

Wallach, Daniel (FL)
Walley, Wendy (CA)
Wallis, Lerone and Joanne (TX)
Walls, Sylvester (TX)
Walsh, David Allan (VA)
Walsh, Edward and Tiffany (TX)
Walsh, Michelle (CA)
Walsh, Ronald T. and Sharon K. (CA)
Walters, Jackie L. and Marcheta J. (TX)
Walters, James (TX)
Walters, Thomas (OH)
Walters, William C. and Nancy C. (TX)
Walther, Eric H. (TX)
Walton, Debra (OR)
Ward, Clint (CA)
Ward, George M. (TX)
Ward, Ryan (TX)
Ware, Roya (TX)
Warfield, Ken (CA)
Wargin, Alicja (VA)
Warneka, Ann Christine (PA)
Warneke, Gary (TX)
Warner, Philip (VA)
Warren, Stacie M. (FL)
Warzecha, Chester (TX)
Washington, Anthony Tyrrell (OH)
Wasson, Russell A. (TX)
Watkins, Jessica (CA)
Wavra, Steven (CA)
Wayne, Terry and Melisa N. Alley (VA)
Weatherhead, Les (TX)
Weathersbee, James E. & Jessica L. (WV)
Weaver, Betty R. (AL)
Weaver, Carla (CO)
Webb, Linda J. (CA)
Webster, Cony W. (TX)
Weekes, Douglas (MN)
Weems, Leonard (AL)
Wehrle, Alexander (FL)
Weiland, Gregory (OH)
Weiss, Michael (TX)
Weiss, Michael (FL)
Weiss, Robert (MN)
Welday, Craig and M. Diane Daum (CA)
Wells, Fumiko (CA)
3404.
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38
Wells, Kerry A. (CA)

Wells, Seth (CA)
Werk, Mary O'Quinn (CA)
Werner, Todd and Karly (MN)
Wescott, Robert & R. Ann Conner-Wescott
(VA)
West, Anita (LA)
West, Michele Sharon (VA)
West, Mildred (TX)
Westbrook, Megan (FL)
Westmoreland, Harland and Juanita (TX)
Wheat, Jack and Camilla (CA)
Wheeler, Connie and Jimmy (TX)
Whinnery, Robert and Barbara (NC)
Whipple, Ken (CA)
Whitaker, Sarah (FL)
White, Frank (FL)
White, Michael (CO)
White, Thomas (TX)
White, Tara and Jeremy (TX)
Whitinger, Angela (MI)
Wiebke, Keith and Kathy (CA)
Wiera, Stefan (TX)
Wiese, James (TX)
Wiggins, Lassiter (TX)
Wilcox, Benjamin Theodore (VA)
Wild, Brian (TX)
Wilder, Charles and Judith (TX)
Wilhite, Verner (MO)
Wilke, Lorraine (CA)
Wilke, Peter (CA)
Wilkerson, Christopher J (NC)
Wilkerson, Jairus Lemar (FL)
Wilkins, James G. (LA)
Wilkins, Lisa Y. Park (VA)
Wilkins, Robert and Amanda (NC)
Wilkinson, Derek & Kayla (LA)
Willet, Samantha (MN)
Williams, Carolyn (CA)
Williams, Charlotte (VA)
Williams, Curtis and Sharon (CO)
Williams, Jerome (TX)
Williams, Karen and Jodell (CA)
Williams, Karen S. (TX)
Williams, Michael C. (PA)
Williams, Stephanie (TX)
3449. Williams, Amy (TX)

3450. Williams, Cynthia (A Medical Professional
Corporation) (CA)
3451. Williams, Amy and Jon (TX)
3452. Williams, Cynthia and Jane Gilpin (CA)
3453. Williamson, Aminta (CO)
3454. Williamson, Brenda & Lang (LA)
3455. Willis, Kenneth (WA)
3456. Willis, Sue E. (TX)
3457. Willison, Mark (NV)
3458. Wilson, Angela (MS)
3459. Wilson, Bradley (CA)
3460. Wilson, Duane (TN)
3461. Wilson, Gerald Ed (MI)
3462. Wilson, Jackie (TX)
3463. Wilson, Jeffrey (GA)
3464. Wilson, John and Ykana (TX)
3465. Wilson, Jonathan (CA)
3466. Wilson, Ronald C. and Carmeilla S.
Constantino (VA)
3467. Wilson, Silvie (CA)
3468. Wimer, Michael Geoffrey (NC)
3469. Winchester, Joe (VA)
3470. Winfield, Ward (VA)
3471. Wininger, Nathan (WI)
3472. Winkler, Mark (FL)
3473. Winter, James (FL)
3474. Wirth, Timothy (FL)
3475. Wise, Eugene (NV)
3476. Wittenberg, Vern (MN)
3477. Wittersheim, Ty and Enola R. (CA)
3478. Woerner, Matthew (TX)
3479. Wolfberg, Daniel (CA)
3480. Wolff, Robert (TX)
3481. Wong, Irving (CA)
3482. Wong, Stuart (CA)
3483. Wood, Deborah (TX)
3484. Wood, Ray S. and Carol A. (NC)
3485. Wood, Simone (CA)
3486. Wood Hardin, Kathy (NC)
3487. Woodard, Dorrell (TX)
3488. Woodard, Jerry Jr. and Candace (TX)
3489. Woodcock, Larry (MI)
3490. Woodcox, Pamela and Eugene (CA)
3491. Woodford, Terry and Sherri A. Fuller (TX)
3492. Woodhull, Clement (FL)
3493.
3494.
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3496.
3497.
3498.
3499.
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Woodley, Dianna (CA)

Woodrow, Lucas (CA)
Woods, Jimmy (AR)
Woods, Tammy (VA)
Wooldridge, Jessica A. and Samuel (TX)
Woolridge, Linda Lynn (VA)
Wooten, Deborah (NC)
Wooten, William (TX)
Wormley, Vernon (VA)
Worosilo, Lucas (GA)
Worring, Thomas (CA)
Worthington, Charles and Rebecca (OH)
Wrenn, Vincent (CA)
Wright, Alexander (TX)
Wright, Carrie (NY)
Wright, Ellie and Derrick (OR)
Wright, Gary (CA)
Wright, Margaret Ann & Gerald Glenn Sr
(TX)
Wright, Michelle (CA)
Wright, Shane (CA)
Wunsch, Barbara (CA)
Wunscher, Simone (WA)
Wyatt, Elida (TX)
Wynn, Marsha and Dan (TN)
Wyrick, Dee (NC)
Xuan, Meng (CA)
Yanez, Gelasio (TX)
Yarin, Oleg (FL)
Yazdi, Ainollah (CA)
Ybarra, Hector (CA)
Yegazu, Adugnash-Bizu (VA)
Yepez, Maria (CA)
York, John (TX)
Yoshioka, Sherry-Anne (CA)
Young, Billy (TX)
Young, Jazmyn (CA)
Young, Melissa (CA)
Young, Robert (CA)
Younggreen, James and Susan (GA)
Yudiche, Angel (LA)
Yutzy, Emily (SC)
Zachariu, Christine (CA)
Zachos, Ryan A. (TX)
Zadeh, Alicia (FL)
Zader, Jr., Gustave and Diane (FL)
3538.
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Zagheri, Reza (CA)

Zaldivar, Roger (TX)
Zamira, Douglas (WA)
Zamora, Trinidad S (TX)
Zanines, Mark (CA)
Zapata, Abel A. (CA)
Zapata, Jessica D. (TX)
Zaragoza, Samuel and Dianna (TX)
Zarba, Jeffrey (NY)
Zarnegar, Hassan and Linda (CA)
Zatlokwicz, Dennis (CA)
Zavala, Raul (CA)
Zavitz, Keith and Meghan (TX)
Zebrowski, Anthony and Linda Kay (VA)
Zellmer, Evan (CA)
Zelonis, Shelby Danielle (VA)
Zenone/Foster, Paul/Samantha (CA)
Zens, Richard (WI)
Zermeno, Daniel (TX)
Zinke, Sharon (CA)
Zinsser, Kirk and Tammy (CA)
Zivkovic, Djuja (GA)
Zivkovich, Russell M. (NY)
Zucconi, Claudia (FL)
Zunich, Jerry (CO)
Zuniga, Juan and Daisy (TX)
Zuno, Ramon (CA)
Zweigle, Jonathan (CA)
Zykanov, Sarah and Alexander (CA)
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Final Approval of VW Settlement

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Final Approval of VW Settlement

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Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 1 of 48

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

United States District Court

IN RE: VOLKSWAGEN CLEAN DIESEL

MDL No. 2672 CRB (JSC)

assigned to this Court as a multidistrict litigation (MDL).

Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (collectively, Volkswagen) reached a settlement that

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 2 of 48

United States District Court

oxides (NOx) at a factor of up to 40 times over the permitted limit.

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 3 of 48

United States District Court

AG, VWGoA; Volkswagen Group of America Chattanooga Operations, LLC (VW

United States District Court

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 4 of 48

California state laws.

Investigation Robert S. Mueller III as Settlement Master to oversee settlement negotiations

diesel engine vehicles remain ongoing.

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 5 of 48

all persons (including individuals and entities) who, on September

(Dkt. No. 1685 2.6.) Eligible Vehicles are

Model Year 2009 through 2015 Volkswagen and Audi light-duty

United States District Court

the registered owner or owners of an Eligible Vehicle on June 28,

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 6 of 48

(Id. 2.30.) An Eligible Lessee is

(1) the current lessee or lessees of an Eligible Vehicle with a lease

(Id. 2.29.) An Eligible Seller is

a person who purchased or otherwise acquired an Eligible Vehicle

United States District Court

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 7 of 48

2016. (Dkt. No. 1730 at 2-3.)

billion funding pool. (Id. 1.)

directors, officers, employees, attorneys, affiliates, parent companies, subsidiaries, predecessors,

or successors. (Id.; Dkt. No. 1685-5 6.)

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 8 of 48

In exchange for benefits under the Settlement, Class members release

United States District Court

(Dkt. No. 1685 9.3.)

DISCUSSION FINAL APPROVAL OF SETTLEMENT

(collecting cases). Specifically, courts must determine whether a proposed settlement is

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 9 of 48

Approval of a settlement is a two-step process. Courts first determine[] whether a

United States District Court

Final Certification of the Settlement Class

Rule 23(a) and (b) Requirements

(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is

designed to protect absentees by blocking unwarranted or overbroad class definitions . . . demand

proceedings as they unfold. (Id.)

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 10 of 48

(A) the class members interests in individually controlling the

United States District Court

Rule 23(c) Requirements

Implementation of the Notice Program

United States District Court

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 11 of 48

who registered on the Settlement Website (www.VWCourtSettlement.com) and provided an email

(Dkt. No. 1784 at 39.)

Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 2102 Filed 10/25/16 Page 12 of 48

Dkt. No. 1978-1 at 4.)

United States District Court

Dealers Association (www.nada.org), Hemmings (www.hemmings.com), Kelley Blue Book

Additionally, to target individuals interested in or researching automobiles, banner