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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This paper gives the idea about the potential of using Wi-Fi signals. There are
recent advances in MIMO communications to build a device or a system that can capture
the motion of humans behind a wall or door and in closed room. Law enforcement
personnel can use this device to avoid walking into a scupper and minimize casualties in
hostage situations. Emergency responders can be using it to see through the collapsed
structures or debris. The advantages of this for ordinary users are the device for gaming,
usurpation detection, privacy-enhanced monitoring of children, elderly or personal security
when stepping into dark lanes and unknown places. The concept of this seeing through
opaque obstacles is similar to sonar and radar imaging.

Wi-Fi signals are typically information carrier signals between a transmitter and
receiver. Now it is possible with the Wi-Fi signals can also extend our senses. They enable
us to see moving objects through walls as well as behind the closed doors. So it is possible
with the help of such signals to identify the number of people room and their relative
locations in a closed room. We can also identify gestures made behind a wall and combine
the sequence of gestures to communicate messages or commands to a wireless receiver
without carrying any type of transmitting device. To recognize moving object through wall
the WIFI signal transmitted in the direction of wall, this results in two problem (I) Flash
effect, (II) magnitude of signal reduced by three to five times after traversing the wall. To
solve these problems systems are developed and experiments performed on those systems to
achieve the desired results. The radar community developed a system named UltraWideband. This system detects human behind the wall and shows moving blobs in output
screen. To overcome the drawbacks of this system two new system were developed named
WI-VI and WISEE. These both systems use WI-FI signal to recognize the moving object
behind the wall. WISEE system works on the Doppler Sift principle, for the human gesture
it gives the different Doppler pattern according to the movement of any human. But the
problem with this system is, very small change in Doppler shift for the human gesture

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which is very difficult to detect. Wi-Vi means Wi-Fi and Vision which is nothing but
wireless vision. Its a new promising technology that enables seeing through walls using
Wi-Fi signals. It also allows us to track moving objects or human through closed rooms and
behind the wall. Wi-Vi based on capturing the reflections of its own transmitted signals off
moving objects behind a wall or door in order to track them. Wi-Vi operation does not
require any access to any device on the other side of the wall. Specifically, when it is
interact with a non-metallic wall, some form of the RF signal would traverse the wall;
reflect off objects and humans. It comes back with a signature of what is inside a closed
room. By capturing these reflections, it is possible to image objects behind a wall or door.
Building a Device or system that can capture such reflections is difficult because the signal
power after penetrating the wall twice (in and out of the wall) is reduced by three to five
times of magnitude. Even the difficult challenge is the reflections from the wall itself, which
is stronger than the reflections from objects inside the room. A reflection off the wall on the
receivers analog to digital converter i.e. ADC, preventing it from considering the minute
variations due to reflections from objects behind the wall. This behavior is called as the
Flash Effect" since it is similar to how a mirror in front of a camera reflects on the
cameras flash and prevents it from capturing objects in the scene.

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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY
Its research has been done prominently at MITs (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology) Computer Science and Intelligence Laboratory. By Dina Kitabi, a professor in
MITs Department of Electrical engineering and computer science, and her graduate student
Fadel Adib. In the 1930s, U.S. Navy researchers stumbled upon the concept of radar when
they noticed that a plane flying past a radio tower reflected radio waves. Scientists have
now applied that same principle to make the first device that tracks existing Wi-Fi signals to
spy on people through walls. Wi-Fi radio signals are found in 61 percent of homes in the
U.S. and 25 percent worldwide, so Karl Woodbridge and Kevin Chetty, researchers at
University College London, designed their detector to use these ubiquitous signals. When a
radio wave reflects off a moving object, its frequency changes a phenomenon called the
Doppler Effect. Their radar prototype identifies frequency changes to detect moving
objects. It's about the size of a suitcase and contains a radio receiver composed of two
antennas -and a signal-processing unit. In tests, they have used it to determine a person's
location, speed and directioneven through a one-foot-thick brick wall. Because the device
itself doesn't emit any radio waves, it can't be detected.
Wi-Fi radar could have domestic applications ranging from spotting intruders to
unobtrusively monitoring children or the elderly. It could also have military uses: The U.K.
Ministry of defense has funded a study to determine whether it could be used to scan
buildings during urban warfare. With improvements, Woodbridge says, the device could
become sensitive enough to pick up on subtle motions the ribcage makes during breathing,
which would allow the radar to detect people who are standing or sitting still.
The comic-book hero Superman uses his X-ray vision to spot bad guys lurking
behind walls and other objects. Now we could all have X-ray vision, thanks to researchers
at MITs Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Researchers have long
attempted to build a device capable of seeing people through walls. However, previous
efforts to develop such a system have involved the use of expensive and bulky radar
technology that uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum only available to the military.
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Now a system being developed by Dina Katabi, a professor in MITs Department of

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and her graduate student Fadel Adib, could
give all of us the ability to spot people in different rooms using low-cost Wi-Fi technology.
We wanted to create a device that is low-power, portable and simple enough for
anyone to use, to give people the ability to see through walls and closed doors, Katabi
says.
The system, called Wi-Vi, is based on a concept similar to radar and sonar
imaging. But in contrast to radar and sonar, it transmits a low-power Wi-Fi signal and uses
its reflections to track moving humans. It can do so even if the humans are in closed rooms
or hiding behind a wall. Most previous attempts to track moving targets through walls have
done so using an array of spaced antennas, which each capture the signal reflected off a
person moving through the environment.
Wi-Vi, being presented at the Sigcomm conference in Hong Kong in August, could
be used to help search-and-rescue teams to find survivors trapped in rubble after an
earthquake, say, or to allow police officers to identify the number and movement of
criminals within a building to avoid walking into an ambush. It could also be used as a
personal safety device, Katabi says: If you are walking at night and you have the feeling
that someone is following you, then you could use it to check if there is someone behind the
fence or behind a corner.
The device can also detect gestures or movements by a person standing behind a
wall, such as a wave of the arm, Katabi says. This would allow it to be used as a gesturebased interface for controlling lighting or appliances within the home, such as turning off
the lights in another room with a wave of the arm. Venkat Padmanabhan, a principal
researcher at Microsoft Research, says the possibility of using Wi-Vi as a gesture-based
interface that does not require a line of sight between the user and the device itself is
perhaps its most interesting application of all. Such an interface could alter the face of
gaming, he says. Unlike todays interactive gaming devices, where users must stay in front
of the console and its camera at all times, users could still interact with the system while in
another room, for example. This could open up the possibility of more complex and
interesting games, Katabi says.
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CHAPTER 3
PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY
3.1 ULTRA WIDE-BAND SYSTEMS
This system is recently developed by the radar community to detect the moving object
behind the wall which give moving blobs as a result for the moving object behind the wall.
This system separates reflection from wall or other static object and the reflection from
moving object behind the wall based on their arrival time, so it must require to identify
delays of even sub-nanoseconds.

Fig:3.1 Ultra Wide-Band System

The system shown above in Fig.1 requires 2GHz of bandwidth, a very large power
source, and around 8-foot long antenna array and most important parameter is that the large
power in such a wide spectrum is infeasible for entities other than the military application.

3.2 WISEE
WISEE is a gesture recognition system that utilizes wireless signals to recognition of
human gesture. This system can recognize the human gesture without requiring any sensing
device on the human body. The required prototype for WISEE system is developed using
USRP-N210.

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Fig.3.2 WISEE
WISEE system use the property of Doppler shift, Doppler shift is the frequency
change of transmitted wave as its source moves relative to the observer. There will be
multipath reflection from the human body, and then human gestures results in pattern of
Doppler shift at the system receiver. So, the movement of user away from the receiver
results in negative Doppler shift, and movement of user towards the receiver results in
positive Doppler shift.

Fig.3.3 Gestures

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The challenge for this system was that result of the human gesture gives very small
change in Doppler shifts that can be very hard to detect from WI-FI transmission. Typically
movement around 0.5 m/sec results in 17 Hz Doppler shift for the 5 GHz WI-FI
transmission. For the gesture recognition it is required to detect the Doppler shifts of few
Hertz from 20 MHz WI-FI signals. This solution of this problem is achieved by
transforming the signal which is received from moving object, in to narrowband pulse with
a bandwidth of few Hertz, then system tracks the frequency of this narrowband pulses to
detect the small Doppler shift. In home there may have more than one person who can
affects the wireless signals. This problem is solved by MIMO capability which is inherent
to 802.11n, to focus the gesture from a particular human. The wireless reflection from all
the humans can be separated using MIMO receiver. Finally the experiments were performed
for line-of-site, non-line-of-site, and through wall where the person is in different room
from the wireless transmitter and receiver and achieved results are as follow:

WISEE system can track the 9 human body gesture shown in with 94% accuracy.

Using four receiving antenna and one transmitting antenna WISEE can achieve 60%
accuracy.

Using five receiving antenna and single transmitting antenna WISEE can perform
the human gesture classification in presence of other three people who are
performing random gesture.

3.3 APPLICATION OF WISEE

Forget to turn off the lights before leaving the apartment? No problem. Just raise your hand,
finger-swipe the air, and your lights will power down. Want to change the song playing on
your music system in the other room? Move your hand to the right and flip through the
songs. A hand gesture changes the TV channel. A hand gesture changes the TV channel
using WiSee technology. University of Washington computer scientists have developed
gesture-recognition technology that brings this a step closer to reality. Researchers have
shown its possible to leverage Wi-Fi signals around us to detect specific movements
without needing sensors on the human body or cameras. By using an adapted Wi-Fi router

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and a few wireless devices in the living room, users could control their electronics and
household appliances from any room in the home with a simple gesture.

Fig.3.4 A hand gesture changes the TV channel using WISEE technology in Washington
This is repurposing wireless signals that already exist in new ways, said lead
researcher Shyam Gollakota, a UW assistant professor of computer science and
engineering. You can actually use wireless for gesture recognition without needing to
deploy more sensors.
The UW research team that includes Shwetak Patel, an assistant professor of
computer science and engineering and of electrical engineering and his lab, published their
findings online this week. This technology, which they call WiSee,

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CHAPTER 4
RELATED WORK
4.1 THROUGH-WALL RADAR
Practicing on seeing through wall has been done for about a decade. In past time,
inventers mainly focused on modeling and simulations. Recently few implementations have
been tested with humans in moving position. Earlier system helped in stamp out the flash
effect by isolating the reflected signal of the wall from the reflected signals of the objects
behind the wall. This isolation can be achieved in time domain by using very short pulses
(about 1 ns) due to which delay had been developed between arrival time of reflected signal
off the wall and reflected signal off the moving objects behind wall. Isolation can also be
achieved in frequency domain through linear frequency chirp. In this, reflections from
objects at different position arrive with different tone. By doing analog filtering of tones
corresponds to the wall may be leads to remove flash effects. All these techniques needs
ultra-wide bands (UWB) of the order of 2GHz.And other through wall imaging product
were based on radar principle which also need (UWB) and applicable for military purpose.
But Wi-Vi system has different characteristics as it requires law bandwidth, and operates in
the same range as Wi-Fi. Wi-vi overcomes the requirement for the UWB by using MIMO
nulling to remove flash effect. Researchers found the limitations of UWB systems and give
the concept of using narrowband radars for through wall technology. These systems ignored
the flash effect and tried to operate in high interference caused by the reflections off the
wall They typically rely on Doppler shift caused by moving objects behind the wall.
However, the flash effect limits their detection capabilities. Hence, most of these systems
are demonstrated either in simulation [28], or in free space with no obstruction. . The ones
demonstrated with an obstruction use a low-attenuation standing wall, and do not work
across higher attenuation materials such as solid wood or concrete [29, 30]. Wi-Vi shares
the objectives of these devices; however, it introduces a new approach for eliminating the
flash effect without wideband trans-mission. This enables it to work with concrete walls and
solid wood doors, as well as fully closed rooms. The only attempt which we are aware of

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that uses Wi-Fi signals in order to see through walls was made in 2012. This system
required both the transmitter and a reference receiver to be inside the imaged room.
Furthermore, the reference receiver in the room has to be connected to the same clock as the
receiver outside the room. In contrast, Wi-Vi can perform through-wall imaging without
access to any device on the other side of the wall.

4.2 GESTURE BASED INTERFACES

In todays time, commercial gesture recognition system such as the ninteudowii,
Xbox kinect etc. These systems used to identify a variety of gesture. There are also such
system those are capable of identifying human gestures by employing cameras or placing
sensor on the human body. Recent work has also using narrowband signals in the range of
2.4 GHz to identify human activities in line of sight by using micro-Doppler signatures. Wivi, however, presents the first gesture based interface which works in non-line of sight
scenarios & even through the wall and hence human is not require carrying a wireless
device or wearing a sensor on their body.

4.3 INFRARED AND THERMAL IMAGING

System based on infrared and thermal imaging extends the human vision beyond the
visible electromagnetic range and allowing us to detect objects in presence of smoke &
darkness. This system is operated by capturing infrared or thermal energy reflected from the
first obstacle in line of sight of their sensors. But these technology does not allow us to see
through walls due to having short wavelength (few m to sub mm), whereas Wi-Vi system
having wavelength in the range of 12.5cm.

Fig.4.1 A Moving Object as an Antenna Array

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CHAPTER 5
Wi-Vi OVERVIEW
Wi-Vi is a wireless device that captures moving objects behind a wall. It leverages
the ubiquity of Wi-Fi chipsets to make through wall imaging relatively low-power, lowcost, low-bandwidth, and accessible to average users. To this end, Wi-Vi uses Wi-Fi OFDM
signals in the ISM band (at 2.4 GHz) and typical Wi-Fi hardware. Wi-Vi is essentially a 3antenna MIMO device: two of the antennas are used for transmitting and one is used for
receiving. It also employs directional antennas to focus the energy toward the wall or room
of interest.4 Its design incorporates two main components: 1) the first component eliminates
the flash reflected off the wall by performing MIMO nulling; 2) the second component
tracks a moving object by treating the object itself as an antenna array using a technique
called inverse SAR.
Wi-Vi can be used in one of two modes, depending on the users choice. In mode 1,
it can be used to image moving objects behind a wall and track them. In mode 2, on the
other hand, Wi-Vi functions as a gesture-based interface from behind a wall that enables
humans to compose messages and send them to the Wi-Vi receiver.

5.1 ELIMINATING THE FLASH

In any through-wall system, the signal reflected off the wall, i.e. the flash, is much stronger
than any signal reflected from objects behind the wall. This is due to the significant
attenuation which electromagnetic signals suffer when penetrating dense obstacles. Table
shows a few examples of the one-way attenuation experienced by Wi-Fi signals in common
construction materials. For example, a one-way traversal of a standard hollow wall or a
concrete wall can reduce Wi-Fi signal power by 9dB and 18DB respectively. Since throughwall systems require traversing the obstacle twice, the one-way attenuation doubles, leading
to an 18-36 dB flash effect in typical indoor scenarios. This problem is exacerbated by two
other parameters: First, the actual reflected signal is significantly weaker since it depends
both on the reflection coefficient as well as the cross-section of the object.

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Fig.5.1 One-Way RF Attenuation in Common Building Materials at 2.4GHz

The wall is typically much larger than the objects of interest, and has a higher
reflection coefficient. Second, in addition to the direct flash caused by reflections off the
wall, through-wall systems have to eliminate the direct signal from the transmit to the
receive antenna, which is significantly larger than the reflections of interest. Wi-Vi uses
interference nulling to cancel both the wall reflections and the direct signal from the
transmitter to the receiver antenna, hence increasing its sensitivity to the reflections of
interest.

5.2 NULLING TO REMOVE FLASH

Recent advances show that MIMO systems can pre-code their transmissions such
that the signal received at a particular antenna is cancelled. Past work on MIMO has used
this property to enable concurrent transmissions and null interference. We observe that the
same technique can be tailored to eliminate the flash effect as well as the direct signal from
the transmitter to the receiver antenna, thereby enabling Wi-Vi to capture the reflections
from objects of interest with minimal interference. At a high level, Wi-Vis nulling
procedure can be divided into three phases: initial nulling, power boosting, and iterative
nulling, as shown in figure.

5.2.1 Initial Nulling

In this phase, Wi-Vi performs standard MIMO nulling. Recall that Wi-Vi has two
transmits antennas and one receive antenna. First, the device transmits a known preamble x
only on its first transmit antenna. This preamble is received at the receive antenna as y =
h/x, where h1 is the channel between the first transmit antenna and the receive antenna. The
receiver uses this signal in order to compute an estimate of the channel

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h1. Second, the device transmits the same preamble x, this time only on its second
antenna, and uses the received signal to estimate channel h2 between the second transmit
antenna and the receive antenna. Third, Wi-Vi uses these channel estimates to compute the
ratio p = h1/ h2. Finally, the two transmit antennas transmit concurrently, where the
first antenna transmits x and the second transmits px. Therefore, the perceived channel at
the receiver is

In the ideal case, where the estimates h1and h2 are perfect, the received signal
hres would be equal to zero. Hence, by the end of this phase Wi-Vi has eliminated the
signals reflected off all static objects as well as the direct signal from the transmit antennas
to the receive antenna. If no object moves, the channel will continue being nulled. However,
since RF reflections combine linearly over the medium, if some object moves, its reflections
will start showing up in the channel value.

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5.2.2 Power Boosting

Simply nulling static reflections, however, is not enough because the signals due to
moving objects behind the wall are too weak. Say, for example, the flash effect was 30 to 40
dB above the power of reflections off moving objects. Even though we removed the flash
effect, we can hardly discern the signal due to moving objects since it will be immersed in
the receivers hardware noise. Thus, we next boost the transmitted signal power.5 Note that
because the channel has already been nulled, i.e., hres == 0. this increase in power does not
saturate the receivers ADC. However, it increases the overall power that traverses the wall,
and, hence, improves the SNR of the signal due to the objects behind the wall.

5.2.3 Iterative Nulling

After boosting the transmit power, residual reflections which were below the ADC
quantization level become measurable. Such reflections from static objects can create
significant clutter in the tracking process if not removed. To address this issue, Wi-Vi
performs a procedure called iterative nulling. At a high level, the objective is simple: we
need to null the signal again after boosting the power to eliminate the residual reflections
from static objects. The challenge, however, is that at this stage, we cannot separately
estimate the channels from each of the two transmit antennas since, after nulling, we only
receive a combined channel. We also cannot remove the nulling and re-estimate the
channels, because after boosting the power, without nulling, the ADC would saturate.
However, Wi-Vi can leverage the fact that errors in the channel estimates are much smaller
than the channel estimates themselves, and use this observation to refine its estimates.
Specifically, by assuming that the estimate for h2 is accurate (i.e., h2 = h2), Eq. 1 is left
with only one unknown variable h1. By solving for this unknown variable, we obtain a
better estimate of h1.
A few points are worth noting about Wi-Vis procedure to eliminate the flash effect:

Besides removing the walls reflection, it also removes reflections received from
other stationary objects both in front of and behind the wall, such as the table on
which the radio is mounted, the floor, the radio case itself, etc. In addition, it

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removes the direct signal from the transmitting antennas to our receive antenna.
Note that the direct channels between Wi-Vis transmit antennas and its receive
antenna are significantly attenuated because Wi-Vi uses directional transmit and
receive antennas focused towards the wall (and away from the direct path).

Wi-Vis nulling algorithm provides a 42 dB mean reduction in signal power, as

shown in 7.6. This reduction is sufficient to remove the flash effect from a wide
range of wall structures including solid wood doors, 6 hollow walls, and most
indoor concrete walls. Further, since Wi-Vi uses directional antennas focused on the
imaged wall, the direct signal from the transmit antennas to Wi-Vis receive antenna
is weaker than in typical MIMO systems, and becomes negligible after nulling.

Nulling can be performed in the presence of objects moving behind the wall; it can
also be performed in the presence of objects moving in front of the wall as long as
they are outside the field of view of Wi-Vis directional antennas. Because nulling is
mathematically equivalent to subtraction, the presence of such moving objects leads
to a small additive constant at the output of Wi-Vi after nulling. Such additive
constants do not prevent later tracking of moving objects.

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CHAPTER 6
IDENTIFYING AND TRACKING HUMANS

Now that we have eliminated the impact of static objects in the environment, we can
focus on tracking moving objects. We will refer to moving objects as humans since they are
the primary subjects of interest for our application; however, our system is general, and can
capture other moving bodies. Below, we first explain how Wi-Vi tracks the motion of a
single human. We then show how to extend our approach to track multiple moving humans.

6.1 TRACKING A SINGLE HUMAN

Wi-Vi, however, avoids using an antenna array for two reasons: First, in order to
obtain a narrow beam and hence achieve a good resolution, one needs a large antenna array
with many antenna elements. This would result in a bulky and expensive device. Second
since Wi-Vi eliminates the flash effect using MIMO nulling, adding multiple receive
antennas would require nulling the signal at each of them. This would require adding more
transmit antennas, thus making the device even bulkier and more expensive. To capture the
benefits of an antenna array while avoiding its drawbacks, Wi-Vi leverages a technique
called inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). ISAR exploits the movement of the target to
emulate an antenna array. Existing systems which use antenna arrays capture the signal
reflected off a target from spatially spaced antennas and processes this information to
identify the direction of the target with respect to the array. In contrast, in ISAR, there is
only one receiving antenna; hence, at any point in time, the receiver captures a single
measurement. However, as the target moves, he/she samples the received signal at
successive locations in space, as if we had a receive antenna at each of these points.
Furthermore, because of channel reciprocity, successive time samples received by Wi-Vi
correspond to successive spatial locations of the moving target. Hence, Wi-Vi effectively
receives in time what an antenna array would receive in space. By treating consecutive time
samples as spatial samples, Wi-Vi can emulate an antenna array and use it to track motion
behind the wall.

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Wi-Vi uses two transmitting antennas and a single receiver. This two transmitting
antennas are low power Wi-Fi signals. The two antennas transmit identical signals except
that the second antenna is the inverse of first antenna resulting in interference. Any static
objects that the signals hit including the wall create identical reflections these too are
cancelled by this nulling effect. Only those reflections that change between two signals,
such as those from the moving object, arrive back at the receiver. As the person moves from
the receiver his distance changes meaning the time it takes for the reflected signals to make
its way back to the receiver changes. The system then uses this information to calculate
where the person is at any one time. In most advanced, through all systems antenna array is
employed to trace the human motion. They steer the arrays beam to see the direction of
most energy and this direction corresponds to the signals abstraction angle of arrival. By
following that angle in time, we are able to infer however the thing moves in area. Most
prior through-wall systems track human motion using an antenna array. They steer the
arrays beam to determine the direction of maximum energy.

Fig.6.1 Experimental Setup

This direction corresponds to the signals spatial angle of arrival. By tracking that
angle in time, they infer how the object moves in space. Wi-Vi, however, avoids using an
antenna array for two reasons: First, in order to obtain a narrow beam and hence achieve a
good resolution, one needs a large antenna array with many antenna elements. This would

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result in a bulky and expensive device. Second, since Wi-Vi eliminates the flash effect
using MIMO nulling, adding multiple receive antennas would require nulling the signal at
each of them. This would require adding more transmit antennas, thus making the device
even bulkier and more expensive.

Fig.6.2 Wi-Vis output

The figure is as shown in experimental set up.

This device can track the human up to range of 8 meters between transmitter and
object with 75% accuracy and cant track the human at distance of 9 meters.

WI-VI can track the moving object up to the 8 thicker concrete wall, 6 thicker
hollow wall and 1.75 solid wooden doors.

As WI-VI replacing the antenna array by ISAR means that the angular resolution in
this system depends on amount of movement. It removes clutter from all static
object rather than just wall.

From the figure it can be concluded, at output we can achieve only magnitudes plot
according to the movement of object it doesnt provide the shape of that object.

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6.2 TRACKING MULTIPLE HUMANS

In this section, we show how Wi-Vi extends its tracking procedure to multiple
humans. Our previous discussion about using human motion to emulate an antenna array
still holds. However, each human will emulate a separate antenna array. Since Wi-Vi has a
single antenna, the received signal will be a superposition of the antenna arrays of the
moving humans. In particular, instead of having one curved line as in Figure 3, at any time,
there will be as many curved lines as moving humans at that point in time. However, with
multiple humans, the noise increases significantly. On one hand, each human is not just one
object because of different body parts moving in a loosely coupled way. On the other hand,
the signal reflected off all of these humans is correlated in time, since they all reflect the
transmitted signal. The lack of independence between the reflected signals is important. For
example, the reflections of two humans may combine systematically to dim each other over
some period of time.

Fig.6.3 Time samples as Antenna Array

Fig.6.4 Wi-Vi tracks the motion of two humans. (Figure shows how the presence of two
humans translates into two curved lines whose angles vary in time and one straight line
which corresponds to the DC).

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Wi-Vi however, avoids using an antenna array due to following reasons:- First, giant
antenna array is needed to get a slim beam and to realize smart resolution which might ends
up in a large and expensive device. Second, Wi-Vi eliminates the flash impact mistreatment
MIMO nulling, that need multiple receiving antennas that additionally makes the system
even additional large and big ticket. To capture the advantages of antenna array and
avoiding the drawbacks, Wi-Vi introduces a brand new technique called inverse artificial
aperture measuring instrument (ISAR). ISAR exploits the movement of the target to
emulate Associate in nursing antenna array. ISAR uses only 1 receiving antenna which
might capture one activity at any purpose in time. Owing to channel reciprocity, sequent
time samples received by Wi-Vi correspond to sequent abstraction locations of the moving
target that thereby receives in time effectively as abstraction samples. Let y[n] be the signal
sample received by Wi-Vi at a distinct time purpose n and is that the abstraction angle
between the road connecting the human to Wi-Vi and traditional to the motion Here is
positive once the vector from human to Wi-Vi and vector of motion square measure in same
direction and negative in opposite direction.
Now, we need to determine A[,n] a function that measure the signal along the
spatial direction at time n. For determining this value, Wi-Vi processes the received
samples to remove the effect of transmitted signal and obtain the channel as:h[n]=y[n]/x[n]
To emulate an antenna array of size w, it considers w consecutive channels
i.e.,h[n].....h[n+w] . By applying standard antenna array equations:A[,n]=_(k=1)^w h[n+i]e^(j2(1sin)/)
Where, is the wavelength and is the spatial separation between successive antennas in
array.

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CHAPTER 7
TRACKING USING REFLECTION

Fig.7.1 Example of tracking system

What I showed you is a first version of the Wi-Vi device. Since then, we have made
some significant improvements. So, let me show you the current status of our research. As
shown in figure above with a person moving around in a room, and in the top left of the
screen, you will see the output of our tracking system. So we got the reflection of a person
moving behind a wall. Now, how can we track a person using his reflections?
The first thing to note is that when the human reflects the signal, its as if he is the
source of that signal. We know from wireless textbooks that if you want to track an RF
source, you can do that using an antenna array. By steering the beam of the array, we can
find the direction of from which the signal is coming. Now, when a person moves, that
direction would change, and we are able to track him.

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Fig.7.2 Tracking motion 1

The first thing to note is that when the human reflects the signal, its as if he is the
source of that signal. We know from wireless textbooks that if you want to track an RF
source, you can do that using an antenna array. By steering the beam of the array, we can
find the direction of from which the signal is coming. Now, when a person moves, that
direction would change, and we are able to track him. Clearly, we cannot build an antenna
array on a small device. To address this challenge, we borrow a technique which has been
traditionally used to map different planets from Earth. The technique uses the movement of
the target to emulate an antenna array. So, what do I mean by that. We have only one
receive antenna, which means that at any point in time, we have a single measurement.
Nevertheless, the target is moving. Figure shows that at different points in time, he is
reflecting the signal from different points in space.
Wi-Vi, however, avoids using an antenna array for two reasons: First, in order to
obtain a narrow beam and hence achieve a good resolution, one needs a large antenna array
with many antenna elements. This would result in a bulky and expensive device. Second,
since Wi-Vi eliminates the ash effect using MIMO nulling, adding multiple receive
antennas would require nulling the signal at each of them. This would require adding more
transmit antennas, thus making the device even bulkier and more expensive.

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Fig.7.3 Tracking motion 2

To capture the benets of an antenna array while avoiding its drawbacks, Wi-Vi
leverages a technique called inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). ISAR exploits the
movement of the tar- get to emulate an antenna array. Existing systems which use antenna
arrays capture the signal reected off a target from spatially spaced antennas and processes
this information to identify the direction of the target with respect to the array. In contrast,
in ISAR, there is only one receiving antenna; hence, at any point in time, the receiver
captures a single measurement. However, as the target moves, he/she samples the received
signal at successive locations in space as if we had a receive antenna at each of these points.
Furthermore, because of channel reciprocity, successive time samples received by Wi-Vi
correspond to successive spatial locations of the moving target. Hence, Wi-Vi effectively
receives in time what an antenna array would receive in space. By treating consecutive time
samples as spatial samples, Wi-Vi can emulate an antenna array and use it to track motion
behind the wall.

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CHAPTER 8
GESTURE-BASED COMMUNICATION
For a human to transmit a message to a computer wirelessly, she typically has to
carry a wireless device. In contrast, Wi-Vi can enable a human who does not carry any
wireless device to communicate commands or short messages to a receiver using simple
gestures. Wi-Vi designates a pair of gestures as a 0 bit and a 1 bit. A human can
compose these gestures to create messages that have different interpretations. Additionally,
Wi-Vi can evolve by borrowing other existing principles and practices from todays
communication systems, such as adding a simple code to ensure reliability, or reserving a
certain pattern of 0s and 1s for packet preambles. At this stage, Wi-Vis interface is still
very basic, yet we believe that future advances in through-wall technology can render this
interface more expressive. Below, we describe the gesture-based communication channel
that we implemented with Wi-Vi.

8.1 GESTURE ENCODING

At the transmitter side, the 0 and 1 bits must be encoded using some modulation
scheme. Wi-Vi implements this encoding using gesture. One can envision a wide variety of
gestures to represent these bits. However, in choosing our encoding we have imposed three
conditions: 1) the gestures must be compassable i.e. at the end of each bit, whether 0 or
1, the human should be back in the same initial state as the start of the gesture. This
enables the person to compose multiple such gestures to send a longer message. 2) The
gestures must be simple so that a human finds it easy to perform them and compose them.
3) The gestures should be easy to detect and decode without requiring sophisticated
decoders, such as machine learning classifiers.
Given the above constraints, we have selected the following gestures to modulate
the bits: a 0 bit is a step forward followed by a step backward; a 1 bit is a step backward
followed by a step forward. This modulation is similar to Manchester encoding, where a 0
bit is represented by a falling edge of the clock, (i.e., an increase in the signal value

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followed by a decrease,) and a 1 bit is represented by a rising edge of the clock, (i.e., a
reduction in signal value followed by an increase).

Fig.8.1 Gesture encoding

Given the above constraints, we have selected the following gestures to modulate
the bits: a 0 bit is a step forward followed by a step backward; a 1 bit is a step backward
followed by a step forward. This modulation is similar to Manchester encoding, where a 0
bit is represented by a falling edge of the clock, (i.e., an increase in the signal value
followed by a decrease,) and a 1 bit is represented by a rising edge of the clock, (i.e., a
reduction in signal value followed by an increase).
Figure shows the signal captured by Wi-Vi, at the output of the smoothed MUSIC
algorithm for each of these two gestures. Taking a step forward towards the Wi-Vi device
produces a positive angle, whereas taking a step backward produces a negative angle. The
exact values of the produced angles depend on whether the human is exactly oriented
towards the device. Recall that the angle is between the vector orthogonal to the motion and
the line connecting the human to the Wi-Vi device, and its sign is positive when the human
is moving toward Wi-Vi and negative when the human moves away from Wi-Vi.
As shown in Fig below, if the human is directly oriented towards the device, the two angles
are +90# and -90#. If the human does not know the exact location of the Wi-Vi device and
simply steps in its general direction, the absolute value of the angle is smaller, but the shape
of the bit is maintained.

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Fig.8.2 Gestures as Angle.

Recall s magnitude and sign as dened in above equation. In (a), the subject takes
one step forward; the emulated antenna arrays normal forms an angle of 90 with the line
from the human to Wi-Vi. Because the vector of the motion and the vector from the human
to Wi-Vi are in same direction, is positive; hence, it is+90.In (b), the subject takes a step
backward, and = 90 degrees. In (c), the subject does not exactly know where the Wi-Vi
device is, so he performs the steps towards the wall, without orienting himself directly
toward Wi-Vi. Note that the vector of motion and the vector from the human to Wi-Vi are
in the same direction; hence, is positive. However, due to the slanted orientation, it is now
+60 (rather than +90).

8.2 GUSTURE DECODING

Decoding the above gestures is fairly simple and follows standard communication
techniques. Specifically, Wi-Vis decoder takes as input A![!, n]. Similar to a standard
decoder [16], Wi-Vi applies a matched filter on this signal. However, since each bit is a
combination of two steps, forward and backward, Wi-Vi applies two matched filters: one
for the step forward and one for the step backward. Because of the structure of the signal
shown in Figure 4, the two matched filters are simply a triangle above the zero line, and an
inverted triangle below the zero line. Wi-Vi applies these filters separately on the received
signal, then adds up their output.

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Fig.8.3 Gesture decoding. (The gure shows how Wi-Vi de-codes the gestures of Fig. 5. (a)
Shows the output of the matched lter step. (b) Shows the output of the peak detector. The
sequence (1,1) represents bit 0, whereas the sequence (1,1) represents bit 1.)
Fig. 8.3 shows the results of applying the matched lters on the received signal in
Fig. 8.1. Note that the signal after applying the matched lters looks fairly similar to a
BPSK signal, where a peak above the zero line represents a 1 bit and a trough below the
zero line represents a 0 bit. (Though, in Wi-Vi, our encoding is such that a peak or a
trough alone only represents half a bit.) Next, Wi- Vi uses a standard peak detector to detect
the peaks/troughs and match them to the corresponding bits. Fig. 8 shows the identied
peaks and the detected bits for the two-bit message in Fig. 8.1. So, for example, a positive
peak followed by a negative peak represents bit 0 and a negative peak followed by a
positive peak represents a bit 1. This is just like Manchester coding. With this capability,
Wi-Vi enables a new gesture-based interface that works through walls and in NLOS. Hence,
you are not limited you to stand in front of your game console. You can move freely and be
even in a different room and still interact with your game.

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8.3 EVALUATION OF Wi-Vi

We built a prototype of Wi-Vi using USRP N210 radios and evaluated it in two
office buildings. Our results are as follows:

Wi-Vi can detect objects and humans moving behind opaque structural obstructions.
This applies to 8 concrete walls, 6 hollow walls, and 1.75 solid wooden doors.

A Wi-Vi device pointed at a closed room with 6 hollow walls supported by steel
frames can distinguish between 0, 1, 2, and 3 moving humans in the room. The
precisions with which Wi-Vi identifies each case, computed over 80 trials with 8
human subjects, are 100%, 100%, 85% and 90% respectively.

In the same room, and given a single person sending gesture-based messages, Wi-Vi
correctly decodes all messages performed at distances equal to or smaller than 5
meters. The decoding accuracy decreases to 75% at distances of 8 meters, and the
device stops detecting gestures beyond 9 meters. For 8 volunteers who participated
in the experiment, on average, it took a person 8.8 seconds to send a message of 4
gestures.

In comparison to the state-of-the-art ultra-wideband see-through-wall radar, Wi-Vi

is limited in two ways. First, replacing the antenna array by ISAR means that the
angular resolution in Wi-Vi depends on the amount of movement. To achieve a
narrow beam, the human needs to move by about 4 wavelengths (i.e., about 50 cm).
Second, in contrast to, we cannot detect humans behind concrete walls thicker than
8. This is due to both the much lower transmitting power from our USRPs and the
residual flash power from imperfect nulling. On the other hand, nulling the flash
removes the need for GHz bandwidth. It also removes clutter from all static
reflectors, rather than just one wall. This includes other walls in the environments as
well as furniture inside and outside the imaged room. To reduce clutter, the
empirical results in past work are typically collected using a person-height standing
wall, positioned either outdoors or in large empty indoor spaces. In contrast, our
experiments are in standard office buildings with the imaged humans inside closed
fully-furnished rooms.

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CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
9.1

ADVANTAGES
Wi-Vi is relatively a low-power, low-cost, low-bandwidth, and accessible to average
users.

Wi-Vi requires only few MHz of bandwidth and operates in the same range as WiFi. It operates in ISM band.

Wi-Vi can perform through-wall imaging without access to any device the other side
of the wall.

Wi-Vi employs signals whose wavelengths are 12.5 cm.

Extend human vision beyond the visible electromagnetic range, allowing us to detect
objects in the dark or in smoke.

9.2

LIMITATIONS

Display has very low resolution.

We cannot detect humans behind concrete walls thicker than 8.

To achieve a narrow beam the human needs to move by about 4 wavelengths (i.e.,
about 50 cm).

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CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
10.1 APPLICATION
There are some of the applications of Wi-Vi technology described here.
Law enforcement: Law enforcement personal can use the device to avoid walking
into an ambush, and minimize causalities in hostage and standoffs situations.
Emergency situations: Emergency responders can use Wi-Vi to see through rubble
and collapsed structures.
Smart Sensing: This Wi-Vi technology can be extended to sense motion in different
parts of a building and allow automated control of heating or cooling and lighting
systems.
Personal Security: Common users can use it for intrusion detection and when
stepping into dark alleys and unknown places.
Entertainment: It enables a new dimension for input-output devices in gaming which
does not effect on occlusion and works in non-line-of-sight.
User Interface Design: This technology may also be leveraged in the future to enable
the controlling household appliances via gestures, and non-invasive monitoring of
children and elderly.

10.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Wi-Vi could be built into a smartphone or a special handheld device.

High quality images

Evolution of seeing humans through denser building material and with a longer
range.

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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
We gift Wi-Vi, a wireless technology that uses Wi-Fi signals to find moving humans
behind walls and in closed rooms. In distinction to previous systems, that square measure
targeted for the military, Wi-Vi allows tiny low cost see- through-wall devices that operate
within the philosophy band, rendering them possible to the final public.
Wi-Vi additionally establishes a channel between itself and a person's behind a wall,
permitting him/her to speak directly with Wi-Vi while not carrying any sending device. we
tend to believe that Wi-Vi is associate degree instance of a broader set of practicality that
future wireless networks can offer. Future Wi-Fi networks can probably expand on the far
side communications and deliver services like indoor localization, sensing, and
management. Wi-Vi demonstrates a sophisticated variety of Wi-Fi-based sensing and
localization by victimization Wi-Fi to trace humans behind wall, even after they don't carry
a wireless device. It additionally raises problems with importance to the networking
community pertinent to user privacy and laws regarding the utilization of Wi-Fi signals.
Finally, Wi-Vi bridges progressive networking techniques with human-computer
interaction. It motivates a replacement variety of user interfaces that swear entirely on
victimization the reflections of a transmitted RF signal to spot human gestures. We tend to
envision that by investing finer nulling techniques and using higher hardware, the system
will evolve to seeing humans through denser artifact and with a extended vary. These
enhancements can additional permit Wi-Vi to capture higher quality pictures enabling the
gesture-based interface to become additional communicative hence promising new
directions for computer game.

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